Class 10 – Page 50 – Jharkhand Board Solution

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes History Chapter 3 The Making of Global World

September 5, 2024September 4, 2024 by Bhagya

JAC Board Class 10 Social Science Notes History Chapter 3 The Making of Global World

→ Human societies have become steadily more interlinked.

Travellers, traders, priests and pilgrims travelled vast distances for carrying goods, money, ideas, skills, inventions and even germs and diseases.
Indus Valley Civilisation was linked with present West Asia. Cowries was a form of currency from the Maldives.

→ Silk Routes Link the World:

The Silk routes proved to be a great source of trade and cultural link between distinct parts of the world.
The silk routes were regarded as the most important routes linking the distant parts of the world.
These routes existed even before the Christian Era and flourished till the 15th century.
The Buddhist preachers, Christian missionaries and later on Muslim preachers used to travel by these routes.
Food Travels: Food offers many examples of long distance cultural exchange. Foods like potatoes, soya, maize, etc., were not known to our ancestors.

→ Conquest, Disease and Trade:

The world shrank in the 16th century after the European sailors found a sea route to Asia and America.
The Indian subcontinent had been known for bustling trade with goods, people, customs and knowledge. It was a crucial point in their trade network.
After the discovery of America, its vast lands, abundant crops and minerals began to transform trade and lives everywhere.
Precious metals, particularly silver from mines located in Peru and Mexico enhanced Europe’s wealth and financed its trade with Asia.
The Portuguese and Spanish conquest and colonisation of America was underway.
The most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors was not a conventional military weapon but germs of small pox which they carried.
America’s original inhabitants had no immunity against such types of diseases.

→ A World Economy Takes Shape:

Abolition of the com law.
Under pressure from the landowners’ groups, the government restricted the import of foodgrains.
After the com laws were scrapped, food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced in the country.
British farmers were unable to compete with imports. Vast areas of land were left uncultivated.
As food prices fell, consumption in Britain rose.
Faster industrial growth in Britain led to higher incomes and more food imports.

→ The Role of Technology:

Technology had a great impact on the transformation of the 19th century world such as railways, steamship and telegraph.
Technological advances were often the results of social, political and economic factors.
The refrigerated ships helped to transport the perishable food items over a long distance.
It facilitated the shipment of frozen meat from America, Australia or New Zealand to different European countries.

→ The Nineteenth Century (1815 to 1914)

In the 19th century, economic, political, social, cultural and technological factors interacted in complex ways to transform societies and reshape external relations by European cqnquests.
Rinderpest or the cattle plague: It was carried by infected cattle imported from British Asia to feed Italian soldiers. Rinderpest killed 90% of the cattle and destroyed African livelihoods.
Meaning of ‘Indentured labour’ – ‘Indentured labour’ means labour by a bonded labourer under contract to Work for an employer for a specific period of time.
It brought higher income for some and poverty for others.
In the 19th century indenture was described as a new system of slavery.
Living conditions were harsh but workers discovered their own ways to survive.
- Indian bankers financed export agriculture in Central and South-East Asia
- Britain had ‘Trade surplus’ with India- Value of British exports were bigger than the value of imports from India.

→ The Inter War Economic:

The First World War was mainly fought in Europe.
During this time, the world experienced economic and political instabilities and another miserable war.
The First World War was fought between ; two power blocs. On the one hand were the allies – Britain, France, Russia and later joined the US, and on the opposite side- Germany, Austria, Hungary, Ottoman and Turkey.
This war lasted for four years.

→ Technological Transformations:

Modem industrial war- First-time modem weapons like machine guns, tanks, aircraft, chemical weapons, etc., were used on a massive scale.
Millions of soldiers had to be recruited from around the world, and most of them were men of working age.
British borrowed large sums from US banks.
The war transformed the US from being an international debtor to an international creditor.
US recovery was quicker after the war.
Important feature of the US economy of 1920’s was mass production.

→ The Great Depression:
Factors responsible for depression

Agricultural overproduction made the price of agriculture products slumping.
Many countries financed their investment through the loan they got from the USA.
American capitalists stopped all loans to European countries.
In Europe, it led to a failure of some major banks and collapse of currencies like Sterling.
Doubling the import duties by the USA, which hit the world trade badly.

→ Bretton Woods Institutions:

To deal with external surpluses and deficits a conference was held in July 1944 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, the USA.
International Monetary Fund and World Bank were set up to finance post war restructuring.
The post war international economic system is known as Bretton Woods system.
This system was based on fixed exchange rates.
IMF and World Bank are referred to as Bretton Woods Twins.
The US has an effective right of veto over key IMF and World Bank.

→ Decolonisation and Independence:

Most developing countries did not benefit from the fast growth of Western economies in the 1950s and 60s.
They organised themselves as a group, the group of 77 or G-77 to demand a New International Economic Order (NIEO).
- The relQcation of industry to low wage countries stimulated world trade and capital flow.
- Because of New economic policy, china became a favourite destination for the MNCs to invest.
It was a system that would give them real control over their natural resources, more development assistance, fairer prices for I raw materials and better access for their manufactured goods in developed countries, markets.
In last two decades, the economy of the world has changed a lot as countries like China, India and Brazil have achieved rapid economic development.

→ End of Bretton Woods and the Beginning of ‘Globalisation’

The US dollar could not maintain in relation to gold
It led collapse of the system of fixed exchange rates and introduction of floating exchange rates.
1970’s MNCs also started shifting production to low-wage countries.
The relocation of industries to low wage countries stimulated the world trade and capital flow.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

September 5, 2024September 4, 2024 by Bhagya

JAC Board Class 10 Social Science Notes History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

→ The First World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation

The First World War created a new economic and political situation.
As defence expenditure increased, custom duties were raised and income tax introduced.
Rise in prices between 1913 and 1918 led to extreme hardship for the common people.
There was forced recruitment of soldiers from rural areas which caused widespread anger.
As crops failed in many parts of India, between 1918-19 and 1920-21, there was shortage of food, resulting in famines and epidemic.

→ The Idea of Satyagraha

Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in 1915.
He successfully fought the racist regime in South Africa using a novel method of mass agitation, known as satyagraha.
He believed that dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians.
Gandhiji successfully organised satyagraha movements in Champaran in Bihar against oppressive plantation system; Kheda in Gujarat to reduce revenue collection; and Ahmedabad in Gujarat amongst the cotton mill workers.

→ The Rowlatt Act

The Rowlatt Act (1919) passed by the Imperial Legislative Council, gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities, and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against such unjust laws.
Rallies were organised in various cities, workers went on strike in railway workshops, and shops closed down.
To control the nationalists, the British administration picked up local leaders from Amritsar and barred Gandhiji from entering Delhi.
On 13 April 1919, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place. General Dyer ordered an open fire on peaceful, innocent people who gathered at the park for a peaceful protest and attend the annual Baisakhi fair.
This led to mass aggression which the government brutally repressed.
At the Calcutta Session of Congress in September 1920, Gandhiji decided to launch Non-Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat and Swaraj. He thought this would unite the Hindus and the Muslims.

→ Why Non-Cooperation?

Mahatma Gandhi in his famous book Hind Swaraj (1909) declared that British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians. If the Indians refused to cooperate, British rule would collapse within a year and swaraj would come.
Gandhiji believed that non-cooperation should be unfolded in stages. It should begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded, boycott civil services, army, police, courts, legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods.
However, many within the Congress were concerned about the proposals and there was intense tussle within the Congress.
At the Congress Session at Nagpur in December 1920, a compromise was worked out and the Non-Cooperation movement was adopted.

→ The Movement in the Towns

The movement began with the middle-class participation in the cities. Students left government-controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, lawyers gave up their practice. Council elections were boycotted.
Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, afnd foreign clothes burnt in huge bonfires. Foreign import halved.
However, the movement in the cities gradually slowed down for variety of reasons, such as khadi was expensive and not affordable by all, and alternate Indian institutions had to be set up so that they could be used in place of British ones.

→ Rebellion in the Countryside

Non-Cooperation Movement drew into its folds the struggles of peasants and tribals which were developing in various parts of the country.
In Awadh, the peasants were led by Baba Ramchancjra, who was a sanyasi. Their struggle was against the oppressive talukdars and landlords who charged exorbitant rents and variety of other cesses, and forced peasants to do begar. They had no secured tenure.
Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and others. The effort of Congress was to integrate the Awadh peasant struggle into the wider struggle.
As the movement spread in 1921, houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted and grain hoards were taken over. Many local leaders declared that Gandhiji had said that it was not necessary to pay tax and the land would be redistributed among the poor.
As the tribal peasants were forbidden from entering the forests to graze cattle, collect fuelwood and fruits, they sought to guerilla warfare. They resented for forced begar to construct roads. Alluri Sitaram Raju inspired people to wear khadi and give up drinking. He also said that India could gain freedom by the use of force and not by non-violence.

→ Swaraj in the Plantations

Plantation workers in Assam wanted the freedom to move around and also keep in touch with the village from where they had come.
Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, they did not have the permission to leave the tea gardens without permission.
When the workers heard about Non-Cooperation Movement, they left the plantations, defied the authorities and left for home.
However, they were stranded on the way with steamer and railway strike, caught by the police and brutally beaten up.

→ Towards Civil Disobedience

With the Chauri-Chaura incident in 1922, Gandhiji halted the Non-Cooperation Movement. He felt satyagrahis needed to be trained properly before they would be ready for mass struggle.
When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, they were greeted with slogan ‘Go back Simon’. It was constituted to look into the constitutional system in India but had only British members and no Indians. A Round Table Conference was to decide the future constitution.
The radicals within the Congress were not satisfied and became more assertive. Under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the demand for ‘Puma Swaraj’ was formalised in December 1929 at Lahore Congress Session. 26 January 1930 was declared as the Independence Day when people would take a pledge to struggle for complete independence.

→ The Salt March and the Civil Disobedience Movement

The most oppressive of all rules of the British was the tax on salt and its monopoly over production. Gandhiji found in salt a veiy powerful symbol that could unite the nation.
Gandhiji sent eleven demands to Viceroy Irwin .stating that if they were not met, a nationwide. Civil Disobedience Movement would be launched. The demands were wide ranging, so that all classes of society would identify with it and be brought together in a united campaign.
When the demands were not fulfilled, Gandhiji started the Dandi March with his followers from Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal town of Dandi. On 6 April, he violated the law by manufacturing salt by boiling sea water. This marked the beginning of Civil Disobedience Movement.
People were asked to defy British administration peacefully. People went to forest to graze their cattle and collect wood, foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed. People manufactured salt, peasants refused to pay taxes and village officials resigned.
The colonial government began using repressive measures and arrested many leaders. When Gandhiji was arrested, industrial workers in Sholapur attacked police posts, municipal buildings, courts, etc. As the movement became violent, Gandhiji decided to call off the Movement.
Gandhiji signed the Gandhi-Irwin Pact on 5 March 1931 and consented to join the Second Round Table Conference in London. However, the discussions were not satisfying and Gandhiji returned India disappointed. In India when he found Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru imprisoned and that the British had renewed their oppressive measures, he decided to re-launch the Civil Disobedience Movement.

→ How Participants saw the Movement

In the countryside, rich peasants participated in the movement. However, when the Civil Disobedience Movement was called off in 1931 without revision in the rent, they were very disappointed. When the movement was restarted in 1932, many refused to participate.
The poor peasants had joined movements led by the Socialists and Communists. Apprehensive of issues from the rich peasants and displeasing them, Congress was not willing to support the poor peasants.
Prominent Indian industrialists supported the movement. Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) was formed in 1927. However, after the failure of the Round Table Conference, industrialists were not uniformly enthusiastic.
The industrial working class did not participate in large numbers in the movement, except in the Nagpur region. Congress was reluctant to include the workers’.demands as part of the struggle as it felt it would alienate industrialists and divide the anti-imperial forces.
Women participated in large numbers in this movement. They were involved in protest marches, manufactured salt, picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops.

→ The Limits of Civil Disobedience

The Congress ignored the dalits in fear of offending the sanatanis, the high-caste Hindus. Gandhiji believed that freedom would not come for years if untouchability was not eliminated. He called them harijans.
Dr B.R. Ambedkar organised the dalits into Depressed Classes and demanded for separate electorates for them. When the British agreed to his demands, Gandhiji went on fast unto death. He believed that separate electorates would mean process of integration of dalits into society would slow down. Finally, when Ambedkar accepted Gandhiji’s position, Poona Pact was signed on September 1932. They were to have reserved seats in provincial and legislative councils but were to be voted in by the general electorate.
Muslims also had a lukewarm response to the Civil Disobedience Movement. Muhammad Ali Jirmah, one of the leaders of Muslim League was ready to give up demand for separate electorate if Muslims were given reserved seats in Central Assembly and representation in proportion to population in the Muslim-dominated provinces. However, when M.R. Jayakar of the Hindu Mahasabha strongly disagreed to it, all efforts at compromise broke down.

→ The Sense of Collective Belonging:

Nationalism spreads when people feel, they belong to the same nation; when they have common bonds that unite them together. History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all play a part in making of nationalism.
In the twentieth century, with the growth of nationalism, the identity of India came to be associated with image of Bharat Mata. She was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay as he wrote ‘ Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland. This hymn was included in his famous novel Anandamath.
The image of Bharat Mata was first painted by Abanindranath Tagore. Later it acquired several different forms. Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism.
Ideas of nationalism also developed through revival of Indian folklore. In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and myths and led the movement for folk revival. In Madras, Natesa Sastri believed that folklore was a national literature.
During Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour (red, green and yellow) was designed with eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India, and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims. Gandhiji designed the Swaraj flag, which was a tricolour (red, green and white) and had a spinning wheel at the centre representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help.
Feeling of nationalism was created with reinterpretation of history. While the British considered Indians backward and primitive, and incapable of governing themselves, Indians began looking into the past to rediscover India’s great achievements.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

September 5, 2024September 4, 2024 by Bhagya

JAC Board Class 10 Social Science Notes History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Notes

→ In 1848, Frederic Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series of four print visualizing his dream of a world made up of ‘democratic and social republic

→ Artists of the time of the French Revolution personified Liberty as a female figure. According’to Sorrieu’s utopian vision, the * people of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags and national costume.

→ During the nineteenth century, nationalism emerged as a force which brought about sweeping changes in the political and mental world of Europe. The end result of these changes was the emergence of the nation¬state in place of the multi-national dynastic empires of Europe.

→ A modem state, in which a centralized power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined territory, had been developing over a long period of time in Europe.

→ A nation-state was one in which the majority . of its citizens, and not only its rulers, came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history or descent.

→ The French -Revolution and the Idea of the Nation:

The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789.
The political and constitutional changes that came in the wake of the French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens.
The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
The Estates General was elected by the body of the active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
Customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
Students and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin club. Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for the French armies which moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790’s.
Through a return to monarchy Napoleon had, no doubt, destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient.
The Civil Code of 1804-usually known as the Napoleonic Code-did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property.
Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.

→ Transport and communication systems were improved.

Businessmen and small-scale producers of goods, in particular, began to realize that uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, and a common national currency would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.
In many places such as Holland and Switzerland, Brussels, Mainz, Milan, Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of Liberty.
It became clear that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom.
Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies required to conquer the rest of the Europe, all seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes.

→ The Making of Nationalism in Europe

Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories.
They did not see themselves as sharing a collective identity or a common culture.
The Habsburg Empire ruled over Austria-Hungary.
In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half spoke a variety of dialects.
Besides these three dominant groups, there also lived within the boundaries of the empire.
The only tie binding these diverse groups together was a common allegiance to the emperor.

→ The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class

Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent.
The members of this class were by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions.
Their families were often connected by ties if marriages.
This powerful aristocracy was, however, numerically a small group. The growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes whose existence was based on production for the market.
Industrialization began in England in the second half of the eighteenth century, but in France and parts of the German states it occurred only during the nineteenth century.
In its wake, new social groups came into being: a working-class population, and middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, professional.
It was among the educated, liberal middle classes that ideas of national unity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.

→ What Did Liberal Nationalism Stand for?

In early-nineteenth century Europe was closely allied to the ideology of liberalism.
The term ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin root liber, meaning free.
Liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.
It emphasized the concept of government by consent.
A constitution and representative govern¬ment through parliament.
The right to vote and to get elected was generated exclusively to property-owning men.
Men without property and all women were excluded from political rights.
Women and non-propertied men and women organised opposition movements demanding equal political rights.
The abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
A merchant travelling in 1833 from Hamburg to Nuremberg to sell his goods would have to pass through 11 customs barriers and pay a customs duty of about 5% at each one of them.
Obstacles to economic exchanges and growth by the new commercial classes, who argued for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital.
The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.

→ A New Conservation after 1815

Following the defect of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism.
Most conservatives, did not propose a return to the society of pre-revolutionary days.
That modernization could in fact strengthen traditional institutions like the monarchy.
A modem army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe.
In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Pmssia and Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.
The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
German confederation of 39 states that has been set up by Napoleon was left untouched.
Autocratic did not tolerate criticism and dissent, and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic government.

→ The Revolutionaries

During the years following 1815, the fear of repression drove many liberal-nationalists undergrounds.
Revolutionary at this time meant a commitment to oppose monarchical forms and to fight for liberty and freedom.
Giuseppe Mazzini, bom in Genoa in 1807, he became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari.
He was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria.
Mazzini believed that god had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind.
Secret societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland.
Mettemich described him as ‘The most dangerous enemy of our social order’.

→ The Age of Revolution: 1830-1848

As conservative regimes tried to consolidate their power, liberalism and nationalism came to be increasingly associated with revolution in many regions of Europe such as the Italian and German states, the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Ireland and Poland.
‘When the France sneezes’, Mettemich once remarked, ‘the rest of the Europe catches cold’.
An event that mobilized nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe was the Greek war of independence.
Greece had been the part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century.
Greeks living in exile and also from many west Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture.

→ The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling

The development of nationalism did not come about only through wars and territorial expansions.
Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation: art and poetry, stories and music helped express and shape nationalist feeling.
Romanticism was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiments.
Romantic artists and poet generally criticised the glorification of reason and science and focused instead on emotions, institution and mystical feelings.
Other romantics were through folk song, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation.
National feelings were kept alive through music and languages.
Karol Kurpinski, celebrated the national struggles through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.
Language played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments.
Russian language was imposed everywhere.
Many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance.
As a result, a large number of priests and bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia by the Russian authorities as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russians.

→ Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt

The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe.
The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population.
In most countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment.
Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slum.
Food shortage and widespread unemploy¬ment brought the population of Paris out on the roads.
National Assembly proclaimed a republic, granted suffrage to all adult males above 21, and guaranteed the right to work.
Earlier, in 1845, weavers in Silesia had lead a revolt against contractors who supplied them ra\y material and gave them orders for finished textile.
On 4 June at 2 p.m. a large crowd of weavers emerged from their homes and marched in pairs up to the mansion of their contractors demanding higher wages.
The contractors fled with his family to a neighbouring village which, however, refused to shelter such a person.
He returned 24 hours later having requisitioned the army.
In the exchange that followed, eleven weavers were shot.

→ 1848: The Revolution of the Liberals

The poor, unemployment and starving peasants and workers in many European countries in the years 1848, a revolution led by the educated middle classes was under way.
Men and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification.
They drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament.
Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly.
While the opposition of the aristocracy and military became stronger, the social basis of parliament eroded.
The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement.
Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspaper and taken part in political meetings and demonstrations.
Women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery.
Monarchs were beginning to realize that the cycles if revolution and repression could be ended by granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries.

→ The Making of Germany and Italy Germany

After 1848, nationalism in Europe moved away from its association with democracy and revolution.
This can be observed in the process by which Germany and Italy came to be unified as nation-states.
Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans.
This liberal initiative to nation-building was, however, repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large landowners of Prussia.
Prussia took on the leadership of the movement.
Three wars overseen years-with Austria, Denmark, and France-ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification.
The nation-building process in Germany had demonstrated the dominance of Prussian state power.
The new state placed a strong emphasis on modernising the currency, banking, legal and judicial systems in Germany.

→ Italy

Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation.
Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national Habsburg Empire.
Italy was divided into seven states.
Italian language had not acquired one common form and still had many regional and local variations.
Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic.*
Young Italy for the dissemination of his goals.
The failure of revolutionary uprising both in 1831 andf 1848 meant that the mantle now fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel II to unify the Italian states through war.
Italy offered them the possibility of economic development and political dominance.
Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat.
Italian population, among whom rates of illiteracy were high, remained blissfully unaware of liberal-nationalist ideology.

→ The Strange Case of Britain

The model of the nation or the nation-state, some scholars have argued, is Great Britain.
It was the result of a long-drawn-out process.
There was no British nation prior to the eighteenth century.
‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ meant, in effect, that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland.
The British parliament was henceforth dominated by its English members.
Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801.
British flag, the national anthem, the English language – were actively promoted and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners on this union.

→ Visualising the Nation

While it was easy enough to represent a ruler through a portrait or a statue.
In other words, they represented a country as if it were a person.
Nations were then portrayed as a female figure.
The female figures became an allegory of the nation.
Christened Marianne, a popular Christian name, which underlined the idea of people’s nation.

→ Nationalism and Imperialism

By the quarter of the nineteenth century nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal-democratic sentiment of the first half of the century, but became a narrow creed with limited ends.
The most serious source of nationalists tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the Balkans.
The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation.
One by one its European subjects nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence.
The Balkan area became an era of intense conflict.
The Balkan states were jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of each other.
But the idea that societies should be organized into ‘nation-states’ came to be accepted as natural and universal.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 10 Hindi व्याकरण समास

October 4, 2024September 3, 2024 by Prasanna

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 10 Hindi Solutions Vyakaran समास Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf.

JAC Board Class 10 Hindi Vyakaran समास

समास – परस्पर संबंध रखने वाले दो अथवा दो से अधिक शब्दों के मेल का नाम समास है। समास द्वारा शब्द-समूहों को संक्षिप्त किया जाता है। जैसे – राजा का पुत्र = राजपुत्र।
समस्त पद – विभिन्न शब्दों के समूह को संरक्षित करने से जो शब्द बनता है उसे समस्त पद या सामासिक पद कहते हैं।
समास-विग्रह – सामासिक पद को तोड़ना समास-विग्रह कहलाता है। जैसे राष्ट्रपिता एक समस्त पद अथवा सामासिक पद है। इसका समास विग्रह होगा-राष्ट्र का पिता।

संधि और समास में अंतर –

संधि में जहाँ दो वर्णों का मेल होता है, वहीं समास में दो शब्दों का मेल होता है।
समास में दो पद होते हैं-पूर्व पद तथा उत्तर पद, जबकि संधि में ऐसा कुछ नहीं होता।

संधि और समास में अंतर – संधि और समास दोनों में विग्रह तथा मेल होता है। संधि में जहाँ संधि तथा संधि-विच्छेद होता है वहाँ समास में समस्त पद तथा समास-विग्रह होता है। समास के छह भेद होते हैं।

समास के भेद

JAC Class 10 Hindi व्याकरण समास 1

1. अव्ययीभाव समास :

जिस समास में पहला पद प्रधान हो और समस्त पद अव्यय (क्रिया, विशेषण) का काम करे, उसे अव्ययीभाव समास कहते हैं। जैसे –

प्रतिदिन = प्रत्येक दिन
यथारूप = रूप के अनुसार
प्रतिपल = प्रत्येक पल
यथाविधि = विधि के अनुसार
यथाशीघ्र = जितना शीघ्र हो
आजन्म = जन्म भर
यथामति = मति के अनुसार
आमरण = मरने तक
यथासमय = समय के अनुसार
आजीवन = जीवन भर

2. तत्पुरुष समास :

तत्पुरुष का शाब्दिक अर्थ है (तत् = वह, पुरुष = आदमी) वह (दूसरा) आदमी । इस प्रकार ‘तत्पुरुष’ शब्द अपना एक अच्छा उदाहरण है। इसी आधार पर इसका नाम यह पड़ा है, क्योंकि ‘तत्पुरुष’ समास का दूसरा पद प्रधान होता है। इस प्रकार जिस समास का दूसरा पद प्रधान होता है और दोनों पदों के बीच प्रथम (कर्ता) तथा अंतिम (संबोधन) कारक के अतिरिक्त शेष किसी भी कारक की विभक्ति का लोप पाया जाता है, उसे तत्पुरुष समास कहते हैं। जैसे –

राजपुरुष = राजा का पुरुष
राहखर्च = राह के लिए खर्च
ऋणमुक्त = ऋण से मुक्त
वनवास = वन में वास।
व्यावहारिक = व्याकरण

तत्पुरुष के छह भेद हैं जिनका परिचय इस प्रकार है –

(क) कर्म तत्पुरुष –

जिसमें कर्म कारक की विभक्ति (को) का लोप पाया जाता है। जैसे –

ग्रंथकर्ता = ग्रंथ को करने वाला
आशातीत = आशा को लाँघ कर गया हुआ
स्वर्गप्राप्त = स्वर्ग को प्राप्त
जलपिपासु = जल को पीने की इच्छा वाला
देशगत = देश को गत (गया हुआ)
गृहागत = गृह को आगत (आया हुआ)
यशप्राप्त = यश को प्राप्त
ग्रंथकार = ग्रंथ को रचने वाला
परलोक गमन = परलोक को गमन
ग्रामगत = ग्राम को गत (गया हुआ)

(ख) करण तत्पुरुष –

जिसमें करण कारक की विभक्ति (से तथा के द्वारा) का लोप पाया जाता है। जैसे –

हस्तलिखित = हस्त से लिखित
तुलसीकृत = तुलसी से कृत
बाणबिद्ध = बाण से बिद्ध
वज्रहत = वज्र से हत
ईश्वरप्रदत्त = ईश्वर से प्रदत्त
मनगढ़ंत = मन से गढ़ी हुई
कपड़छन = कपड़े से छना हुआ
मदमाता = मद से माता
शोकाकुल = शोक से आकुल
प्रेमातुर = प्रेम से आतुर
दयार्द्र = दया से आर्द्र
अकाल पीड़ित = अकाल से पीड़त
कष्ट साध्य = कष्ट से साध्य
गुरुकृत = गुरु से किया हुआ
मदांध = मद से अंधा
दु:खार्त्त = दु:ख से आर्त्त
मनमाना = मन से माना हुआ
रेखांकित = रेखा से अंकित
कीर्तियुक्त = कीर्ति से युक्त
अनुभवजन्य = अनुभव से जन्य
गुणयुक्त = गुण से युक्त
जन्मरोगी = जन्म से रोगी
दईमारा = दई से मारा हुआ
बिहारी रचित = बिहारी द्वारा रचित

(ग) संप्रदान तत्पुरुष –

जिसमें संप्रदान कारक की विभक्ति (के लिए) का लोप पाया जाता है। जैसे –

कष्ट साध्य = कष्ट से साध्य
गुरुकृत = गुरु से किया हुआ
मदांध = मद से अंधा
दु:खार्त्त = दु:ख से आर्त्त
मनमाना = मन से माना हुआ
रेखांकित = रेखा से अंकित
कीर्तियुक्त = कीर्ति से युक्त
अनुभवजन्य = अनुभव से जन्य
गुणयुक्त = गुण से युक्त
जन्मरोगी = जन्म से रोगी
दईमारा = दई से मारा हुआ
बिहारी रचित = बिहारी द्वारा रचित
ठकुरसुहाती = ठाकुर को सुहाती
आरामकुर्सी = आराम के लिए कुर्सी
बलिपशु = बलि के लिए पशु
विद्यागृह = विद्या के लिए गृह
गुरुदक्षिणा = गुरु के लिए दक्षिणा
हवनसामग्री = हवन के लिए सामग्री
मार्गव्यय = मार्ग के लिए व्यय
युद्धभूमि = युद्ध के लिए भूमि
राज्यलिप्सा = राज्य के लिए लिप्सा
डाकगाड़ी = डाक के लिए गाड़ी
जेबखर्च = जेब के लिए खर्च

(घ) अपादान तत्पुरुष –

जिसमें अपादान कारक की विभक्ति का लोप पाया जाता है। जैसे –

पथभ्रष्ट = पथ से भ्रष्ट
भयभीत = भय से भीत
पदच्युत = पद से च्युत
ऋणमुक्त = ऋण से मुक्त
देशनिर्वासित = देश से निर्वासित
बंधनमुक्त = बंधन से मुक्त
ईश्वरविमुख = ईश्वर से विमुख
मदोन्मत्त = मद से उन्मत्त
विद्याहीन = विद्या से हीन
आकाशपतित = आकाश से पतित
धर्मभ्रष्ट = धर्म से भ्रष्ट
देशनिकाला = देश से निकालना
गुरुभाई = गुरु के संबंध से भाई
रोगमुक्त = रोग से मुक्त
कामचोर = काम से जी चुराने वाला
आकाशवाणी = आकाश से आगत वाणी
जन्मांध = जन्म से अंधा
धनहीन = धन से हीन

(ङ) संबंध तत्पुरुष –

जिसमें संबंध कारक की विभक्ति का लोप पाया जाता है। जैसे –

मृगशावक = मृग का शावक
वज्रपात = वज्र का पात
घुड़दौड़ = घोड़ों की दौड़
लखपति = लाखों (रुपए) का पति
राजरानी = राजा की रानी
अमचूर = आम का चूर
बैलगाड़ी = बैलों की गाड़ी
वनमानुष = वन का मानुष
दीनानाथ = दीनों के नाथ
रामकहानी = राम की कहानी
रेलकुली = रेल का कुली
पितृगृह = पिता का घर
राष्ट्रपति = राष्ट्र का पति
चायबागान = चाय के बगीचे
वाचस्पति = वाच: (वाणी) का पति
विद्याभ्यासी = विद्या का अभ्यासी
रामाश्रय = राम का आश्रय
अछूतोद्धार = अछूतों का उद्धार
विचाराधीन = विचार के अधीन
देवालय = देवों का आलय
लक्ष्मीपति = लक्ष्मी का पति
रामानुज = राम का अनुज
पराधीन = पर (अन्य) का अधीन
राजपुत्र = राजा का पुत्र
पवनपुत्र = पवन का पुत्र
राजकुमार = राजा का कुमार

(च) अधिकरण तत्पुरुष –

जिसमें अधिकरण कारक की विभक्ति का लोप पाया जाता है। जैसे –

देशाटन = देशों में अटन
वनवास = वन में वास
कविश्रेष्ठ = कवियों में श्रेष्ठ
आनंदमग्न = आनंद में मग्न
गृहप्रवेश = गृह में प्रवेश
शरणागत = शरण में आगत
ध्यानावस्थित = ध्यान में अवस्थित
कलाप्रवीण = कला में प्रवीण
शोकमग्न = शोक में मग्न
दानवीर = दान (देने) में वीर
कविशिरोमणि = कवियों में शिरोमणि
आत्मविश्वास = आत्म (स्वयं) पर विश्वास
आपबीती = अपने पर बीती
घुड़सवार = घोड़े पर सवार
कानाफूसी = कानों में फुसफुसाहट
हरफनमौला = हर फ़न में मौला
नगरवास = नगर में वास
घरवास = घर में वास

इनके अतिरिक्त तत्पुरुष के तीन अन्य भेद और भी माने जाते हैं –

(i) नञ् तत्पुरुष –

निषेध या अभाव के अर्थ में किसी शब्द से पूर्व ‘अ’ या ‘अन्’ लगाने से जो समास बनता है, उसे नञ् तत्पुरुष समास कहते हैं। जैसे –

अहित = न हित
अधर्म = न धर्म
अनुदार = न उदार
अनिष्ट = न इष्ट
अपूर्ण = न पूर्ण
असंभव = न संभव
अनाश्रित = न आश्रित
अनाचार = न आचार

विशेष – (क) प्रायः संस्कृत शब्दों में जिस शब्द के आदि में व्यंजन होता है, तो ‘नञ्’ समास में उस शब्द से पूर्व ‘अ’ जुड़ता है और यदि शब्द के आदि में स्वर होता है, तो उससे पूर्व ‘अन्’ जुड़ता है। जैसे –

अन् + अन्य = अनन्य
अन् + उत्तीर्ण = अनुत्तीर्ण
अ + वांछित = अवांछित
अ + स्थिर = अस्थिर

(ख) किंतु उक्त नियम प्रायः तत्सम शब्दों पर ही लागू होता है, हिंदी शब्दों पर नहीं। हिंदी में सर्वत्र ऐसा नहीं होता। जैसे –

अन् + चाहा = अनचाहा
अ + काज = अकाज
अन् + होनी = अनहोनी
अन + बन = अनबन
अ + न्याय = अन्याय
अन + देखा = अनदेखा
अ + टूट = अटूट
अ + सुंदर = असुंदर

(ग) हिंदी और संस्कृत शब्दों के अतिरिक्त ‘गैर’ और ‘ना’ वाले शब्द भी ‘न’ तत्पुरुष के अंतर्गत आ जाते हैं। जैसे –

नागवार
नापसंद
गैरहाजिर
नाबालिग
नालायक
गैरवाज़िब

(ii) अलुक् तत्पुरुष –

जिस तत्पुरुष समास में पहले पद की विभक्ति का लोप नहीं होता, उसे ‘अलुक्’ समास कहते हैं। जैसे –

मनसिज = मन में उत्पन्न
युधिष्ठिर = युद्ध में स्थिर
वाचस्पति = वाणी का पति
धनंजय = धन को जय करने वाला
विश्वंभर = विश्व को भरने वाला
खेचर = आकाश में विचरने वाला

(iii) उपपद तत्पुरुष –

जिस तत्पुरुष समास का स्वतंत्र रूप में प्रयोग नहीं किया जा सकता, ऐसे सामासिक शब्दों को ‘उपपद’ तत्पुरुष समास कहते हैं। जैसे –
जलज = जल + ज (‘ज’ का अर्थ उत्पन्न अर्थात पैदा होने वाला है, पर इस शब्द को अलग से प्रयोग नहीं किया जा सकता है।)

तटस्थ = तट + स्थ
पंकज = पंक + ज
कृतघ्न = कृत + घन
तिलचट्टा = तिल + चट्टा
बटमार = बट + मार
पनडुब्बी = पन + डुब्बी
कलमतराश = कलम + तराश
गरीबनिवाज़ = गरीब + निवाज़
गृहस्थ = गृह + स्थ
जलद = जल + द
उरग = उर + ग
लकड़फोड़ = लकड़ + फोड़
घरघुसा = घर + घुसा
घुड़चढ़ी = घुड़ + चढ़ी
सौदागर = सौदा + गर
चोबदार = चोब + दार

3. कर्मधारय समास :

जिस समास के दोनों पदों के बीच विशेष्य-विशेषण अथवा उपमेय-उपमान का संबंध हो और दोनों पदों में एक ही कारक (कर्ता कारक) की विभक्ति आए, उसे कर्मधारय समास कहते हैं। जैसे –

नीलकमल = नीला है जो कमल
लाल मिर्च = लाल है जो मिर्च
पुरुषोत्तम = पुरुषों में है जो उत्तम
महाराजा = महान है जो राजा
सज्जन = सत् (अच्छा) है जो जन
भलामानस = भला है जो मानस (मनुष्य)
सद्गुण = सद् (अच्छ) हैं जो गुण
शुभागमन = शुभ है जो आगमन
नीलांबर = नीला है जो अंबर
महाविद्यालय = महान है जो विद्यालय
कालापानी = काला है जो पानी
चरणकमल = कमल रूपी चरण
प्राणप्रिय = प्राणों के समान प्रिय
वज्रदेह = वज्र के समान देह
विद्याधन = विद्या रूपी धन
देहलता = देह रूपी लता
घनश्याम = घन के समान श्याम
कालीमिर्च = काली है जो मिर्च
महारानी = महान है जो रानी
नीलगाय = नीली है जो गाय
करकमल = कमल के समान कर
मुखचंद्र = मुख रूपी चंद्र
नरसिंह = सिंह के समान है जो नर
देहलता = देह रूपी लता
भवसागर = भव रूपी सागर
पीतांबर = पीत है जो अंबर
मालगाड़ी = माल ले जाने वाली गाड़ी
चंद्रमुख = चंद्र के समान है जो मुख
पुरुषसिंह = सिंह के समान है जो पुरुष
नीलकंठ = नीला है जो कंठ
महाजन = महान है जो जन
बुद्धिबल = बुद्धि रूपी बल
गुरुदेव = गुरु रूपी देव
करपल्लव = पल्लव रूपी कर
कमलनयन = कमल के समान नयन
कनकलता = कनक की सी लता
चंद्रमुख = चंद्र के समान मुख
मृगनयन = मृग के नयन के समान नयन
कुसुमकोमल = कुसुम के समान कोमल
सिंहनाद = सिंह के नाद के समान नाद
जन्मांतर = अंतर (अन्य) जन्म
नराधम = अधम है जो नर
दीनदयालु = दीनों पर है जो दयालु
मुनिवर = मुनियों में है जो श्रेष्ठ
मानवोचित = मानवों के लिए है जो उचित
पुरुषरत्न = पुरुषों में है जो रत्न
घृतान्न = घृत में मिला हुआ अन्न
छायातरु = छाया-प्रधान तरु
वनमानुष = वन में निवास करने वाला मानुष
गुरुभाई = गुरु के संबंध से भाई
बैलगाड़ी = बैलों से खींची जाने वाली गाड़ी
दहीबड़ा = दही में डूबा हुआ बड़ा
जेबघड़ी = जेब में रखी जाने वाली घड़ी
पनचक्की = पानी से चलने वाली चक्की

कर्मधारय और बहुव्रीहि तथा द्विगु और बहुव्रीहि का अंतर –
(i) कर्मधारय समास विशेषण और विशेष्य, उपमान और उपमेय में होता है। बहुव्रीहि समास में समस्त पदों को छोड़कर अन्य तीसरा ही अर्थ प्रधान होता है। जैसे –
नीलांबर – यहाँ नीला विशेषण तथा अंबर विशेष्य है। अत: यह कर्मधारय समास का उदाहरण है।
दशानन – दश हैं आनन जिसके अर्थात रावण। यहाँ दश और आनन दोनों शब्द मिलकर अन्य अर्थ का बोध करा रहे हैं। अतः यह बहुव्रीहि समास का उदाहरण है।

(ii) द्विगु समास में पहला पद संख्यावाचक होता है और समस्त पद से समुदाय का बोध होता है। जैसे-
दशाब्दी – दस वर्षों का समूह, पंचसेरी-पाँच सेरों का समूह। बहुव्रीहि में भी पहला खंड संख्यावाचक हो सकता है। उसके योग से जो समस्त शब्द बनता है, वह किसी अन्य अथवा तीसरे अर्थ का बोधक होता है। जैसे-
चतुर्भुज – यदि इसका अर्थ चार भुजाओं का समूह लें तो यह द्विगु समास है, पर चार हैं भुजाएँ जिसकी अर्थ लेने से बहुव्रीहि समास बन जाएगा।

4. द्विगु समास :

जिस समास में पहला पद संख्यावाचक (गिनती बनाने वाला) हो, दोनों पदों के बीच विशेषण-विशेष्य संबंध हो और समस्त पद समूह या समाहार का ज्ञान कराए, उसे द्विगु समास कहते हैं। जैसे –

शताब्दी = शत (सौ) अब्दों (वर्षों) का समूह
सतसई = सात सौ दोहों का समूह
चौराहा = चार राहों (रास्तों) का समाहार
चौमासा = चार मासों का समाहार
अठन्नी = आठ आनों का समूह
पंसेरी = पाँच सेरों का समाहार
दोपहर = दो पहरों का समाहार
त्रिफला = तीन फलों का समूह
चौपाई = चार पदों का समूह
नव-रत्न = नौरत्नों का समूह
त्रिवेणी = तीन वेणियों (नदियों) का समाहार
सप्ताह = सप्त (सात) अह (दिनों) का समूह
सप्तर्षि = सात ऋषियों का समूह
अष्टाध्यायी = अष्ट (आठ) अध्यायों का समूह
त्रिभुवन = तीन भुवनों (लोकों) का समूह
पंचवटी = पाँच वट (वृक्षों) का समाहार
नवग्रह = नौ ग्रहों का समाहार
चतुर्वर्ण = चार वर्णों का समूह
चतुष्पदी = चार पदों का समाहार
पंचतत्व = पाँच तत्वों का समूह

5. वंद्व समास :

जिस समस्त पद के दोनों पद प्रधान हों तथा विग्रह (अलग-अलग) करने पर दोनों पदों के बीच ‘और’, ‘तथा’, ‘अथवा’, ‘या’ योजक शब्द लगें, उसे वंद्व समास कहते हैं। जैसे –

अन्न-जल = अन्न और जल
पाप-पुण्य = पाप और पुण्य
धर्माधर्म = धर्म और अधर्म
वेद-पुराण = वेद और पुराण
दाल-रोटी = दाल और रोटी
नाम-निशान = नाम और निशान
दीन-ईमान = दीन और ईमान
लव-कुश = लव और कुश
नमक-मिर्च = नमक और मिर्च
अमीर-गरीब = अमीर और गरीब
राजा-रंक = राजा और रंक
राधा-कृष्ण = राधा और कृष्ण
निशि-वासर = निशि (रात) और वासर (दिन)
देश-विदेश = देश और विदेश
माँ-बाप = माँ और बाप
ऊँच-नीच = ऊँच और नीच
सुख-दुख = सुख और दुख
माता-पिता = माता और पिता
भाई-बहन = भाई और बहन
रात-दिन = रात और दिन
नदी-नाले = नदी और नाले
रुपया-पैसा = रुपया और पैसा
दूध-दही = दूध और दही
आब-हवा = आब (पानी) और हवा
आमद-रफ़्त = आमद (अना) और रफ़्त (जाना)
घी-शक्कर = घी और शक्कर
नर-नारी = नर और नारी
गुण-दोष = गुण तथा दोष
देश-विदेश = देश और विदेश
राम-लक्ष्मण = राम और लक्ष्मण
भीमार्जुन = भीम और अर्जुन
धन-धाम = धन और धाम
भला-बुरा = भला और बुरा
धर्माधर्म = धर्म या अधर्म
पाप-पुण्य = पाप या पुण्य
छोटा-बड़ा = छोटा या बड़ा
जात-कुजात = जात या कुजात
ऊँचा-नीचा = ऊँचा या नीचा
न्यूनाधिक = न्यून (कम) या अधिक
थोड़ा-बहुत = थोड़ा या बहुत

6. बहुव्रीहि समास :

जिस समास का कोई भी पद प्रधान नहीं होता और दोनों पद मिलकर किसी अन्य शब्द (संज्ञा) के विशेषण होते हैं, उसे ‘बहुव्रीहि समास कहते हैं। जैसे –

चक्रधर = चक्र को धारण करने वाला अर्थात विष्णु
कुरूप = कुत्सित (बुरा) है रूप जिसका (कोई व्यक्ति)
बड़बोला = बड़े बोल बोलने वाला (कोई व्यक्ति)
लंबोदर = लंबा है उदर (पेट) जिसका अर्थात गणेश
महात्मा = महान है आत्मा जिसकी (व्यक्ति विशेष)
सुलोचना = सुंदर हैं लोचन (नेत्र) जिसके (स्त्री विशेष)
आजानुबाहु = अजानु (घुटनों तक) लंबी हैं भुजाएँ जिसकी (व्यक्ति विशेष)
दिगंबर = दिशाएँ ही हैं वस्त्र जिसके अर्थात नग्न।
राजीव-लोचन = राजीव (कमल) के समान लोचन (नेत्र) हैं जिसके (व्यक्ति विशेष)
चंद्रमुखी = चंद्र के समान मुख है जिसका (कोई स्त्री)
चतुर्भुज = चार हैं भुजाएँ जिसकी अर्थात विष्णु
अलोना = (अ) नहीं है लोन (नमक) जिसमें ऐसी कोई पकी सब्ज़ी
अंशुमाली = अंशु (किरणें) हैं माला जिसकी अर्थात सूर्य
लमकना = लंबे हैं कान जिसके अर्थात चूहा
तिमंज़िला = तीन हैं मंज़िल जिसमें वह मकान
अनाथ = जिसका कोई नाथ (स्वामी या संरक्षक) न हो (कोई बालक)
असार = सार (तत्व) न हो जिसमें (वह वस्तु)
सहस्नबाहु = सहस्न (हज़ार) हैं भुजाएँ जिसकी अर्थात दैत्यराज
ष्ट्कोण = षट् (छह) कोण हैं जिसमें (वह आकृति)
मृगलोचनी = मृग के समान लोचन हैं जिसके (कोई स्त्री)
वज्रांगी (बजंरगी) = वज्र के समान अंग हैं जिसके अर्थात हनुमान
पाषाण हृदय = पाषाण के समान कठोर हो हृदय जिसका (कोई व्यक्ति)
सतखंडा = सात हैं खंड जिसमें (वह भवन)
सितार = सितार (तीन) हों जिसमें (वह बाजा)
त्रिनेत्र = तीन हैं नेत्र जिसके अर्थात शिव
द्विरद = द्वि (दो) हों रद (दाँत) जिसके अर्थात हाथी
चारपाई = चार हैं पाए जिसमें अर्थात खाट
कलहप्रिय = कलह (क्लेश, झगड़ा) प्रिय हो जिसको (कोई व्यक्ति)
कनफटा = कान हो फटा हुआ जिसका (कोई व्यक्ति)
मनचला = मन रहता हो चलायमान जिसका (कोई व्यक्ति)
मृत्युंजय = मृत्यु को भी जीत लिया है जिसने अर्थात शंकर
सिरकटा = सिर हो कटा हुआ जिसका (कोई भूत-प्रेतादि)
पतझड़ = पत्ते झड़ते हैं जिसमें वह ॠतु
मेघनाद = मेघ के समान नाद है जिसका अर्थात रावण का पुत्र
घनश्याम = घन के समान श्याम है जो अर्थात कृष्ण
मक्खीचूस = मक्खी को भी चूस लेने वाला अर्थात कृपण (कंजूस)
विषधर = विष को धारण करने वाला अर्थात सर्प
गिरिधर = गिरि (पर्वत) को धारण करने वाला अर्थात कृष्ण
जितेंद्रिय = जीत ली है इंद्रियाँ जिसने (संयमी पुरुष)
कृत-कार्य = कर लिया है कार्य जिसने (सफूल व्यक्ति)
इंद्रजीत = इंद्र को जीत लिया है जिसने (मेघनाद)
गजानन = गज के समान आनन (मुख) है जिसका अर्थात गणेश
बारहसिंगा = बारह सींग हैं जिसके ऐसा मृग विशेष
पीतांबर = पीत (पीले) अंबर (वस्त्र) हैं जिसके अर्थात ‘कृष्ण’
चंद्रशेखर = चंद्र है शेखर (मस्तक) पर जिसके अर्थात ‘शिव’
नीलकंठ = नीला है कंठ जिसका अर्थात शिव
शुभ्र-वस्त्र = शुभ्र (स्वच्छ) हैं वस्त्र जिसके (कोई व्यक्ति)
श्वेतांबर = श्वेत हैं अंबर (वस्त्र) जिसके अर्थात सरस्वती
अजातशत्रु = नहीं पैदा हुआ हो शत्रु जिसका (कोई व्यक्ति)

अभ्यास के लिए प्रश्नोत्तर –

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के एक-दो पंक्तियों में उत्तर दीजिए –
(क) तत्पुरुष समास का प्रमुख अभिलक्षण क्या है?
(ख) कर्मधारय समास का प्रमुख अभिलक्षण क्या है?
उत्तर :
(क) जिस समास का दूसरा पद प्रधान होता है और दोनों पदों के बीच कारक चिह्न का लोप होता है, उसे तत्पुरुष समास कहते हैं,
जैसे-‘वनवास’ का विस्तार हुआ ‘वन में वास’- यहाँ ‘में’ कारक चिह्न का लोप हुआ है।
(ख) जिस समास के दोनों पदों में विशेष्य-विशेषण अथवा उपमेय-उपमान संबंध हो और दोनों पदों में केवल कर्ता कारक की विभक्ति आए, उसे कर्मधारय समास कहते हैं, जैसे-‘नीलकमल’। इसका विस्तार हुआ ‘नीला है जो कमल’।

प्रश्न 2.
उपयुक्त शब्द से वाक्य पूरा कीजिए –
………… शब्द कर्मधारय और बहुब्रीहि दोनों का उदाहरण है (पीतांबर/नीलगगन)
उत्तर :
पीतांबर।

प्रश्न 3.
निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में टेढ़े अक्षर वाले शब्दों की जगह समस्त शब्द का उपयोग करते हुए वाक्य बदलकर लिखिए।
नमूना-वह नृत्य की कला जानती है।
वह नृत्यकला जानती है।

उन बच्चों में देश के प्रति बहुत प्रेम है।
ऋषि ध्यान में मग्न थे और मन के पूरे योग से तपस्या कर लेता है।
हे ईश्वर, आप मुक्ति और आनंद देने वाले हैं।
युद्ध के क्षेत्र में राजा के पुत्र ने वायु की गति से घोड़ा दौड़ाया।
रेखा से अंकित शब्दों का संधि-विच्छेद कीजिए।
मोहन में कई गुण हैं वह कार्य में कुशल और धर्म में निष्ठ हैं। इसीलिए इसे सब गुणों से संपन्न होते हैं।

उत्तर :

उन बच्चों में बहुत देशप्रेम है।
ऋषि ध्यानमग्न होकर मनोयोग से तपस्या कर रहे थे।
हे ईश्वर, आप ही मुक्ति -आनंद देने वाले हैं।
युद्ध के क्षेत्र में राजपुत्र ने वायुगति से घोड़ा दौड़ाया।
रेखांकित शब्दों की संधि का विच्छेद कीजिए।
मोहन में कई गुण हैं वह कार्यकुशल और धर्मनिष्ठ है इसलिए इसे सर्वगुणसंपन्न कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
निम्नलिखित समस्त शब्दों में पहले शब्द का मूल रूप पहचानकर लिखिए और पूरे का शब्द-अर्थ बताइए –
घुड़दौड़, बचपन, रहनुमा, तिराहा, खिलवाड़, छुटभैये, बिनमाँगा, बड़बोला, पनचक्की, दुतरफ़ा, पनवाड़ी, सुनहरा।
उत्तर :

घुड़दौड़ = घोड़ा, घोड़ों की दौड़।
बचपन = बच्चा, बच्चा होने की दशा।
रहनुमा = राह, राह दिखाने वाला।
तिराहा = तीन, तीन तरफ़ राह (रास्ता)।
खिलवाड़ = खेल, खेल करना।
छुटभैये = छोटा, छोटे लोग।
बिनमाँगा = बिना, बिना माँगे हुए।
बड़बोला = बड़ा, बढ़-चढ़कर बोलना।
पनचक्की = पानी, पानी से चलने वाली चक्की।
दुतरफ़ा = दो, दोनों तरफ़
पनवाड़ी = पान, पान बेचने वाला।
सुनहरा = सोना, सोने जैसा रंग वाला।

प्रश्न 5.
समास का प्रकार बताइए –
अधपका, रक्तचंदन, पुरुषोत्तम, ध्यानकेंद्रित, लघुकथा, विद्यालय, देश-प्रेम, वनवास, नीलाभ, विचारमग्न
उत्तर :

अधपका = कर्मधारय
रक्तचंदन = कर्मधारय
पुरुषोत्तम = कर्मधारय
ध्यानकेंद्रित = तत्पुरुष
लघुकथा = कर्मधारय
विद्यालय = तत्पुरुष
देश-प्रेम = तत्पुरुष
वनवास = तत्पुरुष
नीलाभ = कर्मधारय
विचारमग्न = तत्पुरुष।

प्रश्न 6.
(i) निम्नलिखित शब्दों का सामासिक पद बनाकर समास के भेद का नाम भी लिखिए:
जन का आंदोलन, नील है जो कमल, मति के अनुसार, तीन गुणों का समूह
विद्या रूपी धन, चंद्र है शिखर पर जिसके अर्थात शिव, युद्ध में वीर
(ii) निम्नलिखित समस्त पदों का विग्रह करके समास के भेद का नाम लिखिए –
नवनिधि, यथासमय
राजदूत, धूप-दीप
यथार्थ, शांतिप्रिय, भीमार्जुन
उत्तर :
(i) जनांदोलन – तत्पुरुष समास
त्रिगुण – द्विगु समास
युद्धवीर – तत्पुरुष समास
नीलकमल – कर्मधारय समास
विद्याधन – कर्मधारय समास
मत्यानुसार – अव्ययीभाव समास
चंद्रशेखर – बहुब्रीहि समास

(ii) नौ निधियों का समूह – द्विगु समास
धूप और दीप – वंद समास
भीम और अर्जुन – वंद समास
समय के अनुसार – अव्ययी भाव समास
यथाअर्थ – अव्ययीभाव समास
राजा का दूत – तत्पुरुष समास
शांति है जिसे प्रिय – कर्मधारय समास