Class 7 – Jharkhand Board Solution

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes History Chapter 5 Rulers and Buildings

July 3, 2026July 2, 2026 by Bhagya

JAC Board Class 7 Social Science Notes History Chapter 5 Rulers and Buildings

→ Kings and their officers built two kinds of structures between the eighth and the eighteenth centuries: the first were forts, palaces and tombs which were safe, protected and the second were structures meant for public activity including temples, mosques, tanks, wells, caravan, sarais and bazaars. From the eighteenth century only, domestic architecture like large mansions (havelis) of merchants has survived.

→ Engineering Skills and Construction:

Buildings and monuments provide a deep understanding of the technologies used for construction.
Architects started adding more rooms, doors and windows to buildings between the seventh and tenth centuries.
The trabeate or corbelled style was used in the construction of temples, mosques, tombs and in buildings attached to large stepped-wells (baolis) between the eighth and thirteenth centuries.
From the twelfth century, two technological and stylistic developments are visible. First is the weight of the superstructure above the doors and windows was sometimes carried by arches. This architectural form was called “arcuate”. Second is, the use of Limestone cement increased in construction.
The temples were decorated with detailed carved structures and had shikhara as well in the early eleventh century.

→ Building Temples, Mosques and Tanks
As temples and mosques were the places of worship hence they were beautifully constructed. They also exhibit the pow’er, wealth and devotion of the patron.

Kings constructed all the largest temples. These depicted the”picture of the world they rule. On the other hand, the other lesser deities in the temples were gods and goddesses of the allies and subordinates of the ruler. The temple w’as a miniature model of the world ruled by the king and his allies.
There were people who did not claim to be incarnations of god and they were Muslim Sultans and Padshahs but Persian court chronicles described the Sultan as the “Shadow of God”.
Rulers got the chance to proclaim their close relationship with God by constructing the places of worship which was important in an age of rapid political change. Rulers also offered encouragement and support to the learned and pious people.
Sultan Iltutmish constructed a large reservoir just outside Dehli-i Kuhna called as the Hauz-i Sultani or the “King’s Reservoir” for which he acclaimed lots of respect universally.

→ Why were Temples Targeted?

Temples were built by the kings to demonstrate their devotion to God and their power and wealth, hence they attacked on one another’s kingdoms and looted the temples.
In the early ninth century, the Pandyan king Shrimara Shrivallabha invaded Sri Lanka and defeated the king, Sena I (831-851) and seized the Buddha monasteries and all the jewels. This blowed the pride of them.
In the early eleventh century, when the Chola King Rajendra I built a Shiva temple in his capital. He filled it with prized statues of gods and goddesses seized from defeated rulers.
Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni destroyed the temples during war as the one he did was Somnath temple which was attacked many times and sacked the temple as he tried to win credit and accolades. Even Portuguese attacked the temples and mosques in 1546.

→ Gardens, Tombs and Forts:

Architecture became more complex under the Mughals. Babur was interested in planning and laying out formal gardens which were placed within rectangular walled enclosures and divided into four quarters by artificial channels called as Chahar Bagh.
During Akbar’s reign, many important architectural innovations happened. One of the important aspects of Mughal architecture which was first visible in Humayun’s tomb was the central towering dome and the tall gateway (pishtaq).
During Shah Jahan’s reign, we observe a huge amount of construction activity especially in Agra and Delhi. The ceremonial halls were carefully planned for public and private audience (diwan-i khas or diwan-i aam). These courts were also described as chihil sutnn or forty-pillared halls, placed within a large courtyard.
The Chahar Bagh garden was also known as the “river-front garden”. The Taj Mahal, the greatest architectural accomplishment of Shah Jahan’s reign also adapted the river-front garden.
He developed this form of architecture as a means to control the access that people had to the Yamuna river.

→ Region and Empire:

Between the eighth and eighteenth centuries there was also a considerable sharing of ideas across regions due to increased construction activities, the traditions of one region were adopted by another.
The local rulers in Bengal had developed a roof that was designed to resemble a thatched hut. This “Bangla dome” was liked by the Mughals very much that they used it in their architecture. The impact of other regions was also evident. In Akbar’s capital at Fatehpur Sikri many of the buildings used the architectural styles of Gujarat and Malwa.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire

July 3, 2026July 2, 2026 by Bhagya

JAC Board Class 7 Social Science Notes History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire

→ In the middle age, Mughals had a very powerful empire. From the latter half of the sixteenth century till the seventeenth century, they expanded their kingdom from Agra and Delhi and controlled nearly over all the subcontinent.

→ Who were the Mughals?

The Mughals were the successor of the two great descent of rulers.
From their maternal side, they were the descendants of Genghis Khan and from their paternal side, they were the descendant of Timur. However, Mughals were proud of their Timurid ancestry. They celebrated their genealogy pictorially.

→ Mughal Military Campaigns

The first Mughal emperor, Babur captured Delhi and Agra by defeating Ibrahim Lodi in the battle of Panipat in the year 1526.
After the death of Babur in 1530, his son Humayun became the second Mughal emperor.
Humayun was defeated by Sher Khan twice in Chausa (1539) and Kanauj (1540) and forced him to flee to Iran. He recaptured Delhi in 1555 with the help of Safavid Shah but died in an accident a year later.
At the age of 13 years, Akbar became the emperor of Delhi. He was handling
the empire successfully as he was very competent. He seized Chittor in 1568 and Ranthambhor in 1569. He started the military campaign in Gujarat during the period 1570-1585 which was followed by the campaigns in Bihar, Bengal and Orissa. In 1605, Akbar died.
Jahangir became emperor in 1605, he was the son of Akbar. He continued the military campaigns started by Akbar. He campaigned against Sikhs and Ahoms. He died in the year 1627.
Shah Jahan continued the campaign in the Deccan. Amongst Shah Jahan’s sons there was a conflict over succession. Aurangzeb was victorious and his three brothers were killed including Dara Shukoh in Agra, Shah Jahan was imprisoned for the rest of the life. He died in the year 1666.
Aurangzeb succeeded the throne and one of his major campaign was against Maratha chieftain Shivaji. Initially, Aurangzeb got success but later on Shivaji became an independent king and resumed campaigns against Mughals.
Marathas started the guerrilla warfare hence from 1698, Aurangzeb personally managed campaigns. He also faced revolt in north India of the Jats, Sikhs and Satnamis.

→ Mughal Traditions of Succession
Mughal followed the Timurid custom of coparcenary inheritance means a division of the inheritance amongst all the sons. They didn’t believe in the rale of primogeniture or birthright, where the eldest son inherited his father’s estate.

→ Mughal Relations with Other Rulers

Mughal campaigned constantly against rulers who refused to accept their authority. But many rulers also joined them voluntarily as the Mughals became powerful. The Rajputs were the one who joined. Many of them married their daughters into Mughal families and received high positions. But many were against them as well like the Sisodiya Rajputs.
However, they were honourably treated by the Mughals even if defeated, given their lands (watan) back as assignments (watanjagir).

→ Mansabdars and Jagirdars

The people who joined Mughal service were enrolled as Mansabdars. They were an individual who holds a mansab which means to hold a position or a rank.
Mughals used a grading system to fix three things viz; rank, salary and military responsibilities.
Zat was a numerical value which determined the rank and salary.
Mansabdars received their salary as revenue assignments known as jagirs which were similar to iqtas.
Jagirs were carefully assessed during the Akbar’s reign so that their salary were more or less equal to the mansabdar. But it was not same in the reign of Aurangzeb means the actual revenue collected was often very less from the granted sum. Hence, many jagirdars tried to extract as much revenue as possible while they had a jagir.

→ Zabt and Zamindars

The term zamindar was used to describe all intermediaries, whether they were local headmen of villages or powerful chieftains.
Akbar’s revenue minister, Todar Mai did a survey on crop yield and based on the data he fixed the tax on each crop for a ten-year period from 1570-1580.
The revenue system was introduced by Todar Mai and was called as zabt.
Zamindars had powers. Due to Mughal exploitation, zamindars and peasants revolted against them. Hence, from the end of the seventeenth century, it challenged the stability of the Mughal Empire.

→ A Closer Look – Akbar’s Policies

Abul Fazl wrote Akbar Nama which gives us details about Akbar’s reign.
As per Abul Fazl. the empire was divided into provinces known as subas and were governed by a subadar. Each province had a diwan or a financial officer.
Subadars were supported by different officers. They were the military paymaster called as Bakhshi. the minister in charge of religious and patronage called as Sadr, military commanders known as Faujdars and town police commissioners known as Kotwal.
Religious discussions were done at ibadat khana. Akbar got support from Abul Fazl in framing a vision of governance around the idea of Sulh-i Kul. These principles were later followed by Jahangir and Shah Jahan.

→ The Mughal Empire in the Seventeenth Century and After

Mughal empire had administrative and military efficiency which led to economic and commercial prosperity. They enjoyed a great deal of influence and power.
The wealthier peasantry, artisans, merchants were rising high in monetary terms and
power, whereas, the primary producers lived in poverty.
Hence, by the end of the seventeenth century, the Mughal empire started declining which gave rise to many independent provinces like Hyderabad and Awadh.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes History Chapter 1 Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years

July 3, 2026July 2, 2026 by Bhagya

JAC Board Class 7 Social Science Notes History Chapter 1 Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years

→ The Arab geographer, Al-Idrisi made the map of the world in 1154 CE showing Indian subcontinent.

In 1720s, French people made maps which were quite different from Al-Idrisi’s map.
Cartographers are the skilled people who draw and develop maps which involve scientific, technological and art aspects.

→ New and Old Terminologies:

Over the period of time, historical records and facts existed through different languages. There is a vast difference in grammar, vocabulary and in the meaning of words as well. The term Hindustan was used by Minhaj-i-Siraj, a Persian chronicler in 13th century, which has now become India.
Babur in the early 16th century used “Hindustan” to describe the geography, fauna and the culture of the subcontinent. Whereas, in 14th century, Amir Khusrau used, the word “Hind” for the same context.
Historians are very cautious about the terms and words they use as they had different meanings in the past. For example, by “foreigner” we mean who is not Indian. But in the medieval time, it meant any unfamiliar person who was part of the same village but not a part of the particular society or culture.
In Hindi, the term pardesi and in Persian ajnabi are used for “foreigner”.

→ Historians and their Sources:

Historians use different sources to learn about the past. These sources are coins, inscriptions, textual records and architecture.
People started using paper in this period and historians got many information. They used to write holy texts, ruler’s chronicles, letters and teachings of saints.
Manuscripts were kept in libraries and archives. They were collected from wealthy people, monasteries, rulers and temples.
Manuscripts helped the historians but faced many difficulties as scripts were handwritten. Printing press was not invented.
People used to revise their chronicles at different times. The 14th century author, Ziyauddin Barani wrote his first chronicle in 1356 CE and second one after two years and they differ a lot with each other.

→ New Social and Political Groups:

Historians faced challenges between 700 BC and 1750 CE as there were many different technological developments took place. Some of them were the spinning wheel in weaving, the Persian wheel in irrigation and firearms in combat.
The subcontinent also saw development in food and beverages; potatoes, chillies, com, tea, coffee. This came with people and hence it was a period of political, social, economic and cultural changes.
One of the influential communities emerged in this period. It was of Rajputs or “Rajaputra”. They were warriors, rulers, chieftains, soldiers and were known as Kshatriyas by caste which existed from 8th to 14th centuries.
This period experienced the extension of agriculture and clearing of forests. Many forest dwellers migrated and changed their habitat.
Peasant group came into existence influenced by regional markets, monasteries, chieftains and temples.
Gradually, people were grouped into sub-castes or “jatis” based on their occupation. The status of the same jati could vary from place to place. These were not permanent and diversified according to the power, influence and resources controlled by members of the jati.
Jati Panchayats were formed. They framed their own rules and regulations. But jatis were also bound to follow the rules of the village.
Chieftain governed several villages which was a small unit of a state.

→ Region and Empire:

By 700 CE many regions developed their own geographical dimensions along with their own languages and cultural traits.
Between 700 and 1750 CE, there were significant developments as many areas were ruled by different kingdoms.

→ Old and New Religions:

During these 1000 years, religious tradition developed majorly.
Hinduism saw many changes during this period. It includes worshipping of new deities, construction of temples by kingdoms and rise of Brahmanas as a prominent group in society.
Other developments were the rising of the idea of bhakti.
Muslims regarded Quran as their holy book. It appeared in 7th century and the teachings were brought by the merchants in the subcontinent.
There were sets of followers in Islam as well and divided into two sects – Shia and Sunni.

→ Thinking about Time and Historical Periods

British historians in the middle of the 19th century divided the history of India into three periods – Hindu, Muslim and British.
Their concept was based on religion of the ruler as there was no major development in the social, economic or cultural aspects.
The Indian societies–reached a level of prosperity that attracted many European trading companies.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes History Chapter 9 The Making of Regional Cultures

July 3, 2026July 2, 2026 by Bhagya

JAC Board Class 7 Social Science Notes History Chapter 9 The Making of Regional Cultures

→ Today regional cultures are often the product of complex processes of intermixing of local traditions and cultures with the ideas from the other parts of the subcontinent. Some of the traditions appear to be specific to some regions or areas, others seem to be similar across regions and yet others derive from older practices in a specific region but take a new form in other regions.

→ The Cheras and the Development of Malayalam:

In the ninth century, the Chera kingdom of Mahodayapuram was established in the south-western part of the peninsula which is now a part of present-day Kerala and Malayalam was spoken and used in this area. In official records in the subcontinent, this one is the earliest examples of the use of a regional language.
But at the same time, the Cheras also drew upon Sanskritic traditions. Around the twelfth century, the first literary works in Malayalam are directly bounded to Sanskrit. A fourteenth-century text, named as the Lilatilakam was composed in Manipravalam means ‘diamonds and corals’ referring to the two languages which were Sanskrit and the regional language.

→ Rulers and Religious Traditions: The Jagannatha Cult:

Regional cultures grew around religious traditions in other regions. One of the best instance of this process is the cult of Jagannatha which means lord of the world, a name for Vishnu at Puri, Orissa (now Odisha).
Till date, the local tribal people make the wooden image of the deity which suggests that the deity was originally a local god.
One of the major rulers of the Ganga Dynasty, Anantavarman, decided to erect a temple for Purushottama Jagannatha at Puri in the twelfth century. In 1230, King Anangabhima III dedicated his kingdom to the deity and announced officially himself as the ‘deputy’ of the god.
Those who conquered Orissa (now Odisha) such as the Mughals, the Marathas and the English East India Company, they attempted to gain control over the temple. They thought that this would make their rule admissible to the local people as its authority in social and political matters also increased.

→ The Rajputs and Traditions of Heroism:

The Rajputs are often acknowledged as contributing to the distinctive culture of Rajasthan. From about eighth century, the Rajput rulers cherished the ideal of the hero who fought heroically and often choosing death on the battlefield rather than to face defeat.
Many stories and narratives about Rajput heroes were recorded in the form of poems and songs which were recited by specially trained minstrels.
Women are also portrayed as following their heroic husbands in both life and death, there are many tales about the practice of sati or the immolation of widows on the funeral pyre of their husbands.

→ Beyond Regional Frontiers: The Story of Kathak

One of the dance form is Kathak which is now associated with several parts of north India. The word kathak is derived from katha which means a word used in Sanskrit and other languages for story.
In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries with the growth of the bhakti movement, Kathak began to evolve into a distinct mode of dance. Radha-Krishna tales were enacted in folk plays called rasa lila where folk dance combined with the basic gestures of the kathak story-narrators.
Kathak was performed in the court under the Mughal emperors and their nobles where it developed in a form of dance with a distinctive style.
Kathak developed in two traditions or gharanas— one in the courts of Rajasthan (Jaipur) and the other in Lucknow. Under the assistance and support of Wajid Ali Shah, the last Nawab of Awadh it grew into one of the major art form.
After the independence, Kathak was recognized as one of the six classical dances of India. The other classical dances are Kathakali, Bharatnatyam, Odissi, Manipuri and Kuchipudi.

→ Painting for Patrons: The Tradition of Miniatures

Another tradition that developed in different ways was that of miniature painting. In earlier days, miniatures were beautifully painted on palm leaves or wood found in western India which were used to illustrate Jaina texts.
Most of the miniatures were exchanged as gifts and were viewed only by the exclusive people, the emperor and his close associates.
Mughal artistic tastes had an impact on the regional courts of the Deccan and the Rajput courts of Rajasthan. But, they retained and developed their distinctive characteristics. Also the themes from mythology and poetry were described at centres such as Mewar, Jodhpur, Bundi, Kota and Kishangarh.
In the late seventeenth century, another region that attracted miniature paintings was the Himalayan foothills and had developed a bold and intense style of miniature painting called Basohli. The most popular painting was Bhanudatta’s Rasamanjari.
In the mid-eighteenth century, the Kangra artists developed a style in miniature painting. The source of creativity and innovation was the Vaishnavite traditions. Kangra painting was different from others as they used soft colours including cool blues and greens, and a lyrical treatment of themes.
Also ordinary and simple women and men painted on pots, walls, floors, cloth and their works of art have occasionally survived, unlike the miniatures that were carefully preserved in palaces for centuries.

→ A Closer Look: Bengal – The Growth of a Regional Language

By the third-fourth centuries BCE, commercial ties began to develop between
Bengal and Magadha (south Bihar) which may have led to the growing influence of Sanskrit.
The verbal and cultural influence from the mid-Ganga valley became stronger during fourth century. The Chinese traveller Xuan Zang in the seventh century marked that languages related to Sanskrit were in use all over Bengal.
Bengal became the centre of a regional kingdom under the Palas in the eighth century. When Akbar conquered Bengal in 1586, it formed the nucleus of the Bengal suba. Bengali developed as a regional language, while Persian was the language of administration.
By the fifteenth century, the Bengali group of dialects became united by a common literary language based on the spoken language of the western part of the region which is now known as West Bengal. Though Bengali is derived from Sanskrit, it passed through several stages of evolution. It includes a wide range of non-Sanskrit words which derived from a variety of sources such as tribal languages, Persian, and European languages all become a part of modem Bengali.
The early Bengali literature may be divided into two categories—one indebted to Sanskrit and the other independent of it. The first consists of translations of the Sanskrit epics, the Mangalakavyas means auspicious poems which deals with local deities and bhakti literature such as the biographies of Chaitanyadeva, the leader of the Vaishnava bhakti movement.
And, the second one consists of Nath literature such as the songs of Maynamati and Gopichandra and stories of Dharma Thakur, fairy tales, folk tales and ballads.

→ Pirs and Temples:

There were community leaders who also performed and served as teachers and adjudicators and were sometimes attributed with supernatural powers. These people were referred as pirs who also get affection and respect.
These also included saints or Sufis and other religious personalities, brave colonisers and deified soldiers, varied Hindu and Buddhist deities and even animistic spirits. Thus, the cult of pirs became very popular and their shrines can be found everywhere in Bengal.
In Bengal, most of the modest brick and terracotta temples were built with the support of different Tow’ social groups, such as the Kolu (oil pressers) and the Kansari (bell metal workers). Many families belonging to these social groups got benefits with the coming of the European trading companies which created new economic opportunities.
Their social and economic position were improving and hence, they proclaimed their status through the construction of temples. The temples began to copy the double- roofed means dochala or four-roofed means chauchala structure of the thatched huts. This led to the evolution of the typical Bengali style in temple architecture.
In some of the temples particularly in Vishnupur in the Bankura district of West Bengal, decorations reached a high degree of excellence. As the interior was comparatively plain but the outer walls of many temples were decorated with paintings, ornamental tiles or terracotta tablets.

→ Fish as Food:

Since, Bengal is a riverine plain hence it produces plenty of rice and fish. One of the most important occupation was fishing and Bengali literature contains several references to fish. Apart from this, terracotta plaques on the walls of temples and viharas (Buddhist monasteries) depicts the scenes of fish being dressed and taken to the market in baskets.
From a thirteenth century Sanskrit text from Bengal, the Brihaddharma Purana permitted the local Brahmanas to eat certain varieties of fish.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes History Chapter 3 The Delhi Sultans

July 3, 2026July 2, 2026 by Bhagya

JAC Board Class 7 Social Science Notes History Chapter 3 The Delhi Sultans

→ Delhi became an important city in the twelfth century.

It was under the Tomara Rajputs and Chauhans that Delhi became an important commercial centre.
Many rich Jaina merchants lived in the city and constructed several temples. Coins minted here, called dehliwal, had a wide circulation.
In the beginning of the thirteenth century, the transformation of Delhi into capital started with the foundation of Delhi Sultanate.

→ The rulers of Delhi Table 1:

Rajput Dynasties Tomaras Early twelfth century	1165
Ananga Pala	1130 – 1145
Chauhans	1165 – 1192
Prithviraj Chauhan	1175 – 1192
Early Turkish Rulers	1206 to 1290
Qutbuddin Aybak	1206 – 1210
Shamsuddin Iltutmish	1210 – 1236
Raziyya	1236 – 1240
Ghiyasuddin Balban	1266 – 1287
Khalji Dynasty	1290 to 1320
Jalaluddin Khalji	1290 – 1296
Alauddin Khalji	1296 – 1316
Tughlaq Dynasty	1320 to 1414
Ghiyasuddin Tughluq	1320 – 1324
Muhammad Tughluq	1324 – 1351
Firuz Shah Tughluq	1351 – 1388
Sayyid Dynasty	1414 to 1451
Khizr Khan	1414 – 1421
Lodi Dynasty	1451 to 1526
Bahlul Lodi	1451 – 1489

→ Finding out about the Delhi Sultans

Inscriptions, coins and architecture gives us a lot of information.
Tarikh (singular) / tawarikh (plural), were written in Persian, the language of administration under the Delhi Sultans.
Tawarikh were written by learned men: secretaries, administrators, poets and courtiers who lived in Delhi and advised rulers on governance, stressing the significance of just rule based on gender and birthright distinctions.
Sultan Iltutmish’s daughter, Raziyya, became Sultan in 1236. But she was dethroned in 1240 as nobles were not satisfied to have a queen as a ruler.

→ From Garrison Town to Empire: The Expansion of the Delhi Sultanate

The control of the Delhi Sultans rarely went beyond heavily fortified towns occupied by garrisons in the early thirteenth century.
During the reigns of Ghiyasuddin Balban, Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad Tughluq expansion occurred in the Delhi Sultanate.
Expansions occurred along the ‘internal frontier’ and ‘external frontier’ of the Sultanate.
The armies of the Delhi Sultanate had defeated rival armies and seized cities. The Sultanate collected taxes from the peasantry and dispensed justice in its kingdom.

→ A Closer Look: Administration and Consolidation under The Khaljis and Tughluqs

To administer the vast kingdom or Sultanate it required reliable administrators and govemers.
Iltutmish, favoured their special slaves purchased for military service, called bandagan in Persian. They were trained and Sultan could rely and trust upon them.
The Khaljis and Tughluqs continued to use bandagan and raised people of humble birth, who were often their clients, to high political positions in their kingdom.
In Persian tawarikh, the Delhi Sultans were criticised for appointing the “low and base- born” to high offices.
Military commanders were appointed as governors of territories of different sizes. These lands were called iqta and their holder was called iqtadar or muqti by the Khalji and Tughluq monarchs.
There were three types of taxes
1. on cultivation called kharaj and amounting to about 50 percent of the peasant’s produce,
2. on cattle and
3. on houses under the reign of Alauddin Khalji.
Genghis Khan, a Mongol ruler increased its attacks on Delhi which forced Khaljis and Tughluqs to mobilise large standing army in Delhi.

→ The Sultanate in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries

The Sayyid and Lodi dynasties ruled Delhi and Agra until 1526 after the Tughluqs. This period saw the emergence of groups like the Afghans and the Rajputs.
Many independent rulers flourished and became prosperous as well in Bengal, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Malwa, Jaunpur and whole south India.
Sher Shah Suri established his own Suri Dynasty from 1540-1555. Sher Shah’s administration became a model which was followed by Akbar as well. He took some segment from Alauddin Khalji and made them more efficient and powerful.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Air

November 16, 2024November 15, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Air

JAC Class 7th Geography Air InText Questions and Answers

Page 21

Question 1.
Is global warming a serious issue in today’s world?
Answer:
Concern about climate change is much less pervasive in the United States, China and Russia than among other leading nations. Just 44% in the U.S. and Russia, and even fewer in China (30%), consider global warming to be a very serious problem.

Page 23

Question 2.
For ten days note down weather report from a local newspaper and observe the changes occurring in the weather.
Answer:
Students need to do it by their own.

JAC Class 7th Geography Air Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions.
(i) What is atmosphere?
Answer:
Atmosphere is a huge layer of air that surrounds the earth. It shields and guard us from the harmful rays of the sun. rays of the sun. rays of the sun.

(ii) Which two gases make the bulk of the atmosphere?
Answer:
The two gases which make the bulk of the atmosphere are nitrogen (78% ) and oxygen (21%).

(iii)
Which gas creates greenhouse effect in the atmosphere?
Answer:
The gas which creates greenhouse effect in the atmosphere is carbon dioxide.

(iv) What is weather?
Answer:
An hour to hour, day to day condition of the atmosphere is called as the weather. It is the total atmospheric conditions of a particular place at a particular time regarding temperature, air pressure, clouds, wind, humidity, etc.

(v) Name three types of rainfall?
Answer:
Three types of rainfall are:

Convectional rainfall
Orographic rainfall
Cyclonic rainfall

(vi) What is air pressure?
Answer:
Air pressure is the pressure which is exerted by the weight of air on the earth’s surface.

Tick (√) the correct answer.

Question 2.
(i) Which of the following gases protects us from harmful sun rays?
(a) Carbon dioxide
(b) Nitrogen
(c) Ozone
Answer:
(c) Ozone

(ii) The most important layer of the atmosphere is
(a) Troposphere
(b) Thermosphere
(c) Mesosphere
Answer:
(a) Troposphere

(iii) Which of the following layers of the atmosphere is free from clouds?
(a) Troposphere
(b) Stratosphere
(c) Mesosphere
Answer:
(b) Stratosphere

(iv) As we go up the layers of the atmosphere, the pressure
(a) Increases
(b) Decreases
(c) Remains the same
Answer:
(b) Decreases

(v) When precipitation comes down to the earth in the liquid form, it is called
(a) Cloud
(b) Rain
(c) Snow
Answer:
(b) Rain

Question 3.
Match the following.

(i) Trade winds	(a) Incoming solar energy
(ii) Loo	(b) Seasonal wind
(iii) Monsoon	(c) Horizontal movement of Air
(iv)Wind	(d) Layer of ozone gas
	(e) Permanent wind
	(f) Local wind

Answer:

(i) Trade winds	(e) Permanent wind
(ii) Loo	(f) Local wind
(iii) Monsoon	(b) Seasonal wind
(iv) Wind	(c) Horizontal movement of air

Question 4.
Give reasons.

Wet clothes take longer time to dry on a humid day?
Amount of insolation decreases from equator towards poles?

Answer:
1. The air is full of water vapour on a humid day. So, the evaporation is very slow due to low temperature. That’s why, wet clothes take longer time to dry on a humid day.

2. On equator, insolation comes through on vertical rays. So, it covers up less amount of space but more heat is felt when it goes up from equator towards poles and the sun rays become slanting. Though slanting rays heat up more amount of space, the level of hotness is felt less. That’s why, amount of insolation decrease from equator towards poles.

Question 5.
(For Fun)

(i) Solve this crossword puzzle with the help of given clues:

Across:
6. An Indian tree having extraordinary quality of providing oxygen round the clock
8. Gas present in atmosphere occupying only 0.03% by volume
11. Outermost layer of atmosphere
12. Mixture of many gases
14. Life giving gas
15. Air in motion
16. An indian tree valued highly for medicinal properties
18. Gas protecting us from harmful sun rays
19. Low pressure area

Down
1. Amount of water vapour in air
2. Condensation of water vapours around dust particles in atmosphere
3. Example of local wind blowing in summer in northern india
4. Short term changes in atmosphere
5. Precipitation in liquid form
7. Blanket of air around the earth
9. Instrument to measure pressure
10. Incoming solar radiation
13. Reduces visibility in winters
17. It is time when sun is overhead
Answer:

Across:
6. Peepal
11. Exosphere
14. Oxygen
16. Neem
19. Cyclone

Down:
1. Humidity
3. Loo
5. Rain
9. Barometre
10. Insolation
17. Noon
8. Carbon dioxide
12. Air
15. Wind
18. Ozone

(ii) Make a weather calendar for one week. Use pictures or symbols to show different types of weather. You can use more than one symbol in a day, if the weather changes. For example, the sun comes out when rain stops. An example is given below:

Answer:
Hint: Students can do it in this manner.

JAC Class 7th Geography Air Important Question and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
In the atmosphere, the most abundant gas is
(a) Oxygen
(b) Carbon dioxide
(c) Nitrogen
(d) Helium
Answer:
(c) Nitrogen

Question 2.
The winds which below constantly throughout the year in a particular direction is known as
(a) Local winds
(b) Seasonal winds
(c) Permanent winds
(d) None of the these
Answer:
(a) Local winds

Question 3.
An hour to hour, day to day condition of the atmosphere is known as
(a) temperature
(b) weather
(c) climate
(d) degree
Answer:
(b) weather

Question 4.
Exosphere is the layer of the atmosphere.
(a) uppermost
(b) middle
(c) lower most
(d) none of these
Answer:
(a) uppermost

Question 5.
The thermosphere extends between
(a) 90 – 370 km
(b) 100 – 350 km
(c) 50 – 300 km
(d) 80 – 400 km
Answer:
(d) 80 – 400 km

Question 6.
The balance of and gets disturbed, if we cut down trees and forests.
(a) oxygen, helium
(b) nitrogen, heiium
(c) oxygen, carbon dioxide
(d) oxygen, nitrogen
Answer:
(c) oxygen, carbon dioxide

Question 7.
The air which we inhale and exhale means breathe exists in the
(a) mesosphere
(b) stratosphere
(c) troposphere
(d) exosphere
Answer:
(c) troposphere

Question 8.
The instrument which measures the temperature is
(a) Barometer
(b) Thermometer
(c) Wind vane
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Thermometer

Question 9.
In the atmosphere, the ozone layer exists in the
(a) Stratosphere
(b) Exosphere
(c) Mesosphere
(d) Troposphere
Answer:
(a) Stratosphere

Question 10.
The other name of greenhouse gas is
(a) oxygen
(b) nitrogen
(c) argon
(d) carbon dioxide
Answer:
(b) nitrogen

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by smog?
Answer:
Smog is the combination of smoke and fog. It generally occurs during winter season.

Question 2.
What will happen if there is very less rainfall?
Answer:
Water scarcity and drought occurs if there is very less rainfall.

Question 3.
What are the various forms of precipitation?
Answer:
Various forms of precipitation are rain,snow, sleet and hail.

Question 4.
Give a word/term for the hot and dry wind of northern plains of India.
Answer: Loo.

Question 5. Air pressure is highest at which area?
Answer:
Air pressure is highest at the sea level

Question 6.
What are the three types of winds?
Answer:
The three types of winds are:

Permanent winds
Seasonal winds
Local winds.

Question 7.
When air is heated, what occurs?
Answer:
Air expands and becomes lighter and goes up when the air is heated.

Question 8.
Ozone layer is important for us. Why?
Answer:
Ozone layer is important for us because it protects and shields us from harmful reactions and effects of the sun rays.

Question 9.
Green plants use carbon dioxide. Why?
Answer:
Green plants use carbon dioxide because it helps them to prepare their food and release oxygen.

Question 10.
What is the consequence and importance of greenhouse gas?
Answer:
The consequence and importance of greenhouse gas is that the earth would have been too cold to live in.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the instruments called for the measurement of air pressure and the measurement of amount of rainfall?
Answer:
The instruments are called as barometer for the measurement of air pressure and rain gauge for the measurement of amount of rainfall.

Question 2.
What do you mean by a climate of a place or area?
Answer:
The average weather condition of a place or area for a longer period of time constitutes the climate of a place.

Question 3.
What are permanent winds?
Answer:
Winds which blow constantly throughout the year in a particular direction is called as the permanent winds. The trade wind, westerlies and easterlies are the permanent winds.

Question 4.
What is the role of water vapour?
Answer:
One of the major component of the atmosphere is water vapour and it plays a very important role in climatic changes and results in precipitation.

Question 5.
How many types of pollutants are found in the atmosphere?
Answer:
There are mainly two types of pollutants found in the atmosphere

Gaseous – carbon dioxide and smog
Solid – dust and bacteria

Question 6.
Which ty pe of pressure are exerted by cold and hot air?
Answer:
The air expands when heated up hence becomes lighter and goes up. Cold air is heavy and dense so it tends to go down and sinks. When hot air goes up and rises, from surrounding areas, cold air rushes to fill the gap.

Question 7.
Explain the temperature in cities are much higher than that of the villages.
Answer:
In the cities, we find many high rise buildings. The fnetals and concretes in these buildings and the asaphalt of roads get heated up during the day and this heat is released in the night.The other important cause is that in the cities the crowded buildings trap the warm air and hence raise the temperature of the cities. Therefore, the temperature in cities are much higher than that of the villages.

Question 8.
Poles are covered with snow always. Why?
Answer:
From the equator towards the poles the amount of insolation decreases. Hence, the temperature decreases in the same manner. This is the reason why poles are covered with snow always..

Question 9.
What do you mean by global warming?
Answer:
Global warming happens when the level of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere due to factory smoke or car fumes and the heat retained increases the temperature of the earth.

Question 10.
Rainfall is important for us when there is excess rain, what happens?
Answer:
For the survival of animals and plants,rainfall is very important. It actually brings fresh water to the surface of the earth. There is water scarcity and drought like situation when there is less rainfall. And, if there is excess rainfall then floods take place which makes the life very difficult to sustain. Many things get damaged such as crops, houses, etc.

Question 11.
In which manner bacteria help plants use nitrogen?
Answer:
For the plant’s survival, nitrogen is very crucial and important. But plants cannot take nitrogen directly from the atmosphere. Hence, bacteria that lives in the soil and roots of some plants take nitrogen from air and changes its form so that the plant can use it.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Discuss the different layers of the atmosphere.
Answer:
The atmosphere has five different layers. They are:

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere
Troposphere:
All the weather characteristics occurs here such as fog, rainfall, hailstorm. This is the thickest and the most important layer of the atmosphere. It has the average height of 13 km. We also find the air which we breathe.
Stratosphere:
It lies just above the troposphere and presents the ideal conditions for flying aeroplanes. Stratosphere extends upto a height of 50 km. It also contains the ozone gas layer which protects us from harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun.
Mesosphere:
It lies above the stratosphere. It extends upto the height of 80 kms. In this layer, meteorites bum up on entering from the space.
Thermosphere:
It lies just above the mesosphere. It extends between 80 400 km. Temperature rises very fast with the increase in height in this layer. In thermosphere, radio waves are transmitted from the earth are reflected back to the earth.
Exosphere:
This is the last and the uppermost layer with very thin air. Light gases such as helium and hydrogen float -into the space from exosphere.

Question 2.
What are the different constituents of air? How they are important to us?
Answer:
The different constituents of air are oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, ozone, helium, argon and hydrogen. Besides these gases, the air also contains some amount of water vapour and dust particles. They are important to us in many ways:

Oxygen:
It is one of the major gas and second most in volume which makes up about 21% of the air. It is also called as life supporting gas. The atmosphere is continuously recharged and restored of oxygen by green plants through the photosynthesis process and thus keeps a healthy and efficient balance of oxygen in the air. Nitrogen: The total volume of nitrogen is about 78% in the air. The major amount of nitrogen is not utilized in our body system when we inhale. But, plants need nitrogen for the well being and survival.

They absorb it through soil and plant roots. Carbon Dioxide: Carbon dioxide is composed of very small percentage around 0.03% of the air. Then also, it is one of the important gas in maintaining the life cycle of plants on the earth. Carbon dioxide absorbs heat of the sun and warms up the lower atmosphere of the surface of the earth. It is taken by the green plants when human beings and animals release it.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 Rulers and Buildings

November 16, 2024November 15, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 Rulers and Buildings

JAC Class 7th History Rulers and Buildings InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What would have been the impact of a building like the Qutb Minar on observers in the thirteenth century?
Answer:
The building like Qutb Minar would have had a huge impact such as that of Taj Mahal or Red Fort today, on the observers in the thirteenth century.

Question 2.
What differences do you notice between the shikharas of the two temples? Can you make out that the shikhara of the Rajarajeshvara temple is twice as high as that of the Kandariya Mahadeva?
Answer: Between the shikharas of the two
temples, the difference of height can be noticed. The shikhara of the Rajarajeshvara temple is twice as high as that of the Kandariya Mahadeva which is easily seen.

Page 63

Question 3.
Compare figures 2(a) and 2(b) with figures 5(a) and 5(b).

Answer:
The figures in 2(a) and 2(b) have apex shape. This is the “trabeate” or “corbelled” style of architecture. The figures 5(a) and 5(b) have curved shape. This is “arcuate” style of architecture.

Question 4.
Describe what the labourers are doing, the tools shown, and the means of carrying stones.
Answer:
The labourers are placing cemented plaster to construct the floor of the fort. Some of them are carrying stones by rolling it by big iron rods or by carrying it on shoulders. Some are assisting the masons. Some horses are also engaged to carry stones and other construction materials.

Question 5.
In what ways do you think the policies of Rajendra I and Mahmud of Ghazni were a product of their times? How were the actions of the two rulers different?
Answer:
The two contemporaries Rajendra I and Mahmud of Ghazni attacked and looted the temples of other states and kings and considered it as a normal activity. Temples showed power and honour for any king and by destroying the temple, the king and his statements were humiliated.

The only difference in the actions of Rajendra I and Mahmud Ghazni was that latter destroyed Hindu temples in order to become a hero of Islam. Whereas, Rajendra I destroyed temples and re-established their deities at the temples that he constructed in his state. Mahmud of Ghazni used the occupied wealth of temples in constructing a capital city for himself.

Page 72

Question 6.
Lookat theillustration and try to identify the bell towers.

Answer:
The bell towers are those wh.ch are constructed in the last floor and stand tallest in the building.

Question 7.
Imagine you are an artisan standing on a tiny wooden platform held together by bamboo and rope fifty metres above the ground. You have to place an inscription under the first balcony of the Qutb Minar. How would you do this?
Answer:
I would stand up on the tinny wooden platform held together by bamboo and rope fifty meters above the ground. And then I would do the work of inscribing by the tools such as hammer and chisel.

JAC Class 7th History Rulers and Buildings Textbook Questions and Answers

( Let’s Recall)

Question 1.
How is the “trabeate” principle of architecture different from “arcuate”?
Answer:
The difference is that in “trabeate” principle of architecture, roofs, doors and windows were made by placing in a horizontal beam across two vertical columns. Whereas, in “arcuate” form, the weight of the superstructure above the doors and windows are carried by arches.

Question 2.
What is a shikhara?
Answer:
The highest roof of a Hindu temple is called a ‘Shikhara’. The Rajarajeshvara temple at Thanjavur had the tallest shikhara among the temples of its time. Constructing it was not easy because there were no cranes in those days and the ninety tonne stone for the top of the shikhara was too heavy to lift manually.

Question 3.
What is pietra-dura?
Answer:
Pietradura is the coloured hard stones placed in depressions carved into marble or sandstone, creating beautiful and ornate patterns. Behind the emperor Shah Jahan’s throne were a series of pietradura inlays that depicted the legendary Greek god Orpheus playing the lute. It was believed that Orpheus’s music could calm ferocious beasts until they coexisted with humans peacefully.

Question 4.
What are the elements of a Mughal Chahar bagh garden?
Answer:
Char bagh gardens were gardens placed within rectangular walled enclosures and divided into four quarters by artificial channels. These gardens were called ‘Chahar bagh’x.Q ., four gardens because of their symmetrical division into quarters. The chahar bagh garden also had a variation that historians describe as the “riverfront garden”. This dwelling was not located in the middle of the chahar bagh but at its edge, close to the bank of the river.

(Let’s Understand)

Question 5.
How did a temple communicate the importance of a king?
Answer:
Temple communicate the importance of a king in the following manner:

They were meant to exhibit the powe r, wealth and devotion of the ruler.
The name of the god and the king were similar as god’s name was considered auspicious.
The king also got a chance to proclaim their close relationships with god.
Kings usually constructed large temples. As they worshipped their deities together in the royal temples, it seemed as if they brought the just rule of the gods on earth.
The temple was a miniature model of the world ruled by the king and his allies.

Question 6.
An inscription in Shah Jahan’s diwan-i khas in Delhi stated: “If there is Paradise on Earth, it is here, it is here, it is here.” How w as this image created?
Answer:
During Shah Jahan’s reign, the different elements of Mughal architecture were fused together in a grand harmonious synthesis. His reign witnessed a huge amount of construction activity, especially in Agra and Delhi. The ceremonial halls of the public and private audience (Diwan-i khas and Diwan-i-am) were carefully planned. These courts were placed within a large courtyard and were described as ‘Chihil Sutun’ or forty-pillared halls.

The audience halls wrere specially constructed to resemble a mosque, and the pedestal on which Shah Jahan’s throne was placed was frequently described as the ‘Question ibla’, i.e., the direction faced by Muslims at prayer. ‘ The idea of the king as a representative of God on earth was suggested by these architectural features.

Question 7.
How did the Mughal court suggest that everyone the rich and the poor, the powerful and the weak received justice equally from the emperor?
Answer:
The Mughal court which had the Diwan- i-aam suggested that everyone the rich and the poor, the powerful and the weak received justice which was made for all in an equal way. Shah Jahan’s audience hall was constructed and designed in such a way to communicate that the king’s justice was equal for the high and the low.

Its aim was to create a world where all could live together in harmony. He also hanged a golden chain in front of his Taj Mahal. Anyone at anytime w’ho need justice can strike that bell. There w’as no difference between the rich and poor in the emperor’s court.

Question 8.
What role did the Yamuna play in the layout of the new Mughal city at Shahjahanabad?
Answer:
The river Yamuna had a very crucial role in the layout of the new Mughal city at Shahjahanabad in the following way:
In Shahjahanabad, the imperial palace commanded the river-front. Only the most favoured nobles were given access to the river. Shah Jahan chose the river-front garden in the layout of the Taj Mahal.

To control the access that the nobles had to the river, he developed the same architectural form. Only the exceptionally favoured nobles like his eldest son Dara Shukoh were given access to the river. Common people had to construct their homes in the city away from the river Yamuna. It expanded the layout of the city.

(Let’s Discuss)

Question 9.
The rich and powerful construct large houses today. In what ways were the constructions of kings and their courtiers different in the past?
Answer:
The rich and powerful construct large houses today. But these houses are not the same as those of the kings and their courtiers in the past because:

Safety and security were the major consideration of the kings and their courtiers for the constructions. The houses had very big courtyards, huge and thick walls, domed roofs, big gardens and beautifully decorated halls. Houses and palaces were generally surrounded by water bodies.
Nowadays, they have less open areas and meet mainly individual requirements. The houses do not have courtyards, domed roofs. Hence, in many ways these are inferior to those of the kings and their courtiers houses.

Question 10.
Look at Figure 4. How could that

building be constructed faster today?
Answer:
Nowadays, technologies have advanced and we have many facilities, equipments, tools which can construct huge buildings veiy easily and in less time. Earlier, it was very difficult to construct them’ but they were made possible with labourers. Those buildings took a very long time. Those temples and buildings were usually constructed as a matter of pride in old days.

(Let’s Do)

Question 11.
Find out whether there is a statue of or a memorial to a great person in your village or town. Why was it placed there? What purpose does it serve?
Answer:
Since the places will be different so students can write on their own. They need to put the following points in the write up: After finding the memorial, find out in w hich location it is situated and when it was established? Who was the founder? What was its significance?

Question 12.
Visit and describe any park or garden in your neighbourhood. In what w ays is it similar to or different from the gardens of the Mughals?
Answer:
Since the places will be different, students can discuss it in the class. Few points given such as the gardens of Mughals were spread over a large area and had varieties of plants and flowers. They were also beautifully decorated and protected.

JAC Class 7th History Rulers and Buildings Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The Kandariva Mahadeva temple had a main hall which was known as…..
(a) Mahamandir
(b) Mahamandapa
(c) Maharaksha
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Mahamandapa

Question 2.
The Agra Fort was built by……
(a) Babur
(b) Shah Jahan
(c) Jahangir
(d) Akbar
Answer:
(d) Akbar

Question 3.
The surface of the Qutub Minar was……..
(a) circular
(b) rectangular
(c) curved and angular
(d)triangular
Answer:
(c) curved and angular

Question 4.
The Taj Mahal is the grandest architectural achievement in the reign of…….
(a) Jahangir
(b) Shah Jahan
(c) Babur
(d) Akbar
Answer:
(d) Akbar

Question 5.
Whenever the kingdoms were attacked by another ruler, temples were targeted and looted. looted the famous Shiva temple at Somnath, Gujarat.
(a) Sultan of Baghdad
(b) Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni
(c) Jahangir
(d) Ibrahim Lodi
Answer:
(b) Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni

Question 6.
Indian architecture flourished under……… dynasty.
(a) Mughal
(b) Maratha
(c) Chola
(d) Rashtrakuta
Answer:
(a) Mughal

Question 7.
Babur, built formal gardens, placed within rectangular walled enclosures and divided into four quarters by artificial channels. This style of four gardens (symmetrical division into quarters) called as…..
(a) Nayan bagh
(b) Ghazal bagh
(c) Chahar bagh
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Chahar bagh

Question 8.
The courts like Diwan-i-khas and Diwan-i-aam, were planned very carefully and were known as forty- pillared halls, and placed within a large courtyard. These halls are known as
(a) Chihil Sutun
(b) Pishtaq
(c) Chihil khas
(d) Sutun forty
Answer:
(a) Chihil Sutun

Question 9.
Architecture Hasht-Bihisht refers to a specific type of floor-plan, common in Persian architecture and Mughal architecture, whereby the floor plan is divided into eight chambers surrounding a central room. Hasht- Bihisht means
(a) Eight paradises in water
(b) Eight chahar bagh
(c) Paradise in the eighth life
(d) Eight paradises
Answer:
(d) Eight paradises

Question 10.
The construction of baolis were done
(a) for entertainment of royals
(b) to fulfil the water demand
(c) for rainwater harvesting
(d) to provide a place for bathing for royals
Answer:
(c) for rainwater harvesting

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which building was constructed by using the architectural style pietra- dura?
Answer:
The Taj Mahal was constructed by using the architectural style pietra-dura.

Question 2.
Which language has been used to write the two bands of inscription found under the balcony of Qutb Minar?
Answer:
Arabic language has been used to write the two bands of inscription found under the balcony of Qutb Minar.

Question 3.
Was Rajendra Chola one of the powerful rulers of the Chola Dynasty?
Answer:
Yes, Rajendra Chola was one of the powerful rulers of the Chola dynasty.

Question 4.
Which Mughal Emperor has mentioned about Hindustan in his biography?
Answer:
Babur has mentioned about Hindustan in his biography.

Question 5.
What do you mean by Mahamandapa in temple?
Answer:
Mahamandapa means the main hall in the temple.

Question 6.
Madhurai, the capital of the Pandyas was invaded by which ruler?
Answer:
Sena II, invaded Madhurai, the capital of the Pandyas.

Question 7.
Which ruler won universal appreciation for constructing a large reservoir just outside Dehli-i-Kuhna?
Answer:
Sultan Iltutmish was the ruler who won universal appreciation for constructing a large reservoir just outside Dehli-i- Kuhna.

Question 8.
To which lord, Brihadesvara temple is dedicated?
Answer:
To lord Shiva, Brihadesvara temple is dedicated.

Question 9.
What do you mean by pishtaq?
Answer:
Pishtaq means the tall gateway.

Question 10.
What was the special feature of Akbar’s capital, Fatehpur Sikri?
Answer:
The special feature of Akbar’s capital, Fatehpur Sikri was the architecture of the buildings which were influenced by the styles of Malwa and Gujarat.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What were the main traits of Shah Jahan’s city Shahjahanabad?
Answer:
Shah Jahan’s city of Shahjahanabad that he constructed was on one side of River Yamuna. The imperial palace commanded the river-front. Only specially favoured nobles were given access to the river such as his eldest son Dara Shikoh. All other people had to construct their homes in the city away from the River Yamuna.

Question 2.
What types of buildings were built between eighth and eighteenth centuries?
Answer:
Between the eighth and the eighteenth centuries, kings and their nobles built two kinds of buildings, they were: First one were forts, palaces, garden residences and tombs safe, protected and grandiose places of rest in this world. Second one were structures meant for public activity including temples, mosques, tanks, wells, caravans, sarais and bazaars.

Question 3.
Where is Panch Mahal located and for what it is known?
Answer:
Panch Mahal is the part of Fatehpur Sikri, Uttar Pradesh, India. The Panch Mahal meaning ‘Five level Palace’ was commissioned by Akbar This structure stands close to the Zenana quarters (Harem) which supports the supposition that it was used for entertainment and relaxation. It has different temples with beautiful pillars in several designs. It was built to enjoy fresh air and has five storey buildings.

Question 4.
Describe the architecture of Taj Mahal.
Answer:
The Taj Mahal incorporates and expands on design traditions of Persian and earlier Mughal architecture. The architecture of Taj Mahal was one of
the great accomplishments. Shah Jahan adapted the river-front garden in the layout of the Taj Mahal, during his reign. The white marble mausoleum was placed on a terrace by the edge of the river and the garden was to its south. Shah Jahan developed this architectural form as a means to control the access that nobles had to the river.

Question 5.
Why Rajarajeshwara temple was very difficult to construct?
Answer:
Rajarajeshwara temple was very difficult to construct because:

It was built in eleventh century and it had the tallest Shikhara amongst all the temples of that time.
Since there were no technology like these days and to lift the stones for the ” top of Shikhara of weight around 90 kgs was a tough thing and they did it manually.
An inclined path was built to the top of the temple, placed the boulders on the rollers and rolled it all the way to the top.
The path was made from 4 kms away so that it would not be so steep and easy to climb.

Question 6.
What are the two technological and stylistic developments noticeable and appreciable from the twelfth century.
Answer:
Two technological and stylistic developments that are noticeable and appreciable from the twelfth century are:-

The weight of the superstructure above the doors and windows was sometimes carried by arches. This style of architectural form was known as “arcuate”.
In construction, limestone cement was used in many folds. This was very high quality cement which when mixed with stone chips hardened into concrete. And, for this, construction of large structures was easier and faster.

Question 7.
Write a brief note on Humayun’s tomb.
Answer:
Humayun tomb’s construction started in 1564 A.D. and it took eight years to complete. It was built by Humayun’s wife, Persian queen HamTdah Banu Begam. It was designed by Persian architect Mirak MIrza Ghiyas. The construction was made in Persian method of construction. The use of stones and marbles shows Indian influence a lot.

Question 8.
What do you understand by ‘Mausoleum’?
Answer:
A ‘Mausoleum’ is an impressive building housing a tomb or group of tombs. Some of the mausoleums such as Sheikh Salim Chisti at Fatehpur Sikri and Taj Mahal at Agra are built on Persian framework.

Question 9.
Explain briefly the Kandariya Mahadeva temple.
Answer:
The Kandariya Mahadeva Temple meaning “The Great God of the Cave”, is the largest and most ornate Hindu temple in the medieval temple group found at Khajuraho in Madhya Pradesh, India. Brief on Kandariya Mahadeva Temple

The Kandariya Mahadeva temple was constructed in 999 by the king Dhangadeva of the Chandela Dynasty.
It was dedicated to Shiva.
The entrance had an ornamented gateway and the main hall (mahamandapa) was there where dances were performed.
The image of the chief deity was kept in the main shrine known as garbhagriha. In this place only the king, his immediate family and priests gathered for ritual worship.

Question 10.
What is Islamic architecture?
Answer:
The Islamic architecture represents the order of Islam. It was a mixture of Persian, Timurid, Samarkand and Bukhara style and not entirely foreign implant on Indian scene. It is one of the world’s most renowned building traditions and known for its minarets, domes, vaulting, arches, tombs, etc.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the main architectural technique adopted in Qutub Minar. Name the people, ruler who were involved in the construction of Qutb Minar.
Answer:
The main architectural technique adopted in Qutb Minar are:

Qutb Minar is five storeys high.
It has two bands of inscription under the balcony.
It has the pattern under the balcony by the geometrical designs and small arches.
Only the most skilled craftsperson could perform this task as the surface of the minar is curved and angular.
It required great distinctness to place an inscription on such a surface.
Qutbuddin Aybak constructed the first floor around 1199. Then Iltutmish constructed it around 1229. But over the years, it was damaged by natural calamities like earthquake, lighting but repaired by Alauddin. Khalji, Muhammad TUghluq, Firuz Shah Tughluq and Ibrahim Lodi.

Question 2.
Is the statement true ‘The Mughal ruler spent their money more on architecture and art and less on improving the condition of the people’. Justify your answer.
Answer:
It is true that the Mughal rulers spent their money more on architecture and art and less on improving the condition of the people. Reasons are:

Most of the Mughal rulers were interested in art and architecture. They built buildings with fine patterns and designs of architecture.
Akbar built Fatehpur Sikri and Buland Darwaza near Agra.
Jahangir made beautiful gardens like Shalimar Bagh. He also built Red Fort, Jama Masjid, the greatest achievement.
Art and architecture was at its peak during his reign. Shah Jahan built Taj Mahal which is also one of the achievements.
Lots of money were required for the construction of these architectural buildings and for monuments.
The Mughals got it from the royal treasury without giving a thought for the welfare of the common people.
It would have been commendable and admirable for the Mughal emperors, if they had spent these money on improving and for the betterment of the common people.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 4 Air

November 16, 2024November 15, 2024 by Bhagya

JAC Board Class 7 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 4 Air

→ Earth is surrounded by a huge layer of air known as atmosphere.

On the earth all the living creatures depend on the atmosphere for their survival.
With the absence of this layer of protection, we would have been baked by the scorching heat of the sun at daytime and frozen at night time. Hence, the temperature of the earth is liveable due to this layer of air.

→ Composition of the Atmosphere:

The two main gases which make the most of the atmosphere are nitrogen and oxygen. Carbon dioxide, helium, ozone, argon and hydrogen are found in less quantities.
Tiny and minute dust particles are also present in the atmosphere apart from these gases.
We take some amount of nitrogen when we inhale into our lungs and exhale it.
Plants take nitrogen from soil and roots of the plant which is brought by the bacterias and change its form so that plants can use it as they cannot take nitrogen directly.
The second most abundant gas found is the oxygen. Green plants produces oxygen during photosynthesis and humans and animals use oxygen to breathe.
The balance gets disturbed if we cut down the forests in large numbers.
The other important gas is carbon dioxide. Plants use carbon dioxide to make their food and release oxygen. Humans and animals release carbon dioxide.
The balance gets disturbed by burning of fuels like oils, coal. Hence, the earth’s climate and weather gets affected by the increased volume of carbon dioxide.

→ Structure of the Atmosphere:

Starting from the earth’s surface, the atmosphere has been divided into five layers – Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere and Exosphere.
Troposphere – Themost important layer of the atmosphere is Troposphere and its average height is 13 km. The air we breathe exists here. Most of the weather incidences such as rainfall, fog and hailstorm occur in this layer.
Stratosphere – Stratosphere lies above the troposphere and it extends up to a height of 50 km. This layer is almost free from clouds and related weather incidences are making ideal conditions for flying aeroplanes. One of the important features is that it contains a layer of ozone gas.
Mesosphere – The third layer of the atmosphere is mesosphere. Above the stratosphere it is situated and extends up to the height of 80 km. On entering from the space, meteorites bum up in this layer.
Thermosphere – Temperature rises very rapidly and fast with increasing height in thermosphere.
Ionosphere is a part of this layer and it extends between 80^100 km. Radio transmission happens in this layer. In fact, radio waves transmitted from the earth are reflected back to the earth by this layer.
Exosphere- It is the upper most layer of the atmosphere. It has very thin air. Light gases are present such as helium and hydrogen float into the space from here.

→ Weather and Climate:
Weather is the hour-to-hour, day to day condition of the atmosphere. But, the average weather condition or phenomena of a place for a longer period of time is called as the climate of a place.

→ Temperature:

The degree or level of hotness and coldness of the air is called as the temperature.
The atmosphere’s temperature changes not only between day and night but also from season to season as well.
The incoming solar energy intercepted by the earth is called the insolation. It is one of the important factors that influence the distribution of temperature.
Towards the poles, the amount of insolation decreases from the equator hence the temperature also decreases.
Temperature in cities is much higher than that of villages because of the concrete and metals in buildings and the asphalt of roads get heated up during the day and this is released during the night.

→ Air Pressure

From all directions, the air presses us and our body exerts a counter pressure.
The pressure exerted by the weight of air on the earth’s surface is called the air pressure. It is highest at sea level and decreases with height.
Low pressure is related to cloudy skies and wet weather. A low-pressure is created in areas where temperature is high and the air gets heated and rises.
High pressure is related to clear and sunny skies. Heavy air sinks and creates a high pressure area and the air always moves from high pressure areas to low pressure areas.

→ Wind

Wind is the movement of air from high pressure area to low pressure areas.
It is divided into three parts:
- Permanent winds
- Seasonal winds
- Local winds
Permanent winds are the trade winds, westerlies and easterlies. They blow constantly throughout the year in a particular direction.
Seasonal winds are the winds which change their direction in different seasons such as monsoons in India.
Local winds are the winds which blow only during a particular period of the day or year in a small area such as land and sea breeze. The hot and dry local wind of northern planes of India is called loo.

→ Moisture

We know that when water evaporates from land and different water bodies, it becomes water vapour. Humidity is the moisture in the air at any time. When the air is full of water vapour then it is called as a humid day.
Clouds are just masses of water droplets. The water vapour condenses which cause the formation of these droplets of water.
Precipitation happens when these droplets of water become too heavy to float in air and then they come down.
Rain is the precipitation that comes down to the earth in liquid form.
The three types of rainfall are the convectional rainfall, the orographic rainfall and the cyclonic rainfall.
For the survival of plants and animals, rainfall is very important as it brings fresh water to the earth’s surface. If rainfall is less then water scarcity and drought occur and if it is more, then floods take place.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes History Chapter 6 Towns, Traders and Craftspersons

November 16, 2024November 15, 2024 by Bhagya

JAC Board Class 7 Social Science Notes History Chapter 6 Towns, Traders and Craftspersons

→ In medieval period, many towns combined several functions such as there were temple towns, administrative centres, also centres for commercial activities and craft production.

→ Administrative Centres:

The capital of Cholas, Thanjavur, and near to it the river Kaveri flows emerged as a temple town as well as an administrative centre.
There were palaces with mandapas or pavilions where the kings hold court in these mandapas, issuing orders to their subordinates. There were also barracks for the army, besides the temple. Temples were built to show their devotion and power.
The towns were bustling with different markets. At Svamimalai, the sthapatis or sculptors were making exquisite bronze idols and tall, ornamental bell metal lamps. The Saliya weavers of Thanjavur and the nearby town of Uraiyur were busy producing cloth for king, masses and temples.

→ Temple Towns and Pilgrimage Centres

Temple towns represent a major role in urbanisation, the process by which cities develop. Temples were often central part to the economy and society. Thanjavur is an example of temple.
Rulers gifted and provided temples with grants of land and money to carry out elaborate rituals, feed pilgrims and priests and celebrate festivals. Pilgrims also made donations.
It provides an excellent instance of religious coexistence. Ajmer was the capital of the Chauhan kings in the twelfth century and under the Mughals it became the suba headquarters.
Some of the temple towns are Bhillasvamin (Bhilsa or Vidisha) in Madhya Pradesh, Somnath in Gujarat, Kanchipuram and Madurai in Tamil Nadu, and Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh. Pilgrimage centres also slowly developed into townships such as Vrindavan in Uttar Pradesh and Tiruvannamalai in Tamil Nadu.

→ A Network of Small-Towns

Eighth century onwards, from large villages, small towns emerged. They had a mandapika (or mandi of later times) to which from nearby villagers brought their produce to sell. They also had hatta (haat of later times) means market streets lined with shops.
In later times, a samanta or a zamindar built a fortified palace in or near these towns. They levied taxes on traders, artisans and articles of trade.

→ Traders Big and Small

Many types of traders were there. They usually travelled in caravans and to protect their interests they formed guild.
Eighth century onwards, there were such type of guilds in south India, some of the famous were Manigramam and Nanadesi.
There were some communities who went on to become the principal trading groups of the country like the Chettiars and the Marwari Oswal. Gujarati traders include Hindu Baniyas and Muslim Bohras traded extensively with the ports of the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, East Africa, Southeast Asia and China.
Spices grown in tropical climates such as pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg, dried ginger, etc., became an important part of European cooking and cotton cloth was very attractive. These things eventually drew European traders to India.

→ Crafts in Towns:

The decorated and inlay work in copper and silver came to called as Bidri. Bidar’s craftspersons were famous for it.
The Panchalas or Vishwakarma community which consists of goldsmiths, bronzesmiths, blacksmiths, masons and carpenters were veiy important people. They played an important role in the construction of palaces, big buildings, tanks and reservoirs.
In the same manner, weavers such as the Saliyar or Kaikkolars emerged as prosperous and important communities making donations to temples.

→ A Closer Look: Hampi, Masulipatnam and Surat The Architectural Splendour of Hampi

In 1336, Hampi was founded by the Vijayanagara Empire. Hampi was located in the Krishna-Tungabhadra basin. The glorious detritus at Hampi reveal a well- fortified city. In the construction of the walls, no mortar or cementing agent was used and the technique followed was to wedge them together by interlocking.
The architecture of Hampi was extra-ordinary. The buildings in the royal areas had splendid arches, domes and pillared halls with niches for holding sculptures as well as they had well-planned orchards and pleasure gardens with sculptural motifs such as the lotus and corbels.
In the fifteenth-sixteenth centuries, Hampi bustled with commercial and cultural activities.
Temples were the hub of cultural activities and devadasis (temple dancers) performed before the deity, royalty and masses in the many-pillared halls in the Virupaksha (a form of Shiva) temple. One of the most important festival of Hampi was Mahanavami.
In 1565, Hampi fell into ruin following the defeat of Vijayanagara by the Deccani Sultans — the rulers of Golconda, Bijapur, Ahmadnagar, Berar and Bidar.

→ A Gateway to the West: Surat

Many pilgrim ships set sail from Surat, hence it was known as the Gate to Mecca. It was also the gateway for trade with West Asia via the Gulf of Ormuz.
People of all castes and creeds lived in Surat hence, it was a cosmopolitan city.
Surat was famous for its textiles with their gold lace borders (zari) and had a market in West Asia, Europe and Africa.
Surat hundis were honoured and recognised in the far-off markets of Cairo in Egypt, Basra in Iraq and Antwerp in Belgium.
Towards the end of the seventeenth century, the trade in Surat began to decline because of the loss of markets and productivity and other factors.

→ Fishingin Troubled Waters: Masulipatnam

In seventeenth century, the town Masulipatnam or Machlipatnam was a centre of intense activity. It lay on the delta of Krishna river.
It became the most important port on the Andhra coast as the Dutch and English East India Companies attempted to control Masulipatnam.
The Qutb Shahi rulers of Golconda enforced royal monopolies on the sale of textiles, spices and other items to prevent the trade passing completely into the hands of the various East India Companies. This led to fierce competition among various trading groups—the Golconda nobles, Persian merchants, Telugu Komati Chettis, and European traders which made the city prosperous and populous.
The European companies started to look for alternatives. They moved to other .cities such as Bombay, Calcutta, Madras and hence, Masulipatnam lost both its merchants and prosperity and declined in the course of the eighteenth century.

→ New Towns and Traders

In order to expand the commercial activities in the east, the English, Dutch and French formed East India Companies.
The English emerged as the most successful commercial and political power in the subcontinent, since the European Companies used their naval power to gain control of the sea trade and forced Indian traders to work as their agents.
This period also saw the decline of the independence of craftspersons because now they had to weave cloth which was already promised to European agents.
In eighteenth century, Bombay (now Mumbai), Calcutta (now Kolkata) and Madras (now Chennai) became the important cities.
The “blacks” or native traders and craftspersons were moved into the Black Towns established by the European companies within these new cities.
The “white” rulers occupied the superior residencies of Fort St George in Madras or Fort St William in Calcutta.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes

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JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 5 Water

November 16, 2024November 15, 2024 by Bhagya

JAC Board Class 7 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 5 Water

→ The heat of sun causes evaporation of water vapour and when it cools down, it condenses and forms clouds. Then it may fall on the land or sea in the form of rain, snow or sleet.

Water cycle is the process by which water continually changes its form and circulates between oceans and seas, atmosphere and land.
Our earth is like a terrarium. The water which existed centuries ago still exists today.
The fresh water majorly comes from the rivers, ponds, springs and glaciers. The ocean bodies and the seas contains salty or saline water as it contains huge amount of dissolved salts. Most of the salt is of sodium chloride.

→ Distribution of Water bodies:
Three-fourth of the earth surface is covered by water. The following table gives the distribution of water in percentage:

Saline water	Oceans	97.3
Fresh water	Ground water	0.68
	Ice caps	2.0
	Fresh water lakes and Inland seas	0.009
	Salt lakes	0.009
	Atmosphere	0.0019
	Rivers	0.0001
	Total	100.00

→ Ocean Circulation:
In oceans, the movements that occur can be categorised as waves, tides and currents.

→ Waves:

Waves occurs when the water on the surface of the ocean rises and falls alternately.
The winds blows at a very high speed forms huge waves during a storm and causes destruction in an enormous way. An earthquake, a volcanic eruption or underwater landslides may shift large amounts of ocean water. The huge tidal wave is known as tsunami which may be as high as 15 m.
The largest tsunami ever measured was as high as 150 m. and travels at a speed of more than 700 km. per hour.

→ Tides:

A tide is the periodic, regular rise and fall of ocean water twice in a day.
When water covers much of the shore by rising to its highest level then it is high tide. When water falls to its lowest level and recedes from the shore then it is low tide.
On the earth’s surface, the strong gravitational pull exerted by the sun and the moon causes the tides.
When the sun, the moon and the earth are in the same line during the full moon and new moon days then the tides are highest. These type of tides are known as spring tides.
The ocean waters get drawn in diagonally opposite directions by the gravitational pull of sun and earth resulting in low tides when the moon is in its first and last quarter. These type of tides are known as neap tides.
High tides helps in navigation, fishing and to generate electricity in some areas.

→ Ocean Currents:

Streams of water which flows constantly on the ocean surface in definite directions is known as ocean currents. The ocean currents may be warm or cold.
The warm ocean currents emerge near the equator and move towards the poles. The cold ocean currents carry water from polar or higher latitudes to tropical or lower latitudes.
These currents influence the temperature conditions of the area. The Labrador Ocean current is cold current while the Gulf Stream is a warm current.
The areas where a warm and cold current is present, they experience the foggy weather which makes navigation difficult but provides the best fishing grounds.
Types of tides in sea or ocean are flood tide and ebb tide. Flood tide are the rise of sea level and the fall in sea level is called the ebb tide.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 6 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

November 16, 2024November 15, 2024 by Bhagya

JAC Board Class 7 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 6 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

→ As their is change in height, the climate also changes and that changes the natural vegetation. The growth of vegetation depends on temperature and moisture. It also depends on factors like slope and thickness of soil.

From place to place, the type and thickness of natural vegetation varies.
Natural vegetation is classified in to three broad categories:
Forests: Grows where temperature and rainfall are plentiful to support a tree cover. Depending upon all these factors, dense and open forests grown.
Grasslands: Grows in the region of moderate rain.
Shrubs: Thorny shrurbs and scrubs grows in the dry region.
Due to the changes of climatic condition occurs mainly because of the type of natural vegetation.

→ Forests:

Tropical Evergreen Forests
These forests are also known as tropical rainforests. These thick forests are found mainly in the regions- near the equator and close to the tropics. These regions are hot and receive heavy rainfall throughout the year and no particular dry season, thus the trees do not shed their leaves altogether. Hence, they are called evergreen.
Rosewood, ebony, mahogany are common trees are also known as hardwood trees.

→ Tropical Deciduous Forests

These are the monsoon forests which are found in the large part of India, northern Australia and in central America. These regions experience seasonal changes and trees shed their leaves in the dry season to conserve water.
The trees found in these forests are sal, teak, neem and s his ham. These are extremely useful for making furniture, transport and constructional materials.
The common animals of these regions are tigers, lions, elephants, langoors and monkeys.

→ Temperate Evergreen Forests

These forests are located in the mid latitudinal coastal region.
They are found along the eastern margin of the continents, e.g., in southeast USA, South China and in South East Brazil.
Trees found are oak, pine, eucalyptus, etc. which are both hard and soft wood trees.

→ Temperate Deciduous Forests

These are found in the north eastern part of USA, China, New Zealand, Chile and in the coastal regions of Western Europe,
They shed their leaves in the dry season.
The trees found are oak, ash, beech, etc.
The animals found are deer, foxes, wolves.
Birds like pheasants, monals are found here.

→ Mediterranean Vegetation

The west and south west margins of the continents are different. They have Mediterranean vegetation.
It is found in the areas around the Mediterranean sea in Europe, Africa and Asia.
This kind of vegetation is also found outside the actual Mediterranean region in California in the USA, south west Africa, South America and South west Australia.
These regions are having hot dry summers and mild rainy winters.
Oranges, figs, olives and grapes are citrus fruits which are cultivated here because people have removed the natural vegetation in order to cultivate what they wish to.
Wildlife is not present here that much.

→ Coniferous Forests

The important variety of trees in these forests are Chir, pine, cedar.
Trees are tall, softwood evergreen trees.
These woods are very useful for making pulp, which is used for manufacturing paper and newsprint.
Match boxes and packing boxes are also made from softwood.

→ Grasslands
Two types of grasslands:

Tropical and
Temperate Grasslands.

→ Tropical Grasslands

These grow on either side of the equator and extend till the tropics.
This vegetation grows in the areas of moderate to low amount of rainfall.
These can grow very tall, about 3 to 4 metres in height.
Savannah grasslands of Africa are of this type.
In tropical grasslands, animals found are elephants, zebras, giraffes, deer, leopards.

→ Temperate Grasslands

These are found in the midlatitudinal zones and in the interior part of the continents.
Grass is short and nutritious.
In the temperate region, the animals which are found are wild buffaloes, bisons, antilopes.

→ Thorny Bushes

These are found in the dry desert such as tropical deserts which are located in the western margins of the continents.
The vegetation cover is scarce here because of scanty rain and scorching heat.

→ Tundra Vegetation

The polar region is extremely cold.
The growth of natural vegetation is very limited here.
Only mosses, lichens and very small shrubs are found here.
It grows during the very short summer. These are known as Tundra type of vegetation.
They are found in the polar areas of Europe, Asia and North America.
The animals have thick fur and skin to protect themselves from the cold climatic conditions. Some of the animals are seal, walruses, musk-oxen, Arctic owl, Polar bear and snow foxes.