September 2024 – Page 13 – Jharkhand Board Solution

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation

September 6, 2024September 5, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation

JAC Class 10th History The Age of Industrialisation InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Give two examples where modern development that is associated with progress has lead to problems. You may like to think of areas related to environmental issues, nuclear weapons or disease.
Answer:
The examples may vary from student to student. The Narmada Bachao Andolan is a social movement by human rights activists, environmentalists, adivasis and farmers against the construction of large dams across the River Narmada. Medha Patkar was one of the major activists leading the movement. The construction of Sardar Sarovar Dam across this river in Gujarat displaced thousands of people and rendered them homeless.

They lost their means of livelihood. It destroyed the bio¬diversity by destroying thousands of acres of forests and agricultural land.Dropping of atom bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan during the last stages of World War II had devastating consequences. Lakhs of people were killed. People suffered from burns, radiation sickness and other injuries.

Page 83

Question 2.
The way in which historians focus on industrialisation rather than on small workshops is a good example of how what we believe today about the past is influenced by what historians choose to notice and what they ignore. Note down one event or aspect of your own life which adults such as your parents or teachers may think is unimportant, but which you believe to be important.
Answer:
The answer may vary from student to student. Heavy tax and license fee should be levied on SUVs and heavy automobiles used for personal purpose. Usage of public transport should be encouraged. Public transport network should be improved. Taxes should be levied on keeping domestic pets. They should not litter the environment and surroundings. Fines should be imposed on littering public spaces by pets.

Question 3.
Look at Figs. 4 and 5. Can you see any difference in the way the two images show industrialisation? Explain your view briefly.

Answer:
Fig. 4 shows the cotton-spinning mill of Lancashire beautifully lighting up the city in the twilight with electricity. But Fig. 5 shows the negative aspects of industrialisation. Chimneys released smoke, the landscape is filled with dust and smoke from the industries.

Page 85

Question 4.
Imagine that you are a merchant writing back to a salesman who has been trying to persuade you to buy a new machine. Explain in your letter what you have heard and why you do not wish to invest in the new technology.
Answer:

From
Ram Nath Agarwal
Weaving Industries
Mumbai
To
Kashi Lai
Tools and Machines
Mumbai

Dear Kashi Lai
This is with reference to your letter with quotation of the price of the weaving machine. Looking at all the details and the situation, I am afraid I will not be able to purchase the machinery at present.

(i) The machine is too expensive and I do not have the amount to invest into it.

(ii) There are many labourers in my little factory and I would not like to lay them off. They are efficient.

(iii)As the work is seasonal, I can ask the workers to leave when the work is finished. However, the machine will remain unused and will have depreciation and maintenance costs.

(iv) The workers can create intricate designs and specific shapes. It is in demand by the upper class people who think that hand work symbolises refinement and class. However, the machine can only produce simple cloth. I hope you understand my situation and excuse me for the time being.
Thanking you Yours faithfully Ram Nath Agarwal

page 87

Question 5.
Look at Figs. 3, 7 and 11, then reread source B. Explain why many workers were opposed to the use of the Spinning Jenny.

A magistrate reported in 1790 about an incident when he was called in to protect a manufacturer’s property from being attacked by workers ‘From the depredations of a lawless Banditti of colliers and their wives, for the wives had lost their work to spinning engines … they advanced at first with much insolence, avowing their intention of cutting to pieces the machine lately introduced in the woollen manufacture which they suppose, if generally adopted, will lessen the demand for manual labour.

The women became clamorous. The men were more open to conviction and after some expostulation were induced to desist from their purpose and return peaceably home. J.L. Hammond and B. Hammond, The Skilled Labourer 1760-1832, quoted in Maxine Berg, The Age of Manufactures.
Answer:
Fig. 3 shows that each member of the household was involved in the production of yarn. One wheel moved only one spindle.Fig. 7 shows that giant wheels moved by steam power could set in motion hundreds of spindles to manufacture thread. It is clear from the picture that a single person could spin a large amount of thread. It would lead to unemployment.Fig. 11 is the Spinning Jenny, devised by James Hargreaves in 1764, speeded up the spinning process and reduced labour demand.

By turning one single wheel, a worker could set in motion a number of spindles and spin several threads at the same time. It was introduced in the woollen industry. Women who survived on hand spinning began attacking the new machine. The fear of unemployment made the workers hostile to the introduction of new technology.

Question 6.
On a map of Asia, find and draw the sea and land links of the textile trade from India to Central Asia, West Asia and Southeast Asia.

JAC Class 10th History The Age of Industrialisation Textbook Questions and Answers

Write in brief:

Question 1.
Explain the following:
(a) Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny.
(b) In the seventeenth century merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages.
(c) Thejjort of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century.
(d) The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India.
Answer:
(a) The abundance of labour in the market affected the lives of workers. Many job seekers had to wait for weeks, spend nights under bridges or in night shelters. The Spinning Jenny speeded up the spinning process and reduced labour demand. The fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the introduction of new technology. When the Spinning Jenny was introduced in the woollen industry, women who survived on hand spinning began attacking the new machines.

(b) In the seventeenth century, merchants from towns in Europe began employing merchants and artisans within the villages because merchants could not expand their production within towns. The urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful. They were associations of producers that restricted entry of new people into the trade. It was therefore, difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns. So they turned to the countryside.

(c) (i) Before the age of machine and industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles. A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports.

(ii) Surat on the Gujarat coast connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports. A variety of Indian merchants and bankers were associated with in this network of export trade.

(iii) By 1750s, this network controlled by the Indians broke down and was gradually captured by the Europeans.

(iv) The Europeans first secured a variety of concessions from the local courts, then the monopoly rights to trade. This led to the decline of the old ports of Surat and Hoogly through which the local merchants had operated.

(v) From 16 million gross trade value at the end of the seventeenth century, it dropped to 3 million by the 1740s.

(d) (i) The East India Company developed a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods.

(ii) They achieved this through a series of steps:

The Company appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
A system of advance was started where the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production.
This prevented the Company weavers from (jealing with other traders and they had to hand over the cloth produced only to the gomasthas.

Question 2.
Write True or False against each state- men#
(a) At the end of the nineteenth century, 80 per cent of the total workforce in Europe was employed in the technologically advanced industrial ” sector.
(b) The international market for fine textiles was dominated by India till the eighteenth century.
(c) The American Civil War resulted in the reduction of cotton exports from India.
(d) The introduction of the fly shuttle enabled handloom workers to improve their productivity.
Answer:
(a) False
(b) True
(c) False
(d) True

Question 3.
Explain what is meant by proto-industrialisation.
Answer:
Even before factories began to dot the landscape in England and Europe, there was large-scale industrial production for an international trade. This was not based on factories. Many historians now refer to this phase of industrialisation as proto-industrialisation.

NCERT ‘Discuss’ Questions

Question 1.
Why did some industrialists in the nineteenth-century Europe prefer hand labour over machines?
Answer:
Some industrialists in the nineteenth- century Europe preferred hand labour over machines because:

The industrialists did not want to introduce machines which got the workers laid off and required large capital investment.
Gas works and breweries needed more workers to meet the peak demand through the cold months.
Book binders and printers, catering to Christmas demand, needed extra hands before December.
At the waterfront, winter was the time that ships were repaired and spruced up.
Industrialists preferred hand labour where the production fluctuated with the season.
A range of products, especially goods with intricate designs and specific shapes, required only hand labour, and not mechanical technology.
In Victorian Britain, the upper classes like the aristocrats and the bourgeoisie, preferred things produced by hand. It came to symbolise refinement and class.

Question 2.
How did the East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from the Indian weavers?
Answer:
Once the East India Company established political power, it could assert a monopoly right to trade. It developed a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods.

(i) The Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade, and gain a more direct control the weaver. It appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.

(ii) Once the order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production. This was known as system of advances. This binded the weavers to the gomastha. They had to hand over the cloth they produced to the gomastha. They could not take it to any other trader.

Question 3.
Imagine that you have been asked to write an article for an encyclopaedia on Britain and the history of cotton. Write your piece using information from the entire chapter.
Answer:
(i) The earliest factories in England came up by the 1730s. The factories multiplied by the late eighteenth century. The first symbol of the new era was cotton. The production expanded in the late nineteenth century. In 1760, Britain was importing 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton to feed its cotton industry. By 1787, this iftiport soared to 22 million pounds.

(ii) A series of inventions in the eighteenth century improved steps of the:

production process (carding, twisting and spinning, and rolling). This enhanced the output per worker, enabling each worker to produce more, and they made possible the production of stronger threads and yam.
Then Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill. The new model of the steam engine that was invented by Mathew Boulton was used in cotton and woollen industries.

(iii) Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles.

The European companies gradually gained the monopoly rights to trade by various strategies, and by 1750s, the Indian merchants lost their hold in the trade network.
The Company eliminated the existing traders and workers connected with the cloth trade, and established a more direct control over the weaver.
It appointed a paid servant, called the gomastha, to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth. A system of advance was started to prevent the weavers from dealing with any other buyers.
Once an order was placed, the weavers were offered loans to purchase cloth for their production, which in turn made them hand over the cloth only to the gomastha. They could not take it to any other trader.

(iv) As cotton industries developed in England, the East India Company sold British cotton goods in India. They were labelled MADE IN MANCHESTER to create a confidence in the customers about the quality of cloth.

(v) The situation changed during the First World War when the British mills produced goods to meet the needs of the army. Manchester imports into India declined. Even after the war, Manchester could not recover and recapture its old position in the Indian market,

(vi) The economy of Britain crumbled and it was unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan.

Question 4.
Why did industrial production in India increase during the First World War?
Answer:

During the First World War, the industrial growth was slow. When British mills got busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined.
Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply.
As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs, such as jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, saddles for horse and mule, and a host of other items.
New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts. Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work for longer hours. Over the war years, industrial production boomed.

NCERT ‘Project’ Work

Question 1.
Select any one industry in your region and find out its history. How has the technology changed? Where do the workers come from? How are the products advertised and marketed? Try and talk to the employers and some workers to get their views about the industry’s history.
Answer:
Self-help Hintst

Seek the guidance of teachers, parents, elders in the community to find out about well-established industries in your region.
If there is a chamber of commerce in your region, make an appointment and visit it to find about the industry you can study. Collect literature and survey materials on the industry narrowed down.
Take a written appointment with the industry manager for a visit.
Study the history of the industry, the structural and organisational changes over the years.
Is it a large scale, small scale or a cottage industry?
What products does it deal with? What does the industry produce?
Find out the nature of workforce in the industry. Are they skilled or unskilled workers?
Do the workers have any union? How is the relation between the management and workers?
Study the imports and exports detail of the industry.
How are their products marketed? What are the various means of advertising their products?
How are they financed?
Through all the above 11 questions, make a pattern through bar graphs, line graphs and various statistical methods to reflect the changes that have occurred in the industry.
Development and progress of the industry may be shown through pictures, reports from journals, magazines, brochures, questionnaire surveys, etc.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation

September 6, 2024September 5, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
When were the earliest factories in England set up?
(a) 1370s
(b) 1870s
(c) 1760s
(d) 1730s
Answer:
(d) 1730s

Question 2.
Who created the cotton mill in England?
(a) James Watt
(b) Richard Arkwright
(c) Henry Patullo
(d) Seth Hukumchand
Answer:
(b) Richard Arkwright

Question 3.
Who improved the steam engine produced by Newcomen?
(a) James Watt
(b) Richard Arkwright
(c) Mathew Boulton
(d) Dinshaw Petit
Answer:
(a) James Watt

Question 4.
Who devised the Spinning Jenny?
(a) Richard Arkwright
(b) James Watt
(c) James Hargreaves
(d) Newcomen
Answer:
(c) James Hargreaves

Question 5.
In which year was the Spinning Jenny designed?
(a) 1674
(b) 1764
(c) 1746
(d) 1647
Answer:
(b) 1764

Question 6.
Which city on the Gujarat coast connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea ports?
(a) Dwarka
(b) Bhavnagar
(c) Porbandar
(d) Surat
Answer:
(d) Surat

Question 7.
Which town on the Coromandel Coast had trade links with Southeast Asian ports?
(a) Surat
(b) Afghanistan
(c) Persia
(d) Masulipatam
Answer:
(d) Masulipatam

Question 8.
Which town in Bengal had trade links with Southeast Asian ports?
(a) Hoogly
(b) Porbandar
(c) Dwarka
(d) Mas’ulipatnam
Answer:
(a) Hoogly

Question 9.
When was the first cotton mill in Bombay set up?
(a) 1855
(b) 1854
(c) 1862
(d) 1874
Answer:
(b) 1854

Question 10.
In which year was the first jute mill in Bengal set up?
(a) 1854
(b) 1862
(c) 1855
(d) 1874
Answer:
(c) 1855

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is proto-industrialisation?
Answer:
Even before factories began to dot the landscape in England and Europe, there was a large-scale industrial production for an international market. This was not based on factories. Many historians now refer to this phase of industrialisation as proto-industrialisation.

Question 2.
What were trade guilds?
Answer:
Trade guilds were associations of producers that trained craftspeople, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices, and restricted the entry of new people into the trade.

Question 3.
Why did London come to be known as a finishing centre?
Answer:
The finishing of textiles was done in London before the export merchant sold the cloth in the international market. Therefore, it came to be known as a finishing centre.

Question 4.
How did inventions in the eighteenth century help in the production process?
Answer:
A series of inventions in the eighteenth century increased the efficacy of each step of the production process (carding, twisting and spinning, and rolling). They enhanced the output per worker, enabling each worker to produce more and they made possible the production of stronger threads and yam.

Question 5.
What were the most dynamic industries of Britain in the early nineteenth century?
Answer:
Cotton and metals were the most dynamic industries of Britain in the early nineteenth century.

Question 6.
What did the historians recognise the typical workers of mid-nineteenth century as?
Answer:
Historians increasingly recognised the typical workers of mid-nineteenth century as traditional craftsperson and labourer and not as a machine operator.

Question 7.
Why did the upper classes in Victorian Britain prefer things produced by hand?
Answer:
Handmade products came to symbolise refinement and class. They were better finished, individually produced, and carefully designed. Therefore, the aristocrats and bourgeoisie of Victorian Britain preferred things produced by hand.

Question 8.
What do you understand by seasonality of work?
Answer:
Seasonality of work in many industries meant prolonged periods without work. After the busy season was over, the poor were jobless again. Few returned to the countryside after the winter, when the demand for labour in the rural areas opened up in places. However, most of them searched for odd jobs, which till the mid-nineteenth century were difficult to find. *

Question 9.
What was Spinning Jenny?
Answer:
Spinning Jenny speeded up the spinning process, and reduced labour demand. By turning one single wheel a worker could set in motion a number of spindles and spin several threads at the same time.

Question 10.
Why did the number of workers employed in the transport industry double in the 1840s?
Answer:
The number of workers employed in the transport industry doubled in the 1840s because after the 1840s, building activity intensified in the cities, opening up greater opportunities of employment. Roads were widened, new railway stations came up, railway lines were extended, and tunnels dug, drainage and sewers laid, and rivers embanked.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why couldn’t the merchants expand their production within towns in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?
Answer:
The merchants could not expand their production within towns in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries because urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful. These were associations of producers that trained craftspeople, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices, and restricted the entry of new people into the trade. Rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products. It was therefore, difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns.

Question 2.
How did silk and cotton goods from India dominate the international market in textiles before the age of machine industries?
Answer:

Coarser cotton was produced in many countries, but India produced the finer varieties.
Armenian and Persian merchants took the goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, eastern Persia and Central Asia. Bales of fine textiles were carried on camel back via the north-west frontier, through mountain passes and across deserts.
A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports. Surat on the Gujarat coast connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports.
Masulipatam on the Coromandel Coast and Hoogly in Bengal had trade links with Southeast Asian ports.

Question 3.
How were the Indian merchants and bankers involved in the network of export trades?
Answer:

A variety of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in the network of export trade—financing production, carrying goods and supplying exporters.
Supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions. They gave advances to weavers, procured the woven cloth from weaving villages, and carried the supply to the ports.
At the port, the big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland.

Question 4.
Why did East India Company face hurdles in the 1760s to ensure a regular supply of goods from India for export?
Answer:

Before establishing political power in Bengal and Carnatic in the 1760s and 1770s, the East India Company had faced hurdles to ensure a regular supply of goods for export. .
The French, Dutch, Portuguese and local traders competed in the market to secure woven cloth. The weavers and supply merchants could bargain and tried selling the produce to the best buyer.
In their letters back to London, Company officials continuously complained of difficulties of supply and the high prices.

Question 5.
What was the new problem that the weavers faced by the 1860s?
Answer:
By the’4 860s, the weavers faced a new problem. They could not get sufficient supply of good quality raw cotton. With the outbreak of American Civil War, cotton supplies from the US were cut off. Britain turned to India for supply. As raw cotton exports from India increased, the price of cotton shot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at exorbitant prices. In this situation, weaving could not pay.

Question 6.
Explain the growth of factories in India.
Answer:

The first cotton mill in Bombay came up in 1854 and it went into production two years later.
By 1862 four mills were at work with 94,000 spindles and 2,150 looms.
In 1855, the first jute mill came up in Bengal and then seven years later, in 1862.
In north India, the Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur in the 1860s, and a year later the first cotton mill of Ahmedabad was set up.
By 1874, the first spinning and weaving mill of Madras began production.

Question 7.
Who were the early entrepreneurs in India? How did they amass capital to invest?
Answer:

In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore made his fortune in the China trade then he turned to industrial investment, setting up six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s.
In Bombay, Parsis like Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata- built huge industrial empires in India. They accumulated their initial wealth partly from exports to China, and partly from raw cotton shipments to England.
Seth Hukumchand- Marwari businessmen set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917, also traded with China so did the father & grandfather of the famous industrialist G.D. Birla.
Other trade networks- Some merchants accumulated Capital by trading from Madras with Burma, others had links with the Middle East and East Africa.

Question 8.
Who and how did they control a large sector of Indian industries till the First World War?
Answer:
Till the First World War, European Managing Agencies controlled a large sector of Indian industries. Three biggest ones were Bird Heighlers & Co., Andrew Yule, and Jardine Skinner & Co. These agencies mobilised capital, set up joint- stock companies and managed them. In most instances Indian financers provided the capital while the European Agencies made all investment and business decisions. The European merchant- industrialists had their own chambers of commerce which Indian businessmen were not allowed to join.

Question 9.
Describe the role of a jobber.
Answer:
Industrialists usually employed a jobber f to get new recruits. Very often the jobber was an old and trusted worker. He got people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in times of crisis. The jobber therefore, became a person with some authority and power. He began demanding money and gifts for his favour and controlling the lives of workers.

Question 10.
With the decline of Manchester imports into India, how did the Indian mills gain importance during First World War?
Answer:
With tie British mills occupied with wartime production to meet the requirements of the army, Manchester imports into India declined. Indian mills . suddenly had a vast home market to supply. As the war prolonged, Indian ! factories were called upon to supply war needs, such as jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and” mule saddles, and a host of other items. New factories were established and old ones ran multiple shifts. Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. Over the years industrial production boomed.

Question 11.
Why could not the British manufactur¬ers recapture its old position in the In¬dian market after the First World War?
Answer:
After the First World War, Manchester could never recapture its position in the Indian market. It was unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan. The economy of Britain crumbled after the war. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically. Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufacturers and capturing the home market.

Question 12.
What did the Manchester industrialists do to sell their cloth in India?
Answer:
When Manchester industrialists started selling their cloth in India, they labelled the cloth bundles. It was done to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company familiar to the buyer. It was also to be a mark of quality. When buyers saw ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ written in bold on the label, they were expected to feel confident about buying the cloth.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why in the eighteenth century England, the poor peasants and artisans began working for merchants?
Answer:

In the countryside, in the eighteenth century England, the poor peasants and artisans began working for the merchants because during this time the open fields were disappearing and commons were being enclosed.
Earlier the cottagers and poor peasants had depended on common lands for their survival, gathering their firewood, berries, vegetables, hay and straw. Now, they had to search for alternative sources of income.
Many had tiny plots of land which could not provide work to all members of the household.
When merchants offered advances to produce goods for them, the peasant households accepted. This enabled them to remain in the countryside and continue to cultivate their small plots.
Income from proto-industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation. It also allowed them a fuller use of their family labour resources.

Question 2.
Describe the close relationship that developed between the town and the countryside during the proto-industrial period.
Answer:

During the proto-industrial period, a close relationship developed between the town and the countryside. Though most of the work was done in the countryside, the merchants were based in towns.
A merchant clothier in England purchased wool from a wool stapler and carried it to the spinners; the yam (thread) that was spun was taken in subsequent stages of production to weavers, fullers, and then to dyers.
The finishing was done in London before the export merchant sold the cloth in the international market.
The proto-industrial system was a part of a network of commercial exchanges.
It was controlled by merchants and the goods were produced by a vast number of producers working within their family farms, not in factories.

Question 3.
Does industrialisation mean only the growth of factory industries? Discuss.
Answer:
(i) Cotton and metals were the most dynamic industries in Britain. Growing . at a rapid pace, cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation up to the 1840s. The demand of iron and steel increased rapidly when there was expansion of railways in England from the 1840s and in the colonies from the 1860s.

(ii) Even at the end of the nineteenth century, less than 20 per cent of the total workforce was employed in technologically advanced industrial sectors. Textiles was a dynamic sector but a large proportion of the output was produced not within factories, but outside, within domestic units.

(iii) Steam-powered cotton or metal industries did not bring about change in the ‘traditional’ industries. But they did not remain stagnant. Ordinary and small innovations were the basis of growth in many non-mechanised sectors, such as food processing, building, pottery, glass work, tanning, furniture making, and production of implements.

(iv) Technological changes did not spread dramatically across the industrial landscape. It was expensive and merchants and industrialists were cautious about using it because repair was costly.

Question 4.
The abundance of labour in the market affected the lives of workers. Explain this with reference to nineteenth century England.
Answer:
The abundance of labour in the market affected the lives of workers in many ways:
(i) The actual possibility of getting a job depended on existing networks of friendship and kin relations. Many jobseekers had to wait for weeks, spend nights under bridges or in night shelters. Some had to stay at Night Refuges that were set up by private individuals; others went to the Casual Wards maintained by the Poor Law authorities.

(ii) Seasonality of work in many industries meant prolonged periods without work. While few returned to the countryside after the winter season when labour was in demand, others looked for odd jobs, which till the mid-nineteenth century was very difficult to find.

(iii) The fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the introduction of new technology.

Question 5.
How did East India Company try to establish control over trade in India?
Answer:

The European companies gradually gained power first securing a variety of concessions from local courts, then the monopoly rights to trade. This resulted in a decline of the old ports of Surat and Hoogly through which local merchants had operated.
Exports from these ports fell dramatically, the credit that had financed the earlier trade began drying up, and the local bankers slowly went bankrupt.
As Surat and Hoogly decayed, Bombay -and Calcutta grew. The shift from the old ports to the new ports indicated the growth of colonial power.
Trade through the new ports came to be controlled by European companies, and was tarried in European ships.
While many of the trading houses collapsed, those who wanted to survive had to now operate within a network shaped by ftie European trading companies.

Question 6.
In the twentieth century, handloom cloth production expanded steadily: almost trebling between 1900 and 1940 in India. How did this happen?
Answer:

Handloom cloth production expanded steadily; almost trebling between 1900 and 1940 partly because of technological . changes.
Handicrafts people adopted new technology if it helped them improve production without excessively pushing up costs.
By the second decade of the twentieth century, weavers used looms with a fly shuttle. This increased productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand.
By 1941, over 35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles. In regions, such as Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin and Bengal, the proportion was 70 to 80 per cent.
There were several other small innovations that helped weavers improve their productivity and compete with the mill sector.

Activity Based Questions

Question 1.
Read the clues and solve the crossword puzzle:
Across

A paid servant called to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth
An Indian soldier in the service of the British
The process in which fibres, such as cotton or wool, are prepared prior to spinning
A person who ‘staples’ or sorts wood according to its fibre
It is a mechanical device used for weaving, moved by ropes and pullies

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Forest and Wildlife Resources

September 6, 2024September 5, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Forest and Wildlife Resources

JAC Class 10th Geography Forest and Wildlife Resources Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below.
(i) Which of these statements is not a valid reason for the depletion of flora and fauna?
(a) Agricultural expansion.
(b) Large scale developmental projects.
(c) Grazing and fuel wood collection.
(d) Rapid industrialisation and urbanisation.
Answer:
(c) Grazing and fuel wood collection.

(ii) Which of the following conservation strategies do not directly involve community participation?
(a) Joint Forest Management
(b) Chipko Movement
(c) Beej Bachao Andolan
(d) Demarcation ofWildlife Sanctuaries
Answer:
(d) Demarcation ofWildlife Sanctuaries

Question 2.
Match the following animals with their category of existence.

Animals/Plants	Category of existence
Black buck	Extinct
Asiatic elephant	Rare
Andaman wild pig	Endangered
Himalayan brown bear	Vulnerable
Pink head duck	Endemic

Answer:

Animals/Plants	Category of existence
Black buck	Endangered
Asiatic elephant	Vulnerable
Andaman wild pig	Endemic
Himalayan brown bear	Rare
Pink head duck	Extinct

Question 3.
Match the following.

Reserved	other forests and wastelands’ belonging to both government and private individuals and communities.
Protected forests	forests are regarded as most valuable as far as the conservation of forest and wildlife resources.
Unclassed, forests	forest lands are protected from any further depletion.

Answer:

Reserved	forests are regarded as’ most valuable as far as the conservation of forest and wildlife resources.
Protected forests	forest lands are protected from any further depletion.
Unclassed forests	other forests and wastelands belonging to both government and private individuals and communities.

Question 4.
Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
(a) What is biodiversity? Why is biodiversity important for human lives?
(b) How have human activities affected the depletion of flora and fauna? Explain.
Answer:
(a) Biodiversity is immensely rich in wildlife and cultivated species, diverse in form and function, but closely integrated in a system through multiple networks of interdependencies. Biodiversity is important for humans because human beings, with biodiversity, form a complete ecological system in which we are a part and are dependent on this system for our own existence.

(b) Following human activities affected the depletion of flora and fauna:

Habitat destruction, hunting, poaching, over-exploitation, environmental pollution, poisoning and forest fires.
Unequal access, inequitable consumption of resources and differential sharing of responsibility for environmental well-being.
Grazing and fuel-wood collection.
Use valuable forest products, minerals and other resources that meet the demands of the rapidly expanding industrial-urban economy.
Large-scale development projects.
Mining is another important factor behind deforestation. The Buxa Tiger Reserve in West Bengal is seriously threatened by the ongoing dolomite mining. It has disturbed the natural habitat of many species and blocked the migration route of several others, including the great Indian elephant.
The major threat to tiger population by poaching for trade, shrinking habitat, depletion of prey base species, growing human population, etc. The trade of tiger skins and the use of their bones in traditional medicines.

Question 5.
Answer the following questions in about 120 words.
(a) Describe how communities have conserved and protected forests and wildlife in India?
(b) Write a note on good practices towards conserving forest and wildlife.
Answer:
(a) Role of Community (local people) in Conserving Forest and Wildlife:
Community or local people are very helpful in conserving biodiversity i.e. plants and animals. Many communities live in the forest. Forest is home of many traditional people. In Rajasthan, local people came forward to stop mining activities to protect Sariska Tiger Reserve.

People of five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have declared 1200 hectares of land as ‘Bhairodev Dakav Sonchuri’ in which hunting is not allowed. In Jharkhand, Munda tribe worship Mahua and Kadamba trees and they protect them.

Famous Chipko Movement in Himalayas was started by local community only. Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya have produced crops without the use of synthetic chemicals. Joint Forest Management [JFM] started in Odisha is good method of involving local community in management and restoration of degraded forest.

(b) According to the state of forest report (2015), the dense forest cover has increased by 3,775 sq km since 2013.

(i) This apparent increase in the forest cover is due to conservation measures, management interventions and plantation, etc., by different agencies.

(ii) The Indian wildlife (Protection) Act was implemented in 1972, with various provisions for protecting habitats.

(iii) An all India list of protected species ‘ was also published. The thrust of the
programme was towards protecting the remaining population of certain endangered species.

(iv) Central and many state governments established national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.

(v) The central government announced several projects for protecting specific animals, which were gravely threatened, including the tiger, the one-horned rhinoceros, the Kashmir stag or hangul, three types of crocodiles etc.

(vi) Most recently, the Indian elephant, black buck (chinkara), the great Indian bustard (godawan) and the snow leopard, etc. have been full or partial legal protection against hunting and trade throughout India.

(vii) Under Wildlife Act of 1980 and 1986, several hundred butterflies, moths, beetles, and one dragonfly have been added to the list of protected species. In 1991, for the first time plants were also added to the list, starting with six species.

(viii) In Some areas of India, local communities are struggling to conserve these habitats along with government officials like Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, Bhairodev Dakav ‘Sonchuri’, Chipko movement, the Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya, joint forest management (JFM) etc.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 2 Forest and Wildlife Resources

September 6, 2024September 5, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 2 Forest and Wildlife Resources

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Buxa Tiger Reserve is seriously threatened by the mining of?
(a) Iron
(b) Coal
(c) Bauxite
(d) Dolomite
Answer:
(d) Dolomite

Question 2.
Which of the following plays a key role in the ecological system?
(a) Rocks
(b) Roads
(c) Forests
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Forests

Question 3.
Which one among the following are not a part of the complex web of ecological system?
(a) Plants
(b) Animals
(c) Computers
(d) Humans
Answer:
(c) Computers

Question 4.
Biodiversity is very important for which of the following creatures?
(a) Plants
(b) Earthworms
(c) Humans
(d) Aliens
Answer:
(c) Humans

Question 5.
What percentage of India’s wild flora and mammals are on the threatened list?
(a) 10 percent of recorded wild flora and 20 percent of mammals
(b) 20 percent of recorded wild flora and 10 percent of mammals
(c) 10 percent of cultivated species of flora and 20 percent animals
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) 10 percent of recorded wild flora and 20 percent of mammals

Question 6.
Which of the following birds do not fall in the category of ‘critical’ species?
(a) Pink-headed duck
(b) Peacock
(c) Mountain quail
(d) Forest-spotted owl
Answer:
(b) Peacock

Question 7.
Which of the following is a species of grass categorised as a ‘critical’ species among the threatened list of flora and fauna?
(a) Taxus
(b) Tamarindus indica
(c) Hubbardia heptaneuron
(d) Mangifera indica
Answer:
(c) Hubbardia heptaneuron

Question 8.
Determining the different categories of existing plants and animal species are based on which of the following agencies?
(a) The State Forest Department
(b) International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).
(c) Forest Survey of India
(d) Earth Summit
Answer:
(b) International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name any one species in India which is already extinct.
Answer:
Asiatic cheetah is already extinct in India.

Question 2.
How are various species interdependent in the ecosystem?
Answer:
The plants, animals and micro-organisms recreate the quality of the air we breathe, the water we drink and the soil that produces our food without which we cannot survive.

Question 3.
What is the role of forests in ecological system?
Answer:
Forests plays a key role in the ecological system as these are also the primary producers on which all other living beings depend.

Question 4.
Which are endangered species?
Answer:
The cheetah, pink-headed duck, mountain quail, forest spotted owlet and plants like mahua and hubbardia are all at the verge of extinction. The survival of such species is difficult if the negative factors that have led to a decline in their population continue to operate.

Question 5.
How is colonial period to be blamed for depletion of forest?
Answer:
The greatest damage inflicted on Indian forests was during the colonial period due to the expansion of the railways, agriculture, and commercial and scientific forestry and mining activities.

Question 6.
What are the main causes of environ-mental destruction?
Answer:
Important causes of environmental destruction are unequal access, inequitable consumption of resources and differential sharing of responsibility for environmental well-being.

Question 7.
How are animal and plant life catego-rized?
Answer:
Animal and plant life can be categorized as follows: Normal Species, Endangered Species, Vulnerable Species, Rare Species, Endemic Species, Extinct Species.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes in Hindi & English Jharkhand Board

September 5, 2024September 4, 2024 by Bhagya

JAC Jharkhand Board Class 10th Social Science Notes in Hindi & English Medium

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Notes in English Medium

Jharkhand Board Class 10th History Notes

Jharkhand Board Class 10th Geography Notes

Jharkhand Board Class 10th Civics Notes

Jharkhand Board Class 10th Economics Notes

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions in Hindi Medium

JAC Board Class 10th History Notes in Hindi

JAC Board Class 10th Geography Notes in Hindi

JAC Board Class 10th Civics Notes in Hindi

JAC Board Class 10th Economics Notes in Hindi

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions in Hindi & English Jharkhand Board

September 5, 2024September 4, 2024 by Bhagya

JAC Jharkhand Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions in Hindi & English Medium

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions in English Medium

Jharkhand Board Class 10th Social Science History: India and The Contemporary World – II

Jharkhand Board Class 10th Social Science Geography: Contemporary India – II

Jharkhand Board Class 10th Social Science Civics: Democratic Politics – II

Jharkhand Board Class 10th Social Science Economics: Understanding Economic Development

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions in Hindi Medium

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science History: India and The Contemporary World – II (इतिहास : भारत और समकालीन विश्व-II)

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Geography: Contemporary India – II (भूगोल : समकालीन भारत-II)

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Civics: Democratic Politics – II (राजनीति विज्ञान : लोकतांत्रिक राजनीति-II)

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Economics (अर्थशास्त्र : आर्थिक विकास की समझ)

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 8 Confronting Marginalisation

September 5, 2024September 4, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 8 Confronting Marginalisation

JAC Class 8th Civics Confronting Marginalisation InText Questions and Answers

Page 97

Question 1.
State one reason why you think reservations play an important role in providing social justice to Dalits and Adivasis?
Answer:
Reservations plays an important role in providing social justice to Dalits and Adivasis because it creates special opportunities for them to come up in the same level as of the mainstream of the soeicty

Question 2.
Complete the table.

List of schemes	What is this scheme about?	How do you think it will help promote social justice?
Scholarships for students	It’s about the financial support to weaker and underprivileged sections of the society such as SCs and STs.	It will help them to get education and will bring them equal to others.
Special police stations	Police stations specially for SCs and STs.	The cases will be solved faster.
Special schemes for girls in government schools	Free education and scholarships for girls.	It will help to enroll more girls students for education.

Page 99

Question 3.
In your opinion does the force put on Rathnam to perform this ritual violate his Fundamental Rights?
Answer:
Yes, it violates Rathnam’s Fundamental Rights.

Question 4.
Why do you think the Dalit families were afraid of angering the powerful castes?
Answer:
The Dalit families were afraid of angering the powerful castes because they would be perished and won’t get work as well.

Page 100

Question 5.
Can you list two different provisions in the 1989 Act?
Answer:
Two different provisions in the 1989 Act are as follows:

To occupy Dalit and Adivasis’s land forcefully and wrongfully.
No forced displacement.

Question 6.
Look up the glossary and write in your own words what you understand by the term ‘morally reprehensible’.
Answer:
Any act which violates the norms and rules of dignity and decency and which goes against the values that society has accepted is termed as ‘morally reprehensible’.

Page 101

Question 7.
What do you understand by manual scavenging?
Answer:
Manual scavenging means the practice of removing human and animal waste or excreta using brooms, tin plates and baskets from dry latrines and carry these waste on their head to the disposal grounds.

Page 101

Question 8.
Re-read the list of Fundamental Rights provided on page 14 and list two rights that this practice violates?
Answer:
Two Rights that the practice of manual scavenging violates are as follows:

Right to Freedom
Right to Equality.

Question 9.
Why did the Safai Karamchari Andolan tile a PIL in 2003’? What did they complain about in their petition?
Answer:
The Safai Karamchari Andolan file a PI L in 2003 for the purpose to get manual scavenging banned. In their petition, they complained that manual scavenging still existed and it is happening in government undertakings as well such as railways. They want enforcement of their Fundamental Rights.

Question 10.
What did the Supreme Court do on hearing their case in 2005?
Answer:
The Supreme Court directed every department of the union government and state governments to verify the facts within 6 months after hearing the case in 2005. If it was found to exist, then the government department has to actively take up a time bound programme for their rehabilitation.

JAC Class 8th Civics Confronting Marginalisation Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
List two Fundamental Rights in the Constitution that Dalits can draw upon to insist that they be treated with dignity and as equals. Re-read the Fundamental Rights listed on page 14 to help you answer this question.
Answer:
The fundamental rights in the Constitution that Dalits can draw upon to insist that they be treated with dignity and as equals are as follows:

Right to Equality:
All persons are equal before the law. No one can be discriminated on the basis of religion, race, caste, gender or place of birth.
Right against Exploitation:
It prohibits all forms of forced labour, child labour and trafficking of human beings.

Question 2.
Re-read the story on Rathnam as well as the provisions of the 1989 Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act. Now list one reason why you think he used this law to file a complaint.
Answer:
The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes Prevention of Atrocities Act, 1989 seeks to punish those who humiliate or ill-treat the member of dalit or tribal groups. To seek protection against the domination and violence of the powerful castes in the village, Rathnam sought the support of law, filing his complaint under the above Act.

Question 3.
Why do Adivasi activists, including C.K. Janu, believe that Adivasis can also use this 1989 Act to fight against dispossession? Is there anything specific in the provisions of the Act that allows her to believe this?
Answer:
The Adivasi activists, including C.K. Janu, believe that Adivasis can use the 1989 Act to fight against dispossession because this Act guarantees the tribals not to be dispossessed from their land and resources forcibly. This Act confirms that the land owned by any tribal people cannot be sold to or bought by non-tribal people. If this happens, the Constitution guarantees the right of the tribal people to repossess their land.

Question 4.
The poems and the song in this Unit allow you to see the range of ways in which individuals and communities express their opinions, their anger and their sorrow. In class, do the following two exercises:
(a) Bring to class a poem that discusses a social issue. Share this with your classmates. Work in small groups with two or more poems to discuss their meaning as well as what the poet is trying to communicate.
(b) Identify a marginalised community in your locality. Write a poem, or song, or draw a poster, etc., to express your feelings as a member of this community.
Answer:
(a) It’s a classroom activity.
(b) Students need to do it on their own.

JAC Class 8th Civics Confronting Marginalisation Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Marginalised groups insist the government to enforce which of the following thing/s, so they can enjoy rights equally?
(a) Laws
(b) Religion
(c) Compulsory education
(d) All of these
Answer:
(a) Laws

Question 2.
………. of the Indian Constitution states that untouchability has been abolished.
(a) Article 11
(b) Article 13
(c) Article 21
(d) Article 17
Answer:
(d) Article 17

Question 3.
Article 17 of the Constitution states that untouchability has been abolished. It means that:
(a) It is wrong to practise untouchability and that this practice will not be tolerated by a democratic government.
(b) No one can henceforth prevent Dalits from educating themselves, entering temples, using public facilities etc.
(c) Untouchability is a punishable crime now.
(d) Both b and c.
Answer:
(b) No one can henceforth prevent Dalits from educating themselves, entering temples, using public facilities etc.

Question 4.
One of the schemes that government implementation in tribal areas or in areas that have a high Dalit population is:
(a) Free or subsidised hostels for students of Dalit and Adivasi communities.
(b) Free or subsidised car for students of Dalit and Adivasi communities.
(c) Free or subsidised air conditioner for students of Dalit and Adivasi communities.
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Free or subsidised hostels for students of Dalit and Adivasi communities.

Question 5.
Which of the following way/s the reservation policy work?
(a) Government across the country have their own list of SCs or Dalits, STs and backward and most backward castes.
(b) For admission to colleges, especially to institutes of professional education, such as medical colleges, governments define a set of ‘cut-off’ marks.
(c) Students applying to educational institutions and those applying for posts in government are expected to furnish proof of their caste or tribe status in the form of caste and tribe certificates.
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 6.
In addition to policies our country also has specific laws that guard against the discrimination and exploitation of marginalised communities. The Act is
(a) The Adivasi and Dalits Act 1988
(b) The Adivasi and the Scheduled Castes Act 1990
(c) The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989

Question 7.
The names of the manual scavengers in different parts of India is/are
(a) Bhangis in Gujarat
(b) Sikkaliars in Tamil Nadu
(c) Pakhis in Andhra Pradesh
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 8.
The Central Government passed the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Act in the year
(a) 2005
(b) 2008
(c) 2009
(d) 2010
Answer:
(c) 2009

Question 9.
Dalit means:
(a) To highlight the discrimination of wealth.
(b) Too highlight the discrimination of caste.
(c) To highlight the discrimination of gender.
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Too highlight the discrimination of caste.

Question 10.
The term ‘Assertive’ means:
(a) Those who never express themselves.
(b) Those who oppose every concept.
(c) Those who express themselves strongly.
(d) Both b and c
Answer:
(a) Those who never express themselves.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
The force is put on Ratham to perform the ritual of washing the feet of the priest and then bathing in that water’. Which fundamental right is being violated in the case?
Answer:
The Fundamental Right which is being violated is Right to Freedom.

Question 2.
What do you mean by the ‘Reservation Policy’?
Answer:
Reservation Policy is the policy which reserve seats in education and government employment for Dalits and Adivasis.

Question 3.
What did the marginal groups rely on to protect themselves from continued exploitation by other groups?
Answer:
Marginal groups relied on Constitution to protect themselves from continued exploitation by other groups.

Question 4.
How have the marginalised communities drawn on the fundamental rights?
Answer:
The marginalised communities have drawn on these rights in two ways: First, by insisting on their Fundamental Rights, they have forced the government to recognise the injustice done to them. Second, they have insisted that the government enforce these laws.

Question 5.
To which caste did the Bhakti poet Chokhamela from fourteenth century Maharashtra belong?
Answer:
The Bhakti poet Chokhamela from fourteenth century Maharashtra belonged to the Mahar caste, which was at that time considered untouchable.

Question 6.
W ho is questioning the idea of purity and arguing that since every human is born in the same manner, there is nothing that makes one body less or more pure than the other?
Answer:
Soyrabai, the wife of Bhakti poet, Chokhamela is questioning the idea of purity and arguing that since every human is bom in the same manner, there is nothing that makes one body less or more pure than the other.

Question 7.
Who was Kabir?
Answer:
Kabir was a fifteenth century poet and weaver who also belonged to the Bhakti tradition.

Question 8.
How many people are working as manual scavengers in government and private sectors?
Answer:
There are one lakh persons from Dalit communities who continue to be employed in this job in the country and who work in 26 lakh private and community dry latrines managed by municipalities.

Question 9.
In the year 1993, which Act was passed?
Answer:
In the year 1993, the government passed the Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act.

Question 10.
What does the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act means?
Answer:
The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act meant to undo the historical injustices meted out to forest dwelling populations in not recognising their rights to land and resources.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In what manner government tried to eradicate manual scavenging?
Answer:
In 1993, the government passed the Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act. This law prohibits the employment of manual scavengers as well as the construction of dry latrines.

Question 2.
Discuss in brief the 1989 Act made in context to Adivasi demands.
Answer:
The 1989 Act confirms what has already been promised to tribal people in the Constitution, that land belonging to tribal people cannot be sold to or bought by non-tribal people. In cases where this has happened, the Constitution guarantees the right of tribal people to re-possess their land.

Question 3.
What is manual scavenging? How is it harmful for people who practice it?
Answer:
Manual scavenging refers to the practice of removing human and animal waste/ excreta using brooms, tin plates and baskets from dry latrines and carrying it on the head to disposal grounds some distance away. Manual scavengers are exposed to subhuman conditions of work and face serious health problems. They are constantly exposed to infections that affect their eyes, skin, respiratory and gastro-intestinal systems.

Question 4.
Explain in brief the reservation policy.
Answer:
The laws which reserve seats in education and government employment for Dalits and Adivasis are based on an important argument that in a society like ours, where for centuries sections of the population have been denied opportunities to learn and to work in order to develop new skills or vocations, a democratic government needs to step in and assist these sections.

Question 5.
Express the ideas of C.K. Janu, an Adivasi activist on violation of constitutional rights by the government of various Indian states.
Answer:
C.K. Janu, an Adivasi activist has pointed out that one of the violators of Constitutional rights guaranteed to tribal people are governments in the various states of India. It is they who allow non- tribal encroachers in the form of timber merchants, paper mills, etc., to exploit tribal land and to forcibly evict tribal people from their traditional forests in the process of declaring forests as reserved or as sanctuaries. She has also said that in cases where tribals and adivasis have already been evicted and cannot go back to their lands, they must be compensated.

Question 6.
In which way the reservation policy work?
Answer:
Governments across India have their own list of Scheduled Castes or Dalits, Scheduled Tribes and backward and most backward castes. The central government too has its list. Students applying to educational institutions and those applying for posts in government are expected to furnish proof of their caste or tribe status, in the form of caste and tribe certificates. If a particular Dalit caste or a certain tribe is on the government list, then a candidate from that caste or tribe can avail of the benefit of reservation.

Question 7.
Mention the important features of Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006.
Answer:
The important features of Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 are as follows:

It meant to undo the historical injustices meted out to forest dwelling populations in not recognising their rights to land and resources.
This Act recognises their right to homestead cultivable and grazing land and to non-timber forest produce.
The Act also points out that the rights of forest dwellers includes conservation of forests and bio-diversity.

Question 8.
Dalits asserted themselves. How?
Answer:
Dalits asserted themselves in the following ways:

During 1970s and 1980s, in parts of southern India, a number of assertive Dalit groups came into being and asserted their rights. They refused to perform their so-called caste duties and insisted on being treated equally.
These groups demanded new laws that would list the various sorts of violence against dalits and prescribe stringent punishment for those who indulge in them.
Throughout the 1970s and 1980s Adivasi people successfully organised themselves and demanded equal rights and for their land and resources to be returned to them.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Discuss few crimes listed in Prevention of Atrocities Act, 1989.
Answer:
Few crimes which are listed in Prevention of Atrocities Act, 1989 are as follows:
(i) Firstly, it lists modes of humiliation that are both physically horrific and morally reprehensible and seeks to punish those who:

force a member of a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe to drink or eat any inedible or obnoxious substance.
forcibly removes clothes from the person of a member of a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe or parades him or her naked or with painted face or body or commits any similar act which is derogatory to human dignity.

(ii) Secondly, it lists actions that dispossess Dalits and Adivasis of their meagre resources or which force them into performing slave labour. Thus, the Act sets out to punish anyone who wrongfully occupies or cultivates any land owned by, or allotted to, a member of a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe or get the land allotted to him transferred.

(iii) At another level, the Act recognises that crimes against Dalit and tribal women are of a specific kind and, therefore, seeks to penalise anyone who assaults or uses force on an woman belonging to a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe with intent to dishonour her.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 7 Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication

September 6, 2024September 4, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 7 Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication

JAC Class 7th Geography Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication InText Questions and Answers

Page 49

Question 1.
Where do you find dwellings made of ice? Who makes them and what are they called?
Answer:
In tundra region, we find dwellings made of ice. Eskimos makes them and they are called as igloos.

Question 2.
List the different modes of transport used by the students of your class while coming to school.
Answer:
The different modes of transport used by the students of the class while coming to school are buses, vans, cars, public transport and bicycles. Also some of them come by foot.

Page 51

Question 3.
Can you name some more ports of the world?
Answer:
Some more ports of the world are Shanghai and Shenzhen in China, Busan in South Korea, Hamburg in Germany, Valencia in Spain, Colon in Panama, etc.

Page 52

Question 4.
Find out the names of some newspapers and TV news channels in English, Hindi and a regional language.
Answer:
The names of some newspapers and TV news channels in English, Hindi and a regional language are Newspapers
English:
The Times of India, The Hindu, The Statesman, The Hindustan Times. Hindi: Navbharat Times, Dainik Jagran, Hindustan

Bangla:
Anandabazar; Gujarati: Divya Bhaskar TV News Channels English: CNN, IBN, Times Now Hindi: Aaj Tak, Zee News, DD News

Bangla: Star Jalsha News

JAC Class 7th Geography Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions.
(i) What are the four means of transport?
Answer:
The four means of transport are

Roadways
Railways
Waterways
Airways

(ii) What do you understand by the term ‘settlement’?
Answer:
The term ‘settlement’ means a place where people build their homes to live in.

(iii) Which are the activities practised by the rural people?
Answer:
The activities which are practiced by the rural people are farming, fishing, forestry, craftwork, trading, extracting and collecting.

(iv) Mention any two merits of railways.
Answer:
Two merits of railways are:

Carry heavy goods in bulk
Carry people to long distances very quickly and at low cost.

(v) What do you understand by communication ?
Answer:
A process by which we convey our messages to other people is known as communication.

(vi) What is mass media?
Answer: Mass media consists of newspaper, television and radio. Due to mass media we can communicate with number of people through this.

Tick (√) the correct answer.

Question 2.
(i) Which is NOT a means of communication?
(a) Telephone
(b) Books
(c) Table
Answer:
(c) Table

(ii) Which type of road is constructed under the ground?
(a) Fly over
(b) Expressways
(c) Subways
Answer:
(c) Subways

(iii) Which mode of transport is most suitable to reach an island?
(a) Ship
(b) Train
(c) Car
Answer:
(a) Ship

(iv) Which vehicle does not pollute the environment?
(a) Cycle
(b) Bus
(c) Aeroplane
Answer:
(a) Cycle

Question 3.
Match the following.

(i) Internet	(e) areas where people are engaged in manufacturing, trade and services
(ii) Canal route	(d) closely built area of houses
(iii) Urban areas	(c) houses on stilts
(iv) Compact settlement	(d) inland waterway
	(e) a means of communication

Answer:

(i) Internet	(d) a means of communication
(ii) Canal route	(c) inland waterway
(iii) Urban areas	(a) areas where people are engaged in manufacturing, trade and services
(iv) Compact settlement	(b) closely built area ofhouses

Question 4.
Give reasons. Today’s world is shrinking.
Answer:
Information is available at any place or area from any region of the world due to modem technology. With the development and progress of communication and technology, the world has shrinked. Radio, newspaper, television had brought the world closer to each other. World has even come closer due to internet and cellular phones. Hence, we can say that today’s world is shrinking:

(For Fun)

Question 5.
(i) Conduct a survey in your locality and find out how people commute to their respective workplaces using –
(a) more than two modes of transport
(b) more than three modes of transport
(c) stay within walking distance,

(ii) Mention which mode of communication you will prefer most in the following situations –
(a) Your grandfather has suddenly fallen ill. How will you inform the doctor?
(b) Your mother wants to sell the old house. How will she spread this news?
(c) You are going to attend the marriage of your cousin for which you will be absent from the school for the next two days. How will you inform the teacher?
(d) Your friend has moved out with his/her family to New York. How will you keep in touch on a daily basis?
Answer:
(i) (a) auto-rickshaw, metro and on foot
(b) metro, bus, rickshaw and on foot
(c) on foot

(ii) (a) Inform the doctor through telephone or cell phone.
(b) Will spread the news through newspaper and internet.
(c) Will send an application on leave to the teacher.
(d) Will keep in touch through internet or telephone.

JAC Class 7th Geography Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Igloos are made by
(a) Eskimos
(b) Shepherds
(c) Farmers
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Eskimos

Question 2.
In Asia, Indian railways is the . network.
(a) smallest
(b) slowest
(c) largest
(d) fastest
Answer:
(c) largest

Question 3.
The ports in Europe are
(a) Singapore and Mumbai
(b) Rotterdam and London
(c) New York and London
(d) Los Angeles and Rotterdam
Answer:
(b) Rotterdam and London

Question 4.
The inland waterways are
(a) The Nile river in Africa
(b) The Great Lakes in North America
(c) The Ganga- Brahmaputra river system
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 5.
To communicate with large number of people, we use the mode/s of communication.
(a) television
(b) radio
(c) newspaper
(d) all of these
Answer:
(d) all of these

Question 6.
The cheapest mode of transport is/are
(a) Waterways
(b) Roadways
(c) Airways
(d) Railways
Answer:
(a) Waterways

Question 7.
Roads built above the ground are called as
(a) Bridges
(b) Flyovers
(c) Subways
(d) Canals
Answer:
(b) Flyovers

Question 8.
The traditional train engines are nowadays replaced by electric and diesel ones. Those are
(a) air-powered
(b) magnetic
(c) steam
(d) hydro-powered
Answer:
(c) steam

Question 9.
Air traffic is mainly affected by
(a) floods
(b) fog and storms
(c) drought
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) fog and storms

Question 10.
The type of houses which are less likely to find in cities are
(a) huts
(b) bunglows
(c) slums
(d) flats
Answer:
(a) huts

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by the term ‘site’?
Answer:
Site is the place where a building or a settlement develops.

Question 2.
Name the cities which are connected by the Golden Quadrilateral.
Answer:
Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata are connected by the Golden Quadrilateral.

Question 3.
How human settlements became larger and larger?
Answer:
Human settlements became larger andlarger with the development of trade, commerce and manufacturing.

Question 4.
In places of hot climate, which types of house are commonly found?
Answer:
In areas of hot climate, thick mud walled houses with thatched roofs are commonly found.

Question 5.
What type of transport is used for short distance?
Answer:
The means of transport used for short distances are roads.

Question 6.
Define Transhumance.
Answer:
A seasonal movement of people is known as transhumance. According to changes in seasons, people who rear animals move in search of new pastures.

Question 7.
What do you mean by wet point settlement?
Answer:
Wet point settlement is the settlement growing around water areas.

Question 8.
What are the three ways of inland waterways?
Answer:
The three ways of inland waterways are river, lake and canals.

Question 9.
What are the modern means of communication?
Answer:
The modem means of communication are email, cellular phones, fax, computers.

Question 10.
When and where the first rail route came into started in India?
Answer:
In 1853, the first rail route came into started between Mumbai and Thane.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Differentiate between compact and scattered settlement.
Answer:

Compact Settlement	Scattered Settlement
• A closely built area of dwelling where flat land is available is known as compact settlement.	• The area where houses are spread over an extensive area is known as scattered settlement.
• This type of settlement is found near river valleys and fertile plain.	• This type of . settlement is found in hilly regions, thick … forests and in extreme climatic conditions.

Question 2.
What are the natural conditions for selection of a site?
Answer:
The natural conditions for selection of a site are as follows:

Convenient climate
Fertile soil
Fertile and suitable land
Good availability of water

Question 3.
Mention the merits of airways.
Answer:
The merits of airways are as follows:

It is the only means of transport to reach the most distant and remote
areas where no roads or railways can reach.
Helicopters are also very useful in most accessible places and in time of disasters and tragedies such as to rescue people, distribution of medicines, food, useful things.

Question 4.
Why it become necessary to build a permanent house?
Answer:
Human beings in early days lived on trees and in caves. When they started to grow crops it became very necessary to have a permanent house.

Question 5.
What changes made transport easier and uncomplicated?
Answer:
Transport was made easier by invention of the wheel. With the transit of time various mode of transport developed but even today people use animals for transport. Airplanes have made travel faster. New and modem means of transport hence saves time and energy.

Question 6.
Differentiate between Communication and Transport.
Answer:

• It conveys the messages and news from one place to another such as telephone service; postal service.	• It transfers goods and helps for transportation of human beings and other living beings from one place to another such as roadways, railways.
• Modes of communication are television, radio, cellular phone.	• Modes of transport are airplanes, ships, train, bus, cars, etc.
• In early days, bullock carts, donkeys, camels L were used.	• In early days, modes of transport was used as communication.

Question 7:
Differentiate between State Highways and National Highways.
Answer:

State Highways	National Highways
• The state capitals which are joined with big cities within a state are known as state highways.	• The state capitals which are joined with other state capitals are known as national highways.
• They are limited within the states.	• They cross many states within the country.
• Total length of the state highways in India is about 3,81,000 km.	• Total length of the national highways in India is about 1,15,435 km.

Question 8.
Satellites had proved themselves very useful for the mankind. How?
Answer:
Satellites had proved themselves very useful for the mankind as they have helped in detecting mineral wealth, underground water, weather forecast, oil exploration, forest survey.

Question 9.
Which is the longest railway system in the world?
Answer:
The Trans-Siberian Railway is the longest railway system which connects St. Petersburg in Western Russia to Vladivostok on the Pacific coast.

Question 10.
In which places, the railway network are well developed?
Answer:
The railway network are well developed in the plain and flat places.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the two types of waterways? Explain.
Answer:
Waterways are the cheapest means of transport for carrying heavy and especially where there are no roads and railways. Helicopters are useful in most inaccessible areas and in times of disasters and tragedies.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 3 How the State Government Works

September 5, 2024September 4, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 3 How the State Government Works

JAC Class 7th Civics How the State Government Works InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is happening in Patalpuram?
Answer:
Patalpuram is facing a problem of severe water crisis. People are drinking unclean water as they have no other choice. Hence, they are becoming ill and having diarrhoea. Children are the most affected in this situation.

Question 2.
Why is this problem serious?
Answer:
This problem is serious because a large number of people are facing the problem of serious and acute diarrhoea and many people died from this disease as well. Thus, it is important to take necessary steps to bring the situation under control immediately.

Question 3.
What action do you think can be taken in the above situation and who do you think should take this action? Discuss.
Answer:
Clean drinking water should be supplied to the people of Patalpuram. The MLA and the government should be responsible enough to take this action.

Page 32

Question 4.
Discuss the following terms with your teacher public meeting, States in India, constituency, majority, ruling party and opposition.
Answer:
Public meeting :
Public meetings are the assembly of general people in which they are made to know about the current problems faced by the people in general. States

In India:
India is divided into many units and parts with well defined boundaries. These parts or units are known as States in India.

Constituency :
Constituency is the area from where the eligible voters can cast their vote to elect their representative or leader.

Majority :
A political party whose MLAs have won more than half the number seats or constituencies in a state is said to be in majority.

Ruling party:
The party which has the majority is often known as the ruling party.

Opposition:
The elected representatives who are not from the ruling party are known as the opposition. The people can question the government’s decisions and actions. They can also raise new and concerned issues for the benefit of the people.

Question 5.
Can you explain the following terms majority, ruling party, opposition with reference to your state?
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own with ine ‘ne’ip oi teacher.

Page 33

Question 6.
Construct a table, similar to the one given for Himachal Pradesh, for your state.
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own with the help of teacher.

Question 7.
At times, the ruling party may not be a single party but a group of parties working together. This is called a coalition. Discuss with your teacher.
Answer:
The coalition is formed when two or more parties come together and elect their leader. The state Governor appoints their leader as the Chief Minister. The coalition parties prepare the Common Minimum Programme and present it during the period for which the coalition is formed.

Page 35

Question 8.
Can you identify the MLAs of the ruling party and the opposition in the illustration? Colour the ruling party in one colour and the opposition in another.
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own.

Page 1

Question 9.
What were the main arguments put forward by different MLAs who thought that th§ government was not taking the situation in a serious manner?
Answer:
MLA1:
He belongs to the Akhandagaon constituency. In last three weeks, several people died due to diarrhoea. He is very sad and upset that the government has not been able to check the situation although they proclaim that they are doing it.

MLA2:
He wants to know why the government hospitals are in bad conditions. We a’iso as’ks tiie government that how it plans to deal with this situation which is badly affecting the common people.

MLA3:
The Tolpatti constituency which he represents is facing shortage of water. Women had to fetch water from far away. He wants to know from the government that what actions are taken to clean and disinfect the wells and ponds.

Question 10.
If you were the health minister, how would you respond to the above discussion?
Answer:
If I were the health minister, I would promptly respond to the above discussion. I would have put mobile vans with equipments with doctors, nurses and health Workers into service for the ill people.

Question 11:
Do you think the above debate would have been useful in some ways? How? Discuss.
Answer:
Yes, the above debate would have been useful. It has highlighted many issues concerning about the public health and their solutions are sorted out in the minimum time.

Question 12.
In the working of the government, explain the difference between being an MLA and an MLA who is also a minister.
Answer:
An MLA is only responsible for the development of his constituency whereas, an MLA who is a minister
also has to do dual responsibilities. He is accountable for the entire state as well for his constituency also.

Page 37

Question 13.
Write two measures that the government undertook for controlling diarrhoea. The two measures that the government undertook for controlling diarrhoea are:

To every village, there should be supply of water through tanker trucks.
Creating awareness through different campaigns in order to inform people about the measures to prevent diarrhoea.

Question 4.
What is the purpose of a press conference? How does the press conference help you get information on what the government is doing?
Answer:
The purpose of the press conference is to ask questions on a particular issues about the steps taken and hear about the same. The data collected by press conference is printed in newspaper and magazines for the common people. Such conference also create a public opinion about the issue.

Page 1

Question 15.
Find out with the help of your teacher, the work done by the government departments mentioned and fill in the table.
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own

Page 40

Question 16.
Do a similar wallpaper project about any issue connected with the working of your State Government like an education programme, any law and order issue, midday meal scheme, etc.
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own.

JAC Class 7th Civics How the State Government Works Textbook Questions and Answers

Page 41

Question 1.
Use the terms ‘constituency’ and ‘represent’ to explain who an MLA is and how is the person elected?
Answer:
A state is divided into many regions known as constituencies on the basis of the population. For the Legislative Assembly, one representative is elected from every constituency and that person represents that constituency. That person is known as the Member of Legislative Assembly or MLA. Through general election, an MLA is elected. That person can be an independent or a member of a particular political party. The person who gets the maximum votes or wins the election becomes the MLA of that constituency.

Question 2.
How did some MLAs become Ministers? Explain.
Answer:
Some MLAs become Ministers as:

The party which is elected in majority or wins the election for the Legislative Assembly forms the government.
According to the constitutional norms, the ruling party elects its leader who is known as the Chief Minister, who heads the government.
The Chief Minister constitutes a cabinet which includes members of his party as ministers.
The MLAs who become the ministers are allotted with a portfolio or department of work.
Hence, the MLAs turned ministers become responsible for the entire state of that particular department.

Question 3.
Why should decisions taken by the Chief Minister and other ministers be debated in the Legislative Assembly?
Answer:
The decisions taken by the Chief Minister and other ministers are debated in the Legislative Assembly because at the time of debate it is discussed that whether the steps or decisions taken are in the interest of the common people or not. It is also discussed that whether it is urgent and important or not. Depending upon this they discuss how much would the cost incur of the government. They also see that anything objectionable is there for any particular community or not.

Question 4.
What was the problem in Patalpuram? What discussion/ action was taken by the following? Fill in the table. Public Metting Legislative Assembly Press conference Chief Minister.
Answer:
Patalpuram was facing shortage of water.

Public’ Meeting	Reprimanded and showed complete disapproval to the government and also showed protest, their demand were kept in front of the government.
Legislative Auembli	Discussed the problems and issues and decided the actions and steps which are to be taken.
Press Conference	The plan of action which was initiated by the government was presented by the Health Minister.
Chief Minister	Announced the compensation to the affected family, also visited the village of Patalpuram. Clearly mentioned the future actions and steps to be taken to solve the problem.

Question 5.
What is the difference between the work that MLAs do in the Assembly and the work done by government departments?
Answer:
The difference between the work that MLAs do in the Assembly and the work done by government departments are that eveiy department is headed by the Minister who is also an MLA. Any work done or proposed by the department is approved by the minister. For the completion of work, the department is responsible whereas, the minister or MLA coordinate and synchronize between the Assembly and the departments.

JAC Class 7thCivics How the State Government Works Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The multi-level system of government is called
(a) Unitary
(b) Federal
(c) Dictatorship
(d) Monarchy
Answer:
(b) Federal

Question 2.
The MLAs represent
(a) people
(b) technology
(c) themselves
(d) only the poor and the old
Answer:
(a) people

Question 3.
The state in India which has the highest number of constituencies is
(a) Uttar Pradesh
(b) Madhya Pradesh
(c) Kerala
(d) Maharashtra
Answer:
(a) Uttar Pradesh

Question 4.
The party or the coalition of parties that wins the election with more than half of the total number of constituencies in a state is called to be in a
(a) minority
(b) profit
(c) majority
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(c) majority

Question 5.
All the parties that failed to get the majority in the election are together are said to the
(a) majority
(b) opposition
(c) minority
(d) loss
Answer:
(b) opposition

Question 6.
The leader of the ruling party who is the head of the state as well of the country is known as
(a) Prime Minister
(b) MP
(c) MLA
(d) Chief Minister
Answer:
(d) Chief Minister

Question 7.
Legislative Assembly is also known as
(a) Vidhan Sabha
(b) Vidhan Parishad
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Lok Sabha
Answer:
(a) Vidhan Sabha

Question 8.
The Chief Minister is appointed by the
(a) President
(b) Prime Minister
(c) Governor of the state
(d) Any of the above
Answer:
(c) Governor of the state

Question 9.
The Governor of the state is appointed by the
(a) Prime Minister
(b) Supreme Court Judges
(c) High Court Judges
(d) President
Answer:
(d) President

Question 10.
The gives information to the people which acts as a link between the government and the people.
(a) Press conference
(b) Debates
(c) Mass media
(d) Mass distribution
Answer:
(c) Mass media

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which institution makes laws at the central or national level?
Answer:
The Parliament makes laws at the central or national level.

Question 2.
What is the urban local government known as?
Answer:
The urban local government is known as the Municipal Corporation.

Question 3.
Who gives the approval to the ministers to take certain decisions for the common people?
Answer:
Legislative Assembly gives the approval to the ministers to take certain decisions for the common people.

Question 4.
Does the Member of the Legislative Assembly elected by the people?
Answer:
Yes, the Member of the Legislative Assembly are elected by the people.

Question 5.
How many levels of government are there? Name them.
Answer:
There are three levels of Government present. The three levels are local, state and national.

Question 6.
For what reason the governor of state is appointed?
Answer:
Governor of state is appointed to make sure that the State Government works

Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP)
Indian National Congress (INC)

Question 7.
What is wallpaper project?
Answer:
Wallpaper project is an interesting activity through which research can be done on particular topics of interest.

Question 8.
What do you understand by the Election Commission?
Answer:
Election Commission is an independent association or body in which the whole process of the election in our country is conducted, controlled and supervised.

Question 9.
What are the two main functions of Election Commission?
Answer:
The two main functions of Election Commission are :

to recognize all the political parties.
to allot symbols to the political parties and to independent candidates who are also contesting the election.

Question 10.
Name the two houses of state legislature in India.
Answer:
The two houses of state legislature in India are:
Legislative Assembly or Vidhan Sabha Legislative Council or Vidhan Parishad

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define political party. Name at least two national political parties in India.
Answer:
A political organisation that follows a particular ideology and seeks to attain the political power of the state as well as of the nation is known as the political party. Two national political parties in India are

Question 2.
List four features of electoral system of India.
Answer:
Four features of electoral system of India are:

Single member constituency
Joint electorate
Adult franchise
Election petition within the rules and regulations of the Constitution.

Question 3.
What do you understand by constituency?
Answer:
Constituency is a particular area or place from which all the voters living there choose their representatives. This could be such as a panchayat ward or an area that chooses an MLA.

Question 4.
How does a government function in a state?
Answer:
The people elect their representatives as Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) in the democracy, thus, it is the people who have the main authority. The ruling party members who wins the election then form the government and some members are appointed as ministers. These ministers are in charge of various departments of the government such as health, transport, etc. Whatever work is done by these departments has to be approved by the members of the legislative assembly.

Question 5.
In India, what are the qualifications and the disqualifications of a voter?
Answer:
In India, the qualifications and the disqualifications of a voter are:
Question ualification: according to the law, a voter must

be a citizen
have attained the age of 18 years and above.

Disqualification: according to the law, a voter must not

be bankrupt, traitor to the country
be insane person
been convicted for any serious crime.

Question 6.
In what ways do the people in power like the chief minister and the minister take action?
Answer:
The people in power like the chief minister and the minister take action through various departments like the Public Works Department, the Agriculture Department, the Health Department, the Education Department and so on. They also have to answer questions that are asked in the Legislative Assembly and convince people asking the questions that proper steps are being taken. At the same time, newspapers and the media widely discuss the issue and the government has to respond, for example, by holding the press conferences.

Question 7.
What do you understand by debate?
Answer:
A discussion held in the Assembly to discuss current and important problems is known as the debate. During debate, the MLAs can express their views and ask questions related to the problems and issues. They could even give suggestions about what should be done by the government for the betterment of the people. The ministers then replies to the questions asked and give assurance to the Assembly that proper steps are being taken.

Question 8.
Distinguish between By-election and Mid-term election.
Answer:

By-eieetion	Mid- term eieetion
Before the completion of the tenure of the house, if the member of the parliament, state legislative assembly dies or resigns from his constituency then the election which takes place again is known as the byelection.	Before the completion of the tenure of 5 years, sometimes the president dissolves the government of the state on the advice of the Prime minister. Then the fresh elections are held. This type of election is known as the mid-term election.

Question 9.
What were the ways by which the people of Patalpuram adopt to put their grievances?
Answer:
The people of Patalpuram organised a rally and gheraos of the MLAs residence. Their leader who was the member of the opposition party demanded loudly that the action and steps should be taken immediately and to bring the public health situation under control.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the process of emergence and development of government in a state.
Answer:
In India, every state has a Legislative Assembly. Each state is divided into different areas or constituencies. From each constituency, the people elect one representative who then becomes a Member of the Legislative Assembly or better known as MLA. People stand for elections in the name of different political parties. These MLAs belong to different political parties. Apolitical party whose MLAs have won more than half the number of constituencies in a state are said to be in a majority. The political party that has the majority forms the government.

In case no party gains the majority then in that case the party with maximum elected members tries to get support from different parties or candidates. The party that proves to have maximum supporters is allowed to form the government which is also known as the coalition government. If no party proves the majority then there would be reelection.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 9 Struggles for Equality

September 5, 2024September 4, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 9 Struggles for Equality

JAC Class 7th Civics Struggles for Equality InText Questions and Answers

Page 103

Question 1.
What do you think is meant by the expression ‘power oyer the ballot box’? Discuss.
Answer:
The expression ‘power over the ballot box’ means the power and right to vote. Every adult citizen of India has the equal right to vote during elections. To elect or replace their representatives, this right has been used by people.

Page 104

Question 2.
Can you think of one person in your family, community, village, town or city whom you respect because of their fight for equality and justice?
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own with the help of parents.

Page 106

Question 3.
What issue is the Tawa Matsya Sangh (TMS) fighting for?
Answer:
The Tawa Matsya Sangh (TMS) fighting for the issue of equality.

Question 4.
Why did the villagers set up this organisation?
Answer:
The villagers set up this organisation to protect their rights.

Question 5.
Do you think that the large-scale participation of villagers has contributed to the success of the TMS? Write two lines on why you think so.
Answer:
Yes, I think that the large-scale participation of villagers has contributed to the success of the TMS because when people are united then they get strength and finally success. Also, people stand together to fight for an issue and no one can come on their way.

Page 107

Question 6.
Can you think of an incident in your life in which one person or a group of people came together to change an unequal situation?
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own.

Page 108

Question 7.
Refer to the song below and answer the following questions:
The Right To Know
My dreams have the right to know
Why for centuries they have been breaking
Why don’t they ever come true My hands have the right to know
Why do they remain without work all along ‘
Why do they have nothing to do
My feet have the right to know Why from village to village they walk on their own
Why are there no signs of a bus yet My hunger has the right to know Why grain rots in godowns While I don’t even get a fistful of rice My old mother has the right to know Why are there no medicines Needles, dispensaries or bandages My children have the right to know Why do they labour day and night Why is there no school in sight

What is your favourite line in the above song?
What does the poet mean when he says, “My hunger has the right to know”?

Answer:
(i) Favourite line in the above song is ‘my children have the right to know’.

(ii) The poet means what he says, “ My hunger has the right to know” means that a sufferer must have a right to know the cause and reason of his suffering and pain in which he is living. He must know that who is responsible for this situation.

Question 8.
Can you share with your class a local song or a poem on dignity that is from your area?
Answer:
Students need to do it on there own.

Page 109

Question 9.
What role does the Constitution play in people’s struggles for equality?
Answer:
The Constitution plays an important role in people’s struggles for equality. Our Constitution recognises the equality for all people. Movements and struggles for equality continuously refer to the Indian Constitution to make their point about equality and justice for everyone. For example, the fishworkers intheTawa Matsya Sangh hope that the provisions of the Constitution will come into existence through their participation in this movement By constantly referring to the Constitution they use it as a ‘living document’, i.e., something that has real meaning in our lives.

Question 10.
Can you make up a social advertisement on equality? You can do this in small groups.
Answer:
Students need to do it in the class.

JAC Class 7thCivics Struggles for Equality Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Tehri Dam is in
(a) Madhya Pradesh
(b) Uttarakhand
(c) Uttar Pradesh
(d) Himachal Pradesh
Answer:
(b) Uttarakhand

Question 2.
Full form of TMS is
(a) Tawa Matsya Sangh
(b) Tawa Matsya Samiti
(c) Tawa Maan Sangh
(d) Tawa Maan Samiti
Answer:
(a) Tawa Matsya Sangh

Question 3.
Tawa dam began to built in ….. and completed in
(a) 1958,1968
(b) 1968,1978
(c) 1958,1978
(d) 1978,1988
Answer:
(c) 1958,1978

Question 4.
Tawa Matsya Sangh was organised in
(a) Maharashtra
(b) Andhra Pradesh
(c) Madhya Pradesh
(d) Arunachal Pradesh
Answer:
(c) Madhya Pradesh

Question 5.
The government gave the rights for fishing in the Tawa reservoir to private contractors in
(a) 1992
(b) 1996
(c) 1994
(d) 1998
Answer:
(c) 1994

Question 6.
Similarity among Kanta, Swapna, Melani is
(a) They were all politicians
(b) They were all people of dignity
(c) They have been treated equally always
(d) They have been treated unequally
Answer:
(d) They have been treated unequally

Question 7.
A social movement consisting of adivasis, farmers, environmentalists, and human rights activists against a number of large dams being built across the Narmada river is called as
(a) Nadi Bachao Andolan
(b) Narmada Bachao Andolan
(c) Tawa Bachao Andolan
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Narmada Bachao Andolan

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What was the demand and stipulation of Tawa Matsya Sangh?
Answer:
Tawa Matsya Sangh were demanding their right to continue fishing for their livelihood.

Question 2.
Why so many people’s lives in India are highly unequal?
Answer:
People’s lives in India are highly unequal because of the poverty and the lack of resources continue to be a major reason.

Question 3.
In what way the contractor hehave with the local people?
Answer:
The contractors got cheap labour from outside the village and drove the local people away. They also threaten the villagers.

Question 4.
Why in India people are treated unequally?
Answer:
People are treated unequally because of the person’s religion, caste and sex.

Question 5.
In what way Indian Constitution justify rights to equality?
Answer:
The Indian Constitution recognises all Indians as equal before the law and states that no person can be discriminated against because of their religion, sex, caste or whether they are rich or poor.

Question 6.
Why the old Tehri town and manyvillages totally and some partially were submerged?
Answer:
The old Tehri town and many villages some totally and some partially were submerged because of the construction of Tawa dam across the river.

Question 7.
In which way writers, singers, dancers and artists have also been very active in the fight against inequality?
Answer:
The writers, singers, dancers and artists have also been very active in the fight against inequality with their poems, songs and stories which inspire us and make us believe strongly in an issue and influence our efforts to correct the situation.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What was the outcome when the Madhya Pradesh government in 1994 gave the rights for fishing in the Tawa reservoir to private contractors?
Answer:
When the Madhya Pradesh government in 1994 gave the rights for fishing in the Tawa reservoir to private contractors, they began to threat the villagers and started suppressing them. They drove them away from there and brought cheap labour from outside. The villagers could not tolerate these monsterity and wrong doing of the contractors for the long period. They stood united and set up an organisation named as Tawa Matsya Sangh to protect their rights.

Question 2.
When the Tawa dam began to build, what happened?
Answer:
When the Tawa dam began to build then

It submerged large areas of agricultural land and forests.
The forest dwellers lost everything, they had nothing.
Some of the displaced people settled around the reservoir. They started to work on there meagre farms and apart from it they found livelihood in fishing.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In which way, Tawa Matsya Sanghhelped the fishworkers?
Answer:
Tawa Matsya Sangh helped the fishworkers in various ways:

The Tawa Matsya Sangh has set up a cooperative which buys the catch at a fair price from the fishworkers.
The cooperative then make ceratin arrangements for transportation and sells the catch in markets to get them a good price. This arrangement enhanced the earning of the fishworkers.
The Tawa Matsya Sangh also started to give the fishworkers loans for repair and buying new nets.

Question 2.
Indian Constitution is called the living document. Why?
Answer:
Indian Constitution is called the living document because of the following:

Indian Constitution recognises the equality of all persons.
Indian Constitution has a true meaning in everyone’s lives.
Movements and struggles for equality in India continuously refer to Indian Constitution to make their point about equality and justice to everyone.
The starting point and base of all movements for justice and the inspiration and for all the poetry, song, stories is the recognition of equality among people.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 8 A Shirt in the Market

September 5, 2024September 4, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 8 A Shirt in the Market

JAC Class 7th Civics A Shirt in the Market InText Questions and Answers

Page 93

Question 1.
Did Swapna get a fair price on the cotton?
Answer:
No, Swapna didn’t get a fair price on the cotton. She was paid a very low price by the local trader.

Question 2.
Why did the trader pay Swapna a low price?
Answer:
The trader paid Swapna a low price because he lent money to Swapna at the beginning of the cropping season on a particular condition that she will sell her cottons to him only. The local trader took the advantage of this position and paid her low price.

Question 3.
Where do you think large farmers would sell their cotton? How is their situation different from Swapna?
Answer:
Large farmers would sell their cotton in the market. Their situation is very much different from Swapna as she had a constraint to sell her cotton to the local trader but those farmers can sell their cotton anywhere they want.

Page 95

Question 4.
What are the following people doing at the Erode cloth market—merchants, weavers, exporters?
Answer:
The following people are doing at the Erode cloth markeL

Merchants:
They purchase the yam and give directions to the weavers about what kind of cloth has to be made. They supply cloth on order to garment manufacturers and exporters around the country.

Weavers:
The make cloth and bring this to the Erode cloth market for sale. They also make cloth on orders which they get from merchants

Exporters:
They use the cloth to make shirts to export them to the foreign buyers.

Question 5.
In what ways are weavers dependent on cloth merchants?
Answer:
Forraw materials and markets, the weavers are dependent on cloth merchants.

Page 96

Question 6.
If the weavers were to buy yarn on their own and sell cloth, they would probably earn three times more. Do you think this is possible? How? Discuss.
Answer:
Yes, this is possible. If the weavers were to buy yam on their own and sell cloth, they would probably earn three times’ more. They would buy yam at the lowest price and sell it at the highest possible price. Of their own choice, they would select the market for better price.

Question 7.
Do you find similar ‘putting-out’ arrangements in making papads, masalas, beedis ?
Answer:
Find out about this in your area and discuss in class.
Students need to do it by their own.

Question 8.
You might have heard of cooperatives in your area. It could be in milk, provisions, paddy, etc. Find out for whose benefit they were set up?
Answer:
They were set up for the benefit for those who were in want of capital.

Question 9.
What are the demands foreign buyers make on the garment exporters? Why do the garment exporters agree to these demands?
Answer:

The demands foreign buyers make on the garment exporters are:
Lowest prices from the garment exporters.
High standards for quality product. Timely delivery.
The garment exporters agree to these demands because they are likely to have maximum profit even after that.

Question 10.
HowHow do the garment exporters meet the conditions set by the foreign buyers?
Answer:
The garment exporters meet the conditions set by the foreign buyers by getting the most of the work done by the weavers at the minimum wage.

Page 98

Question 11.
Why do you think more women are employed in the Impex garment factory? Discuss.
Answer:
More women are employed in the Impex garment factory because they are ready to work even at the lowest possible wage.

Question 12.
Write a letter to the Minister asking for what you think would be proper payment to the workers.
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own.

Question 13.
The shirt below shows the profit made by the businessperson, and the various costs that he had to pay. Find out from the diagram below, what the cost price includes.

Answer:
Students need to do it on their own.

Page 99

Question 14.
Compare the earnings per shirt of the worker in the garment factory, the garment exporter and the businessperson in the market abroad. What do you find?
Answer:
The business person in foreign makes profit of? 600 and the garment exporter makes a profit of ? 100 on one shirt. As far as the workers are concerned they get only ? 15 for one shirt.

Question 15.
What are the reasons that the businessperson is able to make a huge profit in the market?
Answer:
The reasons that the businessperson is able to make a huge profit in the market are: He knows the method as how to get the work done at the lowest possible rate from the garment exporter.He is able to sell shirts in large quantity. He sells his shirt to the high income group.

Question 16.
You have read the chapter on advertising. Why does the businessperson spend ? 300 per shirt on advertising? Discuss.
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own.

JAC Class 7th Civics A Shirt in the Market Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What made Swapna sell the cotton to the trader instead of selling at the Kurnool cotton market?
Answer:
Swapna sold the cotton to the trader instead of selling at the Kumool cotton market because she had taken a loan from the local trader at the beginning of the cropping season. The local trader lent the money in one condition that she will sell the cotton to him only. Swapna had no other option but to agree on the trader’s terms and condition.

Question 2.
Describe the conditions of employment as well as the wages of workers in the garment exporting factory. Do you think the workers get a fair deal?
Answer:
The conditions of employment, as well as the wages of workers in the garment exporting factory, are very pitiful. They work in an unhygienic conditions. They work for long hours everyday around 10 to 12 hours a day. They are the temporary workers and doesn’t have job security. I don’t think the workers get a fair deal. They are exploited at every steps of the work.

Question 3.
Think of something common that we use. It could be sugar, tea, milk, pen, paper, pencil, etc. Discuss through what chain of markets this reaches you. Can you think of the people that help in the production or trade?
Answer:
We can take the example of sugar. Producers are the farmers who grows sugarcane. After the harvest is ready, they sell it to the traders who have the sugar mills. They produce sugar with the help of other workers. The sugar is then sold the wholesale trader in bulk. The retailers buy the sugar from the wholesale trader. Finally, the consumer gets the sugar from the retailer when required. Thus, a chain of market is created:

Producer → local trader → wholesaler retailers → consumers. The people who help in the production of sugar are producers/ farmers, traders/ sugar-mill owners, workers, wholesalers, retailers and consumers finally.

Question 4.
Arrange the statements given alongside in the correct order and then fill in the numbers in the cotton bolls accordingly. The first two have already been done for you.

Swapna sells the cotton to the trader.
Customers buy these shirts in a supermarket.
Trader sells cotton to the Ginning Mill.
Garment exporters buy the cloth from merchants for making shirts.
Yarn dealers or merchants give the yam to the weavers.
The exporter sells shirts to the businessperson from the USA.
Spinning mill buys the cotton and sells yam to the yam dealers.
Weavers return with the cloth.
Ginning mill cleans the cotton and makes it into bales.

Answer:
The statements in correct order are:

JAC Class 7thCivics A Shirt in the Market Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Swapna sold her cotton to local trader at
(a) low rate
(b) high rate
(c) moderate rate
(d) fair rate
Answer:
(a) low rate

Question 2.
Cotton cultivation requires
(a) fertilisers
(b) pesticides
(c) seeds
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 3.
The price of things and items can be
(a) flexible
(b) fixed
(c) Either (a) or (b)
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Answer:
(c) Either (a) or (b)

Question 4.
A person who sells item in foreign countries are known as
(a) Retailer
(b) Importer
(c) Exporter
(d) Manufacturer
Answer:
(c) Exporter

Question 5.
Erode is famous for
(a) spice market
(b) cloth market
(c) woollen market
(d) jewellery market
Answer:
(b) cloth market

Question 6.
The work of the women workers at the Impex garment factory is/ was
(a) ironing and packaging
(b) buttoning
(c) thread cutting
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 7.
Weaver’s cooperatives are helpful in providing
(a) raw materials to the weavers
(b) loans to the weavers
(c) midday meals to the weavers
(d) taking care of their kids
Answer:
(a) raw materials to the weavers

Question 8.
An arrangement between weavers and merchants is known as
(a) going out system
(b) putting-out system
(c) incoming System
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) putting-out system

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by trade?
Answer:
Trade is the sale, transfer or exchange of goods and services for a fixed price.

Question 2.
In which state Erode is located?
Answer:
Erode is located in Tamil Nadu.

Question 3.
Which people earn the minimum wage in Erode?
Answer:
The weaves earns the minimum wage in Erode.

Question 4.
Who was Swapna?
Answer:
Swapna was a small farmer in Kumool which is in Andhra Pradesh and grows cotton on her small piece of land.

Question 5.
Why did Swapna borrow money from the local trader?
Answer:
Swapna had borrowed money from thetrader to buy seeds, fertilisers, pesticides for cultivation of cotton.

Question 6.
What was the condition that the trader agree to give loan to Swapna?
Answer:
The trader agreed to give loan to Swapna on a condition that she would sell all her cotton to him.

Question 7.
Garment exporting factories maximise their own profit. How?
Answer:
Garment exporting factories maximise their own profits by getting maximum work from workers at lowest price and supply the foreign buyers at cheap rates.

Question 8.
What is the reason that more women are employed in the Impex garment factory?
Answer:
The reason that more women are employed in the Impex garment factory as they agree to work even at the lowest possible wages.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by putting-out system?
Answer:
Putting-out system is an arrangement between the merchant and the weavers whereby the merchant supplies the raw material and receives the finished product. It is prevalent in the weaving industry in most regions of India

Question 2.
Explain how merchants hold lot of power.
Answer:
The merchant distributes work among the weavers based on the orders he has received for cloth. The weavers get the yam from the merchant and supply him the cloth. However, this dependence on the merchants both for raw materials and markets means that the merchants have a lot of power.

Question 3.
What do you mean by the following terms: Ginning mill, Exporter and Profit.
Answer:
Ginning mill: Ginning mill is a factory where seeds are removed from cotton bolls. Then the cotton is pressed into bales to be sent for spinning into thread.

Exporter:
Exporter is a person who sells goods in foreign countries.

Profit:
Profit is the amount that is left or gained from earnings after deducting all the expenses and costs. If the costs are more than the earnings, it would lead to a loss.

Question 4.
In what ways small farmers are dependent on local traders?
Answer:
The local trader is a powerful man in the village and small farmers have to depend on him not only for loans for cultivation but also to meet other urgent needs such as illnesses, children’s school fees. Also, there are times in the year when there is no work and no income for the farmers so borrowing money is the only means of survival. In this way small farmers are dependent on local traders.

Question 5.
List the advantages of the putting-out system to the weavers.
Answer:

The advantages of the putting-out system to the weavers:
The weavers do not have to spend the money for the purchase of the yam.
The selling of finished cloth is also taken care of by the traders.
From the outset, weavers know what cloth to be made and how much quantity to be woven.

Question 6.
How do weaver’s cooperatives minimise the dependence of weavers on the cloth merchants?
Answer:
In a weaver’s cooperative, the weavers form a group and take up certain activities collectively. As we know in a cooperative, people with common interests come together and work for their mutual benefit. In the weaver’s cooperative, they procure yam from the yam dealer and distribute it among the weavers. The cooperative also does the marketing. Hence, the role of the cloth merchant is reduced and weavers get a fair price on the cloth.

Question 7.
List the disadvantages of the putting- out system for the weavers.
Answer:
The disadvantages of the putting-out system for the weavers are:

For raw materials and markets, the weavers have to depend on the merchants.
The merchants have a lot of power under this arrangement. They give orders for what is to be made and pay a very low price for making the cloth.
The weavers have no way of knowing for whom they are making the cloth or at what price it will be sold.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How does the market work in favour of the rich and powerful merchants? What are the ways to overcome them?
Answer:
The market work in favour of the rich and powerful merchants in . different ways. It is usually the rich and the powerful merchants that get the maximum profit from the market. These are the people who have money and own the factories, the large shops, large land holdings, etc.

The poor people have to depend on the rich and the powerful for various things. They have to depend for loans, for raw materials and marketing of their goods and mostly for employment. Due to this dependency, the poor are exploited in the market. There are ways to overcome these such as forming cooperatives of producers and ensuring that laws are followed strictly.

Question 2.
Discuss briefly about the cloth market of Erode.
Answer:
Erode’s bi-weekly cloth market is in Tamil Nadu. It is one of the largest cloth markets in the world. A huge variety of cloth is sold in this market. People come from far and nearby places. Cloth that is made by weavers in the villages is also brought here for sale. Cloth merchants have the offices around the market who buy this cloth. Other traders from many south Indian towns also come and purchase cloth in this market.

On the market days, weavers brings the cloth that has been made on order from the merchant. These merchants supply cloth on order to garment manufacturers and exporters around the country. The cloth merchants purchase the yam and give instructions to the weavers about the kind of cloth that is to be made.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions