JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination Important Questions and Answers.

JAC Board Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination

Additional Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Distinguish between :
(1) Response in Plants and Response in Animals
Answer:

Response in Plants Response in Animals
1. Plants do not possess nervous system but only possess hormones for expressing their response. 1. Animals possess both, the nervous system and endocrine system for expressing their response.
2. The response in plants is not rapid and needs more time to be observed. 2. The response in animals is rapid and seen immediately.
3. The response in plants is limited. 3. The response in animals is not limited.
4. There are no muscular tissues in plants to show the response. 4. There are muscular tissues in animals through which the response is shown.
5. In plants, there is no specific tissue for the transmission of information to different parts of the body. 5. In animals there is specific nervous tissue for the transmission of information to different parts of the body.

(2) Nervous System and Endocrinal System
Answer:

Nervous System Endocrinal System
1. Its structural and functional unit is a neuron (nerve cell). 1. Its functional unit is a hormone.
2. In human body it comprises central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and autonomous nervous system. 2. In human body it comprises of various endocrine glands.
3. Its function is to collect the information, its analysis and interpretation and convey the responsive message to the motor organs. 3. Its function is to produce stimulatory or inhibitory effect on the tissues or organs through the medium of hormones.
4. The coordination that occurs through the nervous system is very rapid as the impulses pass through the nerve fibres. 4. The coordination that occurs through the endocrine system is a relatively slow process as the hormone flows through the blood stream to reach the target organ.

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination

(3) Cerebrum and Cerebellum
Answer:

Cerebrum Cerebellum
1. It is a major part of the fore-brain. 1. It is a part of the hind-brain.
2. It coordinates thoughts and various other senses. 2. It coordinates the functions of voluntary muscles and thereby maintains the body equilibrium.
3. It is the largest and most complex part of the brain. 3. It is a part lying behind the cerebrum, on the dorsal side beneath the pons.

(4) Plant hormones and Animal hormones
Answer:

Plant hormones Animal hormones
1. Plant hormones are secreted by plant cells but no specific glands are there. 1. Animal hormones are secreted from endocrine glands.
2. Plant hormones are either growth promoting or growth inhibiting. 2. There is no inhibitor hormone for growth in animals.
3. Plant hormones reach to their target site by simple diffusion. 3. Animal hormones reach to their target site through blood circulation.
4. Secretion of it is not regulated by feedback mechanism. 4. Secretion of some hormones regulated by feedback mechanism.

Question 2.
Give scientific reasons for the following statements:
(1) Response to stimuli is the characteristic of every living organism.
Answer:
All living organisms experience the effects of changes in the atmosphere that surrounds them and tend to respond differently against them.

The living organisms show a slow or rapid response to stimuli such as heat, cold, sound, touch, pressure, etc. Responses are expressed against these stimuli through hormones in plants and nervous system as well as hormones in animals, e.g., The plants bend in the direction of light. Man shows shivering effect in severe cold and perspiration in hot season.

Thus, the response to stimuli is the characteristic of every living organisms.

(2) Unlike animals, the plants do not show immediate response.
Answer:
All organisms show response to stimuli. However, the animals possess nervous system and s sense organs, which are absent in plants. Animals use the nervous system as well as endocrine system for control and coordination of all their activities, while the plants possess only hormones to coordinate their activities. The hormones diffuse from cell to cell quite slowly in plants while most animals have blood for rapid transport of hormones. Because of all these reasons, the plants do not show immediate response.

(3) The roots in plants grow against the direction of light.
Answer:
The roots in plants show positive tropic movement in the direction of water and gravitational force, i.e., The roots show positive hydrotropism and positive geotropism.

Thus, the roots bend in the direction Thus, the roots bend in the direction of water and gravitational force. So it grows against the direction of light.

(4) The central nervous system is very well protected.
Answer:
The central nervous system comprises of a brain and a spinal cord.

Brain is contained in a fluid-filled balloon which absorbs mechanical shocks and thereby protect it from any severe injuries. Moreover, the brain is enclosed in a strong bony box – the cranium of the skull and the spinal cord is enclosed in a long and strong bony vertebral column. Thus, the central nervous system (of the human) is very well protected.

(5) The foot is very suddenly lifted off as soon as it comes in contact with a burning coal.
Answer:
It is a reflex action – In this phenomenon, the impulse commencing from the sensory organ (the skin of the foot) enters into the spinal cord through the sensory nerve fibres. The impulse is analysed in the spinal cord and the responsive motor impulse is transmitted through the motor nerve fibres to the effector organ (the foot muscles) to contract and thereby show the response. Sp the foot is very suddenly lifted off as soon as it comes in contact with a burning coal.

(6) The hormones secreted from the endocrine glands are present everywhere in the body.
Answer:
The hormones are secreted from the endocrine glands which are ductless glands. These glands are richly supplied with blood. The secretions are directly poured in the blood stream. As the blood circulates in all the parts of the body, these hormones are carried and hence present everywhere in the body.

(7) The diabetic patient is given injections of insulin.
Answer:
It is necessary to maintain a definite blood sugar level in the human body. In the patients of diabetes the blood sugar level remains high due to the deficiency of insulin hormone from the pancreas. This higher blood sugar level causes several harmful effects.

To prevent the diabetic patient from such harmful effects the blood sugar level is required to be maintained at certain definite level. Insulin is a hormone that reduces blood sugar level. Hence, the diabetic patient is given injections of insulin.

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination

(8) It is advisable to take iodized salt in daily food.
Answer:
The hormone thyroxin is secreted from the thyroid gland. It is an iodized hormone (rich in iodine). Thyroxin is not formed when there is deficiency of iodine in the blood. As a result, the condition called hypothyrodism occurs in which the size of the thyroid gland gets gradually enlarged, this disease is called goitre. The iodized table salt provides proper amount of iodine for the formation of thyroxin in the thyroid gland.

Hence, it is advisable to take iodized salt in daily food.

Question 3.
Carefully observe the given diagram id answer the questions related with it:
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination 1
Questions :

  1. Identify ‘a’ and state the function of it.
  2. At which region in diagram chemicals are released?
  3. Identify ‘c’ and state from which it originates.

Answer:

  1. a – Dendrite.
    Function: Information received at the end of its tip.
  2. At d – region (nerve ending) in diagram chemicals are released.
  3. c – Axon. It originates from cell body.

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination 2
Questions :

  1. Identify ‘a and state its function.
  2. Where is information stored in brain? Mention its alphabet.
  3. State any two functions of part ‘d’
  4. Identify ‘c’ State the name of special structure formed by it which show quick response.

Answer:

  1. a-Cranium (bony box).
    Function : It protects brain.
  2. b – Cerebrum
  3. d – Cerebellum. It is responsible for precision of voluntary actions and maintaining the posture and balance of the body.
  4. c – Spinal cord. For quick response, the reflex arc is formed by it.

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination 3
Questions:
(1) State the name of ‘a’ and ‘b’ with location.
(2) State any two functions of ‘b’
(3) In which condition, ‘a’ is stimulated and give the name of its secretion.
Answer:
(1)

Name Location
a. Adrenal gland At the anterior of kidneys
b. Pancreas Under the stomach in abdomen

(2) Functions of ‘b’ (Pancreas) : Secretes insulin and regulates blood sugar level. Secretes pancreatic juice and help in digestion.

(3) In a fear or tense condition ‘a’ (adrenal gland) is stimulated and secretes adrenaline hormone.

Objective Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions in short:
(1) Name the two systems of control and coordination in higher animals.
Answer:
The nervous system and the endocrine system are the two systems of control and coordination in higher animals.

(2) Name the three components of a nerve cell.
Answer:
The three components of a nerve cell s are a cyton, an axon and one or more dendrons.

(3) Name the most important part of the s human brain.
Answer:
The most important part of the human brain is cerebrum which is the largest part of the brain.

(4) State one function of cerebellum.
Answer:

Part Function
Cerebellum Coordination of movement of the and maintenance of body equilibrium.

(5) Give the function of medulla.
Answer:
Function of medulla: It maintains the rhythm of various involuntary processess such as breathing, heartbeats, peristalsis of the alimentary s canal, etc.

(6) Name the structural and functional unit of nervous system.
Answer:
The neuron (nerve cell) is the structural and functional unit of nervous system.

(7) Name one hormone secreted by the pituitary gland.
Answer:
One of the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland is GH (Growth Hormone).

(8) Give example of the movement of a plant part which is caused by the loss of water.
Answer:
Sensitive plant: Touch-me-not (Mimosa ( pudica).

(9) What is the response of roots to gravity? What is this phenomenon known as?
Answer:
A root give positive response to gravity, this phenomenon is called positive geotropism.

(10) What is the response of stem to light? What is this phenomenon known as?
Answer:
A stem moves towards light. This phenomenon is known as positive phototropism.

(11) What is an impulse?
Answer:
Information that is transmitted through the nerves in form of electro-chemical signals are called impulse.

(12) What is gustatory receptors? Where they located?
Answer:
The receptors which detect taste are called gustatory receptors. They are located on the surface of tongue.

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination

(13) By what is nervous tissue made-up of? What is its special ability?
Answer:
The nervous tissue is made-up of an organised network of neurons. It is specialised for conducting information via electrical impulses.

(14) State any two examples of movement in order to protect ourselves.
Answer:
When bright light is focussed on eyes, we constrict pupils, we pull our hand when we touch a hot object. These are the examples of movement in order to protect ourselves.

(15) What are components of peripheral nervous system?
Answer:
The peripheral nervous system consists of cranial nerves arising from brain and spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord.

(16) Which separate areas are there in fore brain?
Answer:
There are separate areas specialised for hearing, smell, sight, etc. in fore-brain.

(17) Why thinking is called a complex activity?
Answer:
Thinking is called a complex activity, because it is bound to involve a complicated interaction of many nerve impulses from many, neurons.

(18) How do we know that we have eaten enough?
Answer:
The sensation of feeling full is because of a centre that is associated with hunger, located in separate part of the fore-brain.

(19) Which involuntary actions are controlled by medulla in the hind-brain?
Answer:
Involuntary actions such as blood pressure, salivation, vomiting are controlled by medulla in the hind-brain.

(20) How do animal muscles move?
Answer:
When a nerve impulse reaches the muscle, the muscle fibre can move due to stimulation.

(21) How does a muscle cell move?
Answer:
Muscle cells move by changing their shape either shortening or elongating.

(22) How do muscle cells change their shape?
Answer:
Muscle cells have special proteins that change both their shape and arrangement in cells, so muscle cells change their shape.

(23) How does leaves of chhui-mui respond to touch stimulus?
Answer:
The leaves of the sensitive plant chhui- mui move very quickly in response to touch stimulus.

(24) Why are hormones called chemical messengers?
Answer:
Hormones are called chemical messengers because they carry information in the form of chemicals that regulate the biological processes of body.

(25) Which plant hormone inhibits growth? State its effect.
Answer:
Abscisic acid – a plant hormone that inhibits growth. It affects wilting of leaves.

(26) Why is chemical signal required along with electrical impulses in higher animals?
Answer:
In higher animals, electrical impulses bring immediate response to only those cells that are connected by nervous tissue while chemical signals reaching to each and every cells of body.

(27) Who constitutes a second way of control and coordination in our body?
Answer:
Hormones, secreted by endocrine system constitute a second way of control and coordination in our body.

(28) Where is auxin synthesised and where does it diffuses?
Answer:
Auxin is synthesised at the shoot tip and it diffuses towards the side of the shoot which is in shade.

(29) Secretion of which hormone in males and in females is responsible for pubertal changes?
Answer:
Secretion of testosterone in males and estrogen in females causes changes associated with puberty.

(30) State the secretory site and function of growth hormone releasing factor.
Answer:
Growth hormone releasing factor : Secretory site : Hypothalamus.
Function: Stimulates the pituitary gland to release growth hormone.

Question 2.
Define : OR Explain the terms :
(1) Stimulus
Answer:
The changes, that take place in the external environment of living organisms (plants, animals, microorganisms, etc.) and induce definite types of reactions or responses, are called stimuli (singular – stimulus).

(2) Response
Answer:
The reaction of living organisms against the stimulus induced by the change in the external environment is called response.

(3) Coordination
Answer:
Different organs of the body jointly s function systematically against the stimuli and react to express proper response against the £ stimuli is called coordination.

(4) Tropism
Answer:
The growth related movement in the plant organs, which are induced as a response ” to directional stimulus is called tropism.

(5) Hormone
Answer:
A chemical messenger, synthesised or secreted in extremely small quantities by endocrine

(6) Endocrine gland
Answer:
The ductless glands that secret hormones c are called endocrine gland.

(7) Receptors
Answer:
The specialised structures that receive stimuli from external environment are called t receptors.

(8) Central Nervous System
Answer:
A controlling and coordinating system of body which consists of brain and spinal cord is called central nervous system.

(9) Reflex arc
Answer:
A connection between the input (sensory) nerve and output (motor) nerve along with spinal cord is called reflex arc.
OR
It is a path of reflex action which consists of receptor, sensory neuron, relay neuron and motor neuron connected to effector organ.
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination 4
Thus a neural pathway for the sensory and motor messages that pass through the spinal cord forms the reflex arc. A very rapid response is shown through it.

The following example can clarify the meaning of reflex arc:
Suppose by mistake and unknowingly one touches a hot object by one’s hand. One would withdraw the hand all of a sudden without giving a slightest thought. Here the hot object is the source of stimulus.

This stimulus activates the sensory nerve fibre in the hand and carry that impulse to the spinal cord. The sensory centres in the spinal cord receive the stimulus and transmits the response to the motor centre of the spinal cord. This motor message is transmitted through the motor nerve fibre to definite muscles of the hand, which upon contraction, withdraws the hand. The hand or its muscles act as effector organ. This entire neural path from the sensory or receptor organ, to the effector organ is a reflex arc.

(10) Synapse
Answer:
In the arrangement of two consecutive neurons the axon fibre endings of one neuron and s the dendrite endings of the next neuron having a microscopic gap is called synapse.

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks :

  1. The plants coordinate their behaviour against the environmental changes by using ………………..
  2. The responses of plants are not rapid for want of ………………..
  3. ……………….. is a growth-inhibitor hormone of plants.
  4. The stem exhibits ……………….. geotropism and ……………….. phototropism.
  5. The tendrils of pea plants are the example of ………………..
  6. The olfactory receptors will detect ………………..
  7. ……………….. have evolved in animals as efficient ways of functioning in the absence of true thought processes.
  8. ……………….. part of brain for learning process and part of brain responsible for memory.
  9. The cells of sensitive plant change shape by changing the ……………….. in them resulting in swelling or shrinking.
  10. Cytokinins promotes ……………….. in plants.
  11. ……………….. hormone has the target organ heart.
  12. The timing and amount of animal hormone released are regulated by …………………

Answer:

  1. hormones
  2. nervous system
  3. Abscisic acid
  4. negative, positive
  5. thigmotropism
  6. smell
  7. Reflex arc
  8. Cerebellum, cerebrum
  9. amount of water
  10. cell division
  11. Adrenaline
  12. feedback mechanism

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination

Question 4.
State whether the following statements are true or false:

  1. Many involuntary actions are controlled by the mid-brain and hind-brain.
  2. Brain is never involved in reflex action.
  3. The communication between the peripheral nervous system and the other parts of the body is facilitated by the central nervous system.
  4. Neuromuscular junction is synapse like gap between nerve ending and muscle fibre.
  5. When we have cold, efficiency of olfactory receptors reduces.
  6. Nerve cells have special proteins that change their shape and arrangement for conduction of impulse.
  7. Touch-me-not, a sensitive plant is of the Mimosa family.
  8. The movement of sunflowers in response to day or night is quite fast.
  9. The sensitive plants detect the touch though there is no nervous tissue or any muscle tissue.
  10. Gibberellin gives signal to plant to stop the growth.
  11. Hypothalamus plays an important role in the release of many hormones from pituitary gland.
  12. Chemical coordination is seen in both plants and animals.

Answer:

  1. True
  2. False
  3. False
  4. True
  5. True
  6. False
  7. True
  8. False
  9. True
  10. False
  11. True
  12. True

Question 5.
Match the following:
(1)

Column I Column II
1. Fore-brain a. Balance of body
2. Medulla b. Reflex arc
3. Cerebellum c. Main thinking part
4. Spinal cord d. Salivation

Answer:
(1 → c), (2 → d), (3 → a), (4 → b).

(2)

Column I Column II
1. Insulin a. Testes
2. Testosterone b. Pancreas
3. Growth hormone c. Ovaries
4. Estrogen d. Pituitary

Answer:
(1 → b), (2 → a), (3 → d), (4 → c).

(3)

Column I Column II
1. Auxin a. Wilting of leaves
2. Gibber ellin b. Promotes cell-division
3. Cytokinin c. Helps in stem-growth
4. Abscisic acid d. Phototropism

Answer:
(1 → d), (2 → c), (3 → b), (4 → a).

(4)

Column I Column II
1. Adrenaline a. Regulates blood sugar level
2. Thyroxin b. Increases breathing, heart beats.
3. Insulin c. Regulates menstrual cycle.
4. Estrogen d. Regulates metabolism for body growth.

Answer:
(1 → b), (2 → d), (3 → a), (4 → c).

Question 6.
Chart-diagram based questions:
1. Which of the following diagram is correct? Why?
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination 5
Diagram (a) is correct, because roots show positive geotropism and stem shows negative geotropism.

2. Label (a), (b), (c) and (d) in the given figure showing the pathway of thermal impulse.
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination 6
Answer:
(a) Sensory neuron
(b) Relay neuron
(c) Motor neuron
(d) Effector = muscle in skin

3. Identify (a), (b), (c) and (d) in the given figure. Give one name of the hormone secreted I; from each of any two of them.
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination 7
Answer:
(a) Pineal gland – Melatonin hormone
(b) Pituitary gland – Growth hormone
(c) Thyroid gland – Thyroxine
(d) Thymus gland – Thymocine

4. A graph shows change after a lunch of a healthy individual whose diet is rich in sweets.
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination 8
What you explain from it?
Answer:
When the sugar level rises in blood, pancreas releases more insulin to regulate blood sugar level. As blood sugar level falls, insulin secretion is reduced by feedback mechanism.

Question 7.
Select the correct alternative from those given below each question:
1. The roots of a plant are ………………..
A. positive phototropic, but negative geotropic
B. negative geotropic, but negative phototropic
C. negative phototropic, but positive hydrotropic
D. negative hydrotropic, but positive phototropic
Answer:
C. negative phototropic, but positive hydrotropic

2. The diagram shows a plant which has received light from one side only. Which characteristics are shown by the plant?
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination 9
A. Excretion and growth
B. Response and reproduction
C. Growth and response
D. Reproduction and nutrition
Answer:
C. Growth and response

3. The growth of a pollen tube towards the ovule is caused by
A. phototropism
B. hydrotropism
C. geotropism
D. chemotropism
Answer:
D. chemotropism

4. For the synthesis of which of the following hormone is iodine necessary?
A. Adrenaline
B. Auxin
C. Thyroxin
D. Insulin
Answer:
C. Thyroxin

5. Which of the following hormone prepares our body for action in emergency situations?
A. Testosterone
B. Growth hormone
C. Adrenaline
D. Insulin
Answer:
C. Adrenaline

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination

6. Which is male sex hormone?
A. Estrogen
B. Adrenaline
C. Testosterone
D. Progesterone
Answer:
C. Testosterone

7. Which of the following endocrine gland does not occur as a pair in the human body?
A. Adrenal
B. Pituitary
C. Testis
D. Ovary
Answer:
B. Pituitary

8. Which of the following helps in maintaining posture and balance of the human body?
A. Cerebrum
B. Cerebellum
C. Medulla
D. Pons
Answer:
B. Cerebellum

9. Which of the following plant shows immediate response to touch by its leaves?
A. Sunflower
B. Pea
C. Mimosa
D. None of the given
Answer:
C. Mimosa

10. By whom are the continuous heartbeats controlled?
OR
Where are the regulatory centres for the blood pressure located?
A. Cerebrum
B. Cerebellum
C. Mid-brain
D. Medulla
Answer:
D. Medulla

11. Which of the following plant hormone helps in the growth of the stem?
A. Auxin
B. Gibberellin
C. Cytokinin
D. Abscisic acid
Answer:
A. Auxin, Gibberellin

12. Through whom does the impulse enter into the cyton?
A. Dendrite
B. Axons
C. Both A and B
D. None of the given
Answer:
A. Dendrite

13. Which is the largest and the most complex part of the human brain?
A. Medulla
B. Cerebellum
C. Hypothalamus
D. Cerebrum
Answer:
B. Cerebellum

14. Who regulates the involuntary reflexes such as coughing, sneezing, hickup, vomiting, etc.?
A. Medulla
B. Cerebellum
C. Hypothalamus
D. Cerebrum
Answer:
A. Medulla

15. The deficiency of which hormone causes diabetes?
A. Estrogen
B. Thyroxin
C. Adrenaline
D. Insulin
Answer:
D. Insulin

16. Where is the arrangement in the body for i reflex action?
A. In medulla oblongata
B. In spinal cord
C. In pons
D. In heart
Answer:
B. In spinal cord

17. What is the main function of endocrine system in animals?
A. Coordination
B. Combination
C. Regulatory
D. None of the given
Answer:
A. Coordination

18. Which ovarian hormone regulates menstrual cycle in women?
A. Testosteron
B. Estrogen
C. Thyroxin
D. None of these
Answer:
B. Estrogen

19. Which gland is stimulated to release its <; secretion in a scary situation in squirrels?
A. Adrenal
B. Pituitary
C. Thyroid
D. Hypothalamus
Answer:
A. Adrenal

20. “Withdrawal of hand when unknowingly rose prickle pricks the hand”, which is this process?
A. Autonomous reaction
B. Reflex action
C. Thigmotropism
D. None of the given
Answer:
B. Reflex action

21. Hypothalamus is a part of ……………..
A. Fore-brain
B. Spinal cord
C. Muscle tissue
D. Cerebellum
Answer:
A. Fore-brain

22. Who secretes releasing hormones?
A. Pituitary gland
B. Hypothalamus
C. Autonomous Nervous System
D. Thalamus
Answer:
B. Hypothalamus

23. Whose excessive secretion causes the body to look like a gorilla?
A. Thyroxin
B. Growth hormone
C. Adrenaline
D. All of the given
Answer:
B. Growth hormone

24. Which disease takes place when there is a increase of sugar in the blood and in the mine?
A. Dwarfism
B. Goitre
C. Diabetes
D. Both A and B
Answer:
C. Diabetes

25. Statement A: Adrenaline diverts the blood to skeletal muscles of squirrel.
Reason R: Squirrel relies not only on electrical impulses but also on chemical signals.
Which option is correct for Statement A and Reason R?
A. Both A and R are correct and R is explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are correct, but R is not explanation of A.
C. A is correct, R is incorrect.
D. A is incorrect, R is correct.
Answer:
B. Both A and R are correct, but R is not explanation of A.

26. Statement A: The fore-brain is the main thinking part of the brain.
Reason R: Thinking is a complex activity that S involves a complicated interaction? of many nerve impulses.
Which option is correct for Statement A and i Reason R?
A. Both A and R are correct and R is explanation of A.?
B. Both A and R are correct, but R is not explanation of A.
C. A is correct, R is incorrect.
D. A is incorrect, R is correct.
Answer:
A. Both A and R are correct and R is explanation of A.?

27. Statement A: Auxin helps the cells to grow longer and plant appears to bend s towards light.
Reason R: Auxin diffuses towards shady side s of shoot from its tip.
Which option is correct for Statement A and Reason R?
A. Both A and R are correct and R is explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are correct, but R is not? explanation of A.
C. A is correct, R is incorrect.
D. A is incorrect, R is correct.
Answer:
A. Both A and R are correct and R is explanation of A.

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination

28. How many endocrine glands from following are not in pairs?
Pancreas, adrenal, thyroid, testes, pituitary?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
Answer:
B. 3

29. Find incorrect statement for cerebrum.?
A. It receives sensory impulses from various receptors.
B. It has areas where information stored.
C. It passes information to motor areas which control the movement of voluntary muscles.?
D. It maintains posture and balance of the body.
Answer:
D. It maintains posture and balance of the body.

30. Which is sensitive to touch?
A. Human skin
B. Tendrils of pea
C. Leaves of mimosa
D. Flowers of Sunflower?
Answer:
A. Human skin, Tendrils of pea, Leaves of mimosa

Question 8.
Answer as directed : (Miscellaneous)
(1) What is full form of CNS?
Answer:
CNS – Central Nervous System

(2) Give the correct sequence of conduction of impulse.
Answer:
Correct sequence of conduction of impulse : Dendrite → cell body → axon → nerve ending → synapse → dendrite

(3) Trace the sequence of events which occur when a bright light is focused on your eyes?
Answer:
Stimulus (bright light) → photo receptors of eyes

pupil ← motor ← mid – ← sensory nerves constrict nerve brain /neurons (neuron)

(4) Find mismatched pair :
(i) Iodine – Functioning of thyroid gland
(ii) Insulin – Regulates blood sugar level
(iii) Hypothalamus – Regulates the secretion of pituitary
(iv) Estrogen-Obstructs menstrual cycle
Answer:
(iv) Estrogen-Obstructs menstrual cycle

(5) Identify me : I am a hormone generally for an emergency, increases breathing rate but reduce blood flow to digestive system and skin.
Answer:
Adrenaline

(6) State the correct sequence of impulse for spinal reflex.
Answer:
Receptors in skin → sensory neuron → spinal cord motor neuron effector (muscles)

(7) Who am I? I am present in greater concentration areas of rapid cell division, such as in fruits and seeds.
Answer:
Cytokinin

(8 ) Movement dependent on growth : Tendrils of pea :: Movement independent of growth : ………………
Answer:
Drooping of leaves of chhui-mui

(9) Which event is indicated in the diagram? Which hormone is responsible for it?
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination 10
Answer:
Positive phototropism in shoot is indicated in the diagram. Auxin is responsible for it.

(10) Deficiency of growth hormone: ……………… ::
Deficiency of ……………… : diabetes
Answer:
Dwarfism, Insulin

(11) Identify me : I am controlling your daily activities such as walking, riding a bicycle, picking up object, etc.
Answer:
Cerebellum

(12) Find mismatched pair:
(i) Growth related movement – slower
(ii) Movement in sunflower in response to day or night – quite slow
(iii) Movement of our leg-very slow
Answer:
(iii) Movement of our leg-very slow

(13) Give the scientific terms used to represent the following:
(i) Bending of a shoot towards light
Answer:
Phototropism

(ii) Growing of roots towards the earth
Answer:
Geotropism

(iii) Growing of a pollen tube towards ovule
Answer:
Chemotropism

(iv) Bending of roots towards water
Answer:
Hydrotropism

(v) Winding of tendril around a support
Answer:
Thigmotropism

(14) Bony box : Brain
……………… : Spinal cord
Answer:
Backbone (vertebral column)

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination 11
Fill a and b to make the correct sequence.
Answer:
a – growth hormone releasing factor
b – pituitary gland

Value Based Questions With Answers

Question 1.
You saw a tragic road accident resulting in death of two persons. The reason for that is bike rider tried to overtake the truck from wrong-side with overspeed. He was not wearing a helmet that caused head injury.

You were scared because you also have same habit to drive activa without wearing helmet. Your father often warned you that to drive vehicle without a driving licence is a crime.
Questions :

  1. Which part of brain is involved into learning how to drive vehicle?
  2. Injury to which part of brain leads to instant death of an individual? Why?
  3. Which gland became more active when you saw the accident? Which hormone was poured in blood? What changes did you feel in body?

Answer:

  1. Cerebrum and Cerebellum
  2. Medulla oblongata. Because all involuntary activities are controlled by it. Injury to that part disturbs all involuntary functions and leads to instant death.
  3. Adrenal gland became more active. Adrenaline s hormone was poured in blood. Perspiration, increased heartbeats and breathing rate, etc. were the changes felt in the body.

Question 2.
Your father-mother are in a age-group at forty plus. On their routine blood test, some disturbance in their blood tests were reported, s Your family doctor advised your father to walk? regularly and consume a diet containing low s sugar. Doctor insisted your mother to take 25 mg elthroxine tablet daily.

Questions:

  1. From your study, what do you think about s the report of the blood test of your father?
  2. Which gland is not functioning properly and which hormone is not secreted in s appropriate amount in your father’s body?
  3. Which gland is affected in your mother’s? body?
  4. Why elthroxine tablet is suggested by the S doctor?

Answer:

  1. Blood sugar level may be more than the normal level in the blood of father.
  2. Pancreas, insulin
  3. Thyroid gland
  4. Elthroxine is a synthetic thyroxine. It fulfills? the deficiency of thyroxine.

Question 3.
You were visiting your friend’s house. You observed some indoor plants in drawing room. You noticed that shoots of all plants slightly moved towards open window. Aunty told you that she had often changed the position of s the arrangement of plants. But in any position shoots of plants showed same behaviour.

Questions:

  1. Which movements are shown by plants?
  2. Which hormone is responsible for such movement in plant?
  3. How such hormone is functioning in plant body?
  4. Which arrangement do you suggest for plants to show straight growth of shoot?

Answer:

  1. Phototropism
  2. Auxin
  3. Auxin is synthesised at shoot tip and it diffuses towards shady side of the shoot. It stimulates the cells to grow longer on the side of the shoot which is away from light.
  4. Generally plants that are arranged in open area where they get direct sunlight, may grow straight shoots.

Question 4.
Note five different situations you have experienced in which your adrenal gland had become overactive and had given you a ‘fight or rim away’ response.

The situations in which your adrenal gland had become overactive and had given a ‘fight or run away’ response.
(1) While driving an autovehicle without having a license, the police attempted to stop your vehicle and you increased your speed in an attempt to run away.

(2) Your classteacher caught you telling lie, even though you had not done your homework assigned.

(3) At the annual examination of Std. IX, you felt that the question paper of Science and Technology set at the examination was tough and you were afraid in the examination hall and started perspiring profusely.

(4) You went to see movie in the cinema hall by bunking the school. School authority informed about your absence in the classroom, to your parents. You tried to tell a lie at home and you were caught.

(5) In the World Cup Cricket final match Sehwag and Sachin were out with very low scores and you became tense, thinking that this prestigeous match will be lost.

[Note : In the conditions of stress or fear, there is somewhat over secretion of adrenaline from the adrenal glands.]

Practical Skill Based Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Four different students of your class observed network of neurons in a slide under microscope. They drew a diagram of synaptic junction.
From your knowledge.
Questions:

  • Which of the following figures shows the correct pathway for the conduction of impulse?
  • What is synaptic junction?
  • Which other junction do you know that is some what similar to synapse?
    JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination 12

Answer:

  • Diagram (c) shows correct pathway for the conduction of impulse.
  • A microscopic gap between nerve ending of axon of a neuron and dendrites of next neuron is called synaptic junction.
  • Neuromuscular junction.

Question 2.
Your subject teacher arranged a potted plant as shown in figure (a). Next day turn its position horizontally as shown in figure (b). After few days, you observed the plant as shown in figure (c).
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination 13
Questions :

  • State the direction of growth of root and stem in the plant.
  • What happens when the pot along with the plant is placed as in fig. (b)?
  • Why the growth of the entire plant as shown in fig. (b) does not occur parallel to the soil surface?
  • Which type of movement does this experiment explain?

Answer:

  • The growth of root is negative phototropic and positive geotropic. The growth of stem is positive phototropic.
  • When the plant was placed as in fig. (b). both stem and root were initially horizontal.
  • The entire plant growth does not occur parallel to the soil surface because stem grows towards light and away from gravity.
  • This experiment explains tropic movements due to growth in plant.

Question 3.
Observe figs, (a), (b). (c) and (d).

  • Determine on the basis of your observations whether the movement occurring in the plant is growth based or not?
  • State the type of movement occurred herein.
    JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination 14

Answer:
In figures (a), (b) and (c) the movements are’ growth related and in fig. (d) the movement is not related to growth.

Memory Map:
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination 15

JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

JAC Board Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination

Jharkhand Board Class 10 Science Control and Coordination Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which of the following is a plant hormone?
A. Insulin
B. Thyroxin
C. Estrogen
D. Cytokinin
Answer:
Cytokinin

Question 2.
The gap between two neurons is called a ………………..
A. dendrite
B. synapse
C. axon
D. impulse
Answer:
synapse

Question 3.
The brain is responsible for ……………….
A. thinking
B. regulating the heartbeat
C. balancing the body
D. all of the above
Answer:
all of the above

JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination

Question 4.
What is the function of receptors in our body? Think of situations where receptors do not work properly. What problems are likely to arise?
Answer:
The function of receptors : To receive collect information about changes in the environment around us in form of stimuli. This information pass to central nervous system through sensory nerves in form of impulse.

If receptors do not work properly, external stimuli cannot be received and body will not respond towards it.

Question 5.
Draw the structure of a neuron and explain its function.
Answer:
Structure of neuron:
JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination 1

Function of neuron:
The information is acquired at the end of the dendritic tip of a nerve cell and sets off a chemical reaction that creates an electrical impulse. This impulse travels from the dendrite to the cell body and then along the axon to its end. At the end of the axon, the electrical impulse sets off the release of some chemicals (Neurotransmitters) which cross the synapse and start a similar electrical impulse in a dendrite of the next neuron.

Thus, neuron is specialised for conducting information via electrical impulses from one part of the body to another.

Question 6.
How does phototropism occur in plant?
Answer:
To observe the response of plant parts to light OR To study phototropism in plants.
Materials: Conical flask, wire mesh, cardboard box open from one side, water, two-three freshly germinated bean seeds.

Procedure:

  • Fill a conical flask with water.
  • Cover the neck of the flask with a wire mesh.
  • Keep two-three freshly germinated bean seeds on the wire mesh.
  • Take a cardboard box which is open from one side.
  • Keep the flask in the box in such a manner that the open side of the box faces light coming from a window.
  • Observe after two or three days and note down your observation.
  • Now turn the flask and leave it undisturbed in this condition for a few days and then observe.
    JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination 2

Observation: In the initial position of flask, the shoot bends towards light and roots turn away from light.
After turning the flask, position of shoot and roots change, i.e., shoot goes away from light and roots turn towards light but after a few days shoot again shows bending towards light and roots move away from light.

Questions:

Question 1.
Have the old parts of the shoot and root changed direction?
Answer:
Yes, shoot always grows towards light as it positively phototropic and root goes in opposite direction of light.

Question 2.
Are there differences in the direction of the new growth?
Answer:
No, growth pattern or direction follows environmental stimulus.

Question 3.
What can we conclude from this activity?
Answer:
We can conclude from this activity that shoot shows positive phototropism and roots show negative phototropism.

Question 7.
Which signals will get disrupted in case of a spinal cord injury?
Answer:
In case of a spinal cord injury following signals will get disrupted :

  • Reflex action
  • Sensory impulses from different organs of body to brain through spinal cord will not be conducted
  • Motor impulses from brain to different organs of body through spinal cord will not be transmitted.

Question 8.
How does chemical coordination occur in plants?
Answer:
The chemical coordination occurs in plants by means of plant hormones. They help to coordinate growth, development and. responses to the environment. They are synthesised at places away from where they act and reach to the areas of action by simple diffusion.

Question 9.
What is the need for a system of control and coordination in an organism?
Answer:
In multicellular organisms, body organisation is complex. Different organs s and tissues perform different specialised functions. Therefore, it is necessary that all the organs work together in a proper coordinating way, it needs a system of control and coordination.

In human beings, well-developed nervous and endocrine system were evolved for control and coordination.

JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination

Question 10.
How are involuntary actions and reflex actions different from each other?
Answer:

Involuntary actions Reflex actions
These are controlled by medulla a part of hind-brain. These are controlled by spinal cord in general.
Functioning of internal body parts are involuntary actions. It is involuntary response to external stimuli without the knowledge of cerebrum.
Such actions go on continued under normal condition also, e.g., heartbeats, breathing, peristalsis, etc. It is shown under a condition of emergency. Such as to pull hand away on touching to hot object.
It occurs in controlled rhythmic way. It is a quick action.

Question 11.
Compare and contrast nervous and hormonal mechanisms for control and coordination in animals.
Answer:

Nervous mechanism Hormonal mechanism
Neuron is the main functional unit in nervous mechanism. Hormone acts as chemical messenger in hormonal mechanism.
Impulse is generated at dendrite and it passes along the axon through cell body. Hormone is secreted from endocrine gland and is transported through blood circulation.
The neural responses are quick. The hormonal actions are slow.
Its effect is short lasting. Its effect is long lasting.
Impulse is delivered to other neuron, gland or muscle cells. Information is received by target cells who have specific molecules on their surfaces.

Question 12.
What is the difference between the manner in which movement take place in a sensitive plant and the movement in our legs?
Answer:

Movement in a sensitive plant Movement in our legs
It occurs in response to touch. It is voluntary action as per our need.
Neural signals are not involved in such movement. Neural signals from cerebellum are involved in such movements.
No specific protein is present in plant cells for it. A specific protein is present in our muscle cells for it.
Plant cells change their shape by changing the amount of water in it. A special proteins change both their shape and their arrangement in response to nervous impulses due to which the muscle cells shorten.

Jharkhand Board Class 10 Science Control and Coordination InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the difference between a reflex action and walking?
Answer:
Reflex action is an involuntary action controlled by spinal cord. Thinking is not involved in such action.

Walking is a voluntary action and is controlled by a cerebellum, a part of hind-brain. This action is shown as per wish of an individual.

Question 2.
What happens at the synapse between two neurons?
Answer:
Synapse is the gap between nerve endings of axon of one neuron and dendrites of another neuron. At the end of axon, the electrical impulse sets off the release of some chemicals. These chemicals cross the synapse and start a similar electrical impulse in a dendrite of the next neuron.

Question 3.
Which part of the brain maintains posture and equilibrium of the body?
Answer:
Cerebellum is the part of the brain that maintains posture and equilibrium of the body.

Question 4.
How do we detect the smell of an agarbatti (incense stick)?
Answer:
Olfactory receptors in our nose are stimulated by the smell of agarbatti. This causes generation of impulse which is received at dendrite of sensory neuron. Such impulse is transmited to brain. In cerebrum message is interpreted and we detect the smell.

Question 5.
What is the role of the brain in reflex action?
Answer:
Generally reflex action is shown by spinal cord and there is no active role of brain in it. However the information input also goes to the brain.

In some reflex actions such as mouth watering on seeing delicious food, heartbeats, breathing, movement of diaphragm, yawning, blinking of eyes, sneezing, etc. brain is involved.

Question 6.
What are plant hormones?
Answer:
Plant hormones are chemical compounds produced by plant itself and help to coordinate growth, development and responses to the environment.

Question 7.
How is the movement of leaves of the sensitive plant different from the movement of a shoot towards light?
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination 3

Question 8.
Give an example of a plant hormone that promotes growth.
Answer:
An example of a plant hormone that promotes growth : Auxin.

Question 9.
How do auxins promote the growth of a tendril around a support?
Answer:
Auxins are growth promoting plant hormones that induce cell elongation. When tendril comes in contact with a support, auxin stimulates faster growth on to a part of tendril away from the support. This causes the tendril to coil around the support.

JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination

Question 10.
Design an experiment to demonstrate hydrotropism.
Answer:
The type of movement of the growing plant organ, which is induced by stimulus of water is called hydrotropism.

To demonstrate hydrotropism.

Apparatus-Materials: clay, two plants, two glass

Procedure: Take two glass troughs each filled to about 1/3 with clay. Label the trough as (A) and (B). Plant two, almost equal sized cuttings, S one in each of the troughs. Add water in trough (A) and keep the clay of trough (B) dry. However in trough (B) place a small clay pot (or a cup of clay) filled with water quite close to the cutting. (See the figure) Add daily a small quantity of? water in trough (A) but not in trough (B). Dig out the clay carefully in both the troughs after about a week or more.
JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination 4
Observation : It will be seen that the cutting in trough (A) shows a simple and straight growth of the root, while that in trough (B) shows the root curved in the direction of clay pot filled with water.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that the root grows and elongates in the direction of source of water. It means that the root shows positive hydrotropism.

Question 11.
How does chemical coordination take place in animals?
Answer:
In animals, endocrine glands secretes S chemical substances (Hormones) in precise quantities. They are directly released in blood and through blood circulation they reach to their target (Functional) site. Specific cells of body have specific molecules with which hormone molecules bind and transmit information.

Thus, chemical coordination take place in animals.

Question 12.
Why is the use of iodised salt advisable?
Answer:
The use of iodised salt is advisable because iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroxin hormone in thyroid gland. Deficiency of iodine causes goitre. Iodised salt fulfills the requirement of iodine of body and protects agains goitre disease.

Question 13.
How does our body respond when adrenaline is secreted into the blood?
Answer:
Adrenaline prepares our body in an emergency situation. When adrenaline is secreted into the blood body shows following responses:
The heart beats faster, breathing rate increases, blood pressure increases, skeletal muscles become more active, etc. This is known as fight or flight response.

Question 14.
Why are some patients of diabetes treated by giving injections of insulin?
Answer:
Insulin is a pancreatic hormone which helps in regulating blood sugar level. In the patients of diabetes, the blood sugar level rises due to deficiency of insulin. So, some patients of diabetes are treated by giving injections of insulin to maintain blood sugar level.

Activity 7.1 [T. B. Pg. 115]

To detect the taste bud (gustatory receptor) and its function.

  • Put some sugar on your tongue In the mouth.
  • Block your nose by pressing it between your thumb and index finger.
  • Now eat sugar again.
  • While eating lunch, block your nose in the same way and notice If you can fully appreciate the taste of food you are eating.

Questions:

Question 1.
How does the sugar taste?
Answer:
The taste of sugar is sweet.

Question 2.
Is there any difference in the taste of sugar while you block your nose?
Answer:
When we eat sugar after blocking our nose, we find no difference in the taste of sugar.

Question 3.
Is there a difference in how sugar and food taste If your nose Is blocked? If so, why might be happening?
Answer:
If we block our nose, we feel the taste but cannot fully appreciate because the olfactory receptors are not stimulated. We cannot feel the smell.

Question 4.
Do you come across a similar situation when you have a cold?
Answer:
Yes, when we have a cold, olfactory receptors are covered with excessive secreted mucus.

Activity 7.2 [T. B. Pg. 121]

To observe the response of plant parts to light OR To study phototropism in plants.

Materials: Conical flask, wire mesh, cardboard box open from one side, water, two-three freshly germinated bean seeds.

Procedure:

  • Fill a conical flask with water.
  • Cover the neck of the flask with a wire mesh.
  • Keep two-three freshly germinated bean seeds on the wire mesh.
  • Take a cardboard box which is open from one side.
  • Keep the flask in the box in such a manner that the open side of the box faces light coming from a window.
  • Observe after two or three days and note down your observation.
  • Now turn the flask and leave it undisturbed in this condition for a few days and then observe.
    JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination 5

Observation: In the initial position of flask, the shoot bends towards light and roots turn away from light.

After turning the flask, position of shoot and roots change, i.e., shoot goes away from light and roots turn towards light but after a few days shoot again shows bending towards light and roots move away from light.

Questions:

Question 1.
Have the old parts of the shoot and root changed direction?
Answer:
Yes, shoot always grows towards light as it positively phototropic and root goes in opposite direction of light.

Question 2.
Are there differences in the direction of the new growth?
Answer:
No, growth pattern or direction follows environmental stimulus.

JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination

Question 3.
What can we conclude from this activity?
Answer:
We can conclude from this activity that shoot shows positive phototropism and roots show negative phototropism.

Activity 7.3 [T. B. Pg. 123]

Identify the endocrine glands mentioned in the diagram.
JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 7 Control and Coordination 6

Activity 7.4 [T. B. Pg. 125]

To know some important hormones and their functions.
Complete the following given table:

No. Hormone Endocrine Gland Function
1. Growth hormone Pituitary gland Stimulates growth in all organs.
2. Thyroxin Thyroid gland Regulates metabolism for body growth.
3. Insulin Pancreas Regulate blood sugar level
4. Testosterone Testes Development of secondary sexual characters in male
5. Estrogen Ovaries Development of female sex organs, regulates menstrual cycle, etc.
6. Adrenaline Adrenal gland Prepares body for an emergency condition, i.e., either fight or flight.
7. Releasing hormones Hypo-thalamus Stimulates pituitary gland to release hormones

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Life Processes

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Life Processes Important Questions and Answers.

JAC Board Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Life Processes

Additional Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Distinguish between :
(1) Gastric juice and Bile
Answer:

Gastric juice Bile
1. It is a mixture of secretions from gastric glands located in the inner wall of the stomach. 1. It is secreted from the liver cells.
2. It is not stored anywhere in stomach. 2. It is stored in the sac-called gall bladder.
3. It is secreted from the gastric glands in stomach and acts in the stomach itself. 3. It is secreted from the liver cells and acts in the duodenum (small intestine).
4. It is an acidic digestive juice. 4. It is an alkaline digestive juice.
5. It contains dil. HCl, enzyme pepsin and mucus. 5. It does not contain any enzyme.

(2) Herbivores animals and Carnivores animals
Answer:

Herbivores animals Carnivores animals
1. These animals take in only plant material as food. 1. These animals take in only animal flesh and bones as well as blood as their food.
2. Their small intestine is relatively much longer than in carnivores. 2. Their small intestine is relatively much shorter than in herbivores.
3. They are consumers of the first order. 3. They are consumers of the second and third order.
4. The digestion of cellulose of the plant cells is quite complex and takes time. 4. The digestion of flesh of the animals is quite easy and rapid.
5. Example: rabbit, cow, buffalo, goat, etc. 5. Example: tiger, lion, leopard, wolf, etc.

(3) Respiration in plants and Respiration in animals
Answer:

Respiration in plants Respiration in animals
1. In plants, exchange of gases is carried out individually by different organs (roots, stem and leaves in the process of respiration.) 1. In animals, exchange of gases is carried out by some definite parts or organs of the body, meant for respiration.
2. The flow of respiratory gases from one part of the body to the other, is a slow process. 2. The flow of respiratory gases from one part of the body to the other, is a rapid process.
3. The respiration in plants is slow. 3. The respiration in animals is quite rapid.
4. In anaerobic respiration in plants the end product is ethanol and CO2. 4. In anaerobic respiration in animals the end product is lactic acid.

(4) Xylem tissue and Phloem tissue
Answer:

Xylem tissue Phloem tissue
1. It transports water and mineral Ions absorbed by the roots to different parts of the plant. 1. It transports organic products of photosynthesis from the leaves to different parts of the plant.
2. The principal conducting elements of xylem are tracheids and tracheae (vessels). 2. The principal conducting elements of phloem are sieve cells and sieve tubes with companion cells.
3. The conduction occurs only in upward direction. 3. The conduction occurs in both upward and downward directions.
4. It conducts only water and mineral ions. 4. Along with the sugars it conducts amino acids, plant hormones and several other substances.
5. For conduction of water In the xylem, the suction force due to transpiration is the principal force. 5. For conduction of organic food substances the energy required is obtained from ATP.

(5) Conduction of water in plants and Translocation of food in plants
Answer:

Conduction of water in plants Translocation of food in plants
1. It occurs through the xylem tissue. 1. It occurs through the phloem tissue.
2. It occurs from the roots to the stem, leaves and flowers. 2. It occurs from the leaves to different parts of the plant.
3. It occurs only from below upwards. 3. It occurs from above downwards as well from below upwards.
4. A continuous water column is formed in the plant from root upwards which is pulled up due to suction force. 4. No food column is formed but the difference of pressure causes translocation which requires energy from ATP.

(6) Atria and Ventricles
Answer:

Atria Ventricles
1. The upper two chambers of the heart are atria. 1. The lower two chambers of the heart are ventricles.
2. They are relatively thin-walled. 2. They are quite thick-walled.
3. Atria receive blood from different parts of the body and is poured in the ventricles. 3. Ventricles receive blood from the auricles and force the blood towards different parts of the body.
4. In atrium, the blood pressure is relatively low. 4. In ventricles, the blood pressure is quite high.

(7) Artery and Vein
Answer:

Artery Vein
1. The blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to different organs is called an artery. 1. The blood vessel that carries blood from any organ towards the heart is called a vein.
2. In artery, the blood flows under higher pressure. 2. In vein, the blood flows under somewhat low pressure.
3. The wall of the artery is relatively thick and elastic. 3. The wall of the vein is relatively thin and less elastic.
4. The artery divides into several arterioles and numerous fine blood capillaries in the organs and tissues. 4. In the organs and tissues, the veins are formed by the union of numerous blood capillaries and several venules.
5. Arteries carry oxygenated blood (exception -Pulmonary artery). 5. Veins carry deoxygenated blood (exception -Pulmonary vein).

(8) Blood and Lymph
Answer:

Blood Lymph
1. It is red coloured fluid connective tissue. 1. It is a colourless liquid connective tissue.
2. It contains liquid blood plasma and freely floating blood corpuscles. 2. It contains a certain amount of blood plasma, proteins and some blood cells (except red blood corpuscles).
3. It flows in the heart, arteries, veins and blood capillaries. 3. It flows in the intercellular spaces, larger lymph capillaries and in lymph ducts.
4. It is an independent liquid connective tissue. 4. It arises by the diffusion from the thin walls of the blood capillaries and after circulation in the body, it is poured back in the blood.

(9) Breathing and Respiration
Answer:

Breathing Respiration
1. It is a physical / mechanical process. 1. It is a physiological process.
2. It occurs through the respiratory organs aided by accessory respiratory organs. 2. It occurs in each and every living cell of the body.
3. The mechanism of breathing is not necessarily found in all the living organisms. 3. The process of respiration occurs invariably in each and every living cell of all the living organisms.
4. It includes the physical processes of inhalation or inspiration expelled (taking in of atmospheric air) and exhalation or expiration (throwing out air contaihing CO2, into the atmosphere). 4. It includes the physiological (biochemical) processes of glycolysis and Krebs cycle and also oxidative phosphorylation.
5. There are no subtypes of breathing. 5. Aerobic and anaerobic respiration are the two different types of respiration.
6. Energy is utilized in this process. 6. Energy is released in this process.

Question 2.
Give scientific reasons for the following statements:
(1) Proper transportation (conducting) system is necessary in higher plants.
Answer:
The green leaves of plants obtain CO2 from the atmosphere and synthesize carbohydrates. The plants, through their roots, absorb water and other raw mineral elements essential for the constitution of the body, from the soil.

In higher plants the distance between the roots and the leaves being more, the water, mineral elements and the products of photosynthesis cannot be sent to all the different parts of the plant body, merely by diffusion from cell to cell. Therefore, in order to distribute all these substances rapidly and timely, a proper transportation (conducting) system is necessary in higher plants.

(2) In very tall plants, the suction force created due to transpiration is the main conducting force for water and mineral ions through the xylem.
Answer:
The xylem tissue in all the organs of a plant remains connected to each other and forms a continuous path for the flow of water, etc. Thus, a continuous water column is formed therein.

Mere root pressure, created in small herbs, is not sufficient to push water and minerals to the great height of very tall plants. The plants adopt another way to reach the target of fulfilling the water requirement. Evaporation of water molecules in the form of vapour occurs through stomata.

Due to that a suction force arises in the cells of leaves. This suction force comes into being from the cells of the leaves and is gradually experienced in the xylem of roots. As a result, the water column in the xylem rises up. Hence in very tall plants, the suction force created due to transpiration is the main conducting force for water and mineral ions through the xylem.

(3) Translocation in the phloem takes place in both upward and downward directions.
Answer:
The phloem transports amino acids, various plant hormones and other organic substances in addition to the products of photosynthesis.

Carbohydrates are synthesized in the leaves due to photosynthesis. These carbohydrates are transported to the roots and stem through phloem. The plant hormones synthesized in shoot apex flow downwards through the phloem and the plant hormones synthesized in the root apex and the food reserve stored in roots are transported upwards through the phloem. Thus, the translocation in the phloem takes place in both, upward and downward directions.

(4) The right side chambers of the heart have deoxygenated blood and left side chambers have oxygenated blood in them.
Answer:
The four-chambered heart, in man, is formed of two atria and two ventricles. All the four chambers of the heart are separated from each other by septa.

Deoxygenated blood from different organs of the body (except lungs) is brought through s superior and inferior vena cava and poured in the right atrium and then into the right ventricle, Similarly oxygenated blood from the two lungs is brought through pulmonary veins and poured in the left atrium and then into the left ventricle.

The four-chambered heart prevents the mixing of oxygenated blood with deoxygenated blood. Hence, the right side chambers of the heart have deoxygenated blood and the left side chambers have oxygenated blood in them.

(5) Lymph separates from the blood and remixes with the blood.
Answer:
The lymph oozes out through the pores in thin walls of the blood capillaries, as a fluid from the blood flowing through the capillaries. It flows very slowly in the intercellular spaces between the tissue cells. The intercellular spaces have no walls of their own and are called lymph capillaries.

These lymph capillaries meet and join with each other to form larger ones which finally open in a vein to pour its contents. Thus, lymph, as a colourless watery fluid collects in a large lymph vessels that finally open in particular veins S in the body to pour its contents back in blood.

(6) The wall of the artery is thick and elastic while that of vein is relatively thin.
Answer:
The arteries carry blood from the heart towards different organs. When the ventricles contract, the blood is pushed in the arteries under high pressure. In order to withstand this pressure, the arteries must have thick and elastic walls. The veins receive blood from different organs and carry it to the heart. The blood in the veins flows at relatively low pressure. Hence, the wall of the veins is relatively thin and less elastic.

(7) The organisms possessing chlorophyll are autotrophs.
Answer:
The organisms, possessing chlorophyll, can trap and utilize the solar energy to synthesize their own food using CO2 and water. This process of trapping the solar energy for synthesis of ones own food is called photosynthesis and the mode of nutrition of such organisms is called autotrophic. In photosynthesis, the food synthesized is the simplest hexose sugar-glucose, which is utilized for obtaining energy. The surplus glucose is stored as reserve food in the form of starch. Hence, the organisms possessing chlorophyll are autotrophs.

(8) The stomata in leaves keep on opening and closing.
Answer:
On one or both the surfaces of the leaves of flowering plants, there are numerous stomata as minute pores. Each of these pores is guarded by a pair of guard cells. The opening and closing of the stomata is controlled by these guard cells, which contain chloroplasts.

When water enters the guard cells, the latter swell and cause the opening of stomata and when the guard cells lose water, the guard cells contract and cause the closing of stomata. Thus, the stomata in leaves keep on opening and closing due to entry and exit of water in the guard cells.

(9) The parasitic mode of nutrition is harmful for the host organism.
Answer:
In parasitic nutrition, one organism depends fully for obtaining its nutritional needs, directly on other living organism. The latter is called a host from whom the parasite directly obtains food. The parasitic organism keeps close contact with the host and sucks or absorbs nutrients from its body. The host goes on becoming weaker physically and physiological. The health of host thus is affected. Thus, the parasitic mode of nutrition is harmful for the host organism.

(10) HCl (Hydrochloric acid) is an important constituent of gastric juice.
Answer:
For the chemical digestion of food in stomach, the stomach secretes gastric juice from its gastric glands. HCl is one of the constituents of gastric juice.

HCl destroys the bacteria and other micro¬organisms entering along with the ingested food and thereby prevent the decay of food in stomach. HCl provides acidic medium for the action of gastric enzyme. HCl converts inactive enzyme pepsinogen into an active enzyme pepsin. Pepsin acts in acidic medium on proteins and starts their digestion and convert them into preoteoses and peptones. Thus, HCl is an important constituent of gastric juice.

(11) The length of small intestine of herbivorous is relatively much longer than that of carnivorous.
Answer:
The length of small intestine is different in different animals and that depends upon the nature of food taken by the animal. The carnivorous eat flesh. The digestion of flesh as food is quite easy and rapid and there is very small amount of roughage.

Hence these animals have short small intestine. The herbivorous eat grass and other vegetation. The cellulose of the plant cells is a complex substance and its complete digestion needs more space and time and hence longer small intestine and longer large intestine. Hence, the length of small intestine of herbivorous is relatively much longer than that of carnivorous.

(12) Bile is an important digestive juice though it does not contain any digestive enzymes.
Answer:
Bile is a greenish yellow alkaline digestive juice secreted from the liver cells. Bile contains bile salts, certain bile pigments but does not contain any digestive enzymes.

The bile salts turn the acidic food from stomach, alkaline and thereby provide alkaline medium for further reactions in intestine. Pancreatic enzymes and intestinal enzymes need alkaline medium. Bile salts emulsify the large fat globules into a very large number of very minute fat droplets and thereby greatly increase the exposed surface area of fat for the rapid action of lipases. Hence bile is an important digestive juice though it does not contain any digestive enzymes.

(13) Respiration is important to keep the organism in living state.
Answer:
The living cells of the body need energy for performing various vital functions. The energy is obtained by the biological oxidation of organic nutrients in the cell.

The process of breakdown of food sources for cellular needs either using oxygen or without oxygen is called respiration. The energy, so released is for continuation of various functions and thereby ‘ maintaining the living state of the organism. Thus, respiration is essential for life.

Question 3.
Carefully observe the given diagram and answer the questions related with it:
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Life Processes 1

Questions :

  1. Identify label x and state any two process that occur through it.
  2. Identify label y and state the name of process and equation that occurs in it.
  3. Identify label z and which situation you think for the given diagram?
  4. What you think about transportation during day from label x in given diagram?

Answer:

  1. x – stomatal pore, exchange of gases and transpiration occur through it.
  2. y – chloroplast, photosynthesis process occurs in it.
    JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Life Processes 2
  3. z – guard cells, the guard cells swell when water flows into them, causing the stomatal pore to open.
  4. During the day when stomata are open, the transpiration pull becomes the major driving force in the movement of water in xylem.

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Life Processes 3
Questions :

  1. Identify x and state the name of enzyme secreted in it and a medium required for its action.
  2. Which juice is secreted from y? Where does it show its action and state the name of process which occurs by it?
  3. State the name of specific finger-likc projections located in z and its functions.
  4. Which other finger-like projection do you know and where can you observe it?

Answer:

  1. x – stomach, name of enzyme is pepsin and acidic medium is required for its action.
    Bile juice secreted from y. It shows its action in small intestine and emulsification (breakdown of fat globules) process occurred by it.
  2. Specific finger-like projections in the walls of z are villi. It increases surface area for absorption of food.
  3. We know other finger-like projections are pseudopodia. We can observe it on the cell surface of amoeba.

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Life Processes 4
Questions :

  1. Which type of blood circulation you see in this diagram, what it means?
  2. Which type of blood flows through x? Which one is exceptional for this?
  3. Which type of blood flows through y? Why?
  4. How our body gets highly efficient supply of oxygen?

Answer:

  1. Double circulation. It means blood goes through the heart twice during each cycle.
  2. Oxygenated blood flows through x. Pulmonary artery is exceptional because it transports deoxygenated blood.
  3. Oxygenated blood flows through y. Because it carries blood from lungs to heart and in lungs blood becomes oxygenated.
  4. The separation of the right side and the left side of the heart is useful to keep oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing.

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Life Processes 5
Questions:

  1. Which structure is shown in the above diagram? Which nitrogenous wastes is removed from blood by this structure?
  2. Identify x and mention its shape and function.
  3. Identify y and z.
  4. Compare the blood flowing through u and v blood vessles.

Answer:

  1. Structure of nephron shown in the diagram. Nitrogenous wastes such as urea and uric acid are removed from blood by it.
  2. x – Bowman’s capsule. It is cup-shaped and collects the filtrate.
  3. y – collecting duct, z – glomerulus.
  4. u – It transports oxygenated blood containing more nitrogenous wastes, v – It transports deoxygenated blood with lesser nitrogenous wastes due to filtration.

Objective Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions in short:
(1) Which inorganic substances are used as raw materials by autotrophic organisms?
Answer:
Water and CO2 are the inorganic substances used as raw material for the synthesis s of organic food by autotrophic organisms.

(2) What is the mode of nutrition in fungi?
Answer:
The fungi show heterotrophic nutrition, in which breakdown the food material outside the body and then absorb it.

(3) Name one organism each, having saprophytic, parasitic and holozoic modes of nutrition.
Answer:

Mode of nutrition Name of organism
Saprophytic Most of fungi
Parasitic Tapeworm, Ascaris
Holozoic Amoeba, Human

(4 ) In addition to carbon dioxide and water, state two other conditions necessary for the process of photosynthesis.
Answer:
Presence of chlorophyll in the cells and <: the presence of sunlight are also necessary, in addition to CO2 and water, for photosynthesis.

(5) Why there is a controversy about whether viruses are truly alive or not?
Answer:
There is a controversy about whether viruses are truly alive or not, because viruses do not show any molecular movement in them unless they infect specific host cell.

(6) Why are molecular movements needed for life?
Answer:
Molecular movements are needed for life because all the structures of living cells are made up of molecules and they must move molecules around all the time.

(7) On what the survival of heterotrophs depend? Give example of heterotrophic organisms?
Answer:
The survival of heterotrophs depends directly or indirectly on autotrophs.
Example of heterotrophic organisms : Animals and fungi.

(8) Which form of carbohydrate is stored in green plants and in human beings?
Answer:
Carbohydrates in the form of starch is stored in green plants while in human beings it is stored as glycogen.

(9) How desert plants perform process of photosynthesis?
Answer:
Desert plants take up carbon dioxide at night and prepare an intermediate which is acted upon by the energy absorbed by the chlorophyll during the day.

(10) Where does the exchange of gases occur in plants other than stomatal pores?
Answer:
The exchange of gases occurs across the surface of stems, roots and leaves other than in stomatal pores of plants.

(11) What is the function of guard cells?
Answer:
The opening and closing of the stomatal pore is a function of the guard cells.

(12) What is the essentiality of nitrogen element?
Answer:
Nitrogen is an essential element in the synthesis of protein and other compounds.

(13) Give the name of organisms that use parasitic nutritive strategy.
Answer:
The name of organisms that use parasitic nutritive strategy are cuscuta, ticks, lice, leech, tapeworm, etc.

(14) How a food vacuole is formed in amoeba?
Answer:
Amoeba takes in food using temporary finger-like extensions called pseudopodia of the cell surface which fuse over the food particle forming a food vacuole.

(15) What is peristaltic movement?
Answer:
The rhythmic movement shown by the contractions of the muscles of lining of alimentary canal which push the food only in one direction is called peristaltic movement.

(16) What causes acidity in adults?
Answer:
Acidity is caused due to excess secretion of hydrochloric acid in stomach.

(17) State the name of enzyme involved in digestion of protein and its location.
Answer:

Name of enzyme involved in digestion of protein Location
(1) Pepsin Gastric juice
(2) Trypsin Pancreatic juice

(18) In which type of respiration more energy is released?
Answer:
In aerobic respiration more energy is released.

(19) Which part of root is involved in the exchange of respiratory gases?
Answer:
The root hairs, formed from the epidermal cells of the root, are involved in the exchange of respiratory gases.

(20) Name the respiratory organ of fish.
Answer:
The fish possesses pharyngeal gills as respiratory organs.

(21) In which pathway of breakdown of glucose CO2 is not produced?
Answer:
Anaerobic respiration in our muscle cells
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Life Processes 6

(22) Why the air passage does not collapse in our body?
Answer:
Rings of cartilage are present in the trachea so that the air passage does not collapse in our body.

(23) What are the characteristics of respiratory surface?
Answer:
Respiratory surface is very fine, delicate, moist and contains an extensive network of blood vessels and it remains in contact with atmosphere.

(24) Why the lungs always contain a residual volume of air?
Answer:
Thle lungs always contain a residual volume of air so that there is sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed and for carbon dioxide to be released.

(25) Give the name, location and function of respiratory pigment in human beings.
Answer:
In human beings, respiratory pigment
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Life Processes 7

(26) What is called single circulation?
Answer:
Blood goes only once through the heart in the fish body during the once circulation.

(27) What is the function of blood capillaries?
Answer:
Exchange of material between blood and the surrounding cells takes place across the thin wall of blood capillaries.

(28) What is the significance of lymph?
Answer:
Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat from small intestine and drains excess fluid from intercellular space back into the blood.

(29) Who forms conducting tubes in higher plants? What are transported through it?
Answer:
Xylem and phloem forms conducting tubes in higher plants. Xylem transports water and minerals, phloem transports products of photosynthesis.

(30) How sunction is created in xylem? What is it significance?
Answer:
Evaporation of water molecules from the cells of a leaf creates a sunction in xylem. It pulls water from the xylem cells.

(31) State any two points of importance of transpiration in plants?
Answer:
Importance of transpiration in plants:

  • It helps in the absorption and upward movement of water and minerals dissolved in it from roots to the leaves.
  • It helps in temperature regulation.

(32) State the name of forces important for the movement of water in the xylem during day and at night respectively?
Answer:
Transpiration pull during day and root pressure at night are important forces for the movement of water in the xylem.

(33) Which substances are transported through phloem?
Answer:
Sucrose, amino acids and other substances are transported through phloem.

(34) Which component of phloem shows translocation of food? In which direction does s it take place?
Answer:
The translocation of food takes place in the sieve tubes with the help of adjacent companion cells of phloem and in both upward and downward directions.

(35) Explain translocation of sugar in the spring season in plants.
Answer:
In the spring season, sugar stored in root or stem tissue is translocated to the buds which need energy to grow.

(36) Which substances are selectively reabsorbed from initial filtrate in the tubular part of nephron?
Answer:
Glucose, amino acids, salts and a major amount of water are selectively reabsorbed from initial filtrate in the tubular part of nephron.

(37) Until when urine is stored in the urinary bladder?
Answer:
Urine is stored in the urinary bladder until the pressure of the expanded bladder leads to the urge to pass it out through the urethra.

(38) Why we can usually control the urge to urinate?
Answer:
We can usually control the urge to urinate because the bladder can store urine and it is under voluntary nervous control.

(39) State name and location of any three structures which are richly supplied with blood vessels.
Answer:

Structure Location
(1) Villi Wall of intestine
(2) Alveoli Terminale of bronchioles in lungs
(3) Nephron In the kidneys

Question 2.
Define : OR Explain the terms :
(1) Nutrition
Answer:
A process of transfer of a source of energy from outside the body of the organism to the inside is called nutrition.

(2) Photosynthesis
Answer:
A process of synthesis of simple form of carbohydrate, i.e. glucose with the use of solar energy, water and carbon dioxide in presence of chlorophyll is called photosynthesis.

(3) Autotrophs
Answer:
Those organisms which utilise simple inorganic sources in the form of carbon dioxide and water and synthesise complex food are called autotrophs.

(4) Heterotrophs
Answer:
Those organism which utilise complex food material prepared by other organisms are called heterotrophs.

(5) Digestion
Answer:
A process by which complex food components are transformed into simple, soluble and absorbable form with the help of enzymes is called digestion.

(6) Respiration
Answer:
A process of breakdown of food source such as glucose, in presence or in absence of oxygen inside the living cell to provide energy for cellular need is called respiration.

(7) Breathing
Answer:
A process of inhalation and exhalation is called breathing.

(8) Transpiration
Answer:
A process of loss of water in the form of vapour from the aerial parts of the plant is known as transpiration.

(9) Excretion
Answer:
The biological process involved in removal of nitrogenous metabolic wastes from the body is called excretion.

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks :

  1. The substance, used in cellular respiration, is ………………..
  2. The effect of ……………….. in transport of water is more important at night.
  3. Carbohydrate is synthesized by the reduction of COa in the process of ………………..
  4. The secretions from the liver and pancreas are poured in the ………………..
  5. Human beings show ……………….. mode of nutrition.
  6. The enzyme ……………….. digests starch and converts it into maltose.
  7. Pepsin is an enzyme that can act only in ……………….. medium.
  8. The digestion of food particle in Amoeba occurs in ………………..
  9. The ……………….. in the wall of small intestine greatly increase the surface area for absorption.
  10. The conversion of glucose into ……………….. during the first phase of the respiratory process occurs in the cytoplasm.
  11. The conduction of the photosynthetic products is called ………………..
  12. The ……………….. increases when the sucrose is transported through the phloem tissue.
  13. The suction force created due to ……………….. is the main force for the conduction of water in the xylem.
  14. The artery emerging from the left ventricle is called ………………..
  15. There is always ……………….. blood in the right auricle.
  16. As compared to blood the lymph contains ……………….. proteins.
  17. The exchange of materials between the blood and tissue cells of the body takes place through ………………..
  18. The terminal end of the excretory unit opens in the ………………..
  19. The wall of the arteries are thick and ………………..
  20. ……………….. During photosynthesis, ……………….. is evolved as by-product.

Answer:

  1. glucose
  2. root pressure
  3. photosynthesis
  4. small intestine
  5. heterotrophic
  6. amylase
  7. acidic
  8. food vacuole
  9. vIlli
  10. pyruvate
  11. translocauon
  12. osmotic pressure
  13. transpiraüon
  14. aorta
  15. deoxygenated
  16. less
  17. capillaries
  18. collectIng duct
  19. elastic
  20. oxygen

Question 4.
State whether the following statements are true or false:

  1. Euglena is an autotrophic animal.
  2. In human body the carbohydrates are stored in the form of glycogen.
  3. In photosynthesis the carbon dioxide is oxidized to form carbohydrates.
  4. The control and regulation of the opening and closing of stomata is done by the chloroplasts.
  5. Liver and pancreas produce digestive juices which help in digestion in small intestine.
  6. The liver secretes acidic bile.
  7. The cellulose in the cells of grass, can be digested by herbivores animals.
  8. The inner wall of the stomach possesses tubular glands which secrete gastric juice.
  9. Cuscuta is a plant, harmful for the host plant.
  10. The rate of breathing in terrestrial animals is much faster than that seen in aquatic animals.
  11. Cilia help in ingestion of food in paramoecium.
  12. The enzymes pepsin and trypsin digest carbohydrates and fats respectively.
  13. An artificial kidney is a device to remove nitrogenous wastes from the blood through dialysis.
  14. The bronchus ends in the alveolus.
  15. The diaphragm bends (moves) downwards at the time of expiration.
  16. The blood flows from the heart to other organs under pressure.
  17. In unicellular animals, the excretory substances are removed by diffusion in the surrounding water.
  18. The blood vessels absorb fat through the villi of the ileum.
  19. In certain plants, the useless waste substances are stored in cellular vacuoles.
  20. The wall of the blood capillaries is bilayered and thick.
  21. The body temperature is maintained by using energy in animals of classes Mammalia and Aves.
  22. The pulmonary arteries cany oxygenated blood.
  23. In plants, the conduction of water is in both upward and downward directions.
  24. The phloem tissue transports carbohydrate, amino acids and plant hormones.
  25. Blood is a red coloured, non-living liquid connective tissue.

Answer:

  1. True
  2. True
  3. False
  4. False
  5. True
  6. False
  7. True
  8. True
  9. True
  10. False
  11. True
  12. False
  13. True
  14. False
  15. False
  16. True
  17. True
  18. False
  19. True
  20. False
  21. True
  22. False
  23. False
  24. True
  25. False

Question 5.
Match the following:
(1)

Column I Column II
1. Algae p. Saprophytic nutrition
2. Cuscuta q. Holozoic nutrition
3. Fungi r. Autotrophic nutrition
4. Amoeba s. Parasitic nutrition

Answer:
(1 – r), (2 – s), (3 – p), (4 – q).

(2)

Column I Column II
1. Salivary glands p. Beginning of protein digestion
2. Liver q. Enzyme trypsin
3. Pancreas r. Alkaline bile
4. Stomach s. Secretion of amylase

Answer:
(1 – s), (2 – r). (3 – q). (4 – p).

(3)

Column I Column II
1. Amoeba p. Omnivores
2. Paramoecium q. Gills
3. Human being r. Pseudopodia
4. Fish s. Cilia

Answer:
(1 – r), (2 – s), (3 – p), (4 – q).

(4)

Column I Column II
1. Villi p. Exchange of gases
2. Cartilagenous ring q. Absorption
3. Alveolus r. Helps in breathing
4. Diaphragm s. Trachea

Answer:
(1 – r), (2 – s), (3 – p), (4 – q).

(5)

Column I Column II
1. Phloem p. Urine formation
2. Excretory unit q. Upward and downward conduction
3. Pulmonary vein r. Deoxygenated blood
4. Renal vein s. Oxygenated blood

Answer:
(1 – q), (2 – p), (3 – s), (4 – r).

(6)

Column I Column II
1. Human heart p. Cup-shaped
2. Human kidney q. Four-chambered
3. Nephron r. Bean-shaped
4. Bowman’s capsule s. Long-coiled tubule

Answer:
(1 – q), (2 – r), (3 – s), (4 – p).

(7)

Column I Column II
1. Villi p. Right auricle
2. Bowman’s capsule q. Less protein
3. Lymph r. Glomerulus
4. Vena cava s. Small intestine

Answer:
(1 – s), (2 – r), (3 – q). (4 – p).

(8)

Column I Column II
1. Chloroplast p. Stomatal pore
2. Mitochondria q. Digestion
3. Guard cells r. Reduction of CO<sub>2</sub>
4. Food vacuole s. Breakdown of pyruvate using O<sub>2</sub>

Answer:
(1 – r), (2 – s), (3 – p), (4 – q).

(9)

Column I Column II
1. Photosynthesis p. Temperature regulation
2. Respiration q. Energy stored
3. Transpiration r. Sucrose
4. Translocation s. Energy released

Answer:
(1 – q), (2 – s), (3 – p), (4 – r).

Question 6.
Chart – diagram based questions:
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Life Processes 8
Identify x in diagram and state which system of plant does it indicate.
Answer:
x-phloem, xylem vascular bundle, it indicates transportation system of plant.

2.
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Life Processes 9
Why starch test is negative in any leaf of plant? What you conclude?
Answer:
Starch test is negative in any leaf of plant s because CO2 is not available as the plant is in bell-jar in which KOH absorbed CO2.
CO2 is a raw material essential for s photosynthesis.

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Life Processes 10
State the lable x and y in given diagram and also mention which life process do they indicate.
Answer:
x – pseudopodia, y – food vacuole
Life process : nutrition in amoeba

4. Fill the blanks in given table with reference to digestion process in human:
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Life Processes 11
Answer:

  1. Amylase
  2. Protein
  3. Trypsin
  4. Fatty acid and glycerol

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Life Processes 12
What change occurs in the solution in test tube? What is responsible for such change?
Answer:
The lime water in test tube turns milky.
We breath out CO2 which is responsible for lime water to turn milky.

6. Fill the blanks in given chart:
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Life Processes 13
Answer:

  1. Xylem
  2. Transpiration pull
  3. Root pressure

7.
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Life Processes 14
Observe the diagram and indicate which parts shows function of storage of urine and filtration of blood?
Answer:
y – kidney – filtration of blood
z – urinary bladder – storage of urine

Question 7.
Select the correct alternative from those given below each question:
1. Which of the following organism breaks down food material outside of body?
A. Mushroom
B. Cuscuta
C. Leech
D. Lice
Answer:
A. Mushroom

2. Where does the digestion of protein start in human being?
A. Mouth
B. Stomach
C. Small intestine
D. Colon
Answer:
B. Stomach

3. Which of the following type has longest small intestine?
A. Tiger
B. Human
C. Cow
D. Rat
Answer:
C. Cow

4. Which one of the following organisms can live without oxygen or air?
A. Amoeba
B. Leech
C. Green plant
D. Yeast
Answer:
D. Yeast

5. Which is the exact site for gaseous exchange s in human beings?
A. Brochus
B. Alveoli
C. Villi
D. Skin
Answer:
B. Alveoli

6. What is the product from glucose in the first phase of respiration?
A. Ethanol
B. Lactic acid
C. Pyruvic acid
D. CO2
Answer:
C. Pyruvic acid

7. What is the ultimate purpose of digestion?
A. Transportation
B. Absorption
C. Respiration
D. Assimilation
Answer:
B. Absorption

8. Which cells surround the pore of the stomata?
A. Epidermal cells
B. Companion cells
C. Sieve cells
D. Guard cells
Answer:
D. Guard cells

9. Which organ stores bile?
A. Liver
B. Pancreas
C. Small intestine
D. Gall bladder
Answer:
D. Gall bladder

10. The enzyme acting in acidic medium is ………………..
A. amylase
B. pepsin
C. trypsin
D. both B and C
Answer:
B. pepsin

11. In plants, photosynthetic products are transported through ………………..
A. vessel and sieve tube
B. tracheid and vessel
C. sieve tube and companion cell
D. sieve tube and tracheid
Answer:
C. sieve tube and companion cell

12. In which part of the body blood is oxygenated?
A. Heart
B. Liver
C. Kidney
D. Lungs
Answer:
D. Lungs

13. At which part the actual process of filtration of blood takes place in kidney?
A. Bowman’s capsule
B. Collecting duct
C. Tubular part of nephron
D. Capillaries of nephron
Answer:
A. Bowman’s capsule

14. From which part of the human heart only oxygenated blood always flows?
A. Both atria
B. Both ventricles
C. Left atrium and left ventricle
D. Right atrium and right ventricle
Answer:
C. Left atrium and left ventricle

15. As compared to blood, the lymph contains ………………..
A. fewer RBCs
B. less amount of water
C. less amount of metabolic waste
D. less amount of proteins
Answer:
D. less amount of proteins

16. Which of the following brings oxygenated blood into left atrium in heart?
A. Pulmonary vein
B. Pulmonary artery
C. Vena cava
D. Aorta
Answer:
A. Pulmonary vein

17. What happens in the process of photo-synthesis?
A. Transformation of solar energy into functional energy
B. Transformation of solar energy into chemical energy
C. Transformation of chemical energy into functional energy
D. Transformation of functional energy into chemical energy
Answer:
B. Transformation of solar energy into chemical energy

18. Which is the main force for the conduction of water through the xylem in plants?
A. Absorption of water through roots
B. Absorption of ions through roots
C. Sufficient availability of water from the soil
D. Suction due to transpiration
Answer:
D. Suction due to transpiration

19. Which of the following alternative shows the correct path of oxygenated blood flow in human beings?
A. Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left auricle → Left ventricle → Various organs of the body
B. Lungs Pulmonary artery → Left auricle → Left ventricle → Various organs of the body
C. Lungs → Pulmonary artery → Right auricle → Right ventricle → Various organs of the body
D. Various organs of the body Right auricle → Right ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Lungs
Answer:
A. Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left auricle → Left ventricle → Various organs of the body

20. Select the correct pair :
A. Stomata – transpiration
B. Translocation – glucose
C. Villi – egestion of feaces
D. Trachea – cartilaginous rings
Answer:
A. Stomata – transpiration
D. Trachea – cartilaginous rings

21. Which process is important for osmoregulation?
A. Nutrition
B. Circulation
C. Breathing
D. Excretion
Answer:
D. Excretion

22. Which one is the false statement for arteries?
A. Arteries carry blood from the heart towards other organs.
B. In arteries the blood flows under high pressure.
C. All arteries carry oxygenated blood.
D. The arterial walls are thick and elastic.
Answer:
C. All arteries carry oxygenated blood.

23. Resin and gum are the substances of plants.
A. excretory
B. nutritive
C. constitutional
D. reserve
Answer:
A. excretory

24. Which is the circulatory pathway of blood in the human heart?
A. Right auricle → Left auricle → Lungs → Right ventricle → Left ventricle → Different organs
B. Right auricle → Right ventricle → Lungs → Left auricle → Left ventricle → Different organs
C. Right auricle → Right ventricle Different organs → Left auricles Left ventricle → Lungs
D. Right auricle → Left auricle → Different organs → Right ventricle → Left ventricle → Lungs
Answer:
B. Right auricle → Right ventricle → Lungs → Left auricle → Left ventricle → Different organs

25. Which substance does not get reabsorbed in nephron during urine formation?
A. Glucose
B. Urea
C. Amino acid
D. Uric acid
Answer:
B. Urea, Uric acid

26. In which of following process. ATP is used?
A. Translocation of food
B. To maintain body temperature in human
C. Respiration
D. Simple diffusion in human
Answer:
Translocation of food, To maintain body temperature in human

27. Statement A: The rate of breathing is much faster in fishes.
Reason R : The blood goes only once through the heart in the fish during one cycle of passage through the body.
Which is the correct option for Statement A and Reason R?
A. Both A and R correct and R is explanation of A.
B. Both A and R correct but R is not explanation of A.
C. A is correct, R is incorrect.
D. A is incorrect, R is correct.
E. Both A and R incorrect.
Answer:
A. Both A and R correct and R is explanation of A.

28. Statement A : ATP is the energy currency for cellular processes.
Reason R: Complete oxidation of pyruvate in presence of oxygen occurs in mitochondria.
Which is the correct option for Statement A and Reason R?
A. Both A and R correct and R is explanation of A.
B. Both A and R correct but R is not explanation of A.
C. A is correct, R is incorrect.
D. A is incorrect, R is correct.
E. Both A and R incorrect.
Answer:
B. Both A and R correct but R is not explanation of A.

29. Which animals tolerate some mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood streams?
A. Fishes
B. Birds
C. Mammals
D. Amphibians
Answer:
D. Amphibians

30. The diagram is labelled, which part secretes digestive juice?
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Life Processes 15
A. 1, 3, 5, 7
B. 2, 4. 6, 8
C. 2, 3, 5, 8
D. 1, 4, 6, 8
Answer:
A. 1, 3, 5, 7

Question 8.
Answer as directed : (Miscellaneous)
(1) Which pigment has a very high affinity for oxygen? Where is it present in human body?
Answer:
Haemoglobin in red blood cells

(2) State the equation of photosynthesis.
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Life Processes 15a

(3) Name of instrument used to measure blood pressure.
Answer:
Sphygmomanometer

(4) About which organism there is a controversy regarding whether it is a living being or non-living entity?
Answer:
Viruses

(5) Give the full form of ATP.
Answer:
Adenosine TriPhosphate

(6) Identify me : I am a cup-shaped structure with glomerulus and I carry out filtration.
Answer:
Bowman’s capsule

(7) Find mismatched pair :
1. One cell thick – blood capillary
2. Ring of cartilage – trachea
3. Phloem tissue – transport of sucrose
4. Platelet cells – transport of respiratory gases
Answer:
4. Platelet cells – transport of respiratory gases

(8) State the normal blood pressure of human.
Answer:
Systolic pressure 120 mm Hg and diastolic pressure 80 mm Hg

(9) Identify me : A component of gastric juice protect the inner lining of the stomach from the action of hydrochloric acid under normal condition.
Answer:
Mucus

(10) Sketch the respiratory pathway which does not produce CO2.
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Life Processes 15b

(11) Which of the following organisms show parasitic nutritive strategy?
Lion, lice, bread mould, cuscuta, leech, yeast, tick
Answer:
lice, cuscuta, leech, tick

(12) Find mismatched pair:
1. Paramoecium – Fermentation
2. Peristaltic movement – All along the gut
3. Emulsifying action – Bile
4. Trachea – Windpipe
Answer:
1. Paramoecium – Fermentation

(13) Which treatment do you suggest to a patient whose both kidneys have stopped functioning?
Answer:
Hemodialysis

(14) Transpiration helps to create osmotic pressure for translocation of sucrose. State whether s this sentence true or false.
Answer:
False

Value Based Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Your younger brother complains about pain in teeth. You often notice that he frequently eats chocolates and pastries. Even he likes to eat sweets.
Questions:

  1. What do you think about the pain in teeth?
  2. Which advise will you give to your brother?
  3. What will happen if this problem is untreated?

Answer:

  1. Sugar content is very high in chocolates, pastries and sweets. Bacteria act on sugars and produce acidic substances. Acids soften? the enamel, i.e.. cause dental caries or tooth decay. Masses of bacterial cells together with food particles stick to the teeth to form dental plaque. This is responsible for pain in teeth.
  2. Brushing the teeth after eating, will remove plaque.
  3. If this problem is untreated, microorganisms may invade the gums causing inflammation and infection

Question 2.
Your uncle often complains about indigestion of after having oily food. He consults a doctor and? is diagnosed with stone in gall bladder. Doctor advised him to remove gall bladder surgically.
Questions:

  1. What is the function of gall bladder?
  2. Which process initiates the digestion of oils?
  3. After surgery, which type of food should be given to uncle?

Answer:

  1. Gall bladder stores bile juice.
  2. Emulsification (i.e.. bile salts breakdown large 5 oil globules into fine small droplets) process initiate the digestion of oils.
  3. After surgery, food with low fat content, i.e., less oil, ghee, butter, etc. is advisable.

Question 3.
Your neighbour is a chain-smoker. He often suffers from cough and lung infection. His relatives often tell him to leave smoking.

Questions:

  1. How inhaled air is filtered in the upper part of respiratory tract?
  2. Which is the effect of smoking on the upper part of respiratory tract?
  3. Why do you call smoking as injurious to health?

Answer:

  1. The upper part of respiratory tract is provided with small hair-like structures called cilia, which help to remove germs, dust and other harmful particles from inhaled air.
  2. Smoking destroys hair like cilia due to which germs, dust, smoke and other harmful chemicals enter lungs and causes harm.
  3. Smoking reduces the breathing efficiency of lungs, may cause various infection and even lung cancer. So, called it is injurious to health. Cigarette contains nicotine which can cause cancer to the respiratory organs.

Question 4.
Your subject teacher arranges a visit to a hospital, where you can observe haemodialysis.
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Life Processes 16
Questions :

  1. Which conditions may lead to kidney failure?
  2. What is the use of artificial kidney?
  3. Explain how artificial kidneys work?

Answer:

  1. Several factors such as infections, injury or restricted blood flow to kidney reduce the activity of kidneys. This leads to accumulation of toxic nitrogenous substances, gradually may lead to kidney failure.
  2. An artificial kidney is a device to remove s nitrogenous waste products from the blood through dialysis.
  3. Artificial kidneys contain a number of tubes with a semi-permeable lining, suspended in a tank filled with dialysing fluid. This fluid has same osmotic pressure as blood but nitrogenous wastes are absent.

As shown in diagram, patient’s blood is passed through tubes. During this, nitrogenous waste products from blood pass into dialysing fluid by diffusion. The purified blood is pumped back into the patient’s vein.

Practical Skill Based Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Observe experiment arranged in your school laboratory as shown in figure.
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Life Processes 17
Questions :

  1. State the colour of the stem and veins of the leaves.
  2. Does the volume of solution in the beaker get reduced? Why?
  3. In the T.S. of stem, which part is observed to be reddish in colour? Why?
  4. State your inference.

Answer:

  1. Reddish
  2. Yes, because plant absorbed solution from beaker through its roots.
  3. Xylem tissue becomes reddish in colour in T.S. of stem because water moves up through xylem.
  4. Water and minerals absorbed by root move in upward direction through xylem vessels.

Question 2.
Take a potted plant.

  • Insert one of its branches in a large, thin and transparent plastic/polythene bag and tie the bag at its open end with the branch.
  • Add adequate amount of water to the clay in the pot, and keep the pot exposed to sunlight for a few hours.
  • Observe the inner side of the bag after a few hours.
    JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Life Processes 18

Questions :

  1. Why are small droplets of water seen on the inner surface of the plastic/polythene bag?
  2. State the role played by sunlight in the formation of water droplets.
  3. State the passage of flow of water droplets through the potted plant.

Answer:

  1. Loss of water vapour from leaves condense and show water droplets.
  2. Sunlight is responsible for transpiration. Water is lost in the form of vapour, which creates suction and transpiration pull in upward direction.
  3. Soil root xylem → stem-xylem → leaf xylem → stomata → water vapour

Question 3.
Place two fingers of your right hand on the left wrist and feel the pulse beats.

  • Count the number of pulse beats felt by your right hand fingers in exactly one minute.
  • Repeat the counting of pulse beats twice or thrice for accuracy. Find out the mean of all readings.
  • Now run fast for a short distance for about one or two minutes, or climb the steps of a staircase quite rapidly twice or thrice.
  • And thereafter, again measure your pulse s beats.

Questions:

  1. State the normal pulse rate.
  2. State the relation of pulse rate with the rate of heart beats.
  3. State the number of pulse beats after a little running or climbing the staircase.
  4. What is the change found in the pulse rate after running, as compared to the normal pulse rate? Why?

Answer:

  1. 60- 100
  2. The pulse rate is similar to heart beats.
  3. 120 to 130 times in a minute.
  4. Pulse rate increases after riming because body requires more oxygen and to fullfil it, heart beats increase.

Memory Map:
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Life Processes 19

JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म Important Questions and Answers.

JAC Board Class 10th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म

लघुत्तरात्मक / निबन्धात्मक प्रश्न :

प्रश्न 1.
एक कक्षा में विद्यार्थियों को पंक्तियों में खड़ा किया जाता है। यदि एक पंक्ति में एक विद्यार्थी को अतिरिक्त खड़ा किया जाए तो पंक्तियों की संख्या 2 कम हो जाती है और यदि एक पंक्ति में एक विद्यार्थी कम खड़ा किया जाय तो पंक्तियों की संख्या 3 बढ़ जाती है। कक्षा कुल विद्यार्थियों की संख्या ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :
माना कि मूल पंक्तियों की संख्या x है तथा मूलतः प्रत्येक पंक्ति में y विद्यार्थी खड़े किये जाते हैं।
विद्यार्थियों की कुल संख्या = x × y = xy
अब यदि एक पंक्ति में i विद्यार्थी अतिरिक्त खड़ा किया जाये तो एक पंक्ति में विद्यार्थियों की संख्या (y + 1) हो जायेगी तथा दिये गये प्रतिबन्ध से पंक्तियों की संख्या (x – 2) हो जायेगी।
अतः विद्यार्थियों की कुल संख्या
= (y + 1) (x – 2)
∴ (y + 1) (x – 2) = x × y
⇒ xy – 2y + x – 2 = xy
⇒ x – 2y = 2 ……..(1)
पुन: एक पंक्ति में एक विद्यार्थी कम खड़ा किया जाता है तो एक पंक्ति में विद्यार्थियों की संख्या (y – 1) होगी तथा प्रश्न में दिये गये प्रतिबन्ध के अनुसार पंक्तियों की संख्या (x + 3) हो जायेगी।
अतः विद्यार्थियों की कुल संख्या
= (y – 1) (x + 3)
∴ (y – 1) (x + 3) = xy
⇒ xy + 3y – x – 3 = xy
⇒ 3y – x – 3 = 0
⇒ x – 3y = – 3 ……..(2)
समीकरण (1) में से (2) को घटाने पर,
JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म - 1
समीकरण (1) में y का मान रखने पर,
x – 2 × 5 = 2
⇒ x = 2 + 10
∴ x = 12
कक्षा में विद्यार्थियों की कुल संख्या = (xy)
= 12 × 5 = 60.

JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म

प्रश्न 2.
k का मान ज्ञात कीजिए ताकि निम्न समीकरण युग्म का कोई हल नहीं हो
(3k + 1)x + 3y – 2 = 0
(k² + 1)x + (k – 2)y – 5 = 0
हल :
दिए गए समीकरण युग्म का कोई हल नहीं होने के लिए प्रतिबन्ध
JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म - 2
k = – 1 के लिए निम्न वक्तव्य सही है-
\(\frac{3}{k-2}\) ≠ \(\frac{2}{5}\)
अतः दिए गए समीकरण का कोई हल नहीं होगा। यदि k = – 1 है।

प्रश्न 3.
अशोक ने एक टेस्ट में 65 अंक अर्जित किए, जब उसे प्रत्येक सही उत्तर पर 5 अंक मिले तथा प्रत्येक गलत उत्तर पर 2 अंक की कटौती की गई। यदि उसे सही उत्तर पर 3 अंक मिलते तथा प्रत्येक गलत उत्तर पर 1 अंक कटता, तो अशोक 40 अंक अर्जित करता। इस समस्या को बीजगणितीय रूप में व्यक्त कर ग्राफ विधि से हल कीजिए। टेस्ट में कुल कितने प्रश्न थे ?
हल :
माना अशोक द्वारा सही हल किये गये प्रश्नों की संख्या = x
गलत हल किये गये प्रश्नों की संख्या = y
बीज गणितीय निरूपण – पहली शर्त के अनुसार,
⇒ 5x – 2y = 65 …….(1)
दूसरी शर्त के अनुसार,
3x – y = 40 ……………(2)
ज्यामितीय निरुपण – समी. (1) से
5x – 2y = 65
x = \(\frac{65+2 y}{5}\)
y = – 5 रखने पर, x = \(\frac{65-10}{5}=\frac{55}{5}\) = 11
y = 0 रखने पर, x = \(\frac{65-0}{5}=\frac{65}{5}\) = 13
y = 5 रखने पर, x = \(\frac{65+10}{5}=\frac{75}{5}\) = 15
सारणी – I

x 11 13 15
y -5 0 5

समी. (2) से
3x – y = 40
x = \(\frac{40+y}{3}\)
y = – 7 रखने पर x = \(\frac{40-7}{3}=\frac{33}{3}\) = 11
y = 2 रखने पर x = \(\frac{40+2}{3}=\frac{42}{3}\) = 14
y = 5 रखने पर y = \(\frac{40+5}{3}=\frac{45}{3}\) = 15

सारणी – II

x 11 14 15
y -7 2 5

JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म - 3

आलेख से स्पष्ट है कि दिए गए समीकरण युग्म की दो सरल रेखाऐं बिन्दु (10, 5) पर काटती है।
x = 10, y = 5
टेस्ट में प्रश्नों की संख्या
= 10 + 5 = 15.

JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म

प्रश्न 4.
x तथा y के लिए हल कीजिए-
27x + 31y = 85.
31x + 27y = 89.
हल :
दी गयी समीकरणं है-
27x + 31y = 85 ………….(1)
31x + 27y = 89 ………….(2)
समीकरण (1) तथा (2) को जोड़ने पर,
JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म - 4
x का मान समीकरण (3) में रखने पर
2 + y = 3
⇒ y = 3 – 2 = 1
अतः x = 2 तथा y = 1 समीकरणों के अद्वितीय हल हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
एक तालाब को दो पाइपों द्वारा भरने में 12 घंटे लगते हैं। यदि बड़े व्यास वाले पाइप को 4 घन्टे तथा छोटे व्यास वाले पाइप को 9 घंटे प्रयोग किया जाता है तो तालाब का आधा भाग भरा जाता है। बताइये कितने समय में तालाब प्रत्येक पाइप द्वारा अलग-अलग भरा जायेगा।
हल :
माना बड़े व्यास वाला पाइप तालाब को x घंटे में तथा छोटे व्यास वाला पाइप y घंटे में भरता है।
∴ बड़े व्यास वाले पाइप द्वारा 1 घंटे में भस गया भाग = \(\frac{1}{x}\)
बड़े व्यास वाले पाइप द्वारा 4 घंटे भरा गया भाग = \(\frac{4}{x}\)
छोटे व्यास वाले पाइप द्वारा 1 घंटे में भरा गया भाग = \(\frac{1}{y}\)
छोटे व्यास वाले पाइप द्वारा 9 घंटे में भरा गया भाग = \(\frac{9}{y}\)
प्रश्नानुसार, \(\frac{4}{x}=\frac{9}{y}\) = \(\frac{1}{2}\) ……….(1)
और यदि दोनों पाइपों से तालाब 12 घंटे में भरा जाता है।
∴ \(\frac{12}{x}=\frac{12}{y}\) = 1 ……….(2)
माना कि \(\frac{1}{x}\) = a तथा \(\frac{1}{y}\) = b यह मान समीकरण (1) तथा (2) में रखने पर
4a + 9b = \(\frac{1}{2}\) ……….(3)
12a + 12b = 1 ……….(4)
समीकरण (3) को 3 से गुणा करके इसमें से समीकरण (4) को घटाने पर
JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म - 5
अतः बड़े व्यास वाला पाइप 20 घन्टे तथा छोटे व्यास वाला पाइप 30 घंटे लेगा।

JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म

प्रश्न 6.
7 रबड़ और 5 पेन्सिलों का कुल मूल्य ₹ 58 है, जबकि 5 रबड़ और 6 पेन्सिलों का कुल मूल्य ₹ 56 है। इस समस्या को बीजगणितीय रूप में व्यक्त कर ग्राफ विधि से हल कीजिए ।
हल :
माना 1 रबड़ का मूल्य ₹ x तथा एक पेन्सिल का मूल्य ₹ y है।
प्रश्नानुसार,
∴ 7x + 5y = 58
तथा 5 रबड़ और 6 पेन्सिलों का कुल मूल्य = ₹ 56
⇒ 7x + 5y = 56
बीजगणितीय निरूपण
7x + 5y = 58 ……(1)
5x + 6y = 56 …….(2)
ज्यामितीय निरूपण:
समीकरण (1) से,
7x + 5y = 58
⇒ 5y = 58 – 7x
⇒ y = \(\frac{58-7 x}{5}\)
x = 4 रखने पर, y = \(\frac{58-7 \times 4}{5}=\frac{58-28}{5}\) = 6
x = – 1 रखने पर y = \(\frac{58-7 \times(-1)}{5}=\frac{58+7}{5}\) = 13
सारणी – I

x 11 13
y -5 0

समीकरण (2) से
5x + 6y = 56
⇒ 6у = 56 – 5x
⇒ y = \(\frac{56-5 x}{6}\)
x = – 2 रखने पर, y = \(\frac{56-5 \times(-2)}{6}=\frac{56+10}{6}\)
y = 11
x = 4 रखने पर y = \(\frac{56-5 \times 4}{6}=\frac{56-20}{6}\) = 6

सारणी – II

x 11 13
y -5 0

सारणी I और सारणी II से प्राप्त x और y के मानों का आलेखन करने पर हमें निम्न आलेख प्राप्त होता है।
JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म - 6
आलेख से स्पष्ट है कि दोनों रैखिक समीकरणों से प्राप्त सरल रेखाएँ बिन्दु P(4, 6) पर प्रतिच्छेदित होती हैं।
∴ x = 4 तथा y = 6
अतः एक रबड़ का मूल्य = ₹ 4 तथा एक पेन्सिल का मूल्य = ₹ 6

JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म

प्रश्न 7.
अभ्यास पुस्तिका और 3 पेन्सिलों का कुल मूल्य 17 रूपए है, जबकि 3 अभ्यास पुस्तिका और 4 पेन्सिलों का कुल मूल्य 24 रूपए है। इस समस्या को बीजगणितीय रूप में व्यक्त कर ग्राफ विधि से हल कीजिए।
हल :
माना एक अभ्यास पुस्तिका का मूल्य ₹ x तथा एक पेन्सिल का मूल्य ₹ y है।
प्रश्नानुसार,
2 अभ्यास पुस्तिका और 3 पेन्सिलों का मूल्य = ₹ 17
⇒ 2x + 3y = 17
3 अभ्यास पुस्तिका और 4 पेन्सिलों का मूल्य 3x + 4y = ₹ 24
⇒ 3x + 4y = 24
बीजगणितीय निरूपण :
2x + 3y = 17 …….(1)
3x + 4y = 24 …….(2)
ज्यामितीय निरूपण :
समीकरण (1) से,
2x + 3y = 17
⇒ 3y = 17 – 2x
⇒ y = \(\frac{17-2 x}{3}\)
x = 1 रखने पर, y = \(\frac{17-2 \times 1}{3}=\frac{15}{3}\) = 5
x = 4 रखने पर, y = \(\frac{17-2 \times 4}{3}=\frac{9}{3}\) = 3
x = 7 रखने पर, y = \(\frac{17-2 \times 57}{3}=\frac{3}{3}\) = 1
सारणी – I

x 11 13 15
y -5 0 5

समीकरण (2) से,
3x + 4y = 24
⇒ 4y = 24 – 3x
⇒ y = \(\frac{24-3 x}{4}\)
x = 0 रखने पर y = \(\frac{24-3 \times 0}{4}=\frac{24}{4}\) = 6
x = 4 रखने पर y = \(\frac{24-3 \times 4}{4}=\frac{12}{4}\) = 3
x = 8 रखने पर y = \(\frac{24-3 \times 8}{4}=\frac{0}{4}\) = 0

सारणी – II

x 11 13 15
y -5 0 5

सारणी I और सारणी II से प्राप्त x और y के मानों का आलेखन करने पर हमें निम्न आलेख प्राप्त होता है :
JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म - 7
आलेख से स्पष्ट है कि दोनों रैखिक समीकरणों से प्राप्त सरल रेखाएँ बिन्दु (4, 3) पर प्रतिच्छेद करती हैं।
∴ x = 4 तथा y = 3
अतः एक पुस्तिका का मूल्य = ₹ 4
तथा एक पेन्सिल का मूल्य = ₹ 3

प्रश्न 8.
एक रेलगाड़ी एक निश्चित दूरी एक समान चाल से तय करती है। यदि यह रेलगाड़ी 6 किमी / घंटा तेज चाल से चलती तो यह निश्चित समय से 4 घंटे कम लेती तथा यदि 6 किमी / घंटा धीमी चाल से चलती तो यह निश्चित समय से 6 घंटे अधिक लेती। यात्रा की निश्चित दूरी ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :
माना रेलगाड़ी की चाल x किमी / घंटा तथा लिया गया समय y घंटे हैं।
∴ रेलगाड़ी द्वारा तय की गई दूरी = चाल × समय = x × y = xy किमी
तेज चलने पर रेलगाड़ी की चाल = (x + 6) किमी / घंटा
रेलगाड़ी द्वारा लिया गया समय = (y – 4) घंटे
अब, दूरी = (x + 6) (y – 4)
⇒ xy = xy – 4x + 6y – 24
⇒ 4x – 6y = – 24 ………..(1)
धीमी गति से चलने पर रेलगाड़ी की चाल = (x – 6) किमी / घंटा
समय = (y + 6) घंटे
अब, दूरी = चाल × समय
⇒ xy = (x – 6) × (y + 6)
⇒ xy = xy + 6x – 6y – 36
⇒ – 6x + 6y = – 36 ………..(2)
समीकरण (1) और समीकरण (2) को जोड़ने पर
JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म - 8
समीकरण (1) में x = 30 रखने पर
4 × 30 – 6y = 24
⇒ – 6y = – 24 – 120
⇒ y = \(\frac{-144}{-6}\) = 24
अत: रेलगाड़ी की चाल = 30 किमी / घंटा
रेलगाड़ी द्वारा लिया गया समय = 24 घंटे
तथा रेलगाड़ी द्वारा तय की गई दूरी = 30 × 24
= 720 किमी

JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म

प्रश्न 9.
दो संपूरक कोणों में से बड़े कोण का मान छोटे कोण के मान से 18° अधिक है। दोनों कणों के मान ज्ञात कीजिए ।
हल :
माना दिए गए कोण A तथा B हैं।
दिए है,
∠A = ∠B + 18° ………(i)
∵ ∠A व B संपूरक कोण हैं,
∴ ∠A + ∠B = 180°
[∵ संपूरक कोणों का योग 180° होता है]
समीकरण (i) से,
∠B + 18° + ∠B = 180°
2∠B = 162°
∠B = 81°
∴ अभीष्ठ ∠A = 81° + 18° = 99°
अतः अभीष्ट कोण 99° तथा 81° होगे।

प्रश्न 10.
सुमित की आयु उसके बेटे की आयु की तीन गुनी है। पाँच वर्षा के बाद, उसकी आयु अपने बेटे की आयु की ढ़ाई गुना हो जाएगी। इस समय सुमित की आयु कितने वर्ष है?
हल :
माना सुमित की वर्तमान आयु x वर्ष तथा उसके पुत्र की वर्तमान आयु y वर्ष है।
प्रश्नानुसार, x = 3y ………(i)
पाँच वर्ष बाद, सुमीत की आयु = (x + 5)
पाँच वर्ष बाद, पुत्र की आयु = (y + 5)
प्रश्नानुसार, x + 5 = 2\(\frac{1}{2}\)(y + 5) …………(ii)
समीकरण (i) का मान समीकरण (ii) में रखने पर,
3y + 5 = \(\frac{5}{2}\)(y + 5)
3y + 5 = \(\frac{5y}{2}=\frac{25}{2}\)
3y – \(\frac{5y}{2}\) = \(\frac{25}{2}\) – 5
\(\frac{6 y-5 y}{2}=\frac{25-10}{2}\)
\(\frac{y}{2}=\frac{15}{2}\)
समीकरण (i) से,
y = 15 वर्ष
x = 3 × 15 = 45 वर्ष
अतः सुमित की वर्तमान आयु 45 वर्ष तथा उसके पुत्र की वर्तमान आयु 15 वर्ष है।

प्रश्न 11.
एक पिता की आयु अपने दो बच्चों की आयु के योग के तीन गुने के समान है। 5 वर्ष के पश्चात् उसकी आयु बच्चों की आयु के योग के दुगुने के समान होगी। पिता की वर्तमान आयु ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :
माना, पिता की वर्तमान आयु x वर्ष है तथा उसके दोनों बच्चों की वर्तमान आयु का योग y वर्ष है।
प्रश्नानुसार,
x = 3y …………….(i)
पाँच वर्ष बाद, पिता की आयु = x + 5
पाँच वर्ष बाद पुत्रों की आयु = (y + 5 + 5)
प्रश्नानुसर,
x + 5 = 2 (y + 5 + 5)
x + 5 = 2 ( y + 10 ) …………(ii)
x = 3y, समीकरण (ii) में रखने पर,
3y + 5 = 2y + 20
y = 15 वर्ष
अब, y = 15 समीकरण (i) में रखने पर,
x = 3 × 15
x = 45 वर्ष
अतः पिता की वर्तमान आयु 45 वर्ष है।

JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म

प्रश्न 12.
एक भिन्न \(\frac{1}{3}\) हो जाती है, अब उसके अंश से 2 घटाया जाता है, और \(\frac{1}{2}\) वह हो जाती है, जब हर में से 1 घटाया जाए। वह भिन्न ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :
मान कि भिन्न \(\frac{x}{y}\) है
प्रश्नानुसार, \(\frac{x-2}{y}\) = \(\frac{1}{3}\) …………(i)
तथा \(\frac{x}{y-1}\) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)
⇒ 2x = y – 1
⇒ 2x + 1 = y …………(ii)
समीकरण (i) में y = 2x + 1, रखने पर,
\(\frac{x-2}{2 x+1}=\frac{1}{3}\)
3x – 6 = 2x + 1
x = 7
अब, समीकरण (ii) में x = 7 रखने पर,
y = 2 × 7 + 1
y = 15
अतः अभीष्ट भिन्न \(\frac{7}{15}\) है।

प्रश्न 13.
5 पेंसिलों तथा 7 पेनों का कुल मूल्य ₹ 250 है जबकि 7 पेंसिलों तथा 5 पेनों का कुल मूल्य ₹ 302 है। एक पेंसिल तथा एक पेन का मूल्य ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :
माना एक पेंसिल का मूल्य ₹ तथा एक पेन का मूल्य ₹ y है।
प्रश्नानुसार,
5x + 7y = 250 ……..(1)
7x + 5y = 302 ………(2)
समीकरण (1) को 5 से तथा समीकरण (2) को 7 से गुणा करने पर
25x + 35y = 1250 ……..(3)
49x + 35y = 2114 ……..(4)
समीकरण (4) में समीकरण (3) घटाने पर
JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म - 9
समीकरण (1) में x = 36 रखने पर,
5 × 36 + 7y = 250
7y = 250 – 180
y = \(\frac{70}{7}\) = 10
अत: एक पेंसिल का मूल्य = ₹ 36
तथा एक पेन का मूल्य = ₹ 10

प्रश्न 14.
निम्नलिखित समीकरण युग्म को व्रज-गुणन विधि से हल कीजिए:
x – 3y – 7 = 0
3x – 5y – 15 = 0
हल :
दिया गया समीकरण युग्म
x – 3y – 7 = 0
3x – 5y – 15 = 0
व्रज गुणन विधि से,
JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म - 10
तथा \(\frac{y}{-6}=\frac{1}{4}\) ⇒ y = \(\frac{-6}{4}=\frac{-3}{2}\)
अत: x = \(\frac{5}{2}\) और y = \(\frac{-3}{2}\)

JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म

प्रश्न 15.
दो संख्याओं का अन्तर 26 है तथा बड़ी संख्या, छोटी संख्या के तीन गुने से 4 अधिक है। संख्याएँ ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :
माना दो संख्याएँ x और y हैं। यहाँ x > y है।
प्रश्नानुसार x – y = 26 ………(i)
तथा x = 3y +4 ………..(ii)
समीकरण (ii) x = 3y + 4 समीकरण (i) में रखने पर
3y + 4 – y = 26
⇒ 2y = 26 – 4
⇒ y = \(\frac{22}{2}\) = 11
समीकरण (i) में y = 11 रखने पर,
x – 11 = 26
⇒ x = 26 + 11 = 37
अत: संख्याएँ 37 और 11 हैं।

प्रश्न 16.
x और y के मान ज्ञात कीजिए :
\(\frac{2}{x}+\frac{3}{y}\) = 13
\(\frac{5}{x}-\frac{4}{y}\) = – 2
हल :
माना \(\frac{1}{x}\) = a तथा \(\frac{1}{y}\) = b, तब दिए गए समीकरण निम्न प्रकार से होगे :
2a + 3b = 13 …………(i)
5a – 4b = – 2 …………(ii)
समीकरण (i) को 4 से तथा (ii) को उसे गुणा करके जोड़ने पर,
8a + 12b = 52
15a – 12b = – 6
23a = 46
⇒ a = \(\frac{46}{23}\) = 2
समीकरण (i) में a = 2 रखने पर,
2 × 2 + 3b = 13
⇒ 3b = 13 – 4 = 9
⇒ b = \(\frac{9}{3}\) = 3
अब a = \(\frac{1}{x}\) ⇒ \(\frac{1}{x}\) = 2 ⇒ x = \(\frac{1}{2}\)
और b = \(\frac{1}{y}\) ⇒ \(\frac{1}{y}\) = 3 ⇒ y = \(\frac{1}{3}\)
अतः x = \(\frac{1}{2}\) तथा y = \(\frac{1}{3}\)

प्रश्न 17.
k के किन मानों (किस मान) के लिए निम्न समीकरणों के युग्म का एक अद्वितीय हल है :
x + 2y = 5 और 3x + ky + 15 = 0
हल :
दिया है, समीकरण युग्मः
x + 2y = 5
और 3x + ky + 15 = 0
दिए गए समीकरणों के युग्म की समीकरणों a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 तथा a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 से तुलना करने पर,
a1 = 1, b1 = 2, c = – 5, a2 = 3, b2 = k, c2 = 15
∵ दिए गए युग्म का एक अद्वितीय हल है,
∴ \(\frac{a_1}{a_2}\) ≠ \(\frac{b_1}{b_2}\)
अर्थात् \(\frac{1}{3}\) ≠ \(\frac{2}{k}\)
k ≠ 6
अत: 6 के अतिरिक्त, k के प्रत्येक मान के लिए दिए हुए समीकरणों के युग्म का एक अद्वितीय हल होगा।

JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म

प्रश्न 18.
c का मान कीजिए, यदि समीकरण निकाय cx + 3y + (3 – c) = 0, 12x + cy – c = 0 के अपरिमित रूप से अनेक हल हैं।
हल :
दिए गए समीकरण हैं :
cx + 3y + (3 – c) = 0
तथा 12x + cy – c = 0
दिए गए समीकरण युग्म की समीकरण युग्म a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 तथा a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 से तुलना करने पर,
a1 = c, b1 = 3, c1 = 3 – c
तथा a2 = 12, b2 = c, c2 = – c
रैखिक समीकरणों के युग्म के अपरिमित रूप से अनेक हल होने के लिए शर्त:
JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म - 11

प्रश्न 19.
K का मान ज्ञात कीजिए यदि समीकरण निकाय 2x + 3y = 7, (k + 1) x + (2k – 1) y = 4k + 1 के अपरिमित रूप से अनेक हल हैं।
हल :
दिए गए समीकरणों का निकाय है:
2x + 3y = 7
तथा (k + 1) x + (2k – 1)y = 4k + 1
जहाँ, a1 = 2, b1 = 3, तथा c1 = – 7
और a2 = (k + 1), b2 = (2k – 1) तथा c2 = – (4k + 1)
रैखिक समीकरणों के युग्म के अपरिमित रूप में अनेक हल होने के लिए शर्त
JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म - 12
⇒ 4k – 2 = 3k + 3
4k – 3k = 3 + 2
k = 5
तथा 12k + 3 = 14k – 7
12k – 14k = – 7 – 3
– 2k = – 10
k = 5
अतः k = 5 है।

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति कीजिए :

प्रश्न (क)

  1. दो चरों वाले रैखिक समीकरण का आलेख सदैव एक ………………. रेखा को निरूपित करता है।
  2. वह समीकरण युग्म जिसका हल अद्वितीय होता है, रैखिक समीकरणों का ………….. युग्म कहलाता है।
  3. वह समीकरण युग्म जिसका कोई हल नहीं है, रैखिक समीकरणों का ………………… युग्म कहलाता है।
  4. k का वह मान जिसके लिए समीकरण निकाय x + 2y = 3 तथा 5x + ky = 7 का कोई हल नहीं है, है ……………..
  5. ………………… विधि में दोनों समीकरणों के दो चरों में से एक चर के गुणांक के समान करके विलुप्त कर दूसरे चर का मान ज्ञात करते हैं।

हल :

  1. सरल,
  2. संगत,
  3. असंगत,
  4. 10 या ± \(\frac{14}{3}\)
  5. विलोपन

JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म

निम्न कथनों में सत्य / असत्य बताइए :

प्रश्न (ख)

  1. दो चरों वाले रैखिक समीकरण का आलेख सदैव एक सरल रेखा को निरूपित करता है।
  2. x और y के मानों से सम्बद्ध कोई भी युग्म जो दोनों समीकरणों को सन्तुष्ट करता हो, युग्म का शून्यक कहलाता है।
  3. प्रतिच्छेदी रेखाओं के अनन्त हल होते हैं।
  4. संपाती रेखाओं का केवल एक हल होता है।
  5. समांतर रेखाओं का निकाय असंगत होता है।

हल :

  1. सत्य,
  2. सत्य,
  3. असत्य,
  4. असत्य,
  5. सत्य

(ग) बहुविकल्पीय प्रश्न :

प्रश्न 1.
k का वह मान जिसके लिए समीकरण निकाय x + y – 4 = 0 तथा 2x + ky = 3 का कोई हल नहीं है, है:
(A) – 2
(B) ≠ 2
(C) 3
(D) 2
हल :
दिया है, निकाय का कोई हल नहीं है।
JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म - 13
अत: सही विकल्प (D) है।

JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म

प्रश्न 2.
K का वह मान जिनके लिए रैखिक समीकरण युग्म kx + y = k² तथा x + ky = 1 के अपरिमित रूप से अनेक हल हैं, है:
(A) ± 1
(B) 1
(C) – 1
(D) 2
हल :
अपरिमित रूप से अनेक हल के लिए शर्त :
JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म - 14
अतः सही विकल्प (A) है।

प्रश्न 3.
k का वहमान जिसके लिए रैखिक समीकरण निकाय x + 2y = 3, 5x + ky + 7 = 0 असंगत है, है :
(A) \(\frac{-14}{3}\)
(B) \(\frac{2}{5}\)
(C) 5
(D) 10
हल :
रैखिक समीकरण निकाय के लिए अंसगत होने के लिए शर्त्त :
JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म - 15
अत: सही विकल्प (D) है।

प्रश्न 4.
रैखिक समीकरणों y = 0 तथा y = – 6 के युग्म का एक:
(A) अद्वितीय हल है
(B) कोई हल नहीं है
(C) अनेक हल हैं
(D) सिर्फ एक हल (0, 0) है
हल :
सही विकल्प (B) है।

JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म

प्रश्न 5.
रैखिक समीकरणों \(\frac{3 x}{2}+\frac{5 y}{3}\) = 7 तथा 9x + 10y = 10 का युग्म :
(A) संगत है
(B) असंगत है
(C) संगत है तथा सिर्फ एक हल है।
(D) संगत है तथा अनेक हल हैं
हल :
JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म - 16
अतः सही विकल्प (B) है।

प्रश्न 6.
k का मान जिसके लिए समीकरण 3x – y + 8 = 0 तथा 6x + ky = – 16 संपाती रेखाओं को व्यक्त करें, है:
(A) –\(\frac{1}{2}\)
(B) \(\frac{1}{2}\)
(C) 2
(D) – 2
हल :
∵ संपाती रेखाओं के लिए शर्त :
JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म - 17
अत: सही विकल्प (D) है।

JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म

प्रश्न 7.
यदि रैखिक समीकरणों का कोई युग्म संगत हो, तो इसके आलेख की रेखाएँ होंगी :
(A) समांतर
(B) सदैव संपाती
(C) प्रतिच्छेदी या संपाती
(D) सदैव प्रतिच्छेदी
हल :
सही विकल्प (C) है।

प्रश्न 8.
समीकरण x = a और y = b का युग्म आलेखीय रूप से वे रेखाएँ निरूपित करता है, जो :
(A) समांतर हैं-
(B) (b, a) पर प्रतिच्छेद करती हैं।
(C) संपाती हैं
(D) (a, b) पर प्रतिच्छेद करती हैं
हल :
सही विकल्प (D) हैं।

प्रश्न 9.
आश्रित रैखिक समीकरणों के युग्म का एक समीकरण – 5x + 7 = 2 है। दूसरा समीकरण हो सकता है –
(A) 10x + 14y + 4 = 0
(B) – 10x – 14y + 4 = 0
(C) – 10x + 14y + 4 = 0
(D) 10x – 14y = – 4
हल :
सही विकल्प (D) है।

JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म

प्रश्न 10.
मेरी आयु पुत्र की आयु की तिगुनी है। 13 वर्ष बाद मेरी आयु पुत्र की आयु की दुगुनी रह जाएगी। मेरी और मेरे पुत्र की आयु बताइए-
(A) 39 वर्ष, 13 वर्ष
(B) 45 वर्ष, 15 वर्ष
(C) 30 वर्ष, 10 वर्ष
(D) 36 वर्ष, 12 वर्ष ।
हल :
मान लीजिए मेरी आयु (वर्षो में) x और मेरे पुत्र की आयु (वर्षो में) y है ।
प्रश्नानुसार, x = 3y ⇒ x – 3y = 0 … (i)
और x + 13 = 2(y + 13)
अर्थात् x – 2y = 26 – 13
⇒ x – 2y – 13 = 0
वज्रगुणन द्वारा समी. (i) व (ii) को हल करने पर
JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म - 18
अर्थात् मेरी आयु 39 वर्ष और मेरे पुत्र की आयु 13 वर्ष है।
अत: सही विकल्प (A) है।

प्रश्न 11.
दो अंकों वाली संख्या के अंकों का योगफल 7 है। अंकों का क्रम उलट देने पर प्राप्त संख्या पहली संख्या से 9 अधिक है। वह संख्या ज्ञात कीजिए :
(A) 43
(B) 34
(C) 52
(D) 25
हल :
मान लीजिए दी हुई संख्या में दहाई अंक x और इकाई अंक y है। तब
दी हुई संख्या = 10x + y
अंकों का क्रम उलटने पर संख्या = 10y + x
प्रश्नानुसार, x + y = 7 ⇒ x + y – 7 = 0 ………….(i)
और (10x + y) + 9 = 10y + x
और 9x – 9y + 9 = 0
या x – y + 1 = 0 ……(ii)
समी. (i) व (ii) को वज्रगुणन द्वारा हल करने पर,
JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म - 19
अतः अभीष्ट संख्या = 10x + y = 10 × 3 + 4 = 30 + 4 = 34 है।
सही विकल्प (B) है।

JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म

प्रश्न 12.
एक लड़के की आयु अभी अपनी माता की आयु की एक तिहाई है। यदि माता की वर्तमान आयु x वर्ष है तो 12 वर्ष बाद लड़के की आयु होगी :
(A) \(\frac{x}{3}\) + 12
(B) \(\frac{x+12}{3}\)
(C) x + 4
(D) \(\frac{x}{3}\) – 12
हल :
यहाँ माता की वर्तमान आयु = x वर्ष
माना पुत्र की वर्तमान आयु = y वर्ष
लेकिन प्रश्नानुसार, y = x × \(\frac{1}{3}\)
y = \(\frac{x}{3}\)
पुत्र की 12 वर्ष पश्चात् आयु = (y + 12) वर्ष
y = \(\frac{x}{3}\) रखने पर
अतः 12 वर्ष बाद लड़के की आयु = \(\frac{x}{3}\) + 12
सही विकल्प (A) है।

प्रश्न 13.
C के किस मान के लिए समीकरण युग्म Cx – y = 2 तथा 6x – 2y = 3 के अनन्त हल हैं:
(A) 3
(B) – 3
(C) – 12
(D) कोई मान नहीं
हल :
समीकरण युग्म को निम्न प्रकार लिखा जा सकता है :
Cx – y – 2 = 0 ……………(i)
तथा 6x – 2y – 3 = 0 ……………(ii)
समीकरण युग्म के अनन्त हल के लिए प्रतिबन्ध
JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म - 20
अत: विकल्प (D) सही है।

प्रश्न 14.
k के किस मान के लिए समीकरण युग्म 4x – 3y = 9, 2x + ky = 11 का कोई हल नहीं है-
(A) \(\frac{9}{11}\)
(B) \(\frac{1}{2}\)
(C) \(\frac{-3}{2}\)
(D) \(\frac{-2}{3}\)
हल :
दिया गया समीकरण युग्म है :
4x – 3y – 9 = 0, 2x + ky – 11 = 0
कोई हल न होने के लिए प्रतिबन्ध
JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म - 21
⇒ k = \(\frac{-3}{2}\) या k ≠ \(\frac{-11}{3}\)
अतः k = \(\frac{-3}{2}\)
अत: सही विकल्प (C) है।

JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म

प्रश्न 15.
यदि समीकरणों 5x + 2y = 16 और 3x + \(\frac{6}{5}\)y = 2 का हल होगा :
(A) संगत
(B) असंगत
(C) दोनों (A) और (B)
(D) इनमें से कोई नहीं।
हल :
दिए गए समीकरण युग्म की निम्न प्रकार से भी लिख सकते हैं-
5x + 2y – 16 = 0 ……….(i)
15x + 6y – 10 = 0 ……….(ii)
JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 दो चरों वाले रखिक समीकरण का युग्म - 22
अतः दिए गए समीकरण युग्म का कोई हल नहीं है। दिया गया समीकरण युग्म असंगत है ।
सही विकल्प (B) है।

JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 15 प्रायिकता

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 15 प्रायिकता Important Questions and Answers.

JAC Board Class 10th Maths Important Questions Chapter 15 प्रायिकता

लघुत्तरात्मक / निबन्धात्मक प्रश्न :

प्रश्न 1.
किसी प्रयोग की सभी प्रारम्भिक घटनाओं की प्रायिकताओं का योग लिखिए।
हल:
किसी प्रयोग की सभी प्रारम्भिक घटनाओं की प्रायिकताओं का योग 1 होता है।

प्रश्न 2.
एक थैले में 3 लाल और 5 काली गेंदें हैं। इस थैले में से एक गेंद यादृच्छया निकाली जाती है। इसकी प्रायिकता क्या है कि गेंद काली नहीं है ?
हल:
थैले में गेंदों की कुल संख्या = 3 लाल + 5 काली = 8
∴ कुल सम्भव परिणाम = 8
काली गेंद न होने की घटना के अनुकूल परिणामों की संख्या = 3
∴ गेंद काली न होने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{3}{8}\)

प्रश्न 3.
दो पासों को एक साथ फेंका जाता है। इसकी प्रायिकता क्या है कि दोनों पासों पर आने वाली संख्याओं का योग 7 है।
हल:
जब दो पासों को एक साथ फेंका जाता है तब सम्भावित परिणामों की संख्या = 6 × 6 = 36
दोनों पासों पर आने वाली ऐसी संख्याएँ जिनका योग 7 है :
(1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2) और (6, 1)
∴ अनुकूल परिणामों की संख्या = 6
दोनों पासों पर आने वाली संख्याओं का योग 7 की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{6}{36}=\frac{1}{6}\)

JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 15 प्रायिकता

प्रश्न 4.
52 पत्तों की अच्छी प्रकार से फेंटी गई ताश की एक गड्डी में से यादृच्छया एक पत्ता निकाला गया। प्रायिकता ज्ञात कीजिए कि निकाला गया पत्ता-
(i) लाल रंग का बादशाह है।
(ii) एक बेगम अथवा गुलाम है।
हल:
ताश की गड्डी में 52 पत्ते होते हैं तथा एक पत्ता 52 तरीकों से निकाला जा सकता है।
∴ कुल सम्भावित परिणामों की संख्या = 52
(i) माना कि लाल रंग का बादशाह होने की घटनां R है।
अतः घटना (R) के अनुकूल परिणामों की संख्या = 2
P(R) = \(\frac{2}{52}=\frac{1}{26}\)

(ii) माना कि एक गुलाम अथवा बेगम होने की घटना A है।
∴ घटना (A) के अनुकूल परिणामों की संख्या = 8
∴ P(A) = \(\frac{8}{52}=\frac{2}{13}\)
अत: (I) P(R) = \(\frac{1}{26}\), (ii) P(A) = \(\frac{2}{13}\)

प्रश्न 5.
52 पत्तों की ताश की एक गड्डी में से सभी बादशाह, बेगम तथा इक्के निकाल दिए गए। शेष बचे पत्तों को भली प्रकार फेंटने के पश्चात् उनमें से एक पत्ता निकाला गया। प्रायिकता ज्ञात कीजिए कि निकाला पत्ता-
(i) एक काले रंग का तस्वीर वाला पत्ता है।
(ii) एक लाल रंग का पत्ता है।
हल:
ताश की गड्डी में कुल पत्तों की संख्या = 52
बादशाह, बेगम तथा इक्के के पत्तों की संख्या = 12
बादशाह, बेगम तथा इक्के के पत्तों को निकालने के बाद शेष बचे पत्तों की संख्या 52 – 12 = 40
∴ कुल सम्भव परिणामों की संख्या = 40
(i) माना कि निकाले गए पत्ते की काले रंग के तस्वीर वाले पत्ते होने की घटना ‘A’ है।
40 पत्तों में काले रंग के तस्वीर वाले पत्तों की संख्या = 2
∴ घटना (A) के अनुकूल परिणामों की संख्या = 2
⇒ P(A) = \(\frac{2}{40}=\frac{1}{20}\)

(ii) माना कि निकाले गए पत्ते की लाल रंग का होने की घटना ‘B’ है।
लाल रंग के पत्तों की संख्या = 20
∴ घटना (B) के अनुकूल परिणामों की संख्या = 20
⇒ P(B) = \(\frac{20}{40}=\frac{1}{2}\)
अत: (i) P(A) = \(\frac{1}{20}\)
(ii) P(B) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)

प्रश्न 6.
एक पेटी में 30 डिस्क हैं, जिन पर 1 से 30 तक संख्याएँ अंकित हैं। यदि इस पेटी में से एक डिस्क यादृच्छया निकाली जाती है तो इसकी प्रायिकता ज्ञात कीजिए कि इस डिस्क पर अंकित होगी-
(i) दो अंकों की एक संख्या
(ii) एक पूर्ण वर्ग संख्या
हल:
दिया है : पेटी में कुल डिस्क = 30
(i) 30 डिस्क में से दो अंकों की संख्याएँ हो सकती हैं-
10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30
दो अंकों की डिस्क के अनुकूल परिणाम = 21 डिस्क संभावित परिणाम = 30
अतः यादृच्छया दो अंकों की एक संख्या होने की प्रायिकता
JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 15 प्रायिकता 1

(ii) एक पूर्ण वर्ग संख्या = 4, 9, 16, 25
अनुकूल परिणाम = 4
संभावित परिणाम = 30
अतः यादृच्छया एक पूर्ण वर्ग संख्या होने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{4}{30}=\frac{2}{15}\)

JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 15 प्रायिकता

प्रश्न 7.
अच्छी तरह से फेंटी गई एक ताश की गड्डी से एक पत्ता यादृच्छया निकाला गया। प्रायिकता ज्ञात कीजिए कि निकाला गया पत्ता-
(i) हुकुम का पत्ता है या एक इक्का है
(ii) एक काले रंग का बादशाह है
(iii) न तो गुलाम है तथा न ही बादशाह है
(iv) या तो बादशाह हैं या बेगम है
हल:
कुल पत्तों की संख्या = 52
(i) हुकुम और इक्का के पत्तों की संख्या 13 + 3 = 16
हुकुम और इक्का के निकलने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{16}{52}=\frac{4}{13}\)
(ii) गड्डी में काले रंग का बादशाह = 2
काले रंग के बादशाह की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{2}{52}=\frac{1}{26}\)
(iii) गुलाम और बादशाह के पत्तों की संख्या = 4 + 4 = 8
एक गड्डी में न तो गुलाम है तथा न ही बादशाह के पत्तों की संख्या = 52 – 8 = 44
न गुलाम न बादशाह होने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{44}{52}=\frac{11}{13}\)
(iv) एक गड्डी में बादशाह और बेगम के पत्तों की संख्या = 4 + 4 = 8
या तो बादशाह या बेगम होने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{8}{52}=\frac{2}{13}\)

प्रश्न 8.
दो भिन्न पासों को एक साथ उछाला गया दोनों पासों के ऊपरी तलों पर आई संख्याओं का गुणनफल 6 आने की प्रायिकता ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
जब दोनों पासों को एक साथ फेंका जाता है तो संभावित परिणामों की संख्या 6 × 6 = 36
दोनों पासों पर संख्याओं का गुणनफल 6 प्राप्त होने की अनुकूल स्थितियाँ = (1, 6), (6, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2)
दोनों पासों का गुणनफल 6 होने के अनुकूल परिणामों की संख्या = 4
अभीष्ट परिणाम = \(\frac{4}{36}=\frac{1}{9}\)

प्रश्न 9.
एक जार में केवल लाल, नीली तथा नारंगी रंग की गेंदें हैं। यादृच्छया एक लाल रंग की गेंद के निकालने की प्रायिकता \(\frac{1}{4}\) है। इसी प्रकार उसी जार से यादृच्छया एक नीली गेंद निकालने की प्रायिकता \(\frac{1}{3}\) है। यदि नारंगी की कुल गेंदें 10 हैं, तो बताइए कि जार में कुल कितनी गेंदें हैं।
हल:
माना लाल, नीली तथा नारंगी गेंद निकालने की प्रायिकता क्रमश: E1, E2, E3 है।
हम जानते हैं,
P(E1) = \(\frac{1}{4}\)
P(E2) = \(\frac{1}{3}\)
P(E3) = 1 – PE2 – PE1
P(E3) = \(1-\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{4}\)
P(E3) = \(\frac{5}{12}\)
हमयह भी जानते हैं कि
JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 15 प्रायिकता 2
कुल गेदों की संख्या = \(\frac{120}{5}\) = 24
अतः जार में गेंदों की कुल संख्या = 24 है।

JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 15 प्रायिकता

प्रश्न 10.
एक जार में केवल नीले, काले तथा हरे कंचे हैं। इस जार में से यादृच्छया एक नीले कंचे के निकालने की प्रायिकता \(\frac{1}{5}\) है तथा उसी जार में से एक काले कंधे के यादृच्छयता निकालने की प्रायिकता \(\frac{1}{4}\) है। यदि जार में 11 हरे रंग के कंचे हैं, तो जार में कुल कंचों की संख्या ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
दिया है,
जार से नीले कंचे निकालने की प्रायिकता P(x) = \(\frac{1}{5}\)
जार से काले कंचे निकालने की प्रायिकता P(y) = \(\frac{1}{4}\)
जार में हरे कंचों की कुल संख्या = 11
माना, जार से हरे कंचे निकालने की प्रायिकता P(z) है।
अतः P(x) + P(y) + P(z) = 1
JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 15 प्रायिकता 3

प्रश्न 11.
एक पिग्गी बैंक में, ₹ 1 के सौ सिक्के, ₹ 2 के 25 सिक्के, फू 5 के 15 सिक्के और ₹ 10 के दस सिक्के हैं। यदि पिग्गी बैंक को हिलाकर उल्टा करने पर कोई एक सिक्का गिरने के परिणाम समप्रायिक हैं, तो इसकी क्या प्रायिकता है कि वह गिरा हुआ सिक्का :
(i) ₹ 2 का होगा ?
(ii) ₹ 5 का होगा ?
हल:
कुल सम्भव परिणामों की संख्या = 100 + 25 + 15 + 10 = 150
(i) अनुकूल परिणामों की संख्या = 25
∴ ₹ 2 का सिक्का गिरने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{25}{150}=\frac{1}{6}\)
(ii) अनुकूल परिणामों की संख्या = 15
∴ ₹ 5 का सिक्का गिरने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{15}{150}=\frac{1}{10}\)

प्रश्न 12.
एक डिब्बे में 7 लाल कंचे, 10 सफेद कंचे और 5 हरे कंचे हैं। इस डिब्बे में से एक कंचा यादृच्छया निकाला जाता है। इसकी प्रायिकता क्या है कि निकाला गया कंचा (i) लाल नहीं है? (ii) सफेद है ? (iii) हरा है?
हल:
कुल सम्भव परिणामों की संख्या = 7 + 10 + 5 = 22
(i) अनुकूल परिणामों की संख्या = 7
लाल कंचे के निकलने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{7}{22}\)
∴ लाल कंचे के न निकलने की प्रायिकता = \(1-\frac{7}{22}\)
= \(\frac{22-7}{22}=\frac{15}{22}\)
(ii) अनुकूल परिणामों की संख्या = 10
सफेद कंचे के निकलने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{10}{22}=\frac{5}{11}\)
(iii) अनुकूल परिणामों की संख्या = 5
हरे कंचे के निकलने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{5}{22}\)

प्रश्न 13.
दो विभिन्न पासों को एक साथ उछाला गया। निम्न के आने की प्रायिकता ज्ञात कीजिए :
(i) एक द्विक आना।
(ii) दोनों पासों पर आई संख्याओं का योग 10 आना।
हल:
दो पासों को एक साथ उछालने पर आने वाले कुल परिणाम = 36
(i) एक द्विक आने के संभावित परिणाम = [(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)]
कुल सम्भावित परिणामों की संख्या = 6
P (एक द्विक आना) = संभावित परिणाम / कुल परिणाम
= \(\frac{6}{36}=\frac{1}{6}\)
(ii) संख्याओं का योग 10 आने के संभावित परिणाम = [(4, 6), (5, 5) (6, 4)]
कुल संभावित परिणामों की संख्या = 5
P (योग 10) = संभावित परिणाम / कुल परिणाम
= \(\frac{6}{36}=\frac{1}{12}\)

JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 15 प्रायिकता

प्रश्न 14.
1 से 100 के बीच की संख्याओं में से यादृच्छया एक संख्या चुनी गई। प्रायिकता ज्ञात कीजिए कि यह संख्या
(i) 8 से भाज्य है।
(ii) 8 से भाज्य नहीं है।
हल:
1 और 100 के बीच आने वाली कुल संख्या = 98
(i) 8 से भाज्य संख्या
= {(8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80, 88, 96}
कुल संभावित परिणामों की संख्या = 12
P(8 से भाज्य संख्या) = संभावित परिणाम / कुल परिणाम
= \(\frac{12}{98}=\frac{6}{49}\)

(ii) P(8 से अभाज्य संख्या)
\(P \bar{E}\) = 1 – P(E)
= 1 – \(\frac{6}{49}\) = \(\frac{43}{49}\)

प्रश्न 15.
एक थेले में 5 लाल गेंदे तथा कुछ नीली गेंदे हैं। यदि थैले में से यादृच्छया एक नीली गेंद निकालने की प्रायिकता, एक लाल गेंद के निकलने की प्रायिकता की तीन गुना है, तो थैले में नीली गेंदों की संख्या ज्ञात ‘कीजिए।
हल:
थैले में लाल गेंदों की संख्या = 5
माना थैले में नीली गेंदों की संख्या x है।
∴ थैले में से एक लाल गेंद निकालने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{5}{x+5}\)
तथा थैले में से एक नीली गेंद निकालने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{x}{x+5}\)
प्रश्नानुसार, \(\frac{x}{x+5}=3 \times \frac{5}{x+5}\)
⇒ \(\frac{x}{x+5}=\frac{15}{x+5}\)
⇒ x = 15
अतः थैले में नीली गेंदों की संख्या = 15

प्रश्न 16.
किसी यादृच्छया लिए गए वर्ष के नवम्बर मास में 5 रविवार होने की प्रायिकता ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
यादृच्छया लिए गए वर्ष के नवम्बर मास में 4 पूर्ण सप्ताह तथा 2 अन्य दिन होते हैं।
ये दो अन्य दिन निम्न में से कोई भी हो सकते हैं:
(सोम, मंगल), (मंगल, बुध), (बुध, गुरु), (गुरु, शुक्र), (शुक्ल, शनि), (शनि, रवि), (रवि, सोम)
पाँच रविवार होने के लिए अनुकूल परिणाम (शनि, रवि) तथा (रवि सोम)
अत: वांछित प्रायिकता = \(\frac{2}{7}\) ₹

प्रश्न 17.
तीन बच्चों वाले एक परिवारों में, कम-से-कम दो लड़के होने की प्रायिकता ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
तीन बच्चों वाले परिवारों में बच्चों के होने के परिणाम निम्नलिखित हैं :
{BBB, BBG, BGB, GBB, GGB, GBG, BGG, GGG}
कुल सम्भव परिणामों की संख्या = 8
कम-से-कम दो लड़के होने के अनुकूल परिणाम = {BBB, BBG BGB, GBB}
अनुकूल परिणामों की संख्या = 4
∴ कम से कम दो लड़के होने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{4}{8}=\frac{1}{2}\)

JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 15 प्रायिकता

वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न :

(क) रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति कीजिए :
1. यदि P(E’) ‘नहीं की’ प्रायिकता 0.95 है, तो P(E) की प्रायिकता …………… होगी।
2. एक सिक्के को एक बार उछाला जाता है। इसे पट नहीं आने की प्रायिकता …………… है।
3. एक निश्चित घटने वाली घटना की प्रायिकता ……………. होती है।
4. अंग्रेजी वर्णमाला में से एक अक्षर यदृच्छया चुने जाने पर उसके व्यंजक होने की प्रायिकता ……………… है।
5. यदि किसी के जीतने की प्रायिकता 0.07 है तो उसके हारने की प्रायिकता …………….. है।
उत्तर:
1. 0.05,
2. \(\frac{1}{2}\)
3. 1
4. \(\frac{21}{26}\)
5. 0.93

(ख) निम्न में सत्य / असत्य बताइए :
1. एक पासा एक बार उछाले जाने पर 3 से छोटी संख्या प्राप्त करने की प्रायिकता \(\frac{1}{3}\) है।
2. 52 पत्तों की एक गड्डी में से एक लाल रंग के बादशाह आने की प्रायिकता \(\frac{1}{26}\) है।
3. यदि कल वर्षा होने की प्रायिकता 0.85 है, तो वर्षा न होने की प्रायिकता 0.58 है।
4. दो पासों को एक साथ फेंकने पर दोनों पासों पर संख्याओं का योग 13 आने की प्रायिकता \(\frac{2}{13}\) है।
5. यदि पासों के एक युग्म को एक बार उछाला गया, तो योगफल 8 आने की प्रायिकता \(\frac{5}{36}\) है।
उत्तर:
1. सत्य,
2. सत्य,
3. असत्य,
4. असत्य,
5. सत्य

बहुविकल्पीय प्रश्न :

प्रश्न 1.
एक थैले में 3 लाल, 5 काली तथा 7 सफेद गेंदे हैं। इस थैले में से एक गेंद को यादृच्छया निकाला जाता है। निकाली गई गेंद काली नहीं है, इसकी प्रायिकता है :
(A) \(\frac{1}{3}\)
(B) \(\frac{9}{15}\)
(C) \(\frac{5}{10}\)
(D) \(\frac{2}{3}\)
हल:
कुल गेंदे, n(S) = 3 + 5 + 7 = 15
अनुकूल परिणामों की संख्या = 5
∴ एक काली गेंद निकलने की प्रायिकता
JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 15 प्रायिकता 4
अत: सही विकल्प (D) है।

प्रश्न 2.
संख्याओं 1, 2, 3, ……. 15 से यादृच्छया 4 का एक गुणज चुने जाने की प्रायिकता है:
(A) \(\frac{4}{15}\)
(B) \(\frac{2}{15}\)
(C) \(\frac{1}{15}\)
(D) \(\frac{1}{5}\)
हल:
कुल परिणाम की संख्या = 5
अनुकूल परिणाम = {4, 8, 12}
अनुकूल परिणामों की संख्या = 3
∴ 4 का गुणज चुने जाने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{3}{15}=\frac{1}{5}\)
सही विकल्प (D) है।

JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 15 प्रायिकता

प्रश्न 3.
दो सिक्के एक साथ उछाले गए। अधिक से अधिक एक चित आने की प्रायिकता है:
(A) \(\frac{1}{4}\)
(B) \(\frac{1}{2}\)
(C) \(\frac{2}{3}\)
(D) \(\frac{3}{4}\)
हल:
सम्भव परिणाम = {HT, HH, TH, TT}
कुल सम्भव परिणामों की संख्या = 4
अनुकूल परिणाम = {HT, TH}
अनुकूल परिणामों की संख्या = 2
अधिक से अधिक एक चित आने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{2}{4}=\frac{1}{2}\)
सही विकल्प (B) है।

प्रश्न 4.
अच्छी प्रकार से फेंटी गई 52 पत्तों की ताश की गड्डी में से एक पत्ता यदृच्छया निकाला गया है। एक गुलाम के आने की प्रायिकता क्या है?
(A) \(\frac{3}{26}\)
(B) \(\frac{1}{52}\)
(C) \(\frac{1}{13}\)
(D) \(\frac{3}{52}\)
हल:
कुल सम्भव परिणामों की संख्या = 52
अनूकूल परिणामों की संख्या = 4
∴ गुलाम के आने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{4}{52}=\frac{1}{13}\)
सही विकल्प (C) है।

प्रश्न 5.
किसी असम्भव घटना के होने की प्रायिकता है:
(A) 1
(B) \(\frac{3}{4}\)
(C) परिभाषित नहीं
(D) 0
हल:
सही विकल्प (D) हैं।

प्रश्न 6.
52 ताशों की एक गड्डी में से एक ताश निकाला जाता है। इसके लाल रंग का मुख कार्ड होने की प्रायिकता है :
(A) \(\frac{3}{26}\)
(B) \(\frac{1}{52}\)
(C) \(\frac{1}{13}\)
(D) \(\frac{3}{52}\)
हल:
ताश की गड्डी में कार्डों की कुल संख्या = 52
∴ कुल सम्भव परिणामों की संख्या = 52
लाल रंग के मुख कार्डों की संख्या = 6
∴ घटना के अनुकूल परिणामों की संख्या = 6
ताश की गड्डी में मुख कार्ड होने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{6}{52}=\frac{3}{26}\)
अत: सही विकल्प (A) है।

JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 15 प्रायिकता

प्रश्न 7.
52 ताशों की एक गड्डी में से एक कार्ड निकाला जाता है। कार्ड का ईंट का इक्का न होना घटना E है। E के अनुकूल परिणामों की संख्या है:
(A) 4
(B) 13
(C) 48
(D) 51
हल:
गड्डी में ताशों की कुल संख्या = 52
ताश की गड्डी में से एक कार्ड निकाला जाता है।
कार्ड का ईंट का इक्का न होना घटना E है।
∴ E के अनुकूल परिणामों की संख्या = 52 – 1 = 51
अत: सही विकल्प (D) है।

प्रश्न 8.
कोई लड़की यह परिकलित करती है कि उसके द्वारा एक लाटरी में प्रथम पुरुस्कार जीतने की प्रायिकता 0.08 है। यदि 6000 टिकट बेचे गए हैं तो उस लड़की ने कितने टिकट खरीदे हैं ?
(A) 40
(B) 240
(C) 480
(D) 750
हल:
बेचे गए टिकटों की संख्या = 6000
∴ कुल सम्भव परिणामों की संख्या = 6000
माना कि लड़की द्वारा खरीदे गए टिकटों की संख्या = x
∴ घटना के अनुकूल परिणामों की संख्या = x
प्रथम पुरुस्कार जीतने की प्रायिकता
JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 15 प्रायिकता 5
⇒ x = 0.08 × 6000
⇒ x = 480
अत: सही विकल्प (C) है।

प्रश्न 9.
ताश की गड्डी में एक काले रंग के गुलाम न होने की प्रायिकता होगी :
(A) \(\frac{1}{26}\)
(B) \(\frac{3}{4}\)
(C) \(\frac{11}{52}\)
(D) \(\frac{25}{26}\)
हल:
ताश की गड्डी में कुल पत्तों की संख्या = 52
अतः कुल सम्भावित परिणामों की संख्या = 52
ताश की गड्डी में काले रंग के गुलाम (हुकम, चिढ़ी) होने के अनुकूल परिणामों की संख्या = 2
ताश की गड्डी में काले रंग के गुलाम होने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{2}{52}=\frac{1}{26}\)
ताश की गड्डी में काले रंग के गुलाम न होने की प्रायिकता = \(1-\frac{1}{26}=\frac{25}{26}\)
अत: सही विकल्प (D) है।

प्रश्न 10.
एक थैले में कार्ड हैं जिन पर 2, 3, 4, …, 11 संख्याएँ अंकित हैं। थैले में से यादृच्छया एक कार्ड निकाला गया है। निकाले गए कार्ड पर एक अभाज्य संख्या होने की प्रायिकता है:
(A) \(\frac{1}{2}\)
(B) \(\frac{2}{5}\)
(C) \(\frac{3}{10}\)
(D) \(\frac{5}{9}\)
हल: थैले में कार्डों पर अंकित संख्याएँ हैं :
2, 3, 4, ………., 11
थैले में कार्डों की संख्या = 10
कार्डों पर अंकित अभाज्य संख्याएँ हैं :
2, 3, 5, 7, 11
कार्ड पर एक अभाज्य संख्या होने के अनुकूल परिणामों की संख्या = 5
∴ कार्ड पर एक अभाज्य संख्या होने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{5}{10}=\frac{1}{2}\)
अतः सही विकल्प (A) है।

JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 15 प्रायिकता

प्रश्न 11.
एक बक्से में कार्ड हैं जिन पर 6 से 50 तक की संख्याएँ अंकित हैं। बक्से में से यादृच्छया एक कार्ड निकाला गया। इस कार्ड पर अंकित संख्या के एक पूर्ण वर्ग होने की प्रायिकता है:
(A) \(\frac{1}{45}\)
(B) \(\frac{2}{15}\)
(C) \(\frac{1}{9}\)
(D) \(\frac{4}{45}\)
हल:
बक्से में कार्डों पर 6 से 50 तक की संख्याएँ अंकित हैं।
कुल सम्भव परिणामों की संख्या = 45
कार्डों पर अंकित पूर्ण वर्ग संख्याएँ हैं:
9, 16, 25, 36, 49
कार्ड पर पूर्ण वर्ग संख्या होने के अनुकूल परिणामों की संख्या = 5
कार्ड पर पूर्ण वर्ग संख्या होने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{5}{45}=\frac{1}{9}\)
अतः सही विकल्प (C) है।

प्रश्न 12.
एक पासे को एक बार फेंका जाता है। एक विषम संख्या के आने की प्रायिकता है :
(A) 1
(B) \(\frac{1}{9}\)
(C) \(\frac{4}{6}\)
(D) \(\frac{2}{6}\)
हल:
एक पासे को एक बार फेंका जाता है तो पासे के पृष्ठों पर आने वाली संख्याएँ हैं :
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
∴ सम्भव परिणामों की संख्या = 6
तथा अभाज्य संख्याएँ हैं : {1, 3, 5}
अभाज्य संख्या आने के अनुकूल परिणामों की संख्या = 3
अभाज्य संख्या आने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{3}{6}=\frac{1}{2}\)
अतः सही विकल्प (B) है।

प्रश्न 13.
किसी स्कूल में पाँच सदन A, B, C, D और E हैं। किसी कक्षा में 23 विद्यार्थी हैं, जिनमें से 4 सदन A से, 8 सदन B से, 5 सदन C से 2 सदन D से तथा शेष सदन E से हैं। इनमें से एक विद्यार्थी को कक्षा का मॉनीटर बनाने के लिए चुना जाता है। चुने गए इस विद्यार्थी के सदनों A, B और C से न होने की प्रायिकता है :
(A) \(\frac{4}{23}\)
(B) \(\frac{6}{23}\)
(C) \(\frac{8}{23}\)
(D) \(\frac{17}{23}\)
हल:
कक्षा में विद्यार्थियों की कुल संख्या = 23
सदन A, B तथा C में विद्यार्थियों की संख्या का योग = 4 + 8 + 5 = 17
कुल सम्भव परिणामों की संख्या = 23
घटना के अनुकूल परिणामों की संख्या = 17
विद्यार्थी के सदनों A, B और C से होने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{17}{23}\)
विद्यार्थी के सदनों A, B और C से न होने की प्रायिकता = \(1-\frac{17}{23}=\frac{6}{23}\)
अतः सही विकल्प (B) है।

प्रश्न 14.
यदि दो पासों को एक साथ फेंका जाता है तो दोनों पाँसों पर एक ही संख्या प्राप्त होने की प्रायिकता होगी :
(A) \(\frac{1}{6}\)
(B) \(\frac{5}{6}\)
(C) \(\frac{1}{36}\)
(D) इनमें से कोई नहीं
हल:
जब दोनों पासों को एक साथ फेंका जाता है तो सम्भावित परिणामों की संख्या = 6 × 6= 36
दोनों पाँसों पर एक जैसी संख्या प्राप्त होने की अनुकूल स्थितियाँ
(1, 1); (2, 2); (3, 3); (4, 4); (5, 5); (6, 6)
दोनों पासों पर एक जैसी संख्या प्राप्त होने के अनुकूल परिणामों की संख्या = 6
अभीष्ट प्रायिकता = \(\frac{6}{36}=\frac{1}{6}\)
अंत: सही विकल्प (A) है।

JAC Class 10 Maths Important Questions Chapter 15 प्रायिकता

प्रश्न 15.
इसकी प्रायिकता कि यादृच्छिक रूप से चुने गए एक ऐसे वर्ष में, जो अधिवर्ष (leap year) न हो 53 रविवार हों, निम्नलिखित हैं :
(A) \(\frac{1}{7}\)
(B) \(\frac{2}{7}\)
(C) \(\frac{3}{7}\)
(D) \(\frac{5}{7}\)
हल:
एक साधारण वर्ष (Non leap year) में 365 दिन होते हैं।
365 दिन में 52 सप्ताह व 1 दिन होते हैं।
अर्थात् 365 दिन में 52 सप्ताह में 52 रविवार होंगे जो 1 दिन बचा है। वह निम्न में से एक हो सकता है।
रविवार, सोमवार, मंगलवार, बुधवार, गुरूवार, शुक्रवार, शनिवार
∴कुल सम्भव परिणामों की संख्या = 7
रविवार आने की घटना के अनुकूल परिणामों की संख्या = 1
रविवार होने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{1}{7}\)
अत: सही विकल्प (A) है।

JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 6 Life Processes

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 6 Life Processes Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

JAC Board Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 6 Life Processes

Jharkhand Board Class 10 Science Life Processes Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
The kidneys in human beings are a part of the system of ……………….
A. nutrition
B. respiration
C. excretion
D. transportation
Answer:
excretion

Question 2.
The xylem in plants are responsible for ……………….
A. transport of water
B. transport of food
C. transport of amino acids
D. transport of oxygen Answer: transport of water

Question 3.
The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires ……………….
A. carbon dioxide and water
B. chlorophyll
C. sunlight
D. all of the given
Answer:
all of the given

Question 4.
The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide, water and energy takes place in ……………….
A. cytoplasm
B. mitochondria
C. chloroplast
D. nucleus
Answer:
mitochondria

Question 5.
How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this process take place?
Answer:
Large fat globules break into small fine droplets by the effect of bile salts of bile juice. This is called emulsification of fats.

Pancreatic lipase acts on emulsified fats to break it and finally intestinal lipase digests fats into fatty acids and glycerol. This process take place in small intestine.

JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 6 Life Processes

Question 6.
What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food?
Answer:
Saliva contains salivary amylase (ptyalin) which digests starch into sugar.
JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 6 Life Processes 1

Question 7.
What are the necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition and what are its by-products?
Answer:
The necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition are:

  • Presence of chlorophyll
  • Absorption light energy
  • Splitting of water molecules
  • Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.

Oxygen is the by-product.

Question 8.
What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Name some organisms that use the anaerobic mode of respiration.
Answer:

Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
1. O2 is used in this process. 1. O2 is not used in this process.
2. At the end of this process CO2 and H2O are produced. 2. At the end of this process in medium of plant origin Ethanol and CO2 are produced and in medium of animal origin only lactic acid is produced and no CO2.
3. In aerobic respiration complete oxidation of glucose molecules occurs, in which one mole of glucose on oxidation releases much greater energy. 3. In anaerobic respiration glucose molecules are incompletely oxidized, so one mole of glucose releases less energy along with the organic by products.
4. There are two phases in aerobic respiration, the first phase occurs in the cytoplasm and does not utilize O2. The second phase occurs in the mitochondria and utilizes O2. 4. There is only one phase in anaerobic respiration. It occurs in the cytoplasm. It occurs entirely in the absence of O2.

Question 9.
How are the alveoli designed to maximise the exchange of gases?
Answer:
The alveoli are located at the terminal ends of bronchioles. They are balloon-like structures provides large surface area for exchange of gases with an extensive network of blood vessels.

Question 10.
What would be the consequences of a deficiency of haemoglobin in our bodies?
Answer:
A deficiency of haemoglobin in our bodies leads to a disease called anaemia. Due to this, cells of our body do not get sufficient oxygen for cellular respiration, which may lead to release less energy. Weakness, fatigue, tiredness, etc. conditions may arise.

Question 11.
Describe double circulation of blood in human beings. Why is it necessary?
Answer:
Blood passes through the heart twice during each cycle in human beings. This is called double circulation.

[Deoxygenated blood from different organs is drained and finally through vena cava it is poured in right atrium. Prom here this blood is transported to lungs via right ventricle. In lungs, blood become oxygenated and is again transported to left atrium. From here it transports in left ventricle and then by aorta to different body parts.]

It is necessary because it allows a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body cells, which fulfill the high energy need of body.

JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 6 Life Processes

Question 12.
What are the differences between the transport of materials in xylem and phloem?
Answer:

In xylem In phloem
1. Water and minerals are transported. 1. Food especially carbohydrate, sucrose is translocated.
2. Transpiration pull becomes the major driving force for transport in xylem. 2. Osmotic pressure is responsible for translocation in phloem.
3. Generally ATP is not used for transport of material in xylem. 3. Phloem tissue uses ATP for translocation of food materials.
4. Vessels and tracheids are involved in transport. 4. Sieve tube and companion cells are involved in translocation.

Question 13.
Compare the functioning of alveoli in the lungs to their structure and functioning.
Answer:

Alveoli Nephrons
1. It is a structural and functional unit of lung. 1. It is a structural and functional unit of kidney.
2. Alveoli are balloon-like structures at the terminal region of bronchioles. 2. Nephrons are long-coiled tube-like structures having Bowman’s capsule at the tip.
3. The alveoli provide a surface for exchange of gases. 3. Filtration of blood for removing of nitrogenous wastes take place in nephron units.
4. The wall of the alveoli contain an extensive network of blood vessels. 4. A cluster of blood capillaries associated with Bowman’s capsule called glomerulus and tubular part of nephron is surrounded by network of blood capillaries.

Jharkhand Board Class 10 Science Life Processes InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirement of multicellular organisms like humans?
Answer:
In multicellular organisms like human, all the cells are not in direct contact with the s surrounding environment. The body structure is more complex and the body size is also large. Therefore, simple diffusion will not be sufficient to s send oxygen to every cell. It has been estimated that a period of 3 years would be needed to carry a molecule of O2 from our lungs to reach our toes through diffusion.

So, diffusion is insufficient to meet the oxygen requirement of multicellular organisms like humans.

Question 2.
What criteria do we use to decide whether something is alive?
Answer:
Movement, growth, breathing, cell-structure, etc. are the criteria we use to decide whether something is alive.

Question 3.
What are outside raw materials used for by an organisms?
Answer:

Name of outside raw materials Used for
1. CO2, H2O Photosynthesis by plants
2. Carbon based food source, O2 Respiration by aerobic organisms

Question 4.
What processes would you consider essential for maintaining life?
Answer:
The processes essential for maintaining life are nutrition, respiration, transport, excretion, etc.

Question 5.
What are the differences between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition?
Answer:

Autotrophic Nutrition Heterotrophic Nutrition
1. It occurs in green plants and some bacteria. 1. It occurs in animals and fungi.
2. In such mode of nutrition. food is synthesised from inorganic components, i.e., CO2 and H2O. 2. In such mode of nutrition food is consumed from other organisms.
3. Photosynthesis is important process for autotrophic nutrition. 3. Food digestion is important for such nutrition.

Question 6.
Where do plants get each of the raw materials required for photosynthesis?
Answer:
Raw materials required for photosynthesis :

  • CO2 : Plants get it from atmosphere.
  • H2O : Plants root absorbed it from soil.
  • Energy : Plants get it directly from sun.

Question 7.
What is the role of the acid in our stomach?
OR
What are the functions of the acid in our stomach?
Answer:
Role or Functions of the acid:

  • Acid destroys the bacteria and other microorganisms that enter the stomach, along with the food.
  • It converts the inactive enzyme pepsinogen into active enzyme pepsin.
  • It provides acidic medium required for the action of pepsin. Pepsin can digest proteins present in food only in acidic medium.
  • Insoluble mineral salts get dissolved in acid.

Question 8.
What is the function of digestive enzymes?
Answer:
Digestive enzymes hydrolyse / digest complex component (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) of food into simple, soluble and absorbable form of nutrients.

Question 9.
How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested food?
Answer:
Small intestine is long tubular structure. The inner lining of the small intestine has numerous finger like projection called villi, which increase the surface area for absorption.

Question 10.
What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have with regard to obtaining oxygen for respiration?
Answer:
The amount of dissolved oxygen is fairly low in aquatic environment as compared to the amount of oxygen in the air. So, terrestrial organisms fulfil their oxygen demand with low breathing rate as compared to aquatic organisms.

Question 11.
What are the different ways in which glucose is oxidised to provide energy in various organisms?
Answer:
There are three different ways in which glucose is oxidised to provide energy in various organisms.
JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 6 Life Processes 2

Question 12.
How is oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in human beings?
Answer:
In human beings, the respiratory pigment haemoglobin has high affinity for oxygen, so it is mostly transported by haemoglobin. Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen and hence it is mostly transported in dissolved form in our blood.

Question 13.
How are the lungs designed in human beings to maximise the area for exchange of gases?
Answer:
The respiratory passage in the lungs, divides into smaller and smaller tubes which finally terminate in balloon – like structures alveoli. The alveoli present in lungs provide the maximum area for exchange of gases in human beings.

JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 6 Life Processes

Question 14.
What are the components of the transport system in human beings? What are the functions of these components?
Answer:

The components of the transport system in human Functions
1. Blood

  • Plasma
  • Red blood corpuscles
  • White blood corpuscles
  • Platelets
  • Acts as fluid transport medium of various material. Transport of food, CO2, salts and nitrogenous wastes.
  • Transport of O2.
  • Fight with invading pathogens.
  • Help in clotting mechanism during injury.
2. Heart It acts as a blood pumping organ.
3. Blood vessels

  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Capillaries
  • Carry blood away from the heart.
  • Carry blood from different organs and bring it back to the heart.
  • Exchange of material between the blood and surrounding cells.
4. Lymph Carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine and drain excess fluid from intercellular spaces back into the blood.

Question 15.
Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds?
Answer:
It is necessary to separate oxygenated s and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds because it allows a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body and this is useful in their high energy needs for to maintain constant body temperature.

Question 16.
What are the components of the i transport system in highly organised plants?
Answer:
Xylem tissue (vessels and tracheids) and phloem tissue (sieve tube and companion cell) are the components of the transport system in highly organised plants.

Question 17.
How are water and minerals transported in plants?
Answer:
Water conducting channels : Xylem consists of vessels and tracheids, which form continuous water conducting channel.

Absorption of water by the roots : The root cells actively take up ions from soil. This creates a difference in the concentration of these ions between the root and the soil. Water, therefore moves into the root from the soil to eliminate this difference.

Column of water : To eliminate the concentration difference between the soil and the root, the steady movement of water into root creates column of water.

Conduction of water by root pressure : Due to absorption of water by root cells, a pressure is generated to push water in xylem element.

This pressure is insufficient to move water over the heights of plants. So, plants use another strategy to move water in xylem upwards to the highest points of the plant body.

Conduction of water by transpiration pull : The loss of water in the form of vapour from the aerial parts of the plant is known as transpiration.

The water which is lost through the stomata is replaced by water from the xylem vessels in the leaf. Evaporation of water molecules from the cells of a leaf creates a sunction which pulls water from the xylem cells of roots.

During the day when the stomata are open, the transpiration pull becomes the major driving force in the movement of water in the xylem.

At night effect of root pressure is necessary for the upward flow of water.

Thus, transpiration helps in absorption and upward movement of water and minerals dissolved in it from roots to the leaves.
JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 6 Life Processes 3

Question 18.
How is food transported in plants?
Answer:
The transport of soluble products of photosynthesis is called translocation.

  • Translocation occurs in the part of the vascular tissue known as phloem.
  • Besides, the products of photosynthesis, the phloem transports amino acids and other substances. These substances are especially delivered to roots, fruits, seeds and to growing organs where it is stored.
  • The translocation of food and other substances takes place in the sieve tubes with the help of adjacent companion cells both in upward and downward directions.
  • The translocation in phloem is achieved by utilising energy.
  • Sucrose (Sugar / Carbohydrate) is transferred into phloem tissue using energy from ATP. This increases the osmotic pressure of the tissue causing water to move into it.
  • This pressure moves the material in the phloem to tissues having less pressure. The phloem thus moves material according to the plant’s need.

Example: In the spring, sugar stored in root or stem tissue is transported to the buds which need energy to grow.

Question 19.
Describe the structure and functioning of nephrons.
Answer:
Nephron is a basic filtration unit in the kidneys.

  • Each kidney has large numbers of nephrons packed closely together.
  • Nephron is a long-coiled tubular structure which begins with a cup-shaped end. called Bowman’s capsule and it ends in collecting tubule.
  • A cluster of very thin-walled blood capillaries seen in the Bowman’s capsule is called glomerulus.
    JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 6 Life Processes 4

The purpose of making urine is to filter out waste products from blood.

  • Nitrogenous wastes such as urea, uric acid, etc. are removed from blood in the kidneys.
  • Urine is produced by filtration units i.e., nephrons.
  • Cup-shaped Bowman’s capsule collects the filtrate.
  • Some substances in the initial filtrate, such as glucose, amino acids, salts and a major amount of water are selectively reabsorbed as the urine flows along the coiled tube.
  • The amount of water reabsorbed depends on the amount of water present in the body and amount of dissolved waste which is to be excreted.
  • Thus, urine is formed in both kidneys. [In a normal healthy adult, the initial filtrate in the kidneys is about 180 L daily. However, the s volume of excreted urine is only a litre or two per day. The remaining filtrate is reabsorbed ; in the kidney tubules.]

Question 20.
What are the methods used by plants to get rid of excretory products?
Answer:
Unlike animals, the plants do not possess any special organs or system for excretion. However, the plants excrete their wastes in different ways:

  • O2 produced during photosynthesis by the green plants is set free directly in the atmosphere.
  • Plants remove surplus water by the process of transpiration through the stomata.
  • Sometimes plants store certain wastes in the cells of their leaves which are ultimately shed off.
  • Certain plants store wastes in the cellular vacuoles of their cells.
  • Other waste products such as resin and gum are stored especially in old xylem.
  • Plants excrete some waste substances into the soil around them.

Question 21.
How is the amount of urine produced regulated?
Answer:
The amount of urine formed depends on how much excess water there is in the body, and on how much of dissolved waste there is to be excreted. More water and dissolved wastes in the body will produce more urine. On the other hand, less water and less dissolved wastes will produced less urine.

Activity 6.1 [T. B. Pg. 96]

To demonstrate that chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis.

Materials : Potted plant (money plant or croton), beaker, water bath, alcohol, iodine.

Procedure :

  • Take a potted plant of money plant or croton with variegated leaves.
  • Keep the potted plant in complete darkness for three days.
  • After three days expose the plant to bright sunlight for about 6 hours.
  • Pluck one such leaf of this plant which is green in certain parts and white in the other remaining parts.
  • Mark the green areas in it and trace them on a papersheet.
  • Boil this plucked leaf in a beaker full of alcohol and kept in boiling water bath for some time, till it becomes colourless.
  • Wash and clean this colourless leaf with water and dip it, for a few minutes, in dil. iodine solution.
  • Observe the colour of the leaf and compare this with tracing of the leaf done in the beginning.
    JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 6 Life Processes 5

Questions:

Question 1.
What happens when the plant is kept in s a dark for 2-3 days?
Answer:
All the starch gets used up when the plant is kept in a dark for 2-3 days.

Question 2.
What happens to the colour of the leaf when keep in boiling alcohol?
Answer:
When the leaf is kept in boiling alcohol, it gets decolourised.

Question 3.
What is the colour of the alcohol solution when leaf is taken out from it?
Answer:
The colour of the alcohol solution is green when leaf is taken out from it.

JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 6 Life Processes

Question 4.
State the use of iodine solution.
Answer:
Iodine solution is used to know the presence of starch.

Question 5.
What can you conclude about the presence of starch in various areas of the leaf?
Answer:
We conclude that the presence of starch is detected with iodine solution in only such areas where chlorophyll present.

Question 6.
What will you infer from this activity?
Answer:
This activity explains that chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis and surplus glucose stored in form of starch as internal reserve energy.

Activity 6.2 [T. B. Pg. 97]

To demonstrate that carbon dioxide (CO2) necessary for photosynthesis

Materials : Potted plants, Bell-jar, watch glass, KOH (potassium hydroxide), alcohol, iodine solution.

Procedure:

  • Take two potted plants. Place them in dark for three days. This will de-starch them.
  • After three days place each of the pots on a smooth glass plate.
  • Label one pot as A and the other as B.
  • Keep a small watch glass or petri dish containing pellets of potassium hydroxide (KOH) on the glass plate near the pot A.
  • Cover both the potted plants under two separate glass bell-jars.
  • Apply a thick coat of vaseline on the bottom of the bell-jar close to the glass plate in order to make both the jars air-tight.
  • Expose both these plants to sunlight for about 2 to 3 hours.
  • Thereafter pluck one leaf each from the plants A and B and examine these leaves separately for the presence of starch therein.
    JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 6 Life Processes 6

Questions :

Question 1.
Which gas is absorbed by KOH from the air in the bell-jar?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide is absorbed by KOH from the air in the bell-jar.

Question 2.
Which potted plant (A or B) shows the presence of starch in its leaf?
Answer:
B potted plant shows the presence of starch in its leaf.

Question 3.
Why is starch not formed in the leaf of the plant kept under the bell-jar with KOH kept along with it?
Answer:
Starch is not formed in the leaf of the plant kept under the bell-jar with KOH kept along with it because KOH absorbs COa from air. So, CO2 is not available for the photosynthesis and thus starch is not formed.

Question 4.
Write your inference based on your observation and study.
Answer:
The potted plant B showed normal photosynthesis in presence of CO2. This shows that CO2 is necessary for photosynthesis.

Question 5.
In order to prevent the increase of which gas in the atmosphere, the conservation of plant organisms (trees) are important?
Answer:
To prevent the increase of CO2 gas in the atmosphere, the conservation of plant organisms (trees) are important.

Question 6.
Do both the leaves show the presence of same amount of starch?
Answer:
No.

Activity 6.3 [T. B. Pg. 99]

To check the effect of saliva on starch. Materials : Two test tubes, starch solution, iodine.

Procedure:

  • Take 1 mL starch solution in two test tubes (A and B).
  • Add 1 mL saliva to test tube A and leave both test tubes undisturbed for 20 – 30 minutes.
  • Now add a few drops of dilute iodine solution to the test tubes.
    JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 6 Life Processes 6a

Questions:

Question 1.
In which test tube do you observe a colour change?
Answer:
In test tube B colour change is observed.

Question 2.
What does this indicate about the presence or absence of starch in the two test tubes?
Answer:
Test tube B solution showed colour change means there is presence of starch. While in test tube A colour is not changed that means starch is absent.

Question 3.
What is the difference in colour of solution, A and B after adding iodine solution?
Answer:
Colour of solution A is yellow and colour of solution B is blue or black after adding iodine solution.

JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 6 Life Processes

Question 4.
The colour of solution in tube A does not change to blue or black. Why?
Answer:
The colour of solution in test tube A does not change blue or black because starch is hydrolysed by the effect of enzymes present in saliva.

Question 5.
Which component of food is digested (partially) when the food is chewed in the mouth?
Answer:
Starch (Carbohydrate) is partially digested when the food is chewed in the mouth.

Question 6.
Why does the bread or chapati tastes sweet when chewed for a longer time?
Answer:
When bread or chapati chewed for a longer time, starch is converted to simple sugar by salivary amylase. The sugar formed produces sweet taste in mouth.

Question 7.
State which of the following edible substances in our food are the source of starch: Potato, Lettuce leaf. Wheat, Maize, Sweet pea. Groundnut, Ghee.
Answer
Potato, Wheat, Maize, etc. are the sources of starch in our food.

Activity 6.4 [T. B. Pg. 101]

To demonstrate that CO2 is exhaled by us during breathing.

Materials : Two test tubes, Rubber tube, Pichkari, Lime water.

Procedure :

  • Take two clean glass test tubes. Label one of the tubes as (a) and the other as (b).
  • In each test tube add about 10 mL of freshly prepared lime water (Ca(OH)2 solution).
  • Use a syringe or pichkari to pass air through some fresh lime water taken in test tube (a).
  • Blow air through tube in a lime water taken in test tube (b).
  • Note how long it takes for this lime water to turn milk in each test tube.
    JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 6 Life Processes 7

Questions :

Question 1.
What change is observed in test tube (a) and test tube (b)? Why?
Answer:
Lime water turns milky in test tube (a) and test tube (b). Because of presence of CO2 the colour of lime water is changed.

Question 2.
In which tube does the change occur more rapidly? Why?
Answer:
In test tube (b), the change occurs more rapidly because the air that we expell contain more CO2.

Question 3.
What does this activity tell us about the amount of carbon dioxide in the air that we breathe out?
Answer:
This activity tells us that the amount of carbon dioxide is more in the air that we breathe out.

Question 4.
What you conclude from this activity?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide is produced in the process of respiration.

Activity 6.5 [T. B. Pg. 101]

To demonstrate that CO2 is produced during fermentation.

Materials : Test tube. Bent glass tube, Fruit juice, Yeast powder. Lime water. One holed cork.

Procedure :

  • Take some fruit juice or sugar solution and add some yeast to this mixture.
  • Take this mixture in a test tube fitted with one holed cork.
  • Fit the cork with a bent glass tube.
  • Dip the free end of the glass tube into a test tube containing freshly prepared lime water.
    JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 6 Life Processes 8

Questions :

Question 1.
What change is observed in the colour of Ca(OH)2 solution?
Answer:
The colour of Ca(OH)2 solution turns milky.

Question 2.
How much time does it take for the change of colour?
Answer:
It takes long time for the change of colour of lime water.

Question 3.
Which product of fermentation is responsible for bringing about the change in colour of lime water?
Answer:
CO2 is a product of fermentation is responsible for bringing about the change in colour of lime water.

Question 4.
What does this activity tell us about the products of fermentation?
Answer:
This activity tells us about the products of fermentation which are CO2 and ethanol.

Activity 6.6 [T. B. Pg. 103]

To compare the breathing rate of fish and human.

Materials : An aquarium

Procedure:

  • Observe moving fish in an aquarium.
  • Count the number of times the fish opens and closes its mouth in a minute.
  • Count the number of times you breathe in and out in a minute.
  • Compare the breathing count of fish with yours.

Questions :

Question 1.
What is an operculum?
Answer:
An operculum is folded covering of gill slits in some fishes.

Question 2.
By which organ do fish respire?
Answer:
Fish respires with gills.

Question 3.
Are the timing of the opening and closing of the mouth and gill-slits in fish coordinated in some manner?
Answer:
Yes, in fish when mouth opens, gill-slits close and vice versa.

Question 4.
How do fish respire?
Answer:
Fishes take in water through their mouths and force it over the gills where the dissolved oxygen is taken up by blood capillaries by diffusion and CO2 is released in water. Such water is discarded through gill slits.

Question 5.
What is an average breathing rate per minute in experimental fish?
Answer:
An average breathing rate 66-78 per minute in experimental fish.

JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 6 Life Processes

Question 6.
What is an average breathing rate per minute in human beings?
Answer:
An average breathing rate 12-16 per minute in human beings.

Question 7.
Why in aquatic animal the breathing rate is much faster than that seen in terrestrial animals?
Answer:
Since the amount of dissolved oxygen is fairly low in water as compared to the amount of oxygen in the air, the rate of breathing in aquatic animal like fish is much faster than that seen in terrestrial animals.

Activity 6.7 [T. B. Pg. 105]

To know the haemoglobin content in human beings and in animals like buffalo, cow, etc.

  • Visit a health centre in your locality and find out the normal range of haemoglobin content in human beings.
  • Visit a veterinary in your locality. Find out the normal range of haemoglobin content in an animal like buffalo, cow, etc.
  • Compare the difference seen in male and female human beings and animals.

Questions :

Question 1.
What is the normal range of haemoglobin content in human beings?
Answer:
The normal range of haemoglobin content 12-18 g/ decilitre.

Question 2.
Is it the same for children and adult?
Answer:
No, in children (3 month to 12 years) haemoglobin content 11.0 ± 1.5 g / decilitre.

Question 3.
Is there any difference in the haemoglobin levels for men and women?
Answer:
Yes, Men ⇒ 13-18 g / decilitre
Women ⇒ 12-16 g / dl

Question 4.
Is the haemoglobin content different in calves, male and female animals?
Answer:
Yes.

Question 5.
What is the normal range of haemoglobin content in cow and buffalo?
Answer:
Cow-10 to 15 g /decilitre
Buffalo -12.5 to 14.5 g / decilitre

Activity 6.8 [T. B. Pg. 109]

To demonstrate the physiological process of transpiration in plant.

Materials : A pot with growing plant, a pot with similar size with same amount of soil. a stick, plastic sheet.
JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 6 Life Processes 9

Procedure:

  • Take two small pots of approximately the same size and having the same amount of soil.
  • One pot labelled as (a) with a plant.
  • Place a stick of the same height in other pot labelled as (b).
  • Cover the soil in both pots with a plastic sheet.
  • Cover both pots, with plastic sheets and place them in bright sunlight for half an hour.

Questions :

Question 1.
Why the soil in both pots is covered with a plastic sheet?
Answer:
The soil in both pots is covered with a plastic sheet to prevent evaporation and loss of moisture.

Question 2.
What do you observe after half an hour?
Answer:
After half an hour, small water droplets are observed on the inner surface of a plastic sheet of pot (a).

Question 3.
What do you conclude from your observation?
Answer:
From our observation, we concluded that there is a water loss from aerial part of a plant in the form of vapour. This process is called transpiration.