JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Constructions Ex 11.2

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Constructions Ex 11.2 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

JAC Board Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Constructions Exercise 11.2

In each of the following, give also the justification of the construction:

Question 1.
Draw a circle of radius 6 cm. From a point 10 cm away from its centre, construct the pair of tangents to the circle and measure their lengths.
Solution :
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Constructions Ex 11.2 - 1
Steps of construction:
1. Draw a line segment OP = 10 cm.
2. With O as centre and 6 cm as radius draw a circle C1.
3. Draw the perpendicular bisector of OP. Let x be the midpoint of OP.
4. With x as centre and xO or XP as radius draw circle C2 to cut circle C1 at A and B.
5. Join PA and PB.
PA and PB are the tangents to the circle from P.
P\(\hat{A}\)O = 90° (Angle in a semicircle)
∴ PA ⊥ radius OA.
∴ PA is a tangent to the circle.

JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Constructions Ex 11.2

Question 2.
Construct a tangent to a circle of radius 4 cm from a point on the concentric circle of radius 6 cm and measure its length. Also verify the measurement by actual calculation.
Solution :
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Constructions Ex 11.2 - 2
Steps of construction:
1. With O as centre and 4 cm as radius draw circle C1.
2. With O as centre and 6 cm as radius draw circle C2.
3. Take a point P on circle C2.
4. Draw the perpendicular bisector of OP. Let x be the midpoint of OP.
5. With x as centre and xO or xP as radius draw circle C3 to cut circle C1 at A and B.
Join PA. PA is the tangent to circle C1 from P.
O\(\hat{A}\)P = 90° (Angle in the semicircle)
∴ Radius OA ⊥ AP.
Hence PA is a tangent ∴ PA = 4.5 cm.
Verification by calculation:
In ΔOAP, O\(\hat{A}\)P = 90°. OA = 4 cm, OP = 6 cm.
OA² + AP² = OP²
4² + AP² = 6²
AP² = 6² – 4²
= (6 + 4) (6 – 4)
= 10 × 2 = 20
AP = \(\sqrt{20}\)
= \(\sqrt{4 \times 5}\) = 2\(\sqrt{5}\)
= 2 × 2.3 = 4.6 cm.

Question 3.
Draw a circle of radius 3 cm. Take two points P and Q on one of its extended diameters each at a distance of 7 cm from its centre. Draw tangents to the circle from these two points P and Q.
Solution :
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Constructions Ex 11.2 - 3
Steps of construction:
1. Draw circle C1 with centre O and radius = 3 cm.
2. Take a diameter LM in the circle.
3. Take a point P to the left of O at a distance of 7 cm.
4. Take a point Q to the right of O at a distance of 7 cm.
5. From P draw a tangent PS to C1.
6. From Q draw a tangent RQ to C2.
PS and RQ are tangents drawn to the circle from points P and Q respectively.

JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Constructions Ex 11.2

Question 4.
Draw a pair of tangents to a circle of radius 5 cm which are inclined to each other at an angle of 60°.
Solution :
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Constructions Ex 11.2 - 4
B\(\hat{A}\)O = 60°
∴ B\(\hat{A}\)C = 180° – 60° = 120°
Steps of construction:
1. Draw a circle of radius 5 cm with centre O.
2. At O make an angle BC = 120°.
3. At B and C draw perpendiculars to the radii OB and OC.
4. Let the perpendiculars meet at A.
AB and AC are tangents drawn to the circle from A such that the angle between them is 60°.

Question 5.
Draw a line segment AB of length 8 cm. Taking A as centre, draw a circle of radius 4 cm and taking B as centre, draw another circle of radius 3 cm. Construct tangents to each circle from the centre of the other circle.
Solution :
AC and AD are tangents, drawn from centre A to C2.
BE and BF are tangents drawn from centre B to C1.
AC = AD = 7.2 cm, BE = BF = 6.8 cm.
Steps of construction:
1. Draw a line segment AB – 8 cm.
2. With A as centre and radius 4 cm draw circle C1.
3. With B as centre and radius 3 cm draw circle C2.
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Constructions Ex 11.2 - 5
4. Draw the perpendicular bisector of AB. Let x be the midpoint of AB.
5. With x as centre and radius xA or xB draw circle C3.
6. Let it cut C, at E and F and cut C2 at C and D.
7. Join AC, AD, BE, BF.
AC and AD are tangents drawn from A, the centre of circle C1 to circle C2.
BE and BF are tangents drawn from B, the centre of circle C2 to circle C1.

JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Constructions Ex 11.2

Question 6.
Let ABC be a right triangle in which AB = 6 cm, BC = 8 cm and ∠B = 90°. BD is the perpendicular from B on AC. The circle through B, C, D is drawn. Construct the tangents from A to this circle.
Solution :
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Constructions Ex 11.2 - 6
Steps of construction:
1. Construct ΔABC given AB = 6 cm, BC = 8 cm, A\(\hat{B}\)C = 90°.
2. From B draw perpendicular BD to AC.
3. Let O be the midpoint of BC.
4. With O as centre and OB or OC as radius, draw C1 to pass through B, D and C.
5. Join AO.
6. Draw its perpendicular bisector. Let x be the midpoint of AO.
7. With x as centre and xA or xO as radius, draw circle C2. Let it cut C1 at E and B.
8. Join AE. AB is already joined.
AB and AE are tangents to circle C1 from A.
AE = AB = 6 cm.

Question 7.
Draw a circle with the help of a bangle. Take a point outside the circle. Construct the pair of tangents from this point to the circle.
Solution :
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Constructions Ex 11.2 - 7
A circle is drawn keeping the bangle on the paper. We have to find its centre.
Draw any two chords AB and CD in it.
Draw their perpendicular bisectors. The point of intersection O of these bisectors gives the centre of the circle.
(The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the centre).
Let P be the external point. Join PO. Draw the perpendicular bisector of PO. Let x be the midpoint.
With x as centre and xO or xP as radius draw circle C2. Let it cut circle C1 at Q and R.
Join PQ and PR. These are the tangents to the circle C1.

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Shemushi Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Shemushi Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

JAC Board Class 10th Sanskrit Solutions Shemushi Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

JAC Class 10th Sanskrit सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा Textbook Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
एकपदेन उत्तरं लिखत (एक शब्द में उत्तर लिखिए)
(क) वनराजः कै दुरवस्थां प्राप्तः?
(वनराज किनके द्वारा दुरवस्था को प्राप्त हुआ?)
(ख) कः वातावरणं कर्कश ध्वनिना आकुली करोति?
(वातावरण को कर्कश ध्वनि से कौन व्याकुल करता है?)
(ग) काकचेष्टः विद्यार्थी कीदृशः छात्रः मन्यते?
(काकचेष्टा विद्यार्थी कैसा छात्र माना जाता है?)
(घ) कः आत्मानं बलशाली, विशालकायः पराक्रमी च कथयति?
(अपने आपको कौन बलशाली, विशालकाय और पराक्रमी कहता है?)
(ङ) वकः कीदृशान् मीनान् क्रूरतया भक्षयति?
(बगुला किस प्रकार की मछलियों को क्रूरता से खा जाता है?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) वानरैः
(ख) काकः
(ग) आदर्श छात्रः
(घ) गजः
(ङ)वराकान्

प्रश्न 2.
अधोलिखित प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि पूर्णवाक्येन लिखत। –
(निम्न प्रश्नों के उत्तर पूर्ण वाक्य में लिखिए)
(क) निःसंशय कः क्रूतान्त मन्यते?
(निःसंदेह यमराज कौन कहलाता है?)
उत्तरम् :
यः नृपः वित्रस्तान् पीड्यमानान् जन्तूनं परैः न रक्षति सः निःसंशयः पार्थिव रूपेण कृतान्त (जो राजा डरे तथा पीड़ित जन्तुओं की रक्षा नहीं करता, वह नि:संदेह राजा के रूप में यमराज है।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

(ख) वकः वन्यः जन्तूनां रक्षोपायाम् कथं चिन्तयितुं कथयति?
(बगुला वन्य जीवों के रक्षा के उपाय कैसे सोचने के लिए कहता है?)
उत्तरम् :
अहं तु शीतले जलं बहुकालपर्यन्तम् अविचलः ध्यानमग्न स्थितप्रज्ञ इव स्थित्वा सर्वेषां रक्षायाः उपायान् चिन्तमिष्यामि।
(मैं तो शीतल जल में बहुत देर तक अचल ध्यानमग्न हुआ स्थितप्रज्ञ की तरह बैठकर सभी की रक्षा के उपाय सोचूँगा।)

(ग) अन्ते प्रकृति माता प्रविश्य सर्वप्रथमं किं वदति?
(अन्त में प्रकृति माता प्रवेश करके सबसे पहले क्या कहती है?)
उत्तरम् :
भोः भोः प्राणिनः यूयं सर्वे एव मे सन्ततिः। कथं मिथः एव कलहं कुर्वन्ति । वस्तुतः सर्वे वन्यजीविनः अन्योन्याश्रिताः।
(अरे-अरे प्राणियो! तुम सब ही मेरी सन्तान हो। क्यों आपस में ही कलह करते हो। वास्तव में सभी वन्य जीव एक दूसरे पर आश्रित हैं।)

(घ) यदि राजा सम्यक् न भवति तदा प्रजा कथं विप्लवेत्?
(यदि राजा अच्छा न हो तो प्रजा कैसे डूब जाती है?)
उत्तरम् :
यदि राजा सम्यक् न भवति तदा प्रजा-जलधौ अकर्णधारा नौरिव विप्लवेत्।
(यदि राजा सही नहीं होता है तब प्रजा सागर में बिना नाविक की नौका की तरह डूब जाती है।)

(ङ) मयूरः कथं नृत्य मुद्रायां स्थितः भवति?
(मोर कैसे नृत्य मुद्रा में खड़ा होता है?)
उत्तरम् :
मयूरः पिच्छान् उद्घाट्य नृत्य मुद्रायां स्थितः भवति।
(मोर पंखों को उघाड़कर नृत्य की मुद्रा में खड़ा हो जाता है।)

(च) ‘अन्ते सर्वे मिलित्वा’ कस्य राज्याभिषेकस्य तत्पराः भवन्ति?
(अन्त में सभी मिलकर किसका राज्याभिषेक करने के लिए तत्पर होते हैं?)
उत्तरम :
अन्ते सर्वे मिलित्वा उलूकस्य राज्याभिषेकाय तत्पराः भवन्ति।
(अन्त में सभी मिलकर उल्लू का राज्याभिषेक करने के लिए तैयार हो जाते हैं।)

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

(छ) अस्मिन्नाटके कति पात्राणि सन्ति?
(इस नाटक में कितने पात्र हैं?)
उत्तरम् :
अस्मिन्नाटके द्वादश पात्राणि सन्ति।
(इस नाटक में बारह पात्र हैं।)

प्रश्न 3.
रेखाङ्कित पदमाधृत्य प्रश्न निर्माणं कुरुत –
(रेखांकित पद को आधार बनाकर प्रश्न निर्माण करो)
(क) सिंहः वानराभ्यां स्वरक्षायाम् असमर्थः एव आसीत्।
(ख) गजः पशून् तुदन्तं शुण्डेन पोथयित्वा मारयति।
(ग) वानरः आत्मानं वनराजपदाय योग्यः मन्यते।
(घ) मयूरस्य नृत्यं प्रकृतेः आराधना।
(ङ) सर्वे प्रकृति मातरम् प्रणमन्ति।
उत्तरम् :
(क) सिंह वानराभ्यां कस्याम् असमर्थः एवासीत् ?
(ख) गजः पशून् तुदन्तं केन पोथयित्वा मारयति?
(ग) वानरः आत्मानं कस्मै योग्यः मन्यते?
(घ) मयूरस्य नृत्यम् कस्याः आराधना?
(ङ) सर्वे काम् प्रणमन्ति?

प्रश्न 4.
शुद्ध कथनानां समक्षम् (आम्) अशुद्ध कथनानां च समक्षं (न) इति लिखत –
(शुद्ध कथनों के सामने (आम्) अशुद्ध कथनों के सामने (न) लिखिए)
(ख) का का इति वकस्य ध्वनिः भवति।
(क) सिंहः आत्मानं तुदन्तं वानरं मारयति।
(ग) काकपिकयोः वर्णः कृष्णः भवति।
(घ) गजः लघुकाय निर्बलश्च भवति ।
(ङ) मयूरः वक्रस्य कारणात् पक्षिकुलम् अवमानितं मन्यते।
(च) अन्योन्य सहयोगेन प्राणिनां लाभ: जायते।
उत्तरम् :
(ख) का का इति वकस्य ध्वनिः भवति। – (न)
(क) सिंहः आत्मानं तुदन्तं वानरं मारयति। – (न)
(ग) काकपिकयोः वर्णः कृष्णः भवति। – (आम्)
(घ) गजः लघुकाय निर्बलश्च भवति । – (नं)
(ङ) मयूरः वक्रस्य कारणात् पक्षिकुलम् अवमानितं मन्यते। – (आम्)
(च) अन्योन्य सहयोगेन प्राणिनां लाभ: जायते। – (आम्)

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

प्रश्न 5.
मञ्जूषातः समुचितं पदं चित्वा रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत – (मञ्जूषा से उचित पद चुनकर रिक्तस्थान की पूर्ति कीजिए)
[स्थितप्रज्ञ, यथासमयम्, मेध्यामेध्य भक्षकः, अहिभुक्, आत्म श्लाघाहीनः, पिकः]
(क) काकः …………. भवति।
(ख) ………….. परभृत् अपि कथ्यते।
(ग) वकः अविचलं …………. इव तिष्ठति।
(घ) मयूरः …………. इति नाम्नाऽपि ज्ञायते।
(ङ) उलूकः …………. पदनिर्लिप्त चासीत्।
(च) सर्वेषामेव महत्वं विद्यते …………. ।
उत्तरम् :
(क) मेध्यामेध्य भक्षकः
(ख) पिकः
(ग) स्थितप्रज्ञः
(घ) अहिभुक्
(ङ) आत्मश्लाघाहीनः
(च) यथासमयम्

प्रश्न 6.
वाच्य परिवर्तनं कृत्वा लिखत (वाच्य परिवर्तन करके लिखिए)
उदाहरणम् : क्रुद्धः सिंहः इतस्ततः धावति गर्जति च।
क्रुद्धेन सिंहेन इतस्ततः धाव्यते गय॑ते च।
(क) त्वया सत्यं कथितम्।
(ख) सिंहः सर्वजन्तून् पृच्छति।
(ग) काकः पिकस्य सन्तति पालयति।।
(घ) मयूरः विधात्रा एव पक्षिराजः वनराजः वा कृतः।
(ङ) सर्वेः खगैः कोऽसि खगः एव वनराजः कर्तुमिष्यते स्म।
(च) सर्व मिलित्वा प्रकृति सौन्दर्याय प्रयत्न कुर्वन्तु।
उत्तरम् :
(क) त्व सत्यं अकथयः।
(ख) सिंहेन सर्वजन्तवः पृच्छ्यन्ते।
(ग) काकेन पिकस्य सन्ततिः पाल्यते।
(घ) मयूरं विधाता एव पक्षिराज वनराजं वा कृतवान्।
(ङ) सर्वे खगाः कमपि खगं एव वनराजं कर्तुम् इच्छन्ति स्म।
(च) सर्वैः मिलित्वा प्रकृति सौन्दर्याय प्रयत्नः कर्त्तव्य।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

प्रश्न 7.
समास विग्रहं समस्तपदं वा लिखत (समासविग्रह या समास पद लिखिए)
(क) तुच्छ जीवैः…………।
(ख) वृक्षोपरि…………।
(ग) पक्षिणां सम्राट…………।
(घ) स्थिता प्रज्ञा यस्य सः………… ।
(ङ) अपूर्वम्…………।
(च) व्याघ्रचित्रको
उत्तरम् :
(क) तुच्छ: च असौ जीव तैः च
(ख) वृक्षस्य उपरि
(ग) पक्षिसम्राट
(घ) स्थित प्रज्ञः
(ङ) न पूर्वम्
(च) व्याघ्रः च चित्रकः च

JAC Class 10th Sanskrit सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा Important Questions and Answers

शब्दार्थ चयनम् –

अधोलिखित वाक्येषु रेखांकित पदानां प्रसङ्गानुकूलम् उचितार्थ चित्वा लिखत –

प्रश्न 1.
वनस्य दृश्यं समीपे एवैका नदी वहति।
(अ) पार्वे
(ब) दूरे
(स) विश्राम्यते
(द) तदैव
उत्तरम् :
(अ) पार्वे

प्रश्न 2.
एवमेव वानराः वारं वारं सिंहं तुदन्ति।
(अ) बाढम्
(ब) अवसादयन्ति
(स) असमर्थः
(द) नेवास्ति
उत्तरम् :
(ब) अवसादयन्ति

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

प्रश्न 3.
निद्राभङ्गदुःखेन वनराजः सन्नपि तुच्छजीवैः।
(अ) तुच्छजीवैः
(ब) दुरवस्थया
(स) भवन्नपि
(द) किमर्थम्
उत्तरम् :
(स) भवन्नपि

प्रश्न 4.
वस्तुतः वनराजः भवितुं तु अहमेव योग्यः।
(अ) भवितुं तु
(ब) कृष्णवर्णः
(स) काकचेष्टः
(द) यथार्थतः
उत्तरम् :
(द) यथार्थतः

प्रश्न 5.
अलम् अलम् अतिविकत्थनेन।
(अ) प्रचुरम्
(ब) पिकः
(स) समीपतः
(द) श्रृण्वन्नेवादम्
उत्तरम् :
(अ) प्रचुरम्

प्रश्न 6.
भोः गजः मामप्येवमेवातुदन् एते वानराः।
(अ) लोमश
(ब) करिः
(स) सिंहः
(द) शृगालः
उत्तरम् :
(ब) करिः

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

प्रश्न 7.
अविचलः ध्यानमग्नः स्थितप्रज्ञ इव स्थित्वा।
(अ) विहाय
(ब) स्थित
(स) उपविष्य
(द) रक्षायाः
उत्तरम् :
(स) उपविष्य

प्रश्न 8.
अकर्णधारा जलधौ विप्लवेतेह नौरिव।
(अ) आत्मश्लाघायाः
(ब) ध्यानावस्थाम्
(स) अधिगृह्य
(द) सागरे
उत्तरम् :
(द) सागरे

प्रश्न 9.
अरे वानर! तूष्णीं भव।
(अ) मौनं
(ब) राज्याभिषेकाय
(स) वन्यजीवा
(द) सज्जाः भवन्तु
उत्तरम् :
(अ) मौनं

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

प्रश्न 10.
यतः मम नृत्यं तु प्रकृतेः आराधना।
(अ) मत्सदृशः
(ब) उपासना
(स) आक्रमणं कर्तारं
(घ) वनराजपदाय
उत्तरम् :
(ब) उपासना

संस्कृतमाध्यमेन प्रश्नोत्तराणि –

एकपदेन उत्तरत (एक शब्द में उत्तर दीजिए)

प्रश्न 1.
मयूरस्य किं प्रमुखं वैशिष्ट्यमस्ति?
(मयूर की प्रमुख विशेषता क्या है ?)
उत्तरम् :
नृत्यम् (नृत्ये)।

प्रश्न 2.
सर्वदा सम्यग्युक्तम् इति कस्मै कथितम्?
(सर्वथा सम्यग्युक्तम् यह किसके लिए कहा गया है?)
उत्तरम् :
सिंहाय (सिंह के लिए)।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

प्रश्न 3.
सर्वे पक्षिणः एतयोः पदयोः विशेष्य पदं किम् ?
(सर्वे पक्षिणः इनमें विशेषण पद क्या है?)
उत्तरम् :
सर्वे (सभी)।

प्रश्न 4.
सदयम् पदस्य विलोमपदं लिखत।
(सदयम् पद का विलोमपद लिखिए।)
उत्तरम् :
क्रूरम् (निर्दयम्)।

प्रश्न 5.
प्राणिनां परस्पर विवादेन किम् जायते?
(प्राणियों के परस्पर विवाद करने से क्या होता है?
उत्तरम् :
हानिः (नुकसान)।

प्रश्न 6.
वने का वहति?
(वन में क्या बहती है?)
उत्तरम् :
नदी।

प्रश्न 7.
सिंहस्य कर्णं कः कर्षति?
(सिंह का कान कौन खींचता है।)
उत्तरम् :
वानरः।

प्रश्न 8.
वानराः बार-बार कम् तुदन्ति?
(वानर बार-बार किसे परेशान करते हैं?
उत्तरम् :
सिंहम्। (शेर को)।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

प्रश्न 9.
धावन्तं सिंहं दृष्ट्वा वानराः किं कुर्वन्ति?
(दौड़ते हुए सिंह को देखकर वानर क्या करते हैं।)
उत्तरम् :
हसन्ति (हँसते हैं)।

प्रश्न 10.
सिंह केन श्रान्त ?
(सिंह किससे थक गया।)
उत्तरम् :
दुरवस्थया (दुर्दशा से)।

प्रश्न 11.
कीदृशां नृपः कृतान्तः इति कथ्यते?
(कैसा राजा यमराज कहलाता है?)
उत्तरम् :
यः त्रस्तान् पीडितान् च न रक्षति सः नृपः कृतान्तः कथ्यते।
(जो डरे और पीड़ितों की रक्षा नहीं करता, वह राजा यमराज है।)

प्रश्न 12.
‘सत्यं कथितं त्वया’ इति कस्य वाक्यम्।
(‘सत्यं कथितं त्वया’ पद किसका वचन है।)
उत्तरम् :
काकस्य (कौवा का)।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

प्रश्न 13.
काके पिकं च किं साम्यम्?
(कौवा और कोयल में क्य समानता है?)
उत्तरम् :
कृष्णत्वम् (कालापन)।

प्रश्न 14.
अतिविकत्थनं कः करोति?
(अधिक आत्मश्लाघा कौन करता है?)
उत्तरम् :
काक :(कौवा)।

प्रश्न 15.
गजस्य पुच्छं कः आकृषय?
(हाथी की पूँछ कौन खींचता है?)
उत्तरम् :
वानरः (बन्दर)।

प्रश्न 16.
गजः कीदृशः अस्ति? (हाथी कैसा है?)
उत्तरम् :
गजः विशालकायः पराक्रमी भयकरश्च अस्ति।
(हाथी विशाल शरीर वाला, पराक्रमी और भय पैदा करने वाला है।)

प्रश्न 17.
वकः बहुकाल पर्यन्तं कुत्र वसति?
(बगुला बहुत समय तक कहाँ रहता है?)
उत्तरम् :
शीतलजले (ठंडे पानी में)।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

प्रश्न 18.
स्थितप्रज्ञः इव कः ध्यानमग्नः तिष्ठति?
(स्थित प्रज्ञ की तरह कौन ध्यानमग्न होकर बैठता है?)
उत्तरम् : वकः (बगुला)।

प्रश्न 19.
कीदृशः नेता भवेत्? (कैसा नेता होना चाहिए?)
उत्तरम् :
सम्यक् (उत्तम)।

प्रश्न 20.
कीदृशी नौ जलधौ विप्लवेत?
(कैसी नौका सागर में डूब जाती है?)
उत्तरम् :
अकर्णधारा (बिना नाविक की)।

प्रश्न 21.
‘अरे वानर तूष्णी भव’ इति कः कथयति? (यह कौन कहता है?)
उत्तरम् :
मयूरः (मोर)।

प्रश्न 22.
मयूरस्य स्थाने सव्यङ्ग्यम् किम् पदं प्रयुक्तम्?
(मोर के स्थान पर व्यङ्ग्यसहित किस पद का प्रयोग किया है?
उत्तरम् :
अहिभुक् (सर्पभोजी)।

प्रश्न 23.
मयूरस्य नृत्यं कस्याः आराधना?
(मोर का नृत्य किसकी कृपा से है?)
उत्तरम् :
प्रकृतेः (प्रकृति की)।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

प्रश्न 24.
व्याघ्रचित्रको कस्मात् आगतौ?
(बाघ और चीता किसलिए आये थे?)
उत्तरम् :
जलं पातुम् (जल पीने)

प्रश्न 25.
व्याघ्र चित्रको क इव भक्षको।
(बाघ और चीता किसके समान भक्षक हैं?)
उत्तरम् :
सिंह सदृशौ (सिंह के समान)।

प्रश्न 26.
सर्वसम्मत्या कः राजा भवेत?
(सर्व सम्मति से कौन राजा होना चाहिए?)
उत्तरम् :
कोऽपि खगः (कोई पक्षी)।

प्रश्न 27.
पूर्ण दिनं निद्रायमाणः कः तिष्ठति?
(पूरे दिन कौन सोता रहता है?)
उत्तरम् :
उलूकः (उल्लू)।

प्रश्न 28.
खगपशून कलहमानान् अवलोक्य कः प्रविशति?
(पशु-पक्षियों को कलह करते हुओं को देखकर कौन प्रवेश करती है?)
उत्तरम् :
प्रकृतिमाता।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

प्रश्न 29.
वन्य प्राणिनः कस्य सन्ततिः ?
(वन्य प्राणी किस की सन्तति हैं ?)
उत्तरम् :
प्रकृतिमातुः (प्रकृति माता की)।

प्रश्न 30.
वन्य जीवानां किम् आश्रयः
(वन्य जीवों का आश्रय क्या है?)
उत्तरम् :
अन्योन्याश्रयः
(एक दूसरे का आश्रय है)।

प्रश्न 31.
अस्माकं सर्वेषां जननी का?
(हम सब की जननी कौन है?)
उत्तरम् :
प्रकृति (निसर्ग)।

प्रश्न 32.
राज्ञः सुखं कस्मिन्?
(राजा का सुख किसमें है?)
उत्तरम् :
प्रजासुखे (प्रजा के सुख में)।

प्रश्न 33.
अगाध जल सञ्चारी अपि को न गवं याति?
(गहरे पानी में विचरण करती हुई कौन नहीं गर्व करती है?)
उत्तरम् :
रोहितः (लोहित मछली)।

पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर दीजिए)

प्रश्न 34.
प्राणिनां लाभः कदा भवति?
(प्राणियों का लाभ कब होता है?)
उत्तरम् :
अन्योन्य सहयोगेन प्राणिनां लाभ: जायते।
(अन्योन्य सहयोग से प्राणियों को लाभ होता है।)

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

प्रश्न 35.
सुप्ते सिहे वानरः किमकरोत् ?
(सिंह के सो जाने पर वानर ने क्या किया।)
उत्तरम :
सुप्ते सिंहे वानरः तस्य पुच्छ धुनोति स्म।
(सिंह के सो जाने पर वानर ने उसकी पूँछ हिलाई।)

प्रश्न 36.
खगाः सिंहस्य दशां दृष्ट्वा किं कुर्वन्ति?
(पक्षी सिंह की दशा को देखकर क्या करते हैं?)
उत्तरम् :
खगाः सिंहस्य एवं दशां दृष्ट्वा हर्षमिश्रितं कलरवं कुर्वन्ति।
(पक्षी सिंह की ऐसी दशा देखकर हर्षमिश्रित कलरव करते हैं।)

प्रश्न 37.
‘पिकः’ परभृत् कस्मात् कथ्यते?
(पिक परभृत् क्यों कहलाती है?)
उत्तरम् :
परैः काकैः ध्रियते अतः परभृत् कथ्यते।
(दूसरों अर्थात् कौवों के द्वारा पाली जाती है अतः परभृत् कहलाती है।)

प्रश्न 38.
वकः आगत्य किं कथयति?
(बगुला आकर क्या कहता है?)
उत्तरम् :
मां विहाय कथमन्यः कोऽपि राजा भवितुमर्हति?
(मुझे छोड़कर कौन दूसरा राजा हो सकता है?)

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

प्रश्न 39.
वकः स्थितप्रज्ञ व्याजेन किं करोति? (बगुला स्थितप्रज्ञ के बहाने क्या करता है?)
उत्तरम् :
वकः ध्यानमग्न स्थितप्रज्ञ इति व्याजेन बराकान् मीनान् छलेन अधिगृह्य क्रूरतया भक्षयति।
(बगुला ध्यानमग्न स्थितप्रज्ञ के बहाने बेचारी मछलियों को धोखे से पकड़कर क्रूरता के साथ खा जाता है।)

प्रश्न 40.
मयूरः वन्य पशून् कस्यहेतोः सज्जयितुं कथयति?
(मोर वन्य जीवों से किसके लिए तैयार होने के लिए कहता है?)
उत्तरम् :
वने निवसन्तं माम् वनराजरूपेण द्रष्टुं सज्जाः भवन्तु।
(वन में रहने वाले मुझे वनराज के रूप में देखने के लिए तैयार हो जाइये।)

प्रश्न 41.
मयूरस्य का गर्वोक्ति आसीत्? (मोर की क्या गर्वोक्ति थी?)
उत्तरम् :
न कोऽपि त्रैलोक्ये मत्सदृशः सुन्दरः।
(तीनों लोकों में मेरा जैसा कोई सुन्दर नहीं।)

प्रश्न 42.
सर्वे पक्षिणः कं राज्यासने स्थापयितुमिच्छन्ति।
(सभी लोग किसको राजा के आसन पर बैठाना चाहते हैं।)
उत्तरम् :
सर्वे खगाः कमपि खगमेव राज्यासने स्थापयितुमिच्छन्ति।
(सभी पक्षी किसी पक्षी को ही राज्यासन पर स्थापित करना चाहते हैं।)

प्रश्न 43.
उलूकः रक्षणे कस्मात् अयोग्य आसीत्?
(उल्लू रक्षण में किसलिए अयोग्य था?)
उत्तरम् :
पूर्ण दिने यावत् निद्रायमाणः कथं अस्मान् रक्षिष्यति इति विचार्य काकेन अयोग्यः घोषितः।
(पूरे दिन सोता रहता है, हमारी रक्षा कैसे करेगा, ऐसा विचार कर कौवे ने अयोग्य घोषित कर दिया।)

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

प्रश्न 44.
प्रीते किं लक्षणम्? (प्रीति का क्या लक्षण है?)
उत्तरम् :
ददाति आददाति गुह्यमाख्याति, पृच्छति भुङ्कते भोजयते च इति षड्विध प्रीते: लक्षणम्।
(देता है, लेता है, गुप्त बात को बताता है, पूछता है, खाता है, खिलाता है, यह छः प्रकार के प्रीति के लक्षण हैं।)

प्रश्न 45.
जीवनं कथं यापयेत? (जीवनयापन कैसे करना चाहिए?)
उत्तरम् :
सर्वे मिलित्वा एव मोदयेयुः जीवनं च रसमयं कुर्युः।
(सभी को मिलकर प्रसन्न रहना चाहिए. तथा जीवन को मधुर बनाना चाहिए।)
प्रश्न 46.
सिंहः किं करोति स्म? (सिंह क्या कर रहा था?
उत्तरम् :
सिंह सुखेन विश्राम्यते स्म। (सिंह आराम से विश्राम कर रहा था।)

प्रश्न 47.
क्रुद्धः सिंहः किं करोति? (नाराज शेर क्या करता है?)
उत्तरम् :
क्रुद्धः सिंहः इतस्ततः धावति गर्जति परं किमपि कर्तुमसमर्थः एव तिष्ठति।
(नाराज सिंह इधर-उधर दौड़ता है, दहाड़ता है लेकिन कुछ भी करने में असमर्थ खड़ा रहता है।)

प्रश्न 48.
क्रोधेन गर्जन सिंहः जन्तून दृष्ट्वा किमवदत्।
(क्रोध से दहाड़ते हुए सिंह ने जन्तुओं को देखकर क्या कहा?)

प्रश्न 49.
काकस्य सत्यप्रियता केन उदाहरणेन व्यज्यते?
(काक की सत्यप्रियता किस वाक्य से व्यक्त की जाती है?)
उत्तरम् :
अनृतं वदसि चेत काकः दशेत् (झूठ बोले कौवा काटे)।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

प्रश्न 50.
काक-पिकयोः भेदः कदा ज्ञायेत?
(कौवा और कोयल का भेद कब ज्ञात होता है?)
उत्तरम् :
वसन्त काले प्राप्ते काक-पिकयोः भेदः ज्ञायते।
(बसन्त काल के आने पर कौवा और कोयल का भेद ज्ञात होता है।)

प्रश्न 51.
वानरे वृक्षमारूढे गजः किं करोति?
(वानर के पेड़ पर चढ़ जाने पर हाथी क्या करता है?)
उत्तरम् :
गजः तम् वृक्षम् एव स्वशुण्डेनालोडयति।
(हाथी उस वृक्ष को अपनी सँड़ से ही हिला देता है।)

प्रश्न 52.
वकः कैः सह मिलित्वा रक्षोपायान् करिष्यति?
(बगुला किनके साथ मिलकर रक्षा के उपाय करेगा?)
उत्तरम् :
जन्तुभिः सह मिलित्वा रक्षोपायान् कारयिष्यति।
(जन्तुओं के साथ मिलकर रक्षा के उपाय करायेगा।)

प्रश्न 53.
मयूरः कुतः साट्टहासपूर्वकमवदत्?
(मोर कहाँ से अट्टहासपूर्वक बोला?)
उत्तरम् :
मयूरः वृक्षस्य उपरितः साट्टहासपूर्वकमवदत्।
(मोर वृक्ष के ऊपर से हास्यपूर्वक बोला।)

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

प्रश्न 54.
वानरः किं कर्तुं कथयति? (वानर क्या करने के लिए कहता है?)
उत्तरम् :
शीघ्रमेव मम राज्याभिषेकाय तत्परा भवन्तु सर्वे वन्यजीवा।
(शीघ्र ही मेरे राज्याभिषेक के लिए सभी वन्यजीव तैयार हो जाएँ।)

प्रश्न 55.
मयूरः कथं केन वा पक्षिराजः नियुक्तः?
(मोर कैसे और किसके द्वारा पक्षिराज नियुक्त किया गया?
उत्तरम् :
विधात्रा शिरसि राज मुकुटमिव शिखां स्थापयता एव अहम् पक्षिराजः कृतः।
(विधाता द्वारा शिर पर राजमुकुट की तरह चोटी स्थापित करके मुझे पक्षिराज बनाया गया।)

प्रश्न 56.
वन्यजीवाः कं रक्षकपद योग्यं न मन्यन्ते।
(वन्य जीव किसे रक्षक के पद के योग्य नहीं समझते हैं।)
उत्तरम् :
वन्यजीवाः कमपि भक्षकं रक्षकपद योग्यं न मन्यन्ते।
(वन के जीव किसी भक्षक को रक्षक पद के योग्य नहीं समझते।)

प्रश्न 57.
किं वैशिष्ठ्यमवलोक्य खगाः उलूकं वनराज पदाय अचिन्वन्?
(किस विशेषता को देखकर पक्षियों ने उल्लू को वनराज पद के लिए चुना है?)
उत्तरम् :
आत्मश्लाघाहीनत्वं पदनिर्लिप्त चावलोक्य उलूकम् वनराजपदाय अचिन्वन्।
(आत्मप्रशंसा से हीन, पद निर्लिप्त उल्लू को देखकर उसे वनराज पद के लिए चुना।)

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

प्रश्न 58.
काकेन उलूकस्य अवगुणाः कथं वर्णिताः ?
(कौवे ने उल्लू के अवगुणों का कैसे वर्णन किया है?)
उत्तरम् :
उलूकः स्वभावेन रौद्रः, अत्युग्रः क्रूरः, अप्रियवादी च भवति दिवान्ध पूर्णं दिनं यावत् स्वपिति।
(उल्लू स्वभाव से क्रोधी, अति उग्र, क्रूर और अप्रिय भाजी होता है। दिवान्ध वह पूरे दिन सोता रहता है।)

प्रश्न 59.
अस्माकं सर्वेषां कस्मै महत्वं यथाकालम्?
(हम सबका किसके लिए महत्व है?)
उत्तरम् :
अस्माकं सर्वेषां यथासमयं प्रकृत्यै महत्वं विद्यते।
(हम सबका प्रकृति के लिए महत्व है।)

प्रश्न 60.
शफरी कथम् आत्मनः गर्वं दर्शयति?
(शफरी कैसे अपने गर्व को प्रदर्शित करती है?)
उत्तरम् :
अङ्गुष्ठ मात्र जले अपि विचरन्ती शफरी फुफ़रायते।
(अँगूठे के बराबर जल में विचरण करती हुई शफरी फरफराती है।)

अन्वय-लेखनम् –

अधोलिखितश्लोकस्यान्वयमाश्रित्य रिक्तस्थानानि मञ्जूषातः समुचितपदानि चित्वा पूरयत।
(नीचे लिखे श्लोक के अन्वय के आधार पर रिक्तस्थानों की पूर्ति मंजूषा से उचित पद चुनकर कीजिए ।)

1. यो न रक्षति ………………………. न संशयः॥
मञ्जूषा – वित्रस्तान्, रक्षति, कृतान्त, पार्थिवरूपेण।
यः सदा (i)…….. परैः पीड्यमानान् (ii)……. जन्तून् न (iii)…….., सः (iv)……., न संशयः।
उत्तरम् :
(i) पार्थिवरूपेण, (ii) वित्रस्तान्, (iii) रक्षति, (iv) कृतान्तः।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

2. यदि न स्यान्नरपतिः ………………………………….. विप्लवेतेह नौरिव।।
मञ्जूषा – जलधौ, नरपतिः, नेता, अकर्णधारा।
यदि (i)…….. सम्यक् (ii)…….. न स्यात्, ततः इह प्रजा (iii)…….. नौः इव (iv)…….. विप्लवेत्।
उत्तरम् :
(i) नरपतिः, (ii) नेता, (iii) अकर्णधारा, (iv) जलधौ।

3. स्वभावरौद्रमत्युग्रं ………………………….. सिद्धिर्भविष्यति।।
मञ्जूषा – सिद्धिः, नृपतिं, अप्रियवादिनम्, अत्युग्रम।
स्वभावरौद्रम् (i)……..क्रूरम् (ii)……..(च) उलूकं (iii)…….. कृत्वा नु का (iv)…….. भविष्यति।
उत्तरम् :
(i) अत्युग्रम् (ii) अप्रियवादिनम् (iii) नृपतिं (iv) सिद्धिः ।।

4. ददाति प्रतिगृह्णाति ……….. …………………… प्रीतिलक्षणम्।।
मञ्जूषा – योजयते, षड्विधम्, आख्याति, प्रतिगृह्णाति।
ददाति (i)…….. गुह्यम् (ii)…….., पृच्छति, भक्ते (iii)…….. च, प्रीतिलक्षणं (iv)……. एव (भवति)।
उत्तरम् :
(i) प्रतिगृह्णाति (ii) आख्याति (iii) योजयते (iv) षड्विधम्।

5. अगाधजलसञ्चारी …………… …………………. फुफुरायते।।
मञ्जूषा – याति, मात्रेण, फुफुरायते, रोहितः।
अगाधजलसञ्चारी (i)……. गर्वं न (ii)…….. । अङ्गुष्ठोदक (iii)……. शफरी (iv)……..।
उत्तरम् :
(i) रोहितः (ii) याति, (iii) मात्रेण (iv) फुफुरायते।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

6. प्राणिनां जायते …………………………… प्रजायते।।
मञ्जूषा – लाभः, विवादतः, हानिः, सहयोगेन।
परस्पर (i)…….. प्राणिनां (ii)…….. जायते। अन्योन्य (iii)…….. तेषां (iv)……..प्रजायते। उत्तरम् : (i) विवादतः (ii) हानिः (ii) सहयोगेन (iv) लाभः।

प्रश्ननिर्माणम् –

अधोलिखित वाक्येषु स्थूलपदमाधृत्य प्रश्ननिर्माणं कुरुत –

1. समीपे एव एका नदी बहति। (पास ही एक नदी बहती है।)
2. वानरः आगत्य तस्य पुच्छ धुनाति। (वानर आकर उसकी पूँछ खींचता है।)
3. वानरस्तु कूर्दित्वा वृक्षमारूढः। (वानर कूदकर वृक्ष पर चढ़ गया।)
4. क्रुद्ध सिंहः इतस्ततः धावति। (कुद्ध सिंह इधर-उधर दौड़ता है।)
5. वानराः हसन्ति वृक्षोपरि। (वानर वृक्ष के ऊपर हँसते हैं।)
6. श्रान्तः सर्वजन्तून् दृष्ट्वा पृच्छति। (थके हुए सभी जन्तुओं को देखकर पूछता है।)
7. राजा तु रक्षकः भवति। (राजा तो रक्षक होता है।)
8. अनृतं वदसि चेत् काकः दशेत्। (झूठ बोले कौवा खाये)
9. अस्माकं एक्यं विश्व प्रथितम्। (हमारी एकता विश्व प्रसिद्ध है।)
10. सर्वं सम्भाषणं शृण्वन्नेवाहम् अत्रागच्छम्। (सारी बात सुनकर ही मैं यहाँ आ गया हूँ।)
उत्तराणि :
1. समीपे एव का बहति?
2. वानरः आगत्य तस्य किम् धुनाति?
3. वानरस्तु कूर्दित्वा कम् आरूढ़ ?
4. क्रुद्धः सिंहः कुत्र धावति?
5. वानरः वृक्षोपरि किं कुर्वन्ति?
6. श्रान्तः कान् दृष्ट्वा पृच्छति?
7. राजा तु कीदृशः भवति?
8. अनृत वदसि चेत् कः दशेत् ?
9. अस्माकं किम् विश्व प्रथितम् ?
10. सर्व किं कुर्वन्नेव अहम् अत्र आगच्छम्।

भावार्थ-लेखनम् –

अधोलिखित पद्यांश संस्कृते भावार्थ लिखत –

(i) यो न रक्षति …………………………… कृतान्तो न संशयः।।
भावार्थ – अन्यः वानरः कथयति-अपि नाकर्णिता भवता पञ्चतन्त्रस्य सूक्तिः? ‘यो भयभीतान् भयानि वा पीड्यानान् सर्वदा शत्रुभिः प्राणिनः न त्रायते सः राज्ञः रूपेण यमराज एव इति नात्र शङ्का।

(ii) काकः कृष्णः ……………………………. पिकः पिकः।।
भावार्थ – वायसः श्याम, कोकिलोऽपि श्यामः भवति, वायस कोकिलयोः किमन्तरम् परञ्च मधुमासे तु वायसः वायस रूपेण ज्ञायते यावत कोकिलः कोकिलः इव ज्ञायते।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

(iii) यदि न ……………………………… नौरिव।।
भावार्थ – यत् यदि श्रेष्ठः नृपः नायकः च न भवति तदा प्रजाः प्रकृत्यः वाः सागरे नाविक विहीन तरणी व निमज्जति।

(iv) स्वभावरौद्रमत्युग्रं ……………………… सिद्धिर्भवष्यिति।।
भावार्थ – यथार्थतः तु प्रकृत्या कोपान्वितं महत्प्रचण्ड जिम कटुवक्तार उलूकं नृपतिं विधाय किं साध्यं सिद्धं भविष्यति।

(v) ‘ददाति …………………………………. प्रीतिलक्षणम्।।
भावार्थ – प्रकृति माता कथयति-सर्वदा स्मरणं कुरुत-यच्छति, आददाति, गुप्तं, कथयति, प्रश्नयति, खादति, खादयति इति प्रीत्या षड्विध लक्षणम्।

(vi) प्रजासुखे ……………………… प्रियं हितम्।।
भावार्थ – यदि प्रजा प्रकृति वा सुखी भवति तदैव नृपस्य प्रसन्नता भवति प्रजाजनानां लाभस्य कार्ये एव शासकस्य लाभ: यः नृपः स्वार्थ प्रियः भवति नैतत् शासकस्य हितम्। प्रजाजनानां हितं करणमेव सर्वप्रियं हितं भवति।

(vii) अगाध जल सञ्चारी ……………….. फुफुरायते।।
भावार्थ – अति गहने जले विचरन्ती विशालो मृगमीनः नाभिमानं करोति परन्तु वृद्धाङ्गुली मात्र जलेऽपि शफरीति लघु मत्स्यः गर्वेण उद्विग्नो भवति।।

(viii) प्राणिनां जायते ……………………… प्रजायते।।
भावार्थ – मिथः कलहात् जीवानं क्षयमेव भवति परञ्च परस्पर सहयोगे अमीषां लाभः एव भवति।

सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा Summary and Translation in Hindi

पाठ-परिचय – यह पाठ परस्पर स्नेह एवं मैत्री भाव से पूर्ण व्यवहार हो, इसका बोध कराता है। अब हम देख रहे हैं कि समाज में लोग आत्माभिमानी हो गये, वे आपस में तिरस्कार करते हैं। स्वार्थपूर्ति में लगे हुए वे दूसरों के कल्याण के विषय में कुछ भी नहीं सोचते हैं। उनके जीवन का उद्देश्य अब यह हो गया है- नीच, उच्च और अति नीच उपायों से फल ही सिद्ध होना चाहिए।

अतः समाज में आपस में स्नेह की वृद्धि के लिए इस पाठ में पशु-पक्षियों के माध्यम से समाज में व्यवहार किया हुआ, आत्मसम्मान दिखाते हुये प्रकृति माता के माध्यम से अन्त में निष्कर्ष स्थापित किया कि समय पर सभी का महत्व होता है, सभी एक-दूसरे पर आश्रित हैं अतः हमें अपने कल्याण के लिए आपस में प्रेम और मैत्रीपूर्ण व्यवहार से रहना चाहिए।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

मूलपाठः,शब्दार्थाः, सप्रसंग हिन्दी-अनुवादः

1. वनस्य दृश्यं समीपे एवैका नदी वहति। एकः सिंहः विश्राम्यते तदैव एकः वानरः आगत्य तस्य पुच्छं धुनाति। क्रुद्धः सिंहः तं प्रहर्तुमिच्छति परं वानरस्तु कूर्दित्वा वृक्षमारूढः। तदैव अन्यस्मात् वृक्षात् अपरः वानरः सिंहस्य कर्णमाकृष्य पुनः वृक्षोपरि आरोहति।

शब्दार्थाः – वनस्य = अरण्यस्य (जंगल का)। दृश्य = दर्शनीयं चित्रणम् (दृश्य), समीपे = पार्वे (पास में), एवैका = एव एका (ही एक), नदी = सरित् (नदी), वहति = प्रवहति (बह रही है)। एकः सिंह = एक: केसरी (एक शेर), सुखेन = सुखपूर्वकं, विश्राम्यते = विश्रामं करोति। (विश्राम करता है)। तदैव = तत्कालमेव (तभी), एकः वानरः = मर्कटः (एक बन्दर), आगत्य = आगम्य, प्राप्य (आकर) तस्य = अमुष्य (उसकी)। पुच्छ = लांगूलं (पूंछ), धुनोति = गृहीत्वा आन्दोलयति, चालयति (हिलाता है), क्रुद्धः = कुपितः (नाराज)। सिंह = हरिः, केसरी (शेर) तम् = अमुम् (उस पर) प्रहर्तुमिच्छति = आघातं कर्तुम् ईहते = (चोट करना चाहता है)। परं = परञ्च (लेकिन) वानरस्तु = कपिः तु (बन्दर तो) कुर्दित्वा = उत्प्लुत्य (उछलकर), वृक्षमारूढ़ = तरोः उपरि आरुरोह (वृक्ष के ऊपर चढ़ गया) तदैव = तत्कालमेव (उसी समय तभी), अन्यस्मात् = अपस्मात्), वृक्षात् = तरोः (वृक्ष से), अपरः अन्यः (दूसरा), वानरः कपिः (बन्दर), सिंहस्यकेसरिणः (शेर से), कर्णम्-श्रोत्रम् (कान को), आकृष्य-कर्षयित्वा (खींचकर), पुनः = भूयः (फिर), वृक्षोपरि-तरोः उपरि (पेड़ पर), आरोहति आरूढ़ भवति।

सन्दर्भ-प्रसङ्गश्च – यह गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्यपुस्तक शेमुषी के ‘सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा’ पाठ से लिया गया है। इस गद्यांश में वन्य पशुओं की परस्पर मैत्रीपूर्ण क्रीडा का वर्णन किया गया है।

हिन्दी अनुवादः – जंगल का दृश्य है। पास में ही एक नदी बह रही है। एक शेर आराम से विश्राम कर रहा है। तभी एक वानर आकर उसकी पूँछ हिलाता (मरोड़ता) है। नाराज हुआ शेर उस पर प्रहार करना चाहता है परन्तु बन्दर तो उछलकर पेड़ पर चढ़ जाता है। तभी दूसरे पेड़ से दूसरा बन्दर सिंह के कान को खींचकर वृक्ष पर चढ़ जाता है।

2. एवमेव वानराः वारं वारं सिंहं तुदन्ति। क्रुद्धः सिंहः इतस्ततः धावति, गर्जति परं किमपि कर्तुमसमर्थः एव तिष्ठति। वानराः हसन्ति वृक्षोपरि च विविधाः पक्षिणः अपि सिंहस्य एतादृशी दशां दृष्ट्वा हर्षमिश्रितं कलरवं कुर्वन्ति।

शब्दार्था: – एवमेव = अनेन प्रकारेण एव (इस प्रक्रम से ही), वानराः = मर्कट (बन्दर), बारंबारम् = मुहुर्मुहुः (बार-बार), सिंहम् = केसरिणं (शेर को), तुदन्ति = अवसादयन्ति (तंग करते हैं), क्रुद्धः सिंहः = प्रकुपितः केसरी (नाराज शेर), इतस्ततः = अत्र-तत्र (इधर-उधर), धावति = पलायते (दौड़ गये), गर्जति = नदति (दहाड़ता है), परं = परन्तु (लेकिन), किमपि = किञ्चिदपि (कुछ भी) कर्तुम् = विधातुम् (करने में), असमर्थ: अक्षमः (असमर्थ), एवास्ति = एव वर्तते (ही है), वानरा: = कपयः (बन्दर), हसन्ति = हासं/उपहासं वा कुर्वन्ति (हँसी उड़ाते हैं) वृक्षोपरि = तरोः उपरि (पेड़ पर), च = तथा (और), विविधा = अनेक प्रकार का (विभिन्न प्रकार के), पक्षिण: = खगाः (पक्षी), अपि सिंहस्य = अपि केसरिणः (शेर के भी), एतादृशी = ईदृशी (इस प्रकार की), दशाम् = स्थितिम् (हालत को), दृष्ट्वा = अवलोक्य (देखकर) हर्षमिश्रितं = आह्लादयुतं (खुशी से युक्त) कलरवम् = कूजनम् (कलरव), कुर्वन्ति = विदधति (करते हैं)।

सन्दर्भ-प्रसङ्गश्च – यह गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्यपुस्तक ‘शेमुषी’ के ‘सौहार्दै प्रकृतेः शोभा’ पाठ से लिया गया है। इस गद्यांश में सिंह के साथ बन्दरों की क्रीड़ा का वर्णन है।

हिन्दी अनुवादः – इस प्रकार बन्दर बार-बार सिंह को परेशान करते हैं। नाराज हुआ सिंह इधर-उधर दौड़ता है, दहाड़ता है। परन्तु कुछ भी करने में असमर्थ है। वानर हँसते हैं और वृक्ष के ऊपर विविध प्रकार के पक्षी भी सिंह की ऐसी स्थिति देखकर प्रसन्नता से मिला कलरव करते हैं।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

3. निद्राभङ्गदुःखेन वनराजः सन्नपि तुच्छजीवैः आत्मनः एतादृश्या दुरवस्थया श्रान्तः सर्वजन्तून् दृष्ट्वा पृच्छति –
सिंहः – (क्रोधेन गर्जन) भोः ! अहं वनराजः किं भयं न जायते? किमर्थं मामेवं तुदन्ति सर्वे मिलित्वा?
एकः वानरः – यतः त्वं वनराजः भवितुं तु सर्वथाऽयोग्यः। राजा तु रक्षकः भवति परं भवान् तु भक्षकः। अपि च स्वरक्षायामपि समर्थः नासि तर्हि कथमस्मान् रक्षिष्यसि?
अन्यः वानरः – किं न श्रुता त्वया पञ्चतन्त्रोक्तिः
यो न रक्षति वित्रस्तान् पीड्यमानान्परैः सदा।
जन्तून् पार्थिवरूपेण स कृतान्तो न संशयः।।

शब्दार्थाः – निद्रा = सुप्ति (नींद), भङ = विच्छेद (टूटा), दुःखेन = क्लेशेन, कष्टेन (दुःख से), वनराज: = मृगराजः (सिंह), सन्नपि = भवन्नपि (होते हुए भी), तुच्छजीवैः = लघु प्राणिभिः (छोटे जीवों द्वारा), आत्मनः = स्वकीय (अपना), एतादृश्या = ईदृश्या (इस प्रकार की), दुरवस्थया = दुर्दशया (बुरी स्थिति से), श्रान्तः = श्रमार्तः, क्लांत: (थका हुआ), सर्वजन्तून सर्वान् प्राणिनः (सभी प्राणियों को), दृष्ट्वा अवलोक्य, वीक्ष्य (देखकर), पृच्छति = पृच्छां करोति, प्रश्नयति (पूछता है) क्रोधेन कोपेन (नाराजी से) गर्जन्नादयन् (दहाड़ते हुए), भोः = ओ (अरे) अहं वनराज: अहं मृगराजः (मैं वन का राजा), किं भयं न जायते = अपि भीतिः न भवति (क्या डर नहीं होता) किमर्थम् कस्मात् (क्यों) मामेवमा एव (मुझको ही), सर्वे = मिलित्वा तुदन्ति = सर्वे सम्भूय अवसादयन्ति (सब मिलकर कष्ट दे रहे हो), यतः यस्मात (क्योंकि), त्वम् भवान् (आप),

वनराज = मृगराजः (वन का राजा), भवितु तु = आप्तुम् (होने के), सर्वथाऽयोग्यः = पूर्णतः अक्षमः (पूरी तरह असमर्थ हो), राजा = शासकः, नृपः (राजा), रक्षकःत्राता (रक्षा करने वाला) भवति (होता है), परम्परञ्च (लेकिन), भवान् = तु-त्वं तु (तुम तो) भक्षक: = भोक्ता (खाने वाले), अपि च किं च (और क्या), स्वरक्षायामपिआत्मानं त्रातुमपि (रक्षा करने में), समर्थः = सक्षमः (समर्थ), तदा तर्हि (तो) कथम् केन प्रकारेण (किस प्रकार), रक्षिष्यति = त्रास्यते (रक्षा करेंगे), किं न श्रुता त्वया = अपि भवता न श्रुतं (क्या आपने सुना नहीं), पञ्चतन्त्रोक्तिः पञ्चतन्त्र कथा = ग्रन्थस्य सूक्तय (पञ्चतंत्र की यह युक्ति), श्रुत = आकर्णिता (सुनी), यः न रक्षति वित्रस्तान = यः भयार्तान् न त्रायते (जो भयभीत लोगों की रक्षा नहीं करता), पीड्यमानान्परैः = अन्यैः तुदन्तः (दूसरों से पीड़ित लोगों को), जन्तून = प्राणिना (जीवों को), पार्थिव रूपेण = राज्ञः रूपेण (राजा के रूप में), सः = असौ (यह), न संशयः नि:संदेहः (निःसन्देह), कृतान्तः = यमराजः (यमराज है)।

सन्दर्भ-प्रसङ्गश्च – यह गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्यपुस्तक ‘शेमुषी’ के ‘सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा’ पाठ से लिया गया है। इस गद्यांश में बन्दर सिंह की उपेक्षा करते हुए स्वयं को वनराज के पद के योग्य प्रतिपादित करते हैं।

हिन्दी अनुवादः – नींद टूटने के दुःख से वन का राजा होते हुए भी तुच्छ जीवों द्वारा स्वयं को दुर्दशा से थका हुआ, सभी जन्तुओं को देखकर पूछता है।

सिंह – (क्रोध से दहाड़ता हुआ) अरे! मैं वन का राजा हूँ, तुम्हें डर नहीं लगता। तुम किसलिए मुझे इस प्रकार सब मिलकर परेशान कर रहे हो?

एक वानर – क्योंकि तुम वनराज होने के पूर्णतः अयोग्य हो। राजा तो रक्षक होता है परन्तु आप तो भक्षक हैं और तो और अपनी रक्षा करने में भी समर्थ नहीं हो तो हमारी रक्षा कैसे करेंगे?

अन्य वानर – क्या तुमने पंचतंत्र का कथन नहीं सुना-जो विशेष रूप से डरे हुओं और पीड़ित होते हुए दूसरे प्राणियों की रक्षा नहीं करता, वह निःसंदेह राजा के रूप में यमराज है।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

4. काकः – आम् सत्यं कथितं त्वया-वस्तुतः वनराजः भवितुं तु अहमेव योग्यः।
पिकः – (उपहसन्) कथं त्वं योग्यः वनराजः भवितुं, यत्र तत्र का का-इति कर्कशध्वनिना वातावरणमाकुलीकरोषि। न रूपम्, न ध्वनिरस्ति कृष्णवर्णम् मेध्यामध्यभक्षकं त्वां कथं वनराजं मन्यामहे वयम्?
काकः – अरे!अरे! किंजल्पसि? यदि अहंकृष्णवर्णः तर्हि त्वं किंगौरागः? अपि च विस्मर्यते किं यत् मम सत्यप्रियता तु जनानां कृते
उदाहरणस्वरूपा – ‘अनृतं वदसि चेत् काकः दशेत्-इति प्रकारेण। अस्माकं परिश्रमः ऐक्यं च विश्वप्रथितम्। अपि च काकचेष्टः विद्यार्थी एव आदर्शच्छात्रः मन्यते।

शब्दार्था: – आम् = ओम् (हाँ), सत्यम् = ऋतम् (सच), त्वया = भवता (आपने), कथितम् = उक्तम् (कह दिया), वस्तुतः = यथार्थतः (वास्तव में), वनराजः = मृगराजः (सिंह), भवितुं तु = (होने) योग्यः = सक्षमः (योग्य) अहमेव = (मैं ही हूँ) उपहसन् = उपहासं आक्षेपं वा कुर्वन् (उपहास करते हुए), कथम् कस्मात् (कैसे) त्वम् भवान् (आप), योग्य = क्षमः (योग्य), वनराजः भवितुम् मृगराजः इति विधातुम् (राजा के लिए), यत्र-तत्र = यस्मिन् तस्मिन् स्थाने (जहाँ-तहाँ) का का = काँव-काँव (काँव-काँव) कर्कष ध्वनिना = प्रचण्ड कटु स्वरेण (तेज और कटु स्वर से) वातावरणम् पर्यावरणम् (वातावरण को) आकुली करोति = अशान्तं, उद्विग्नं वा करोति (बेचैन करते हो) न रूपम्न = आकार सौन्दर्यम् (न रूप-सौन्दर्य) न ध्वनिः अस्ति = न स्वरम् अस्ति (स्वर भी नहीं है) कृष्णवर्ण: = श्याम, असित रङ्गः (काला रंग) मेध्यामेध्य-भक्षक: विशुद्धम् अशुद्धम् च भोजिन्। (शुद्ध-अशुद्ध का भक्षक) त्वाम् भवन्तम् (आपको), कथं कस्मात् (कैसे) वनराजम् मृगराजम् (वन का राजा), मन्यामहे = मनिष्यामहे (मानेंगे), अरे = अरे रे रे (अरे) किं जल्पसि = किं प्रलपसि (क्या कहता है), यदि= चेत् (यदि) अहं कृष्णवर्ण: अहं श्यामरङ्ग (मैं काला हूँ) तर्हि तदा भवान् (तो आप) किम् गौरा = श्वेताङ्ग (क्या गोरे हो), अपि च विस्मयते किं त्वं = विस्मरति, न स्मरति (क्या तुम्हें याद नहीं है) किम् (क्या) यत् (कि) मम सत्यप्रियता मे सत्यानुग्रह (मेरी सत्यप्रियता) जनानां = कृते जनेभ्यः (लोगों के लिए)। उदाहरणस्वरूपा = निदर्शन योग्य क्षमा (उदाहरण देने योग्य है) अनृतम् = असत्यम् (झूठ) वदसि = ब्रूषे (बोले) चेत् = यदि (यदि) काकः = वायसः (कौआ), दशेत = दशति (काटे), इति प्रकारेण = अनया विधया (इस प्रकार से) अस्माकंन: (हमारा), परिश्रमं = उद्यम (मेहनत), ऐक्यम् च = एकता च (और एकता), विश्व पृथितम् = संसारे प्रसिद्धम् (संसार में प्रसिद्ध है), अपि च = अन्य च (और) काकचेष्ट: = वायस इव आचरति यः (जो कौवे की तरह आचरण करता है), विद्यार्थी = ज्ञानेच्छु (विद्यार्थी), आदर्श प्रतिरूपम् (आदर्श) छात्रा (विद्यार्थी) मन्यते = मान्यः (माना जाता है)।

सन्दर्भ-प्रसङ्गश्च – यह गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्यपुस्तक ‘शेमुषी’ के ‘सौहार्दै प्रकृतेः शोभा’ पाठ से लिया गया है। इस गद्यांश में कौवा और कोयल के संवाद में दोनों वनराज पद की अपनी-अपनी योग्यता प्रतिपादित करते हैं। सिंह की सभी उपेक्षा करते हैं।

हिन्दी अनुवादः – काक-हाँ, सत्य कहते हो तुम-वास्तव में वनराज होने के लिए तो मैं ही योग्य हूँ। पिक – (उपहास करते हुए) तू वनराज होने योग्य कैसे है? जहाँ-तहाँ काँव-काँव की कर्कश ध्वनि से वातावरण को व्याकुल या बेचैन करते हो। न रूप है न ध्वनि है। काले रंग के, शुद्ध-अशुद्ध को खाने वाले तुमको हम वनराज मानें।

काक – अरे रे, तू क्यों बकवास करता है? यदि मैं काला हूँ तो तू कौन-सा गोरा है? क्या तुम लोगों के लिए मेरी सत्य प्रियता को भूल रहे होंगे। उदाहरण के रूप में है – झूठ बोले कौवा खाये इस प्रकार से। हमारा परिश्रम और एकता विश्व प्रसिद्ध है। और भी काक जैसी चेष्टा वाला विद्यार्थी ही आदर्श छात्र माना जाता है।

5. पिकः – अलम् अलम् अतिविकत्थनेन। किं विस्मर्यते यत् – काकः कृष्णः पिकः कृष्णः को भेदः पिककाकयोः। वसन्तसमये प्राप्ते काकः पिकः पिकः।।
काकः – रे परभृत! अहं यदि तव संततिं न पालयामि तर्हि कुत्र युः पिका:? अतः अहम् एव करुणापरः पक्षिसम्राट् काकः।
गजः – समीपतः एवागच्छन् अरे! अरे! सर्वं सम्भाषणं शृण्वन्नेवाहम् अत्रागच्छम्। अहं विशालकायः,बलशाली, पराक्रमी च। सिंहः वा स्यात् अथवा अन्यः कोऽपि, वन्यपशून् तु तुदन्तं जन्तुमहं स्वशुण्डेन पोथयित्वा मारयिष्यामि। किमन्यः कोऽप्यस्ति एतादृशः पराक्रमी। अतः अहमेव योग्यः वनराजपदाय।

शब्दार्थाः – अलम् अलम्-पर्याप्तं, प्रचुरम् (बस-बस), अतिविकत्थनेन = अधिकं आत्मश्लाघया (अधिक अपनी सराहना), किं विस्मर्यते यत् = अपि विस्मृतां भवान् यत् (क्या आप भूल गये हैं कि), काकः = वायसः (कौआ), पिकः = कोकिलः (कोयल) कृष्णः = श्यामः (काला), को भेदः पिककाकयोः = कोकिल-काकयो किमन्तरम् (कोयल और कौवे में क्या अम्तर है) बसन्तसमये = मधुमास काले (बसन्त ऋतु में) प्राप्ते = आगते (आने पर) काकः काकः-वायसः = वायसः (कौवा कौवा ही) पिकः पिकः = कोकिल कोकिला एव (कोयल कोयल ही रहती है) रे परभृत = अरे परेण पालित पिकः (दूसरों के द्वारा भरण = पोषण की गई कोयल) अहं यदि तव संतति = अहम् चेत् ते अपत्यान् (यदि मैं तेरी सन्तान को) न पालयामि = पालनं न करोमि (पालन न करूँ) तर्हि = तदा (तो) कुत्र = कस्मिन् स्थाने (कहाँ) स्युः भविष्यन्ति (होगी) पिका = कोकिला: (कोयल) अतः एवम् (इस प्रकार)

अहमेव करुणापर = अहमेन करुणापेतः (मैं ही दयालु हूँ) पक्षि सम्राट् = खगानां शासकः (पक्षियों का सम्राट) काकः = वायसः (बोझा) समीपत: = पार्वात् (पास से) एव = ही आगच्छन्-आगम्य (आकर) अरे = रे (अरे) सर्वं सम्पूर्णम् (सारा) सम्भाषणम् संवादम् (बातचीत) अण्वन्नेवादम् = अकर्णमन्नेव अहम् (सुनता हुआ मैं) अत्रागच्छम् = इतः आगतोऽस्मि (आया हुआ हूँ) अहम् विशालकायः = वृहत्कायः (विशाल शरीर वाला) बलशाली = शक्तियुतः (ताकतवर) पराक्रमी च = पौरुष युतः च (और पराक्रमी) सिंहः केसरी (शेर)। स्यात् = भवतु (हो) अथवा अन्यः कोऽपि अन्यो वा कश्चिदपि (अथवा और कोई) वन्यपशून् = श्वापदान (जंगली जानवरों) तुदन्तुं = कष्टं ददानम् (कष्ट देते हुए को) स्वशुण्डेन् = आत्मकरेण (अपनी सूंड से) पोथयित्वा = पीडयित्वा (पीड़ा देकर) मारयिष्यामि-हनिष्यामि (मार दूंगा) किमन्य = किमन्यत् (और तो क्या) कोऽप्यस्ति = कश्चिदास्ति (कोई है) एतादृशः ईदृशा (ऐसा) पराक्रमी = पौरुषपुत्रः (पराक्रमी) अत: अहम् एव योग्यः = अतएव अयमेव समः (मैं ही योग्य हूँ) वन राजपदायाः = मृगराज पदव्या (वन के राजा के योग्य)।

सन्दर्भ-प्रसङ्गश्च – यह गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्यपुस्तक ‘शेमुषी’ के ‘सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा’ पाठ से लिया गया है। इस गद्यांश में कोयल, कौवा और हाथी अपने-अपने को वनराज पद के लिए योग्य प्रतिपादित करते हैं।

हिन्दी अनुवाद – पिक:-बस-बस अधिक आत्म-सराहना की आवश्यकता नहीं। क्या भूल रहे हो कि कौवा काला और कोयल भी काली, कौवे और कोयल में क्या अन्तर है। बसन्त का समय आने पर कौवा-कौवा होता है और कोयल कोयल।

काक – अरे! दूसरों द्वारा पाली हुई, यदि मैं तुम्हारी सन्तान को नहीं पालूँ तो कोयल कहाँ दोगे? अतः मैं कौवा ही करुणामय खग सम्राट हूँ।

हाथी – (पास से आता हुआ) अरे-अरे! सारा संवाद सुनता हुआ ही मैं यहाँ आया हूँ। मैं विशाल शरीरवाला, शक्तिशाली और पराक्रमी हूँ। चाहे सिंह हो अथवा कोई और हो, वन्य पशुओं को तंग करने वाले प्राणी को मैं सँड़ से पीड़ित करके मार डालूँगा। क्या अन्य कोई भी ऐसा पराक्रमी है। अतः मैं ही वन के राजा के योग्य हूँ।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

6 वानरः – अरे! अरे! एवं वा (शीघ्रमेव गजस्यापि पुच्छं विधूय वृक्षोपरि आरोहति)
(गजः तं वृक्षमेव स्वशुण्डेन आलोडयितुमिच्छति परं वानरस्तु कूर्दित्वा अन्यं वृक्षमारोहति। एवं गजं वृक्षात् वृक्षं प्रति धावन्तः दृष्ट्वा सिंहः अपि हसति वदति च।)
सिंहः – भोः गजः मामप्येवमेवातुदन् एते वानराः।
वानरः – एतस्मादेव तु कथयामि यदहमेव योग्यः वनराजपदाय येन विशालकायं पराक्रमिणं, भयंकर चापि सिंह गजं व पराजेतुं अस्माकं जातिः। अतः वन्यजन्तूनां रक्षायै वयमेव क्षमाः।
(एतत्सर्वं श्रुत्वा नदीमध्यस्थितः एकः बकः)

शब्दार्थाः – अरे अरे रे रे (अरे अरे) एवं वा-अथवा अनेन प्रकारेण (अथवा इस प्रकार) शीघ्रमेव क्षिप्रमेव (जल्दी ही) गजस्य = करिणः (हाथी की) पुच्छं लागलं (पूँछ को) विधूय आकृष्य (खींचकर) वृक्षोपरि = तरोरुपरिष्ठात् (पेड़ के ऊपर) आरोहति = आरूढ़ोभवति (चढ़ जाता है) गजः = करि (हाथी) तं वृक्षमेव = अमुम् तरुमेव (उस पेड़ को ही) स्वशुण्डेन = आत्मकरेण (अपनी सूंड़ से) आलोडयितुमिच्छति = संक्षोभितं कर्तुमीहते (हिलाना चाहता है) परम् = परन्तु (लेकिन) वानरस्तु कपिस्तु (बन्दर तो) कूर्दित्वा = उत्प्लुत्य (उछलकर) अन्यं = अपरं (दूसरे) वृक्षं = तरुम् (पेड़ पर) आरोहरि आरूढं भवति (चढ़ जाते हैं) एवं अनेन = प्रकारेण (इस प्रकार) गजंकरिणं (हाथी को) वृक्षात् वृक्षम् = तरोः तरुम् (पेड़ एवं पेड़ पर) धावन्तम् उत्प्लुन्तं (उछलते या दौड़ते हुए को) दृष्ट्वा = वीक्ष्य (देखकर) सिंहः अपि = केसरी अपि (शेर भी) हसति वदति च = हासं करोति कथयति च (हँसता है और कहता है) भोः गजः = अरे करि (अरे हाथी)

मामप्येवमेवातुदन् = मामपि अनेन एव प्रकारेण पीडयन् (मुझे भी इसी प्रकार पीड़ित किया) एते वानराः अमी कपयः (इन बन्दरों ने) एतस्मात् एव = अतः एव (इसीलिए), कथयामि वदामि (कहता हूँ) यत् अहमेव योग्यः = यदहमेव समर्थः (मैं ही योग्य हूँ) वनराजपदाय = अरण्यस्य राज्ञः पदस्य हेतोः (जंगल के राजा पद के योग्य) येन विशालकायं = येन वृहत् शरीरं (विशालकाय को) पराक्रमिणम् पौरुषोपेतम् (पौरुषयुक्त को) भयंकरम् = भीतिकरं चापि (भय पैदा करने वाले को) सिंह गजं वा केसरिणं = करिणं वा परास्तं कर्तुम् (सिंह अथवा हाथी को हराने के लिए) अस्माकं जाति = अस्मज्जातिः (हमारी जाति) समर्था = सक्षमा (समर्थ हैं) अतः = अतएव (इसलिए) वन्यजन्तूनां = श्वापदानां (जंगली पशुओं की) रक्षायै = रक्षणाय (रक्षा के लिए) वयमेव क्षमा = वयमेव समर्थाः (मैं ही समर्थ हूँ), एतत्सर्व श्रुत्वा = इदं सर्वं, निशम्य आकर्ण्य वा (इस सबको सुनकर) नदी मध्यस्थितः = सरितः मध्ये स्थितः (नदी के बीच स्थित), एकः वकः = एकः वकुलः (एक बगुला)।

सन्दर्भ-प्रसङ्गश्च – यह गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य-पुस्तक ‘शेमुषी’ के ‘सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा’ पाठ से लिया गया है। इस गद्यांश में वानरों की लीला का वर्णन है। वानर स्वयं को हाथी और सिंह को पराजित करने में समर्थ बताता है।

हिन्दी अनुवादः – वानर-अरे अरे, यह बात है क्या (शीघ्र ही हाथी की पूँछ को खींचकर वृक्ष के ऊपर चढ़ जाता है।)
(हाथी उस वृक्ष को सँड़ से हिलाना चाहता है परन्तु वानर तो कूदकर अन्य वृक्ष पर चढ़ जाता है। इस प्रकार हाथी को वृक्ष से वृक्ष की ओर दौड़ते हुए को देखकर सिंह भी हँसता है और कहता है।)

सिंह – अरे गजराज! मुझे भी इसी प्रकार से वानर पीड़ित कर रहे हैं।

वानर – इसीलिए तो कहता हूँ कि मैं ही वनराज के पद के योग्य हूँ, जिससे कि विशालकाय पराक्रमी और भयंकर शेर अथवा हाथी को पराजित करने में हमारी जाति समर्थ है। अतः वन्य जन्तुओं की रक्षा के लिए हम भी समर्थ हैं। (इस सबको सुनकर नदी के मध्य बैठा एक बगुला)।

7. बकः – अरे! अरे! मां विहाय कथमन्यः कोऽपि राजा भवितुमर्हति। अहं तु शीतले जले बहुकालपर्यन्तम् अविचलः ध्यानमग्नः स्थितप्रज्ञ इव स्थित्वा सर्वेषां रक्षायाः उपायान् चिन्तयिष्यामि, योजना निर्मीय च स्वसभायां विविधपदमलंकुर्वाणैः जन्तुभिश्च मिलित्वा रक्षोपायान् क्रियान्वितान् कारयिष्यामि, अतः अहमेव वनराजपदप्राप्तये योग्यः।

शब्दार्थाः – अरे अरे = रे रे (अरे) माम् = मा (मुझे) विहाय = अतिरिच्य, परित्यज्य (छोड़कर) कथमन्यः = कस्मात् अपरः (दूसरा कैसे) कोऽपि = कश्चिदपि (कोई भी) भवितुमर्हति = भवितुं शक्नोति (हो सकता है) अहं तु शीतले जले = अहं तु हिमाम्बु मध्ये (ठंडे पानी में) बहुकालपर्यन्तम् = प्रचुरं समय यावत् (पर्याप्त समय तक) अविचल = अनवरुद्ध (निरन्तर) ध्यानमग्न = ध्याने तल्लीनः निमग्नः (ध्यान लगा हुआ) स्थितप्रज्ञः = स्थिरा बुद्धिः यस्य सा (जिसकी बुद्धि स्थिर है) स्थित्वा = उपविश्य (बैठकर) सर्वेषाम् = सकलानाम् (सबकी) रक्षायाः = रक्षणस्य (रक्षा के) उपायान् = उपचारान् (उपायों को) चिन्तयिष्यामि = विचारयिष्यामि (विचार या चिन्ता करूँगा)

योजनाम् = कार्यप्रारूपकल्पनां (प्रारूप) निर्माय = निर्माणं कृत्वा, रचयित्वा (बनाकर) स्वसभायाम् = आत्मनः समित्याम् (अपनी सभा या गोष्ठी में) विविधपदमलकुर्वाण: = बहुविध स्थानानि विभूषयद्भिः (अनेक पदों को सुशोभित करने वाले) जन्तुभिः = प्राणिभिः (प्राणियों द्वारा) मिलित्वा = सम्भूय (मिलकर) रक्षोएन् = रक्षणस्य उपचारान् (रक्षा के उपायों को) क्रियान्वितान् = क्रियान्विति (अनुरूप कार्य) कारयिष्यामि = कर्तुं प्रेरयिष्यामि (करवाऊँगा) अतः अहम् एव वनराज पदप्राप्तये योग्यः = अतएव अहम् एव अरण्याधिपतेः आसनं प्राप्तुं समर्थ (इसलिए मैं ही वन के राजा का पद प्राप्त करने योग्य हूँ।)

सन्दर्भ-प्रसङ्गश्च – यह गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्यपुस्तक शेमुषी के ‘सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा’ पाठ से लिया गया है। इस गद्यांश में बगुला सबकी उपेक्षा करके स्वयं को वनराज पद के योग्य प्रतिपादित करता है।

हिन्दी अनुवादः – अरे, अरे! मुझे छोड़कर कैसे कोई अन्य राजा हो सकता है। मैं तो शीतल जल में बहुत समय तक बिना विचलित हुए ध्यान में मग्न हुआ स्थितप्रज्ञ की तरह बैठकर हमेशा रक्षा के उपाय सोचूँगा, योजना बनाकर अपनी सभा में विविध पदों को अलंकृत करते हुए जीवों के साथ मिलकर रक्षा के उपायों का क्रियान्वयन करूँगा। अतः मैं ही वनराज पद प्राप्त करने योग्य हूँ।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

8. मयूरः – (वृक्षोपरितः-साट्टहासपूर्वकम्) विरम विरम आत्मश्लाघायाः किं न जानासि यत् –
यदि न स्यान्नरपतिः सम्यङनेता ततः प्रजा।
अकर्णधारा जलधौ विप्लवेतेह नौरिव।
को न जानाति तव ध्यानावस्थाम्। ‘स्थितप्रज्ञ’ इति व्याजेन वराकान् मीनान् छलेन अधिगृह्य क्रूरतया भक्षयसि। धिक् त्वाम्। तव कारणात् तु सर्वं पक्षिकुलमेवावमानितं जातम्।

शब्दार्थाः – वृक्षोपरित = तरोः उपरिष्ठात् (पेड़ के ऊपर से) साट्टहासपूर्वक: = उच्चैः हासेन सहितम् (जोर से हँसते हुए) विरम-विरम = तिष्ठ तिष्ठ (ठहर ठहर) आत्मश्लाघायाः = स्वकीयया प्रशंसया (बस बस अपनी प्रशंसा) किं न जानासि यत् = अपि नावगच्छसि यत् (क्या नहीं जानते कि) यदि = चेत् (यदि) न स्यात् = न भविष्यति (नहीं होगा) नरपतिः = राजा (राजा) सम्यक् = सुष्ठु (अच्छा साधु) ततः = तदा (तब) प्रजा: प्रजाजनाः (प्रजा) जलधौ = सागरे (समुद्र में) अकर्णधारा नौरिव नाविक रहित तरणी इव निमज्जेत, (बिना नाविक नौका की तरह डूब जाती है), को न जानाति = केन न ज्ञायते (किसे ज्ञात नहीं, कौन नहीं जानता) तव = ते (तेरी) ध्यानावस्थाम् = अवधानस्य स्थितिं दशां व (तुम्हारी ध्यान की स्थिति को) स्थितप्रज्ञः = स्थिर ज्ञानस्य इव (स्थित प्रज्ञ के) व्याजेन = मिषेण (बहाने से) वराकान् = दीनान् निरवलम्बान् (बेसहारों को) मीनान् = मत्स्यान् (मछलियों को) छलेन = वञ्चनेन (धोखे से) अधिगृह्य = गृहीत्वा (पकड़कर) करतया = क्रौर्येन सह (निष्ठुरता के साथ) भक्षयसि = खादसि (खा जाते हो) धिक् त्वाम् त्वम् मर्त्सनाह (तुम्हें धिक्कार है), तव = ते (तेरे) कारणात् = हेतोः (वजह से) सर्वं पक्षिकुलमेव = सकलं खगकुलम् एव (सारा खगकुल) अवमानितं = तिरस्कृतं, अवधीरणम् (अपमानित) जातम् = अभवत् (हो गई)

सन्दर्भ-प्रसङ्गश्च – यह गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्यपुस्तक शेमुषी के ‘सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा’ पाठ से लिया गया है। इस गद्यांश में मोर स्वयं को न केवल पक्षिराज ही प्रतिपादित करता है अपितु वनराजपद के योग्य भी कहता है।

हिन्दी अनुवादः-मोर-(वृक्ष के ऊपर से अट्टहासपूर्वक) रुको-रुको अपनी सराहना करने से। क्या नहीं जानते कि-यदि उत्तम राजा अथवा नेता नहीं होगा तो प्रजा बिना नाविक की नौका की तरह सागर में डूब जायेगी। तुम्हारे ध्यान की स्थिति को कौन नहीं जानता। स्थितप्रज्ञ के बहाने बेचारी मछलियों को पकड़कर क्रूरतापूर्वक खा जाते हो। धिक्कार है तुम्हें! तुम्हारे कारण संसार में पक्षियों की जाति ही अपमानित हो गई है।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

9 वानरः – (सगर्वम्) अतएव कथयामि यत् अहमेव योग्यः वनराजपदाय। शीघ्रमेव मम राज्याभिषेकाय तत्पराः भवन्तु सर्वे वन्यजीवाः।
मयूरः – अरे वानर! तूष्णीं भव। कथं त्वं योग्यः वनराजपदायः? पश्यतु पश्यतु मम शिरसि राजमुकुटमिव शिखां स्थापयता विधात्रा एवाहं पक्षिराजः कृतः, अतः वने निवसन्तं मां वनराजरूपेणापि द्रष्टुं सज्जाः भवन्तु अधुना। यतः कथं कोऽप्यन्यः विधातुः निर्णयम् अन्यथाकर्तुं क्षमः।
काकः – (सव्यङ्ग्यम्) अरे अहिभुक्। नृत्यातिरिक्तं का तव विशेषता यत् त्वां वनराजपदाय योग्य मन्यामहे वयम्।

शब्दार्थाः – सगर्वम् = गर्वेण सहितम्, साभिमान (अहंकार सहित) अतएव = अतः (इसलिए) कथयामि = वदामि, ब्रवीमि (कहता हूँ) यत् अहम् एव योग्य: = अहम् एव सक्षमः (कि मैं ही योग्य हूँ) वनराज पदाय = काननाधिपतेः स्थानाय (वन के राजा के पद के लिए) मममे (मेरे) राज्याभिषेकाय-राजासने स्थापयितुं स्थानाय (राज्याभिषेक के लिए) तत्पराः भवन्तु व्यग्राः सन्तु (तैयार हो जाओ) सर्वे सकलाः (सभी) वन्यजीवा = अरण्य-प्राणिन् (जंगल के जन्तु) अरे वानर!: = रे मर्कट! (अरे बन्दर) तूष्णीं भव = मौनं धारय (चुप रह) कथं त्वं गोग्य = कस्मात् भवान् क्षमः (आप कैसे योग्य हैं) वनराजपदाय = काननाधिपस्य स्थानाय (वन के राजा के पद के लिए। यतु पश्यतु = वीक्षताम् वीक्षताम् (देख-देख) मम शिरसि = मे मस्तके (मेरे शिर पर) राजमुकुटमिव = राज्ञः चूडामणिम् इव (राजा के मुकुट की तरह) शिखां = शिखरम् (चोटी) स्थापयता = स्थापितं कृत्वा (लगाकर) विधात्रा = सृष्टिकर्ता (विधाता के द्वारा)

अहमेव पक्षिराज: अहमेन खगराजः = कृताः नियुक्तः निर्मितः (बनाया हूँ) अत: = अतएव (इसलिए) वने = कानने (जंगल में) निवसन्तं माम् = निवासं कुर्वाणं (निवास करते मुझको) अधुना इदानीम् (अब) वनराज रूपेण = वनस्य राज्ञोः रूपेण (वनराज के रूप में) माम् द्रष्टुम् मामवलोकयितुं (मुझे देखने के लिए) सज्जाः भवन्तु = तत्पराः भवन्तु (तैयार हो जाओ) यतः = कस्मान् (किसलिए) कोऽन्ये = कश्चिदन्यः (कोई दूसरा) विधातुम् = कर्तुम् (करने के लिए) निर्णयम् = निश्चयम् (निर्णय को) अन्यथा = मिथ्यां कर्तुं (झूठा करने के लिए), क्षमः = समर्थः (सक्षम) सव्यङ्ग्यम् = व्यञ्जनया सहितम् (व्यंग्यपूर्वक) अरे अहिभुक = रे सर्पभक्षक (अरे सांप खाने वाले), नृत्यातिरिक्तं का तव विशेषता = नृत्ययतिरिच्य किम् ते वैशिष्ट्यम् (नाचने के अलावा और तेरी,क्या विशेषता है।) यत् त्वां = यत् भवन्तम् (कि आपको) वनराज = मृगराज (वन के राजा के) योग्यम् = क्षमम् (योग्य) वयं मन्यामहे वयं मन्यामहे (हम मानें)।

सन्दर्भ-प्रसङ्गश्च – यह गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्यपुस्तक शेमुषी के ‘सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा’ पाठ से लिया गया है। इस गद्यांश में बन्दर, मोर और कौवा अपने-अपने को योग्य प्रतिपादित करते हुए विवाद करते हैं।

हिन्दी अनुवाद-वानर – (अभिमान के साथ) इसीलिए कहता हूँ कि मैं ही वनराज पद के योग्य हूँ। आप शीघ्र ही सभी वन्य जीव मेरे राज्याभिषेक के लिए तैयार हो जाओ।

मयूर – अरे वानर! चुप रह! तुम वनराज के पद के योग्य कैसे हो। देखो देखो मेरे सिर पर राज्यमुकट की तरह चोटी को स्थापित करके विधाता ने ही मुझे पक्षिराज बना दिया है। अतः वन में निवास करते हुए मुझको वनराज के रूप में अब देखने को तैयार हो जाओ। क्योंकि कोई अन्य विधाता के निर्णय को झुठला सकता है।

काकः – (व्यंग्य के साथ) अरे साँ५ खाने वाले नृत्य के अतिरिक्त और तुम में क्या विशेषता है कि तुम्हें वनराज पद के योग्य हम समझें।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

10 मयूरः – यतः मम नृत्यं तु प्रकृतेः आराधना। पश्य! पश्य! मम पिच्छानामपूर्वं सौन्दर्यम् (पिच्छानुद्घाट्य नृत्यमुद्रायां स्थितः सन्) न कोऽपि त्रैलोक्ये मत्सदृशः सुन्दरः। वन्यजन्तूनामुपरि आक्रमणं कर्तारं तु अहं स्वसौन्दर्येण नृत्येन च आकर्षित कृत्वा वनात् बहिष्करिष्यामि। अतः अहमेव योग्यः वनराजपदायः।
(एतस्मिन्नेव काले व्याघ्रचित्रकौ अपि नदीजलं पातुमागतौ एवं विवादं शृणुतः वदतः च)
व्याघ्रचित्रको अरे किं वनराजपदाय सुपात्रं चीयते?
एतदर्थं तु आवामेव योग्यौ। यस्य कस्यापि चयनं तु सर्वसम्मत्या।

शब्दार्थाः – यतः = यस्मात (क्योंकि), मम = मे (मेरा) नत्यम नर्तनम् (नाच) प्रकतेः = प्रकृतितत्वस्य (प्रकृति की) आराधना: = उपासना (कृपा) पश्य = अवलोकय, ईक्षस्व (देखो) मममे (मेरी) पिच्छानाम् = पुच्छस्य (पूँछ की) अपूर्व सौन्दर्यम् = विचक्षणं सुन्दरताम् (अनोखी सुन्दरता के) पिच्छान् = पुच्छं (पंखों को) उद्घाट्य = अनावृत्य, उत्थाय (उठाकर) नृत्य मुद्रायां स्थित: नर्तनस्य स्थिति तिष्ठति (नाचने की मुद्रा में स्थित हो जाता है) न कोऽपि त्रैलोक्यं त्रिषु = लोकेषु कश्चिदपि (तीनों लोकों में कोई) मत्सदश: मादृशः (मेरे जैसा) सुन्दर = मनोरमः (सुन्दर), वन्य जन्तूनाम् = अरण्य प्राणिनाम् (जंगली जानवरों के) उपरि = उपरिष्ठात् (ऊपर) आक्रमणं कर्तारं आक्रान्तारम् (आक्रमण करने वाले को) अहम् = मैं, स्व सौन्दर्ये = आत्मनः सुन्दरतया (अपनी सुन्दरता से) नृत्येन = च-नर्तनेन च (नाचने से)

आकर्षितं = कृत्वा आकृष्य (आकर्षित करके) वनात् = काननात् (जंगल से), बहिष्करिष्यामि = बहिष्कारं विधास्यमि (बहिष्कार कर दूंगा) अत: अतएव (इसलिए) अहमेव = मैं ही। वनराजपदाय = वनराजस्य पद एव योग्य (वन के राजा के पद के योग्य हूँ)) एतस्मिन् काले तदैव (इसी समय), व्याघ्रचित्रकैः = द्वीपीमृगान्तकश्च (बाघ और चीता भी) नदीजलं = सरिज्जलम् (नदी का पानी) पातुम् = आचमिमतुम् (पीने के लिए), आगतौ = आयातौ (आ गये) एवं ईदृशं (ऐसे) विवादम् = प्रतिवादम् (विवाद को) श्रृणुतः = आकर्णत (सुनते) वदतः = कथयतः, बूतः = वः (कहते हैं) अरे = रे (अरे) किम् = अपि (क्या) वनराजपदाय = अरण्यराज्ञः आसनाय (वनराज के पद के लिए) सुपात्रम् = सत्पात्रम् (अच्छा पात्र) चीयते = चयनं क्रियते (चुना जा रहा है) एतदर्थम् = अस्य कृतं (इसके लिए) आवामेव = आवामुभावेव (हम दोनों ही) योग्यौ = क्षमौ (योग्य हैं) यस्य कस्यापि = यं कमपि प्राणिनाम् (जिस किसी प्राणी का) चयनं कुर्वन्ति = चिन्नन्तु (चुनें) सर्वसम्मत्या = सर्वेषां समान मतेन एव (सबके समान मत से चुनें)।

सन्दर्भ-प्रसङ्गश्च – यह गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्यपुस्तक ‘शेमुषी’ के ‘सौहार्दै प्रकृतेः शोभा’ पाठ से लिया गया है। इस गद्यांश में बाघ और चीता भी आ जाते हैं जो मोर को नीचा बताकर प्रत्येक स्वयं को सुयोग्य प्रतिपादित करते हैं।

हिन्दी अनुवादः – मयूर-क्योंकि मेरा नृत्य तो प्रकृति की मेहरबानी है। देखो-देखो, मेरे पंखों का अपूर्व सौन्दर्य। (पूँछ को उठाकर नृत्य की मुद्रा में स्थित होकर) तीनों लोकों में कोई भी मेरे समान सुन्दर नहीं है। वन्य पशुओं पर आक्रमण करने वाले को तो मैं अपने सौन्दर्य और नृत्य से आकर्षित करके जंगल से बहिष्कार कर दूंगा। अत: मैं ही वनराज पद के योग्य हूँ। (इस समय बाघ और चीता भी नदी का जल पान करने के लिये आ गये, इस प्रकार के विवाद को सुनते हैं और कहते हैं)

बाघ और चीता – अरे क्या वनराज पद के लिये सुपात्र चुना जा रहा है? इसके लिए तो हम दोनों ही योग्य हैं। जिस किसी का चयन करें, सर्वसम्मति से करना।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

11. सिंहः – तूष्णीं भव भोः। युवामपि मत्सदृशौ भक्षको न तु रक्षको। एते वन्यजीवाः भक्षक रक्षकपदयोग्यं न मयन्ते अतएव विचारविमर्शः प्रचलित।
बकः – सर्वथा सम्यगुक्तम् सिंहमहोदयेन। वस्तुतः एव सिंहन बहुकालपर्यन्तं शासनं कृतम् परमधुना तु कोऽपि पक्षी एव राजेति निश्चेतव्यम् अत्र तु संशीतिलेशस्यापि अवकाशः एवं नास्ति। सर्वे पक्षिणः (उच्चैः)- आम् आम्- कश्चित् खगः एव वनराजः भविष्यति इति।

शब्दार्था: – तूष्णीं भव = शान्तं एधि, मौने धारय (चुप रहो)। युवामपि = भवन्तौ अपि (आप भी), मत्सदशी – मादृशौ, माम् इव (मेरे जैसे, मुझ से, मेरी तरह), भक्षको = भोजिनौ (खाने वाले ) न तु रक्षको = न च त्रातारौ (न कि रक्षक) एते = इमे (ये), वन्यजीवाः = अरण्यप्राणिन् (जंगली जानवर) भक्षक = भोजिनम्, ‘भोक्तारम् (खाने वाले को) रक्षक पद योग्यम् = त्रातुः स्थानाय सक्षम (रक्षक के पद के योग्य) न मन्यन्ते = न मन्वते (नहीं मानते हैं) अतएव = अस्मादेव (इसलिए) विचार = विमर्श = विचाराणाम् आदान प्रदान (विचारों का आदान-प्रदान) प्रचलति = चलन्नस्ति (चल रहा है) सर्वथा पूर्णतः (पूरी तरह) सम्यगुक्तम् = समीचीनमेव कथितम् (ठीक ही कहा)

सिंह महोदयेन = मृगेन्द्रेण, केसरिणा महाशयेन (सिंह जी ने) वस्तुत = यथार्थतः (वास्तव में) एव = ही। सिंहेन = केसरिणा (सिंह द्वारा), बहुकालपर्यन्तम् = दीर्घकालं यावत् (लम्बे समय तक), शासनं कृतम् = आधिपत्यं सम्पादितं (राज्य किया गया) परञ्चाधुना = परन्तु इदानीम् तु (परन्तु अब तो) कोऽपिपक्षी एव = कश्चित खगः एव (कोई पक्षी ही), राजेति = नृपेति (राजा) निश्चेतव्यम् = निश्चित एव चेतव्यम् (निश्चित करना चाहिए) अत्र = इतस्तु (यहाँ) संशीतिलेशस्यापि = सन्देह मात्रस्य (सन्देह मात्र से) अवकाशः एव = अवसर एव (अवसर ही) नास्ति = न वर्तते (नहीं है) सर्वे पक्षिणः = सकलाः खगः (सभी पक्षी) उच्चै = उच्च स्वरेण (जोर से) आम् आम् = ओम ओम (हाँ हाँ), कश्चित् = कोऽपि (कोई) कश्चन = (कोई) खगः एव = पक्षी एव (पक्षी ही) वनराज = अरण्यधिपतिः (वन का राजा) भविष्यति = नियोज्यते (नियुक्त किया जायेगा)।

सन्दर्भ-प्रसङ्गश्च – यह गद्यांश हमारी ‘शेमुषी’ पाठ्यपुस्तक के ‘सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा’ पाठ से लिया गया है। इस गद्यांश में बाघ और चीता स्वयं को राजपद के लिए प्रस्तुत करते हैं और बगुला ‘सिंह ने बहुत दिन तक शासन कर लिया है’ ऐसा आरोप लगाकर किसी पक्षी को राजपद के लिये प्रस्तुत करते हैं।

हिन्दी अनुवाद – सिंह- अरे चुप हो जाओ। तुम भी मेरे समान ही भक्षक हो न कि रक्षक। ये जंगली जीव भक्षक को रक्षक पद के योग्य नहीं मानते। अतः विचार-विमर्श चल रहा है।

वक: – सिंह महोदय ने सर्वथा उचित ही कहा है। वास्तव में सिंह ने बहुत समय तक शासन किया है परन्तु अब तो कोई भी पक्षी राजा नियुक्त किया जाना चाहिए। इसमें कोई सन्देह नहीं है। सभी पक्षी (जोर से)हाँ हाँ कोई पक्षी ही वनराज होगा।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

12. (परं कश्चिदपि खगः आत्मानं विना नान्यं कमपि अस्मै पदाय योग्यं चिन्तयति तर्हि कथं निर्णयः भवेत् तदा तैः सर्वैः गहननिद्रायां निश्चिन्तं स्वपन्तम् उलूकं वीक्ष्य विचारितम् यदेषः आत्मश्लाघाहीनः पदनिर्लिप्त: उलूको एवास्माकं राजा भविष्यति। परस्परमादिशन्ति च तदानीयन्तां नृपाभिषेकसम्बन्धिनः सम्भाराः इति।)
सर्वे पक्षिणः सज्जायैः गन्तुमिच्छन्ति तर्हि अनायास एव

काकः – (अट्टहासपूर्णेन-स्वरेण) सर्वथा अयुक्तमेतत् यन्मयूर-हंस-कोकिल-चक्रवाक-शुक सारसादिषु पक्षिप्रधानेषु विद्यमानेषु दिवान्धस्यास्य करालवकास्याभिषेकार्थं सर्वे सज्जाः। पूर्णं दिनं यावत् निद्रायमाणः एषः कथमस्मान् रक्षिष्यति। वस्तुतस्तु स्वभावरौद्रमत्युग्रं क्रूरमप्रियवादिनम्।
उलूकं नृपतिं कृत्वा का नु सिद्धिर्भवष्यिति।।
(ततः प्रविशति प्रकृतिमाता)।

शब्दार्था:- परं = परञ्च (लेकिन) कश्चिदपि = कश्चन् अपि (कोई भी) खगः = पक्षी (पक्षी) आत्मानं विना = स्वं विना (अपने अलावा) नान्यं कमपि = नापरं किञ्चदपि (किसी दूसरे को नहीं) अस्मै पदाय = एतस्मै स्थानाय (इस पद के लिए) योग्यं = सक्षम (समर्थ) चिन्तयन्ति = विचारयन्ति (सोचते हैं) तर्हि = तदा (तो) कथम् = कस्मात् (कैसे) निर्णयः = निश्चयः (फैसला) भवेत = स्यात् (हो) तदा = तस्मिन् काले (उस समय) सर्वे = सकलैः (सभी) गहन निद्रायाम् = प्रगाढां सुप्त्याम् (गहरी नींद में सोने पर) निश्चिन्तम् स्वपन्तम् = निश्चिन्तरूपेण शयानं। (निश्चिन्त सोते हुये) उलूकं वीक्ष्य = पेचकं अवलोक्य (उल्लू को देखकर) विचारितम् = चिंतितम् (विचार किया या सोचा),

यदेषः = यतोऽयम् (क्योंकि यह) आत्मश्लाघाविहीन = स्वस्य प्रशंसा रहितः (अपनी बड़ाई से दूर) पदनिर्लिप्त = स्थान प्राप्तुं विरक्तः (पदलोलुपता रहित) उलूके एव = धूक एव (उल्लू ही) अस्माकं राजा = अस्मन्नृपः (हमारा राजा) भविष्यति = स्यात् (होना चाहिए) परस्परमादिशन्ति च = मिथः आदेशं कुर्वन्ति च (और आपस में आदेश करते हैं।) तदा = तर्हि (तो) आनीयन्ताम् = आनेतव्यानि (लाये जाने चाहिए) नृपाभिषेक सम्बन्धिनः = राज्याभिषेकेन सम्बन्धितान् (राज्याभिषेक से सम्बन्धित) सम्भाराः = सामग्रयः (सामग्री) साधनानि वा (अथवा साधन) सर्वेपक्षिणः = सकला खगाः (सारे पक्षी), सज्जायैः गन्तुमिच्छन्ति = व्यवस्थाय प्रस्थानं कुर्वन्ति (व्यवस्था के लिए प्रस्थान करते हैं) तर्हि = तदा (तब) अनायास एव = प्रयत्न बिना एव (अनायास ही) काक: (कौआ) अट्टहासपूर्णेन = साट्टहासम् (अट्टहासपूर्वक)

स्वरेण = ध्वानेन (स्वर से) सर्वथा = सर्व प्रकारेण (सब प्रकार से) अयुक्तमेतत् = इदमनुचितम् (यह अनुचित है) यत् = यतः (क्योंकि) मयूर = हंस-कोकिल-चक्रवाक-शुक-सारिकादिषु पक्षिप्रधानेषु = बर्हि क्षीराश -पिक-कोक-कीर-पीतपादादिकाषु खग प्रमुखेषु (मोर-हंस-कोयल-चकवा-तोता, मैना आदि पक्षी प्रमुखों के) विद्यमानेषु = सत्सु (होते हुए) दिवान्धस्यास्य करालवक्त्रस्थ = एतस्याहरन्धस्य भयङ्करमुखस्य (दिन में अन्धा तथा भयंकर मुख वाले के) अभिषेकार्थम् – राजस्नाय (राज्याभिषेक) सर्वेसज्जाः = अखिलाः सकला वा तत्पराः (सभी तैयार हैं) पूर्ण: दिन यावत् = सकलं दिवसं पर्यन्त (पूरे दिनभर) निद्रायमाणः = स्वपन् उनिद्रः (सोता हुआ, उनींदा)

एष = अयं (यह) कथम् = केन प्रकारेण कस्मात् (कैसे) अस्मान् रक्षिष्यति = अस्माकं रक्षां विधास्यती (कैसे रक्षा कर सकेगा) (वास्तव में तो) स्वभाव रौद्रम् = प्रकृत्या कोपान्वितः (स्वभाव से क्रोधी) अति उग्रम् = महत् प्रचण्डम् (बहुत उग्र), क्रूरम् = जिम, कराल (वक्र) अप्रियवादिनम् = कटु वक्ताम् (कड़वा बोलने वाले) उलूकम् = घूकम् (उल्लू को), नृपतिं = राजानं (राजा) कृत्वा = विधाय (करके) का नु सिद्धिर्भविष्यति = किं साध्यं सम्भविष्यति (क्या सिद्धि होगी) ततः = तदैव (तभी) प्रकृतिमाता = निसर्ग अम्बिका (प्रकृति रूपी माता) प्रविशति = प्रवेश करोति (प्रवेश करती है)।

सन्दर्भ-प्रसङ्गश्च – यह नाट्यांश हमारी शेमुषी पाठ्य-पुस्तक के सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा’ पाठ से उद्धृत है। इस नाट्यांश में सभी पक्षी मिलकर आत्मश्लाघा रहित तथा पद लोलुप न होने कारण उल्लू को राजा नियुक्त करना इसका विरोध कर देता है।

हिन्दी अनुवादः – परन्तु कोई भी पक्षी अपने अलावा अन्य किसी को इस पद के लिए नहीं सोचता तो निर्णय कैसे हो? तब उन सभी ने गहरी नींद में निश्चित सोते हुए उल्लू को देखकर विचारने लगे कि यह आत्म प्रशंसा रहित तथा पद से निर्लिप्त उल्लू ही हमारा राजा होगा। आपस में आदेश देने लगे तो राज्याभिषेक की सामग्री लाई जाये। सभी पक्षी तैयारी के लिए जाना चाहते हैं तब अनायास ही काक ने अट्टहासपूर्ण स्वर से कहा- यह पूरी तरह अनुचित है, क्योंकि मोर, हंस, कोयल, चकवा, तोता, मैना आदि पक्षियों के होते हुये भी दिन में अंधे, भयंकर मुख वाले को अभिषेक करने के लिए सभी तैयार हो। पूरे दिन तक सोता हुआ यह हमारी रक्षा कैसे करेगा। वास्तव में तो स्वभाव से क्रोधी, बहुत उग्र, कुटिल तथा कटुवादी उल्लू को राजा बनाकर तुम्हारी कौन-सी सिद्धि होगी। (तब प्रकृति माता प्रवेश करती है।)

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

13. प्रकृतिमाता – (सस्नेहम्) भोः भोः प्राणिनः। यूयम् सर्वे एव मे सन्ततिः। कथं मिथः कलहं कुर्वन्ति। वस्तुतः सर्वे
वन्यजीविनः अन्योन्याश्रिताः। सदैव स्मरत ददाति प्रतिगृह्णाति, गुह्यमाख्याति पृच्छति। भुङ्क्ते भोजयते चैव षड्-विधं प्रीतिलक्षणम्।।
(सर्वे प्राणिनः समवेतस्वरेण) मातः ! कथयति तु भवन्ती सर्वथा सम्यक परं वयं भवतीं न जानीमः। भवत्याः परिचयः कः?

शब्दार्थाः – सस्नेहम् = स्नेहपूर्वक (प्रेम से), भोः प्राणिनः = अरे अरे जपाः (अरे प्राणियो), यूयं सर्वे एव मे सन्ततिः = भवन्त सकलाः एव मम अपत्यानि (आप सब मेरी सन्तान हो) कथं = कस्मात् (किसलिए) मिथः = परस्परम् (आपस में) कलहं कुर्वन्ति = विवादं रचयन्ति(विवाद कर रहे हो) वस्तुतः = यथार्थतस्तु (वास्तव में तो) सर्वे = सकलाः (सभी) वन्यं जीविनः = अरण्यप्राणिनः (जंगली जीव) अन्योन्याश्रिता = परस्परम् शरण्याः सन्ति (आपस में एक दूसरे पर आश्रित हैं) सदैव = सर्वदा एव (हमेशा ही) स्मरत = स्मरणं कुरुत (याद रखो) ददाति = यच्छति (देते हो) प्रतिगृह्णाति = आदति (लेते हो) गुहयम् = गुप्तरूपेण (गुप्तरूप से)

आख्याति = कथयति (कहते हो) पृच्छति च = प्रश्नयति च (पूछते हो) भुङक्ते = खादति (खाते हो) भोजयते च= खादयति च (खिलाते हो) च एव = (और ही प्रकारकं (छः प्रकार के) लक्षणम् = लिङ्गम् (लक्षण) सर्वे = सकलाः (सभी) प्राणिनः = जन्तवः (जीव) समवेत स्वरेण = सम्भूत स्वरेण (एक साथ स्वरों में) मातः हे मातः (हे माता) भवती = त्वम् (तू) कथयति = वदति तु (कहती तो) सर्वथा सम्यक् = सर्व प्रकारेण सत्यमेव (सभी प्रकार से उचित) परं वयं भवती न जानीमः = परञ्च वयं त्वां न अवगच्छामः भवत्याः = तव (तुम्हारा) परिचयः = अभिज्ञता (पहचान परिचय) किम = किमस्ति (क्या है)।

सन्दर्भ-प्रसङ्गश्च – यह नाट्यांश हमारी शेमुषी पाठ्यपुस्तक के ‘सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा, पाठ से उद्धृत है। प्रस्तुत नाट्यांश में लेखक प्रकृति माता को प्रवेश करवाता है, प्रकृति माता सभी को सौहार्द का उपदेश देती है।

हिन्दी अनुवादः – प्रकृतिमाता – (स्नेह के साथ) अरे अरे प्राणियो! तुम सब ही मेरी सन्तान हो, क्यों आपस में कलह कर रहे हो। वास्तव में सभी वन्य जीव एक दूसरे पर आधारित हैं। सदैव याद रखो-देता है, लेता है, गोपनीय को कहता है, पूछता है, खाता है, खिलाता है, ये छः प्रकार के प्रीति के लक्षण हैं। (सभी प्राणी समवेत स्वर में) हे माँ! आप पूर्णत उचित ही कहती हैं परन्तु हम आपको जानते नहीं है, आपका परिचय क्या है?

14 प्रकृतिमाता- अहं प्रकृतिः युष्माकं सर्वेषां जननी? यूयं सर्वे एव मे प्रियाः। सर्वेषामेव मत्कृते महत्त्वं विद्यते
यथासमयम् न तावत् कलहेन समयं वृथा यापयन्तु अपितु मिलित्वा एव मोदध्वं जीवनं च रसमयं कुरुध्वम्। तद्यथा कथितम्

प्रजासुखे सुखं राज्ञः, प्रजानां च हिते हितम्।
नात्मप्रियं हितं राज्ञः, प्रजानां तु प्रियं हितम्।।

शब्दार्थाः – प्रकृतिमाता = निसर्गजननी (प्रकृति माता) अहं प्रकृति = अहं निसर्ग (मैं प्रकृति हूँ) युष्माकंभवताम् (आपके) सर्वेषाम् समेषाम् (सभी की) जननी = जन्मदात्री (जन्मदायिनी) यूयं सर्वे एव मे प्रियाः = भवन्तः सर्वे एव मय स्निग्धा (आप सब मेरे प्रिय हैं) सर्वेषामेव समेषाम् (सबका) मत्कृते-मह्य (मुझे) महत्वं महनीयता (महानता) विद्यते = अस्ति (है) तावत् = तर्हि, तदा (तब) कलहेन = विवदमानः विवादेन (झगड़ते हुए) समयंकालं (समय को) वृथा = व्यर्थमेव (व्यर्थ ही) मा नहिं (नहीं) यापयन्तु व्यतीतं = मा कुरुत (व्यतीत मत कसे) अपितु अन्यथा (बल्कि) मिलित्वा = सम्भूय (मिलकर) एव = ही, मोदध्वं जीवनं च = जीवनस्य आनन्दं अनुभवत् (जीवन का आनन्द लो) रसमयं च. = मधुरं च (और रसमय जीवन) कुरुध्वम् कुरुत् (करो) तद्यथा = तदेनं (वह इस प्रकार से) कथितम् उक्तम् (कहा गया है) प्रजासुखे-प्रजा यदि सुखं लभते (प्रजा यदि सुख पाती है) (तर्हि-तो) राज्ञः सुखम् = नृपस्य अपि सौख्यम् (राजा का भी गुख होता है) प्रजानां = प्रजाजनानां (प्रजाजनों के) हिते हितम् = लाभेलाभम् (लाभ में लाभ है) नात्मप्रियंन = स्वार्थी, आत्मलाभे निरतं (अपने हित में रत) राज्ञः = नृपस्य (राजा के) प्रजानां = प्रजाजनानाम् (प्रजा का) हितम् = लाभः (लाभ) प्रियं न = प्रियं न भवति। तेभ्यः स्वार्थमेव = प्रियं भवति (उनका स्वार्थ ही प्रिय होता है)।

सन्दर्भ-प्रसङ्गश्च – यह नाट्यांश हमारी पाठ्यपुस्तक ‘शेमुषी’ के ‘सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा’ पाठ से लिया गया है। इस अंश में प्रकृतिमाता अपने और प्राणियों के सम्बंध का वर्णन करती है तथा आनन्द का मार्ग दर्शाती है।

हिन्दी अनुवादः-प्रकृतिमाता- मैं प्रकृति तुम्हारी सभी की जन्मदात्री हूँ। तुम सब ही मेरे प्रिय हो। यथासमय तुम सभी को मेरे प्रति महत्व है तो कलह से व्यर्थ समय मत गँवाओ, अपितु मिलकर के ही प्रसन्न रहो और जीवन को रसमय करो। तो जैसा कहा मया है-प्रजा के सुख में ही राजा का सुख है, प्रजा के हित में ही राजा का हित है। राजा का हित आत्मप्रिय नहीं होता अपितु प्रजा का हित ही प्रिय होता है।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 7 सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा

15 अपि च –
अगाधजलसञ्चारी न गर्वं याति रोहितः। अगुष्ठोदकमात्रेण शफरी फुफुरायते।। अत: भवन्तः सर्वेऽपि शफरीवत् एकैकस्य गुणस्य चर्चा विहाय’- मिलित्वा प्रकृतिसौन्दर्याय वनरक्षायै च प्रयतन्ताम्। सर्वे प्रकृतिमातरं प्रणमन्ति मिलित्वा दृढ़संकल्पपूर्वकं च गायन्ति प्राणिनां जायते हानिः परस्परविवादतः।
अन्योन्यसहयोगेन लाभस्तेषां प्रजायते।।

शब्दार्थाः – अपि च = और भी, अगाध अथाह (अथाह), जलसञ्चारी = तोये विचरन्ती (अथाह जल में विचरण करने वाली), रोहित: = रोहित मत्स्य, मृगमीनः (रोहित नाम की मछली) न गर्वं याति = अभिमानं न प्राप्नोति (अभिमान नहीं करती है), परञ्च = परन्तु, अङ्गुष्ठोदकमात्रेण = वृद्धाङ्गुलि मात्रेण उदकेन (अँगूठा की बराबर गहरे पानी में) शफरी = लघुमत्स्य (छोटी मछली शफरी) फुर्फरायते = गर्वेण उद्विग्ना भवति (फरफराती है) अतः = अतएव (इसलिए) भवन्तः = यूयम् (तुम) सर्वेऽपि = सकलाः एव (सभी) सफरीवत् = सफरी मत्स्य इव (शफरी मछली की तरह) एकैकस्य एकस्य एकस्य (एक एक के) गुणस्यवैशिष्ट्यम् (गुण की) चर्चा = संवादे (चर्चा को) विहायः त्यक्त्वा (त्यागकर) मिलित्वा = सम्भूय (एकत्र होकर) प्रकृति सौन्दर्या य च = प्रकृतेः निसर्गस्य वा सुन्दरतायै (प्रकृति की सुन्दरता के लिए)

वनरक्षायै च = काननं संरक्षाय, त्रातुं वा (वन की रक्षा के लिए) प्रयतन्ताम् = प्रयासं कुर्वन्तु, प्रयस्यन्ताम् (प्रयत्न करें) सर्वे सकलाः (सभी) प्रकृति मातरम् = निसर्ग जननी (प्रकृति माता को) प्रणमन्ति = नमन्ति (नमस्कार करते हैं, झुकते हैं) मिलित्वा = सम्भूय (मिलकर) दृढसङ्कल्पपूर्वकम् = वद्धपरिकरम् (कटिवद्ध हुए को) पूर्वकम् = युक्तम् (युक्त, उचित) च गायन्ति = सस्वरं उच्चरानेन (सस्वर उच्चारण करते हैं) प्राणिनो = जन्तूनाम् (प्राणियों की) हानिः = क्षया (नुकसान) जायते = भवति (होती है) परस्पर विवादतः = मिथः विवादात् (परस्पर विवाद से) अन्योन्य = परस्पर, मिथ (आपसी सहयोग से) तेषाम् = अमीषाम् (उनका) लाभ: = हित (लाभ) प्रजायते = प्रभवति (होता है)।

सन्दर्भ-प्रसङ्गश्च – यह नाट्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘शेमुषी’ के ‘सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा’ पाठ से लिया गया है। इस नाट्यांश में प्रकृति माता उपदेश (सन्देश) देती है कि विवाद में लोगों की हानि तथा परस्पर सहयोग से ही लाभ है।

हिन्दी अनुवादः – और भी-अगाध जल में विचरण करने वाली रोहित मछली तो गर्व नहीं करती है (परन्तु) मात्र अँगूठे के बराबर गहरे पानी में शफरी मछली (घमण्ड से) फरफराती है। अतः आप सभी शफरी की तरह से एक-एक गुण की चर्चा त्यागकर मिल करके प्रकृति सौन्दर्य के लिए और वन की रक्षा के लिए प्रयत्न करो। सभी प्रकृति माता को प्रणाम करते हैं, मिलकर पूर्ण (दृढ़) संकल्पपूर्वक गाते हैं-आपस में विवाद करने से प्राणियों की हानि होती है तथा एक-दूसरे के सहयोग से उनका लाभ होता है।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Shemushi Chapter 2 बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Shemushi Chapter 2 बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

JAC Board Class 10th Sanskrit Solutions Shemushi Chapter 2 बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा

JAC Class 10th Sanskrit बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा Textbook Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
एकपदेन उत्तरं लिखत- (एक शब्द में उत्तर लिखिए-)
(क) बुद्धिमती कुत्र व्याघ्रं ददर्श (बुद्धिमती ने बाघ को कहाँ देखा?)
उत्तरम् :
गहन कानने (सघन जंगल में)।

(ख) भामिनी कया मुक्ता? (स्त्री किससे मुक्त हुर्ह ?)
उत्तरम् :
निजबुद्या (अपनी बुद्धि से)।

(ग) सर्वदा सर्वकार्येषु का बलवती? (हमेशा सभी कार्यों में क्या बलवान है?)
उत्तरम् :
बुद्धिः (अक्ल)।

(घ) व्याघ्र कस्मात् बिभेति? (व्याघ किससे डरता है?)
उत्तरम् :
व्याघ्रमारीतः (बाघ करनी है)

(क) प्रत्युत्पन्नमतिः बुद्धिमती किमाक्षिपन्ती उवाच?
(प्रत्युत्पन्नमति बुद्धिमती किस पर आक्षेप करती हुई बोली?)
उत्तरम् :
जम्बुकम् (गीदड़)।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 2 बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा

प्रश्न 2.
अधोलिखितानां प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि संस्कृतभाषया लिखत –
(निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर संस्कृत में लिखिए)
(क) बुद्धिमती केन उपेता पितुर्गहं प्रति चलिता ?
(बुद्धिमती किनके सहित पीहर की ओर चली गई ?)
उत्तरम् :
बुद्धिमती पुत्रद्वयोपेता पितुर्गृहं प्रति चलिता।
(बुद्धिमती दो पुत्रों सहित पीहर की ओर चली गई 1)

(ख) व्याघ्रः किं विचार्य पलायितः?
(बाघ क्या सोचकर भाग गया ?)
उत्तरम् :
व्याघ्रमारी काचिद् इयम् इति विचार्य व्याघ्रः पलायितः।
(यह कोई व्याघ्रमारी है, ऐसा सोचकर बाघ भाग गया।)

(ग) लोके महतो भयात् कः मुच्यते ?
(संसार में महान् भय से कौन मुक्त हो जाता है ?)
उत्तरम् :
बुद्धिमान् लोके महतो भयात् मुच्यते।
(बुद्धिमान् लोक में महान् भय से मुक्त हो जाता है।)

(घ) जम्बुकः किं वदन् व्याघ्रस्य उपहासं करोति ?
(गीदड़ क्या बोलता हुआ बाघ का उपहास करता है ?)
उत्तरम् :
‘भवान् कुतः भयात् पलायितः ?’ इति वदन् जम्बुक: व्याघ्रस्य उपहासं करोति।
(‘आप भय से कहाँ भाग रहे हैं ? ‘ ऐसा बोलते हुए गीदड़ बाघ का उपहास करता है।)

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 2 बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा

(ङ) बुद्धिमती शृगालं किमुक्तवती ?
(बुद्धिमती ने गीदड़ से क्या कहा ?)
उत्तरम् :
रे रे धूर्त ! त्वया मह्यं पुरा व्याघ्रत्रयं दत्तम्। विश्वास्य (अपि) अद्य एकम् एव आनीय कथं यासि, वद इदानीम्। इति उक्तवती। (अरे-अरे छलिया ! पहले तुमने मेरे लिए तीन बाघ दिए थे (परन्तु) विश्वास देकर आज एक ही ‘बाघ’ ला कर जा रहे हो। अब बोलो। ऐसा कहा।)

प्रश्न 3.
स्थूलपदमाधृत्य प्रश्ननिर्माणं कुरुत (मोटे शब्दों को आधार मानकर प्रश्न निर्माण कीजिए)
(क) तत्र राजसिंहो नाम राजपुत्रः वसति स्म। (वहाँ राजसिंह नाम का राजा का पुत्र रहता था।)
(ख) बुद्धिमती चपेटया पुत्रौ प्रहृतवती। (बुद्धिमती ने थप्पड़ से दोनों पुत्रों को पीटा।)
(ग) व्याघ्रं दृष्ट्वा धूर्तः शृगालः अवदत्। (बाघ को देखकर धूर्त गीदड़ बोला।)
(घ) त्वं मानुषात् बिभेषि। (तुम मानव से डरते हो।)
(ङ) परा त्वया मह्यं व्याघ्रत्रयं दत्तम्। (पहले तुमने मुझे तीन बाघ दिए।)
उत्तरम् :
(क) तत्र किम् नाम राजपुत्रः वसति स्म? (वहाँ किस नाम का राजा का पुत्र रहता था ?)
(ख) बुद्धिमती कया पुत्रौ प्रहृतवती ? (बुद्धिमती ने किससे दोनों पुत्रों को पीटा ?)
(ग) कं दृष्ट्वा धूर्तः शृगालः अवदत् ? (किसको देखकर धूर्त गीदड़ बोला ?)
(घ) त्वं कस्मात् बिभेषि ? (तुम किससे डरते हो ?)
(ङ) पुरा त्वया कस्मै व्याघ्रत्रयं दत्तम् ? (पहले तुमने किसको तीन बाघ दिए ?)

प्रश्न 4.
अधोलिखितानि वाक्यानि घटनाक्रमेण योजयत (निम्नलिखित वाक्यों को घटना-क्रम से लगाइए)
(क) व्याघ्रः व्याघ्रमारी इयमिति मत्वा पलायितः।
(ख) प्रत्युत्पन्नमतिः सा शृगालं आक्षिपन्ती उवाच।
(ग) जम्बुककृतोत्साहः व्याघ्रः पुनः काननम् आगच्छत्।
(घ) मार्गे सा एकं व्याघ्रम् अपश्यत्।
(ङ) व्याघ्रं दृष्ट्वा सा पुत्रौ ताडयन्ती उवाच- अधुना एकमेव व्याघ्रं विभज्य भुज्यत।
(च) बुद्धिमती पुत्रद्वयेन उपेता पितुर्गृहं प्रति चलिता।
(छ) ‘त्व व्याघ्रत्रयम् आनयितुं प्रतिज्ञाय एकमेव आनीतवान्।
(ज) गलबद्धशृगालक: व्याघ्रः पुनः पलायितः।
उत्तरम् :
(च) बुद्धिमती पुत्रद्वयेन उपेता पितुर्गृहं प्रति चलिता।
(घ) मार्गे सा एकं व्याघ्रम् अपश्यत्।
(ङ) व्याघ्रं दृष्ट्वा सा पुत्रौ ताडयन्ती उवाच- अधुना एकमेव व्याघ्रं विभज्य भुज्यत।
(क) व्याघ्रः व्याघ्रमारी इयमिति मत्वा पलायितः।
(ग) जम्बुककृतोत्साहः व्याघ्रः पुनः काननम् आगच्छत्।
(ख) प्रत्युत्पन्नमतिः सा शृगालं आक्षिपन्ती उवाच।
(छ) ‘त्वं व्याघ्रत्रयम् आनयितुं’ प्रतिज्ञाय एकमेव आनीतवान्।
(ज) गलबद्धशृगालक: व्याघ्रः पुनः पलायितः।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 2 बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा

प्रश्न 5.
सन्धिं/सन्धिविच्छेदं वा कुरुत (सन्धि/सन्धि-विच्छेद कीजिए)
(क) पितुर्गृहम् = ……………… …………
(ख) एकैकः = ………………
(ग) ………………… = अन्यः + अपि
(घ) ………………… = इति + उक्त्वा
(ङ) ………………… = यत्र + आस्ते
उत्तरम् :
(क) पितुः + गृहम्
(ख) एक + एकः
(ग) अन्योऽपि
(घ) इत्युक्त्वा
(ङ) यत्रास्ते।

प्रश्न 6.
अधोलिखितानां पदानाम् अर्थः कोष्ठकात् चित्वा लिखत (निम्नलिखित पदों के अर्थ कोष्ठक से चुनकर लिखिए)।
(क) ,ददर्श – (दर्शितवान्, दृष्टवान्)
(ख) जगाद – (अकथयत्, अगच्छत्)
(ग) ययौ – (याचितवान्, गतवान्)
(घ) अत्तुम् – (खादितम्, आविष्कर्तुम्)
(ङ) मुच्यते – (मुक्तो भवति, मग्नो भवति)
(च) ईक्षते – (पश्यति, इच्छति)
उत्तरम् :
(क) ददर्श = दृष्टवान्
(ख) जगाद = अकथयत्
(ग) ययौ = गतवान्
(घ) अत्तुम् = खादितुम्।
(ङ) मुच्यते = मुक्तो भवति
(च) ईक्षते = पश्यति।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 2 बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा

प्रश्न 7.
(अ) पाठात् चित्वा पर्यायपदं लिखत (पाठ से चुनकर पर्यायवाची लिखो)
(क) वनम् (ख) शृगालः (ग) शीघ्रम् (घ) पत्नी (ङ) गच्छसि।
उत्तरम् :
(क) काननम् (ख) जम्बुकः (ग) सत्वरम् (घ) भार्या (ङ) यासि।

(आ) पाठात् चित्वा विपरीतार्थकं पदं लिखत (पाठ से चुनकर विलोम शब्द लिखिये)
(क) प्रथमः (ख) उक्त्वा (ग) अधुना (घ) अवेला (ङ) बुद्धिहीना
उत्तराणि-
(क) द्वितीयः (ख) श्रुत्वा (ग) तदा (घ) वेला (ङ) बुद्धिमती।

परियोजनाकार्यम् :

बुद्धिमत्याः स्थाने आत्मानं परिकल्प्य तद्भावनां स्वभाषया लिखत।
(बुद्धिमती के स्थान पर स्वयं की कल्पना करके उसकी भावना को अपनी भाषा में लिखिए।)
उत्तरम् :
बुद्धिमती के स्थान पर यदि मैं होता तो चलते समय आगामी संभावनीय स्थिति को देखते हुए अपनी सुरक्षा के लिए कोई-न-कोई हथियार लेकर चलता/चलती तथा वन के खतरे पर विचार करके हर स्थिति से निपटने के लिये तैयार होकर जाता/जाती। इसमें कोई शक नहीं कि बुद्धि अधिक बलवती होती है परन्तु बुद्धि शरीर में रहती है और उसकी रक्षा के लिए कोई शस्त्र आवश्यक है। विवेक के रक्षार्थ वीरता की भी आवश्यकता होती है।

योग्यताविस्तार :

यह पाठ शुकसप्ततिः नामक प्रसिद्ध कथाग्रन्थ से सम्पादित कर लिया गया है। इसमें अपने दो छोटे-छोटे पुत्रों के साथ जंगल के रास्ते से पिता के घर जा रही बुद्धिमती नामक नारी के बुद्धिकौशल को दिख पा गया है, जो सामने आए हुए शेर को डराकर भगा देती है। इस कथाग्रन्थ में नीतिनिपुण शुक और सारिका की कहानियों के द्वारा अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से सद्वृत्ति का. विकास कराया गया है।

भाषिकविस्तार :

ददर्श-दृश् धातु, लिट् लकार, प्रथम पुरुष, एकवचन।
बिभेषि ‘भी’ धातु, लट् लकार, मध्यम पुरुष, एकवचन।
प्रहरन्ती – प्र + हृ धातु, शतृ प्रत्यय, स्त्रीलिङ्ग प्र.वि. एकवचन।
गम्यताम् – गम् धातु, कर्मवाच्य, लोट् लकार, प्रथमपुरुष, एकवचन।
ययौ – ‘या’ धातु, लट् लकार, मध्यम पुरुष, एकवचन।
यासि – गच्छसि ‘या’ धातु, लट् लकार, मध्यमपुरुष, एकवचन।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 2 बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा

समास :

गलबद्धशृगालकः – गले बद्धः शृगालः यस्य सः।
प्रत्युत्पन्नमतिः – प्रत्युत्पन्ना मतिः यस्यः सः।
जम्बुककृतोत्साहात् – जम्बुकेन कृतः उत्साहः – जम्बुककृतोत्साहः तस्मात्।
पुत्रद्वयोपेता – पुत्रद्वयेन उपेता।
भयाकुलचितः – भयेन आकुलं चित्तम् यस्य सः।
व्याघ्रमारी – व्याघ्र मारयति इति।
गृहीतकरजीवितः – गृहीतं करे जीवितुं येन सः।
भयङ्कराः – भयं करोति या इति।

ग्रन्थ-परिचय – शुकसप्ततिः के लेखक और काल के विषय मे यद्यपि भ्रान्ति बनी हुई है, तथापि इसका काल 1000 ई. से 1400 ई. के मध्य माना जाता है। हेमचंद्र ने (1088 – 1172) में शुकसप्ततिः का उल्लेख किया है। चौदहवीं शताब्दी में इसका फारसी भाषा में ‘तूतिनामह’ नाम से अनुवाद हुआ था।

शुकसप्ततिः का ढाँचा अत्यन्त सरल और मनोरजंक है। हरिदत्त नामक सेठ का मदनविनोद नामक एक पुत्र था। वह विषयासक्त और कुमार्गगामी था। सेठ को दुखी देखकर उसके मित्र त्रिविक्रम नामक ब्राह्मण ने अपने घर से नीतिनिपुण शुक और सारिका लेकर उसके घर जाकर कहा-इस सपत्नीक शुक का तुम पुत्र की भाँति पालन करो। इसका संरक्षण करने से तुम्हारा दुख दूर होगा। हरदित्त ने मदनविनोद को वह तोता दे दिया। तोते की कहानियों में नदनविनोद का हृदय परिवर्तन कर दिया और वह अपने व्यवसाय में लग गया। व्यापार प्रसंग में जब वह देशान्तर गया तब शुक अपनी मनोरंजक कहानियों से उसकी पत्नी का तब तक विनोद करता रहा, जब तक उसका पति वापस नहीं आ गया। संक्षेप में शुकसप्ततिः अत्यधिक मनोरंजक कथाओं का संग्रह है।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 2 बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा

हन् (मारना) धातोः रूपम्
लट्लकारः

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 2 बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा 1

JAC Class 10th Sanskrit बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा Important Questions and Answers

शब्दार्थ चयनम् –

अधोलिखित वाक्येषु रेखांकित पदानां प्रसङ्गानुकूलम् उचितार्थ चित्वा लिखत –

प्रश्न 1.
तत्र राजसिंहः नाम राजपुत्रः वसति स्म।
(अ) ग्रामः
(ब) न्यवसत्
(स) सिंहः
(द) पुत्रः
उत्तर :
(ब) न्यवसत्

प्रश्न 2.
मार्गे गहनकानने सा एकं व्यानं ददर्श –
(अ) लोमशिका
(ब) गजः
(स) मण्डूकः
(द) शार्दूलम्
उत्तर :
(द) शार्दूलम्

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 2 बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा

प्रश्न 3.
व्याघ्रो भयाकुलचित्तो नष्ट: –
(अ) ददर्श
(ब) धाष्र्यात्
(स) पलायित:
(द) भुज्यताम्।
उत्तर :
(स) पलायित:

प्रश्न 4.
गच्छ, गच्छ जम्बुक ! त्वमपि किञ्चिद् गूढप्रदेशम् –
(अ) शृगाल!
(ब) गजः
(स) लोमशिका
(द) मण्डूक
उत्तर :
(अ) शृगाल!

प्रश्न 5.
त्वया महत्कौतुकम् आवेदितं यन्मानुषादपि बिभेषि?
(अ) परम्
(ब) भयाक्रान्तोऽसि
(स) तदग्रतः
(द) आवेदितम्
उत्तर :
(ब) भयाक्रान्तोऽसि

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 2 बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा

प्रश्न 6.
यदि त्वं मां मुक्त्वा यासि तदा वेलाप्यवेला स्यात्।
(अ) चपेटया
(ब) यत्रास्ते
(स) परित्यज्य
(द) कौतुकम्
उत्तर :
(स) परित्यज्य

प्रश्न 7.
स व्याघ्रः तथाकृत्वा काननं ययौ।
(अ) वनम
(ब) निजगले
(स) बद्ध्वा
(द) कृत्वा
उत्तर :
(अ) वनम

प्रश्न 8.
रे रे धूर्त त्वया दत्तं मह्यं व्याघ्रत्रयं पुरा –
(अ) बुद्धिमती
(ब) जम्बुककृतोत्साहात्
(स) व्याघ्रात्
(द) पूर्वे
उत्तर :
(द) पूर्वे

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 2 बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा

प्रश्न 9.
व्याघ्रोऽपि सहसा नष्टः गलबद्धशृगालकः –
(अ) त्वया
(ब) अकस्मात्
(स) गलबद्धः
(द) अपि
उत्तर :
(ब) अकस्मात्

प्रश्न 10.
बुद्धिर्बलवती तन्वि सर्वकार्येषु सर्वदा –
(अ) सदैव
(ब) उच्यते
(स) पुनरपि
(घ) बुद्धि
उत्तर :
(अ) सदैव

II. संस्कृतमाध्यमेन प्रश्नोत्तराणि –

एकपदेन उत्तरत –
(एक शब्द में उत्तर दीजिए)

प्रश्न 1.
गहनकानने सा किं ददर्श? (सघन वन में उसने क्या देखा ?)
उत्तरम् :
व्याघ्रम् (बाघ)।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 2 बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा

प्रश्न 2.
भामिनी व्याघ्रस्य भयात् कया मुक्ता ?
(रूपवती स्त्री बाघ के भय से किससे मुक्त हुई ?)
उत्तरम् :
निजबुद्ध्या (अपनी बुद्धि से)।

प्रश्न 3.
‘बद्धा’ इत्यस्य पदस्य विलोमार्थकं पदं लिखत।
(‘बद्धा’ इस शब्द का विलोम शब्द लिखिए-)
उत्तरम् :
विमुक्ता (खुला या बन्धन रहित)।

प्रश्न 4.
गृहीतकरजीवितः बुद्धिमत्याः अग्रतः कः नष्टः?
(जान हथेली पर लेकर बुद्धिमती के आगे से कौन भाग गया?)
उत्तरम् :
व्याघ्रः (बाघ)।

प्रश्न 5.
‘तर्हि त्वया अहं हन्तव्यः’ इति केन उक्तम्?
(तर्हि त्वया अहं हन्तव्यः’ यह किसने कहा?)
उत्तरम् :
शृगालेन (सियार ने)।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 2 बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा

प्रश्न 6.
‘गृहीतकरजीवित:’ अस्य पदस्य विशेष्यः कः ?
(‘गृहीतकरजीवितः’ यहाँ विशेष्य क्या है ?)
उत्तरम् :
व्याघ्रः।

प्रश्न 7.
बुद्धिमती शृगालेन सहितं दूरात् कमायान्तम् अपश्यत्?
(बुद्धिमती ने सियार सहित दूर से किसको आते हुए देखा?)
उत्तरम् :
व्याघ्रम् (बाघ को)।

प्रश्न 8.
‘वध्यताम्’ अस्य पदस्य विलोमार्थकं पदं लिखत।
(‘वध्यताम्’ इस शब्द का विलोम अर्थ वाला शब्द लिखिए।)
उत्तरम् :
मुच्यताम् (खोलो, मुक्त करो)।

प्रश्न 9.
‘दत्तं मां व्याघ्रत्रयम्’ अत्र ‘मां’ सर्वनामपदं केन प्रयुक्तम् ?
(‘दत्तं मह्यं व्याघ्रत्रयम्’ यहाँ ‘मां’ सर्वनाम पद का प्रयोग किसके लिये किया गया है ?)
उत्तरम् :
बुद्धिमत्यै (बुद्धिमती के लिए)।

प्रश्न 10.
राजसिंहः कुत्र वसति स्म ?
(राजसिंह कहाँ रहता था ?)
उत्तरम् :
देउलाख्ये ग्रामे (देउल नाम के गाँव में।)

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 2 बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा

प्रश्न 11.
बुद्धिमती पुत्रद्वयोपेता कुत्र चलिता?
(बुद्धिमती दोनों पुत्रों को लेकर कहाँ चल पड़ी?)
उत्तरम् :
पितुर्गृहम् (पिता के घर)।

प्रश्न 12.
व्याघ्रः जम्बुकं कुत्र गन्तुं निर्दिष्टवान् ?
(बाघ ने गीदड़ को कहाँ जाने का निर्देश दिया ?)
उत्तरम् :
गूढप्रदेशम् (गुप्त स्थान पर)।

प्रश्न 13.
सा बुद्धिमती व्याघ्रण का मता ?
(उस बुद्धिमती को बाघ ने क्या माना ?)
उत्तरम् :
व्याघ्रमारी (बाघ मारने वाली)।

प्रश्न 14.
सर्वेषु कार्येषु का बलवती ?
(सभी कामों में क्या बलवती है ?)
उत्तरम् :
बुद्धिः (बुद्धि)।

प्रश्न 15.
व्याघ्रः जम्बुकं कुत्र अबध्नात् ?
(बाघ ने गीदड़ को कहाँ बाँधा?)
उत्तरम् :
निजगले (अपने गले में)।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 2 बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा

पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर दीजिए) –

प्रश्न 16.
भयाकुलं व्याघ्रं दृष्ट्वा धूर्तः शृगालः किम् आह ?
(भय से व्याकुल बाघ को देखकर धूर्त सियार ने क्या कहा ?)
उत्तरम् :
सः व्याघ्रम् अवदत् – ‘भवान् कुतः भयात् पलायित:?’
(वह बाघ से बोला – ‘आप कहाँ से डर से भागे हुए हो ?’)

प्रश्न 17.
व्याघ्रः प्रत्यक्षं किम् अपश्यत् ?
(बाघ ने प्रत्यक्ष क्या देखा ?)
उत्तरम् :
व्याघ्रः बुद्धिमतीम् आत्मपुत्रौ एकैकशः व्याघ्रम् अत्तुं कलहायमानौ चपेटया प्रहरन्तीम् अपश्यत्।
(बाघ ने बुद्धिमती को अपने पुत्रों को एक-एक बाघ खाने के लिए कलह करते हुए थप्पड़ से प्रहार करती हुई को देखा।).

प्रश्न 18.
बुद्धिमती कीदृशी आसीत् ?
(बुद्धिमती कैसी थी ?)
उत्तरम् :
बुद्धिमती प्रत्युत्पन्नमतिः आसीत्।
(बुद्धिमती प्रत्युत्पन्नमति अर्थात् तुरंत उत्तरम् देने वाली थी।)

प्रश्न 19.
भामिनी निजबुध्या कस्मात् विमुक्ता ?
(रूपवती स्त्री अपनी बुद्धि से किससे मुक्त हो गई ?)
उत्तरम् :
भामिनी निजबुद्ध्या व्याघ्रस्य भयात् विमुक्ता।
(रूपवती स्त्री अपनी बुद्धि से बाघ के डर से मुक्त हो गई।)

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 2 बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा

प्रश्न 20.
व्याघ्रण किं महत्कौतुकम् आवेदितम् ?
(बाघ ने क्या आश्चर्य की बात निवेदन की ?)
उत्तरम् :
यद् असौ मानुषाद् अपि बिभेति।
(कि यह मानव से भी डरता है।)

प्रश्न 21.
व्याघ्रः किं कृत्वा काननं ययौ ?
(बाघ क्या करके जंगल को गया ?)
उत्तरम् :
शृगालं निजगले बद्ध्वा व्याघ्रः काननं ययौ।
(सियार को अपने गले में बाँधकर बाघ वन में गया।)

III. अन्वय-लेखनम् –

अधोलिखितश्लोकस्यान्वयमाश्रित्य रिक्तस्थानानि मञ्जूषातः समुचितपदानि चित्वा पूरयत।
(नीचे लिखे श्लोक के अन्वय के आधार पर रिक्तस्थानों की पूर्ति मंजूषा से उचित पद चुनकर कीजिए।)
(क) निजबुद्ध्या ……………………………… भयात्।
मञ्जूषा – महतो, भयाद्, बुद्धिमान्, निजबुद्ध्या। सा भामिनी
(i) ………… व्याघ्रस्य (ii) ………… विमुक्ता अन्योऽपि (iii) ………… लोके (iv) ……….. भयात् मुच्यते।।1।।
उत्तरम् :
(i) निजबुद्ध्या (ii) भयाद् (iii) बुद्धिमान् (iv) महतो।

(ख) रे रे धर्त ! ……………………….. वदाधुना।
मञ्जूषा – एकम्, त्वया, यासि, त्रयम्। रे रे धूर्त !

पुरा (i) ………… मह्यं व्याघ्र (ii) ………… दत्तम् (परञ्च) अद्य (iii) ………… आनीय कथं (iv) …………, अधुना वद।
उत्तरम् :
(i) त्वया (ii) त्रयम् (iii) एकम् (iv) यासि।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 2 बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा

(ग) इत्युक्त्वा ……………………………. गलबद्धशृगालकः।

मञ्जूषा – शृगालकः, तूर्णं, सर्वकार्येषु, भयङ्करा।।

इति उक्त्वा (i) ………… व्याघ्रमारी (ii) ………… धाविता। गलबद्ध: (iii) ………… व्याघ्रः अपि सहसा नष्टः। हे तन्वि ! सर्वदा (iv) ………… बुद्धिर्बलवती।
उत्तरम् :
(i) भयङ्करा (ii) तूर्णं (iii) शृगालकः (iv) सर्वकार्येषु।

IV. प्रश्ननिर्माणम् –

अधोलिखित वाक्येषु स्थूलपदमाधृत्य प्रश्ननिर्माणं कुरुत –

  1. देउलाख्ये ग्राम राजसिंहः वसति स्म। (देउल नाम के गाँव में राजसिंह रहता था।)
  2. मार्गे गहन कानने सा एकं व्याघ्रं ददर्श। (मार्ग में सघन वन में उसने एक बाघ को देखा।)
  3. ‘व्याघ्रमारी काचिदियमिति’ मत्वा व्याघ्रो भयाकुलचित्तो नष्टः। (‘यह कोई बाघमारनी है’ ऐसा मानकर बाघ भयभीत हुआ और भाग गया।)
  4. सा व्याघ्रस्य भयात् निजबुद्ध्या विमुक्ता। (वह बाघ के भय से अपनी बुद्धि से मुक्त हुई 1)
  5. बुद्धिमान् लोके निजबुद्ध्या महतो भयात् मुच्यते। (बुद्धिमान् व्यक्ति लोक में अपनी बुद्धि द्वारा महान् भय से भी मुक्त होता है।)
  6. भयाकुलं व्याघ्रं दृष्ट्वा शृगालः हसन्नाह। (भयभीत बाघ को देखकर गीदड़ ने हँसते हुए कहा।)
  7. जम्बुक: गूढप्रदेशं गच्छेत्। (गीदड़ को कहीं गुप्त स्थान पर जाना चाहिए।)
  8. स व्याघ्रः शृगालं निजगले बद्ध्वा काननं ययौ। (वह बाघ गीदड़ को अपने गले से बाँधकर वन में चला गया।)
  9. व्याघ्रमारी शृगालेन सहितमायान्तं व्याघ्रमपश्यत्। (बाघमारी ने गीदड़ सहित बाघ को आते हुए देखा।)
  10. शृगालेन पुरा त्रयः व्याघ्राः आनीय दत्ताः। (गीदड़ ने पहले तीन बाघ लाकर दिए।)

उत्तराणि :

  1. कस्मिन् ग्रामे राजसिंहः वसति स्म ?
  2. मार्गे गहनकानने सा कं ददर्श?
  3. किं मत्वा व्याघ्रो भयाकुलचित्तो नष्टः ?
  4. सा कस्य भयात् निजबुद्धया विमुक्ता ?
  5. बुद्धिमान् लोके कया महतो भयात् मुच्यते ?
  6. कीदृशं व्याघ्रं दृष्ट्वा शृगालः हसन्नाह ?
  7. जम्बुकः कुत्र गच्छेत् ?
  8. स व्याघ्रः शृगालं कुत्र बद्ध्वा काननं ययौ ?
  9. व्याघ्रमारी केन सहितमायान्तं व्याघ्रमपश्यत् ?
  10. शृगालेन पुरा कति व्याघ्राः आनीय दत्ताः ?

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 2 बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा

V. भावार्थ-लेखनम् –

अधोलिखितानां भावार्थ संस्कृतभाषया लिखत-
(निम्नलिखित का भावार्थ संस्कृत में लिखिए-)
(i) निजबुद्धया विमुक्तो सा भयाद् व्याघ्रस्य भामिनी।
बुद्धिमान् लोके मुच्यते महतो भयात् ॥

भावार्थ – सा भामिनी निजबुद्धया व्याघ्रस्य भयाद् विमुक्ता अन्योऽपि प्रज्ञावान् जनः अस्मिन् लोके स्वस्य प्रज्ञया महतः भयात् अपि मुक्तिं लभते।।

(ii) रे रे धर्त त्वया दत्तं महयं व्याघ्रत्रयं पुरा।
विश्वास्यायैकमानीय कथं यासिः वदाधुना॥

भावार्थ – त्वरितमतिः असौ शृगालं सङ्केत्य भयं प्रदर्शयन्ती अब्रवीत्- ओ: वञ्चक! पूर्वे त्वं मे त्रीन् मृगान्तकान् आनीय प्रदत्तवान्। कथय विश्वासं प्रदाय अद्य त्वं मे एकमेव प्रदाय कथं गच्छसि।

(iii) इत्युक्त्वा धाविता तूर्णं व्याघ्रमारी भयङ्करा।
व्याघ्रोऽपि सहसा नष्ट: गलबद्धशृगालकः॥

भावार्थ – एवं कथयित्वा सा भयोत्पादिका मृगान्तक हन्त्री द्रुतगत्या अधावत्। मृगान्तकोऽपि अकस्मारेव गले जम्बुकं बद्ध्वा पलायते। अनेन प्रकारेण सा मतिमती मृगान्तकस्य भयात् पुनः उन्मुक्ता अजायत्।

(iv) बद्धिर्बलवती तन्वि ! सर्वकार्येष सर्वदा।

भावार्थ – हे प्रिये, तन्वङ्गि ! सदैव अस्मिन् संसारे सर्वाषु क्रियासु बुद्धिः प्रज्ञा वा एव शक्तिशालिनी सामर्थ्यवती .. वा भवति।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 2 बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा

VI. पाठ-सार लेखनम् –

प्रश्न: ‘बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा’ इति पाठस्य सारांश: हिन्दीभाषायां लिखत।
उत्तरम् :
देउल नाम का एक गाँव था। उस गाँव में एक राजसिंह नाम का राजपूत रहता था। एक दिन एक महत्वपूर्ण काम से उसकी पत्नी बुद्धिमती नाम की दो पुत्रों के साथ अपने मायके गई थी। रास्ते में गहन जंगल में उसने एक बाघ को देखा। बाघ को आता देखकर उसने तीव्रता के साथ पुत्रों को थप्पड़ मार कर कहा-क्या तुम एक-एक बाघ खाने के लिये विवाद कर रहे हो। यह तो एक ही है, इसे बाँट कर खा लो। बाद में जब दूसरा कोई आयेगा तब खा लेना।

यह सुनकर उसने सोचा कि यह तो बाघ मारने वाली है। ऐसा मानकर बाघ भयभीत हुआ वहाँ से भाग गया।

भयभीत बाघ को देखकर कोई वंचक गीदड़ उसका उपहास करते हुये बोला-“श्रीमान् किसके डर से भाग रहे हो?” बाघ ने कहा – जाओ, जाओ गीदड़ आप भी कहीं गुप्त स्थान पर जाओ। क्योंकि बाघमारी जो शास्त्रों में सुनी जाती है, यह मुझे मारने वाली थी, परन्तु मैं तो जान बचाकर भाग आया हूँ। गीदड़ बोला – बाघ तुमने बड़ी आश्चर्य की बात कही कि मनुष्य से भी डर कर भागते हो। बाघ ने कहा- मैंने साक्षात् देखा है कि वह झगड़ते हुए अपने पुत्रों को मारती हुई मुझे खाने के लिए कह रही थी। गीदड़ बोला – स्वामी! तुम वहाँ पहुँच जाते हो, यदि पास में उसे देखते हो तो उसे मारना। बाघ ने कहा – यदि तुम मुझे अकेले छोड़ गये तो शर्त बेशर्त हो जायेगी।

इस प्रकार बाघ को समझाकर गीदड़ पुनः वहाँ आया, जहाँ बुद्धिमती थी। गीदड़ के साथ पुनः आते हुये बाघ को देखकर बुद्धिमती ने सोचा-“गीदड़ द्वारा प्रोत्साहित किए गये इस बाघ से अब कैसे मुक्त होऊँ?” परन्तु उस त्वरित बुद्धि ने गीदड़ रा करके भयभीत करते हुये कहा – “अरे मूर्ख, पहले तुमने मुझे तीन बाघ लाकर दिये थे। विश्वास दिलाकर आज एक ही कैसे लाये हो, बोलो।” ऐसा कहकर वह बाघमारी बाघ के भय से मुक्त हुई शीघ्र ही तेज गति दौड़ गई। बाघ तुरन्त गले में गीदड़ को लटकाये हुये भाग गया। इस प्रकार वह बुद्धिमती बाघ के भय से पुनः मुक्त हो गई।

बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा Summary and Translation in Hindi

बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा (बुद्धि सदा बलशालिनी है)

पाठ-परिचय – संस्कृत में कथा साहित्य की समृद्धशाली परम्परा रही है। इसी परम्परा में ‘शुकसप्तति’ भी एक महत्त्वपूर्ण ग्रन्थ है। इसमें एक तोते द्वारा अकेली औरत के मनोरञ्जनार्थ कही गई रोचक एवं शिक्षाप्रद कथाएँ संग्रहीत हैं, जो कालान्तर में हिन्दी भाषा में ‘किस्सा तोता-मैना’ के नाम से प्रसिद्ध हुई। प्रस्तुत कथा ‘बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा’ इसी कथा-ग्रन्थ से संकलित है। इस कथा में अपने दो छोटे-छोटे पुत्रों के साथ वन-मार्ग से पिता के घर जा रही बुद्धिमती नामक स्त्री के बुद्धिकौशल को दिखाया गया है। वह अपने बुद्धिकौशल से काल के समान सामने आए हुए शेर को भी भयभीत कर भगा देती है। इसी प्रकार इस कथा-ग्रन्थ में नीति-निपुण शुक-सारिका की कहानियों के द्वारा अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से सवृत्ति का विकास कराने का प्रयत्न किया गया है।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 2 बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा

मूलपाठः,शब्दार्थाः,सप्रसंगःहिन्दी-अनुवादः

1 अस्ति देउलाख्यो ग्रामः। तत्र राजसिंहः नाम राजपुत्रः वसति स्म। एकदा केनापि आवश्यककार्येण तस्य भार्या बद्धिमती पत्रद्वयोपेता पितर्गहं प्रति चलिता। मार्गे गहनकानने सा एकं व्याघ्रं ददर्श। र धाष्ात् पुत्रौ चपेटया प्रहत्य जगाद- “कथमेकैकशो व्याघ्रभक्षणाय कलहं कुरुथः? अयमेकस्तावद्विभज्य भुज्यताम्। पश्चाद् अन्यो द्वितीयः कश्चिल्लक्ष्यते।”
इति श्रुत्वा व्याघ्रमारी काचिदियमिति मत्वा व्याघ्रो भयाकुलचित्तो नष्टः।
निजबुद्ध्या विमुक्ता सा भयाद् व्याघ्रस्य भामिनी।
अन्योऽपि बुद्धिमाँल्लोके मुच्यते महतो भयात्।।
भयाकुलं व्याघ्नं दृष्ट्वा कश्चित् धूर्तः शृगालः हसन्नाह-“भवान् कुतः भयात् पलायित:?”

शब्दार्थाः – देउलाख्यः = देउल इत्यभिधः, देउल इति नाम (देउल नाम का), ग्रामः अस्ति = ग्रामः विद्यते (गाँव है), तत्र = तस्मिन् ग्रामे (उस गाँव में), राजसिंहः नाम = राजसिंह इत्यभिधः (राजसिंह नाम का), राजपुत्रः = राजकुमारः (राजकुमार), वसति स्म = न्यवसत् (निवास करता था), एकदा = एकस्मिन् दिवसे (एक दिन), केनापि = केनचिद् (किसी), आवश्यककार्येण = अपरिहार्येण कार्येण (आवश्यक काम से), तस्य = अमुष्य (उसकी), भार्या = जाया, पत्नी, परिणीता (पत्नी), बुद्धिमती = प्रज्ञा, धीः, मेधायुता (बुद्धिमती), पुत्रद्वयोपेता = द्वाभ्याम् आत्मजाभ्याम् सहिता (दो पुत्रों सहित), पितुर्ग्रहं प्रति = पितृगृहं प्रति (पिता के घर को या पीहर की ओर), चलिता = गता, प्रस्थिता (चल पड़ी), मार्गे = पथे (राह में), गहनकानने = सघनवने (सघन जंगल में), सा = असौ (उसने), एकं व्याघ्रम् = एकं शार्दूलम् (एक बाघ को), ददर्श = अपश्यत्, एक्षत (देखा), सा = असौ (उसने), व्याघ्रमागच्छन्तम् = शार्दूलमायान्तम् (बाघ को आते हुए को), दृष्ट्वा = अवलोक्य (देखकर), धाष्ात् = धृष्टभावात्, धृष्टतापूर्वकम् (ढीठतापूर्वक), पुत्रौ = आत्मजौ (दोनों बेटों को), चपेटया = हस्ताघातेन, करप्रहारेण (थप्पड़ से), प्रहृत्य = प्रहारं कृत्वा, चपेटिकां दत्त्वा (प्रहार कर, मारकर), जगाद = उक्तवती (कहा), कथम् = कस्मात् (किसलिए), एकैकशः = एकम् एकम् (एक-एक), व्याघ्रभक्षणाय = शार्दूलं खादितुम् (बाघ को खाने के लिए), कलहं कुरुथः = विवादं कुर्वथे (लड़ाई करते हो), अयमेकः = एष एक एव (यह तो एक ही है), तावत् = तर्हि (तो), विभज्य = विभक्तं कृत्वा (बाँटकर के), भुज्यताम् = खाद्यताम् (खाना चाहिए, खाओ), पश्चाद् = तदनन्तरम् (इसके बाद), अन्यो द्वितीयः = भिन्नः, अपरः, द्वितीयः (और दूसरा), कश्चित् लक्ष्यते = कोऽपि दृश्यते (कोई दिखाई पड़ता है), इति श्रुत्वा = एवं निशम्य, एवम् आकर्ण्य (इस प्रकार सुनकर), व्याघ्रमारी = व्याघ्र मारयति (हन्ति), इति, शार्दूल-हन्त्री (बाघ को मारने वाली है), इति मत्वा = इति निश्चित्य, इति मनसि कृत्वा (ऐसा मानकर), व्याघ्रः = शार्दूलः (बाघ), भयाकुलचित्तः = भयभीतः, भयात् व्याकुलचित्तः (भय से व्याकुल चित्त हुआ), नष्टः = पलायितः (भाग गया)।

निजबुद्ध्या …………………………………………. महतो भयात्।।

अन्वयः – सा भामिनी निजबुद्ध्या व्याघ्रस्य भयाद् विमुक्ता अन्योऽपि बुद्धिमान् लोके महतो भयात् मुच्यते।

शब्दार्थाः – निजबुद्ध्या = आत्मनः प्रज्ञया, स्वमेधया (अपनी बुद्धि से), विमुक्ता = मुक्तिम् अलभत् (मुक्त हो गई, हुई), सा = असौ (वह), भयात् = त्रासात् (डर से), व्याघ्रस्य = शार्दूलस्य (बाघ की), भामिनी = रूपवती नारी (रूपवती स्त्री), अन्योऽपि = अपरः अपि (दूसरा भी), बुद्धिमान् = मतिमान् (बुद्धिमान् व्यक्ति), लोके = संसारे (संसार में), मुच्यते = त्यज्यते (त्याग दिया जाता है), महतः = अत्यधिकात् (अत्यधिक), भयात् = त्रासात् (डर से), भयाकुलम् = भयात्, त्रासात् व्याकुलम् (भय से आकुल), व्यानं = शार्दूलम् (बाघ को), दृष्ट्वा = अवलोक्य (देखकर), धूर्तः शृगालः = चतुरः जम्बुकः (चतुर सियार), हसन्नाह = हसन्नवदत् (हँसते हुए बोला), भवान् = त्वम् (आप), भयात् = त्रासात् (डर से), कुतः = कस्मात्, कुत्र (कहाँ), पलायितः = गतः, गतवान्, अगच्छत् (भाग गए)।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 2 बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा

सन्दर्भ-प्रसङ्गश्च – यह गद्यांश शेमुषी पाठ्यपुस्तक के ‘बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा’ पाठ से उद्धृत है। यह पाठ शुकसप्तति कथा ग्रन्थ से संकलित है। गद्यांश में लेखक नायिका बुद्धिमती के परिचय के साथ उसके चातुर्य और साहस का वर्णन करता है। वह कहता है कि अपनी बुद्धि से मनुष्य भय से मुक्त हो जाता है। अतः मनुष्य को बुद्धिमान् और साहसी होना चाहिये।

हिन्दी-अनुवादः – देउल नाम का (एक) गाँव है। उस गाँव में राजसिंह नाम का राजपूत (राजकुमार) निवास करता था। एक दिन किसी आवश्यक कार्य से उसकी बुद्धिमती पत्नी दो पुत्रों सहित पीहर की ओर चल पड़ी। राह में सघन वन में उसने एक बाघ को देखा। उसने आते हुए बाघ को देखकर ढीठता के साथ दोनों पुत्रों को थप्पड़ मारकर कहा “किसलिए एक-एक बाघ खाने के लिए विवाद करते हो (लड़ाई करते हो)। यह तो एक ही है, तो बाँटकर खा लो, इसके बाद कोई और दिखाई पड़े।” इस प्रकार सुनकर ‘बांघ मारने वाली है’ ऐसा मानकर भय से व्याकुल-चित्त हुआ भाग गया। वह रूपवती स्त्री अपनी बुद्धि (बल) से सिंह के भय से मुक्त हो गई। दूसरे बुद्धिमान भी इस लोक में महान् डरों से मुक्त कर दिये जाते हैं।।

बाघ को भय से व्याकुल देखकर किसी चतुर (चालाक) गीदड़ ने हँसते हुए कहा- “आप भय से कहाँ भाग चले?”

2 व्याघ्रः – गच्छ, गच्छ जम्बुक! त्वमपि किञ्चिद् गूढप्रदेशम्। यतो व्याघ्रमारीति या शास्त्र श्रूयते तयाहं हन्तुमारब्धः परं गृहीतकरजीवितो नष्टः शीघ्रं तदग्रतः।
शृगालः – व्याघ्र! त्वया महत्कौतुकम् आवेदितं यन्मानुषादपि बिभेषि?
व्याघ्रः – प्रत्यक्षमेव मया सात्मपुत्रावेकैकशो मामत्तुं कलहायमानौ चपेटया प्रहरन्ती दृष्टा।
जम्बुकः – स्वामिन्! यत्रास्ते सा धूर्ता तत्र गम्यताम्। व्याघ्र! तव पुनः तत्र गतस्य सा सम्मुखमपीक्षते यदि, तर्हि त्वया अहं हन्तव्यः इति।
व्याघ्रः – शृगाल! यदि त्वं मां मुक्त्वा यासि तदा वेलाप्यवेला स्यात्।

शब्दार्थाः – गच्छ, गच्छ = याहि, याहि (जाओ-जाओ, जा-जा), जम्बुक! = शृगाल! (गीदड़!), त्वमपि = त्वम् अपि (तू भी), किञ्चिद् = किंचित् (किसी), गूढप्रदेशम् = गुप्तप्रदेशम्/स्थानम् (गोपनीय स्थान पर), यतो व्याघ्रमारीति = यतः शार्दूलहन्त्री (क्योंकि बाघमारी), या शास्त्रे श्रूयते = या पुरातन साहित्ये निगमेषु आकर्ण्यते (जो शास्त्रों में सुनी जाती है), तयाहं = अमुयाहं (उसके द्वारा मैं), हन्तुमारब्धः = हननाय तत्परा, उद्यतः (मारने वाली थी), परम् = परञ्च (लेकिन), गृहीतकरजीवितः = हस्ते प्राणान् नीत्वा (जान हथेली पर लेकर), तदग्रतः = तस्याः सम्मुखात् (उसके आगे से), शीघ्रं = क्षिप्रम्, त्वरितम् (जल्दी, शीघ्र ही), नष्टः = पलायितः (भाग गया), व्याघ्र ! = रे शार्दूल ! (अरे बाघ), त्वया महत्कौतुकम् = भवता अत्यधिकमाश्चर्यकरम् (बड़े आश्चर्य की बात), आवेदितम् = विज्ञापितम् (बताई), यन्मानुषादपि = यत् मानवात् अपि (कि मनुष्य से भी), बिभेषि = भयाक्रान्तोऽसि (डरते हो), प्रत्यक्षमेव = साक्षातमेव, समक्षमेव (प्रत्यक्ष ही/सामने ही), मया सात्मपुत्रावेकैकशः = अहम् ताम् स्वात्मजौ एकैकं कृत्वा (मैंने वह अपने दो बेटों को एक-एक), मामत्तु = मां खादितुम्/भक्षयितुम् (मुझे खाने के लिए), कलहायमानौ = कलहं कुर्वन्तौ (लड़ते हुओं को, झगड़ते हुओं को), चपेटया = कराघातेन (थप्पड़ से), प्रहरन्ती = प्रहारं कुर्वन्तीम् (प्रहार करती हुई को, मारती हुई को), दृष्टा = अपश्यम् (देखा है), स्वामिन् ! = प्रभो ! (मालिक !), यत्रास्ते = यस्मिन् स्थाने स्थिता (जहाँ बैठी है), सा धूर्ता = असौ वञ्चिका, प्रवीणा (वह चालाक), तत्र = तस्मिन् स्थाने (उस स्थान पर), गम्यताम् = गच्छेव (जाना चाहिए), व्याघ्र ! = शार्दूल ! (बाघ!), तव = ते (तुम्हारे), पुनः तत्र गतस्य = भूयः तस्मिन् स्थाने प्राप्तस्य (फिर वहाँ पहुँचे हुए के), सम्मुखमपीक्षते यदि = समक्षमपि पश्यति चेत् (यदि सामने भी देखती है), तर्हि = तदा (तो), त्वया अहम् = भवता अहम् (आप/तुम मुझे) हन्तव्यः इति, हननीयः इति (मार देना), शृगाल! = रे जम्बुक ! (अरे गीदड़!), यदि त्वम् = त्वम् चेत् (तुम यदि), मां मुक्त्वा = मा परित्यज्य (मुझे छोड़कर), यासि = गच्छसि (जाते हो), तदा = तस्मिन् काले (तव), वेलाप्यवेला = समयोऽप्यसमयः (शर्त भी बेशर्त), स्यात् = भवेत् (हो जानी चाहिए, हो जाएगी)।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 2 बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा

सन्दर्भ-प्रसङ्गश्च – यह गद्यांश हमारी शेमुषी पाठ्यपुस्तक के ‘बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा’ पाठ से उद्धृत है। यह पाठ शुकसप्तति कथा ग्रन्थ से संकलित है। इस गद्यांश में लेखक बाघ और जम्बुक के संवाद से डरे हुए बाघ की स्थिति का वर्णन करता है। इस सम्वाद से ज्ञात होता है कि बाघ शक्तिशाली होते हुये भी भयभीत हुआ भागता है।

हिन्दी-अनुवादः – बाघ – जा, जा गीदड़ ! तू भी किसी गुप्त स्थान पर जा। क्योंकि ‘बाघमारी’ जो शास्त्रों में बताई गई है वह मुझे मारने ही वाली थी लेकिन जान हथेली पर लेकर (जान बचाकर) शीघ्र ही उसके आगे से भाग आया।

गीदड़ – अरे बाघ ! तुमने बड़े आश्चर्य की बात बताई कि मनुष्य से भी डरते हो।
बाघ – सामने ही मैंने उसे अपने दो बेटों को ‘मुझे एक-एक खाने के लिए झगड़ते हुओं को थप्पड़ मारते हुए देखा है।’
गीदड़ – मालिक! वह चालाक जहाँ बैठी है उस स्थान पर (हमें) जाना चाहिए। हे बाघ ! फिर तुम्हारे वहाँ गए हुए के सामने भी यदि वह देखती हो, तो आप मुझे मार देना।
बाघ – अरे गीदड़ ! यदि तू मुझे छोड़कर चला जाता है तो शर्त भी बेशर्त हो जाएगी।

3 जम्बुकः – यदि एवं तर्हि मां निजगले बद्ध्वा चल सत्वरम्। स व्याघ्रः तथाकृत्वा काननं ययौ। शृगालेन सहितं पुनरायान्तं व्याघ्र दूरात् दृष्ट्वा बुद्धिमती चिन्तितवती – जम्बुककृतोत्साहाद् व्याघ्रात् कथं मुच्यताम्? परं प्रत्युत्पन्नमतिः सा जम्बुकमाक्षिपन्त्यङ्गल्या तर्जयन्त्युवाच –
रे रे धूर्त त्वया दत्तं मह्यं व्याघ्रत्रयं पुरा। विश्वास्याद्यैकमानीय कथं यासि वदाधुना।।
इत्युक्त्वा धाविता तूर्णं व्याघ्रमारी भयङ्करा। व्याघ्रोऽपि सहसा नष्ट: गलबद्धशृगालकः।।
एवं प्रकारेण बुद्धिमती व्याघ्रजाद् भयात् पुनरपि मुक्ताऽभवत्। अत एव उच्यते
बुद्धिर्बलवती तन्वि सर्वकार्येषु सर्वदा।।

शब्दार्थाः – यदि एवं तर्हि = इत्थम् चेत् तदा (यदि ऐसा है तो), माम् निजगले = मां (व्याघ्र) आत्मनः कण्ठे, ग्रीवायाम् (मुझे अपनी गर्दन में), बद्ध्वा = संलग्नं कृत्वा (बाँधकर), सत्वरम् = शीघ्रम् (जल्दी), चल = पलायनं कुरु, प्रस्थानं कुरु (भाग चल), स व्याघ्रः = असौ शार्दूल: (वह बाघ), तथाकृत्वा = तत्प्रकारकं कृत्वा विधाय (उसी प्रकार करके), काननम् = वनम् (वन को), ययौ = जगाम (गया), शृगालेन सहितम् = सजम्बुकम् (गीदड़ सहित को), पुनरायान्तम् = भूयः आगच्छन्तम् (फिर आते हुए), व्याघ्रम् = शार्दूलम् (बाघ को), दूरात् दृष्ट्वा = दूरादवलोक्य (दूर से देखकर), बुद्धिमती = मतिमती (बुद्धिमती), चिन्तितवती = अचिन्तयत् (सोचा, सोचने लगी), जम्बुककृतोत्साहात् = शृगालेन विहितेन उत्साहात् (गीदड़ द्वारा किए गए उत्साह वाले), व्याघ्रात् = शार्दूलात् (बाघ से), कथम् = केन प्रकारेण (कैसे), मुच्यताम् = मुक्तो भवेत् (मुक्त हुआ जाए, छुटकारा पाया जाए), परम् = परञ्च (लेकिन), प्रत्युत्पन्नमतिः = त्वरितबुद्धिः (तत्काल उत्तर देने वाली), सा = असौ (वह), जम्बुकम् = शृगालम् (गीदड़ को), आक्षिपन्ती = आक्षेप कुर्वन्ती (आक्षेप करती हुई, झिड़कती हुई, भर्त्सना करती हुई), अगुल्या = तर्जन्या (तर्जनी अंगुली से), तर्जयन्ति = तर्जनं कुर्वन्ती, प्रताडयन्ती (धमकाती, डाँटती हुई), उवाच = अवदत् (बोली)।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 2 बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा

अन्वयः – रे रे धूर्त! पुरा त्वया मह्यं व्याघ्रत्रयं दत्तम् (परञ्च) विश्वास्य अद्य एकम् आनीय कथं यासि, अधुना वद। इति उक्त्वा भयङ्करा व्याघ्रमारी तूर्णं धाविता। गलबद्धशृगालकः व्याघ्रः अपि सहसा नष्टः। हे तन्वि ! सर्वदा सर्वकार्येषु बुद्धिर्बलवती।

शब्दार्थाः – रे रे धूर्त ! = रे रे वञ्चक ! (अरे धूर्त !), पुरा = पूर्वे (पहले), त्वया = भवता (तुमने), मह्यं = मे (मेरे लिए), व्याघ्रत्रयं = त्रयः व्याघ्राः (तीन बाघ), दत्तम् = प्रदानं कृतम्, समर्पिता: (दिये थे), विश्वास्य = समाश्वास्य (आश्वासन देकर, वायदा करके) (अपि = भी), अद्य एकम् आनीय कथं यासि = अधुना/इदानीम् एकमेव उपाहृत्य कस्मात् गच्छसि (आज एक ही लाकर क्यों जाते हो), अधुना = इदानीम् (अब), वद = कथय (बोलो), इति उक्त्वा = एवं उदित्वा (ऐसा कहकर), भयङ्करा = भयोत्पादका भीषणा (भयानक), व्याघ्रमारी = शार्दूलहन्त्री (बाघमारी), तूर्णम् = शीघ्रम् (जल्दी, शीघ्र), धाविता = धावितवती, अधावत् (दौड़ गई), गलबद्धः = कण्ठे संलग्न: (गले में बँधा हुआ), शृगालः = जम्बुकः (गीदड़), (यस्य सः = जिसके वह), व्याघ्रः अपि = शार्दूलोऽपि (बाघ भी), सहसा = अकस्मात् (अचानक), नष्टः = पलायितः (भाग गया), एवं प्रकोरण = इत्थम् (इस प्रकार से), बुद्धिमती = मतिमती (बुद्धिमती), व्याघ्रजाद् भयात् = शार्दूलोद्भवात् त्रासात्, भयात् (बाघ से उत्पन्न भय से), पुनरपि = भूयोऽपि (फिर से), मुक्ताऽभवत् = निर्बन्धोऽजायत् (मुक्त हो गई), अत एव उच्यते = अतः कथ्यते (इसलिए कहा जाता है), तन्वि = हे तन्वंगि ! (हे पतली कमर वाली मैना), सर्वकार्येषु = सर्वेषु कर्तव्येषु (सभी कामों में), सर्वदा = सदैव (हमेशा), बुद्धिर्बलवती = मतिरेव शक्तिशालिनी भवति (बुद्धि ही बलवती होती है)।

सन्दर्भ-प्रसङ्गश्च – यह गद्यांश हमारी शेमुषी पाठ्यपुस्तक के ‘बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा’ पाठ से लिया गया है। यह पाठ शुकसप्तति कथा ग्रन्थ से लिया गया है। इस गद्यांश में लेखक बुद्धिमती की बुद्धि-चतुरता, साहस और त्वरित बुद्धि का वर्णन करता है।

JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 2 बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा

हिन्दी-अनुवादः – गीदड़ – यदि ऐसा है तो मुझे अपनी गर्दन (गले) में बाँधकर जल्दी भाग चलो। वह बाघ उसी प्रकार करके वन को चला गया। गीदड़ सहित फिर आते हुए बाघ को दूर से देखकर बुद्धिमती सोचने लगी- “गीदड़ द्वारा उत्साहित किए गए बाघ से कैसे बचा जाए?” परन्तु प्रत्युत्पन्नमति (व्याघ्रमारी) गीदड़ को झिड़कती हुई (भर्त्सना करती हुई) अँगुली से डाँटती (धमकाती) हुई बोली अरे अरे वञ्चक ! (छलिया) पहले तुमने मेरे लिए तीन बाघ (लाकर) दिए थे (परन्तु) विश्वास देकर आज एक ही लाकर क्यों जा रहे हो, अब बोलो ? ऐसा कहकर वह भयङ्कर व्याघ्रमारी दौड़ी। गले में जिसके गीदड़ बँधा हुआ है ऐसा वह बाघ भी अचानक (वहाँ से) भाग गया।
इस प्रकार बुद्धिमती बाघ के भय से फिर भी मुक्त हो गई (बच गई।) इसलिए कहा जाता है –
हे पतली कमर वाली (हे मैना!) सभी कार्यों में हमेशा बुद्धि ही बल से अधिक बलवान होती है।

JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 14 उर्जा के स्रोत

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 14 उर्जा के स्रोत Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

JAC Board Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 14 उर्जा के स्रोत

Jharkhand Board Class 10 Science उर्जा के स्रोत Textbook Questions and Answers

अभ्यास प्रश्न (पृष्ठ संख्या-287)

प्रश्न 1.
गर्म जल प्राप्त करने के लिए हम सौर जल तापक का उपयोग किस दिन नहीं कर सकते-
(a) धूप वाले दिन
(b) बादलों वाले दिन
(c) गरम दिन
(d) पवनों (वायु) वाले दिन।
उत्तर:
(b) बादलों वाले दिन।

प्रश्न 2.
निम्नलिखित में से कौन जैवमात्रा ऊर्जा स्रोत का उदाहरण नहीं है?
(a) लकड़ी
(b) गोबर गैस
(c) परमाणु ऊर्जा
(d) कोयला
उत्तर:
(c) परमाणु ऊर्जा।

प्रश्न 3.
जितने ऊर्जा स्रोत हम उपयोग में लाते हैं उनमें से अधिकांश सौर ऊर्जा को निरूपित करते हैं। निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा ऊर्जा स्रोत अन्ततः सौर ऊर्जा से व्युत्पन्न नहीं है?
(a) भूतापीय ऊर्जा
(b) पवन ऊर्जा
(c) जीवाश्म ईंधन
(d) जैव मात्रा
उत्तर:
(a) भूतापीय ऊर्जा।

प्रश्न 4.
ऊर्जा स्रोत के रूप में जीवाश्मी इंधनों तथा सूर्य की तुलना कीजिए और उनमें अंतर लिखिए।
उत्तर:
ऊर्जा स्रोत के रूप में सौर ऊर्जा और जीवाश्मी ईंधन में अंतर निम्नलिखित हैं-

जीवाश्मी ईंधन सूर्य
1. यह परम्परागत ऊर्जा स्रोत है। 1. यह गैर-परम्परागत ऊर्जा स्रोत है।
2. सभी जीवाशमी ईंधन का एकमात्र स्रोत सूर्य है। 2. सूर्य पृथ्वी का एकमात्र मुख्य ऊर्जा स्रोत है।
3. जीवाश्मी ईंधन के भण्डार सीमित हैं। इनका बड़े पैमाने पर लम्बे समय तक उपयोग नहीं किया जा सकता है। 3. सूर्य सबसे बड़ा ऊर्जा का स्रोत है जिसका बड़े पैमाने पर लम्बे समय तक उपयोग किया जा सकता है।
4. जीवाश्मी ईंधन का उपयोग कभी भी ऊर्जा स्रोत के रूप में किया जा सकता है। 4. सौर ऊर्जा सामान्यतः दिन में ही उपलब्ध होती है।
5. जीवाशमी ईंधन के जलने से हानिकारक गैसें निकलती हैं, जिनसे वातावरण प्रदूषित होता है। 5. सौर ऊर्जा एक स्वच्छ ऊर्जा स्रोत है। इसके उपयोग से वायु प्रदूषण नहीं होता है।
6. जीवाश्मी ईंधन को खरीदना पड़ता है। 6. सौर ऊर्जा का मूल्य नहीं चुकाना पड़ता है।

JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 14 उर्जा के स्रोत

प्रश्न 5.
जैव मात्रा तथा ऊर्जा स्रोत के रूप में जल विद्युत की तुलना कीजिए और उनमें अंतर लीखिए।
उत्तर:
जैव मात्रा तथा जल विद्युत में प्रमुख अंतर निम्नलिखित हैं-

जैब मात्रा जल विद्युत
1. जैवमात्रा नवीकरणीय एवं परम्परागत ऊर्जा स्रोत है। 1. जल विद्युत भी नवीकरणीय एवं परम्परागत ऊर्जा स्रोत है।
2. जैवमात्रा में रासायनिक ऊर्जा निहित होती है। 2. बहते जल में उपस्थित गतिज ऊर्जा को विद्युत ऊर्जा में बदला जाता है।
3. जैवमात्रा के उपयोग से वातावरण प्रदूषित होता है। 3. जल विद्युत, ऊर्जा का प्रदूषण मुक्त ऊर्जा स्रोत है।
4. जैवमात्रा का प्रयोग पारिस्थितिकीय असंतुलन उत्पन्न नहीं करता है। 4. जल विद्युत के लिए वाँध बनाने पर पारिस्थितिकीय असंतुलन उत्पन्न होता है।
5. जल विद्युत की अपेक्षा जैव मात्रा सस्ता ऊर्जा स्रोत हैं। 5. जल विद्युत अपेक्षाकृत महैंगा ऊर्जा स्रोत है।

प्रश्न 6.
निम्नलिखित से ऊर्जा निष्कर्षित करने की सीमाएँ लिखिए-
(a) पबनें
(b) तरंगें
(c) ज्वार भाटा
उत्तर:

ऊर्जा स्रोत सीमाएँ
1. पवन ऊर्जा (i) कहीं भी, किसी भी समय पवन ऊर्जा का उपयोग नहीं किया जा सकता है।
(ii) पवन द्वारा विद्युत उत्पन्न करने के लिए पवन का वेग कम-से-कम 15 किमी/घंटा होना चाहिए।
2. तरंग ऊर्जा (i) तरंग हर समय विद्युत उत्पादन के लिए उपलब्ध नहीं होती है।
(ii) तरंग ऊर्जा को विद्युत ऊर्जा में बदलने हेतु उपकरण स्थापित करना महैंगा होता है।
3. ज्वार ऊर्जा (i) ज्वार ऊर्जा को विद्युत ऊर्जा में बदलने के लिए बाँध बनाना अधिक खर्चीला होता है।
(ii) बाँध बनाने के लिए उपयुक्त स्थान बहुत सीमित हैं।

प्रश्न 7.
ऊर्जा स्तोतों का वर्गीकरण निम्नलिखित वर्गों में किस आधार पर करेंगे?
(a) नवीकरणीय तथा अनवीकरणीय
(b) समाप्य तथा अक्षय
क्या (a) तथा (b) के विकल्प समान हैं?
उत्तर:
(a) नवीकरणीय तथा अनवीकरणीय ऊर्जा स्रोत-जल ऊर्जा, पवन ऊर्जा, सौर ऊर्जा आदि ऊर्जा के वे स्नोत जो बार-बार उपयोग किए जा सकते हैं, उन्हें नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा स्रोत कहते हैं। परन्तु वे ऊर्जा स्रोत जिनके भण्डार सीमित हैं और जिनके पुनर्स्थापन में लाखों वर्ष लगते हैं उन्हें अनवीकरणीय ऊर्जा स्रोत कहते हैं। जैसे-कोयला और पेट्रोलियम।

(b) समाप्य तथा असमाप्य ऊर्जा स्रोत-ऊर्जा के नवीकरणीय स्रोत जैसे पवन, जल और सौर ऊर्जा का उपयोग बार-बार और लम्बे समय तक किया जा सकता है। अतः ये असमाप्य ऊर्जा स्रोत हैं।

अनवीकरणीय स्रोत की पुनस्थापना में लाखों वर्ष लगते हैं। अतः इसे समाप्य ऊर्जा स्रोत कहा जा सकता है।
उपर्युक्त तथ्य के आधार पर हम कह सकते हैं कि (a) और (b) के विकल्प समान हैं।

प्रश्न 8.
ऊर्जा के आदर्श स्रोत में क्या गुण होते हैं?
उत्तर:
ऊर्जा के आदर्श सोत के निम्नलिखित गुण होते हैं-

  • इकाई द्रव्यमान ऊर्जा स्रोत से अंधिक मात्रा में कार्य होना चाहिए।
  • यह आसानी से प्राप्त होने वाला होना चाहिए।
  • इसका भण्डारण और परिवहन भी आसान होना चाहिए।
  • यह सस्ता होना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 9.
सौर कुकर का उपयोग करने से क्या लाभ तथा हानियाँ हैं? क्या ऐसे भी क्षेत्र है जहाँ सौर कुकरों की सीमित उपयोगिता है?
उत्तर:
सौर कुकर के उपयोग के लाभ-

  • यह बिना प्रदूषण किए भोजन पकाने में सहायक है।
  • सौर कुकर का उपयोग सस्ता भी है क्योंकि सौर ऊर्जा के उपयोग का मूल्य नहीं चुकाना पड़ता है।
  • सौर कुकर का रख-रखाव आसान होता है। इसमें किसी प्रकार के खतरे की संभावना नहीं होती है।

हानियाँ-

  • रात में और बादल वाले दिनों में सौर कुकर का उपयोग नहीं किया जा सकता है।
  • यह भोजन पकाने में अधिक समय लेता है।
  • सौर कुकर के परावर्तक की दिशा लगातार बदलते रहना पड़ता है जिससे सूर्य की रोशनी सौर कुकर में प्रवेश कर सके।
  • सभी स्थानों पर हर समय सूर्य की रोशनी उपलब्ध नहीं होती है।
  • इसका उपयोग शीघ्रता से खाना बनाने में नहीं किया जा सकता है।

सौर कुकर के सीमित उपयोगिता वाले क्षेत्र—हाँ, कुछ ऐसे भी क्षेत्र हैं जहाँ सौर कुकर की सीमित उपयोगिता है। ध्रुवों पर जहाँ सूर्य आधे वर्ष तक नहीं दिखाई देता है वहाँ सौर कुकर का उपयोग सीमित है। पहाड़ी क्षेत्रों में जहाँ सूर्य की किरणें कुछ समय के लिए और काफी तिरछी पड़ती हैं वहाँ सौर कुकर का उपयोग बहुत कठिन है।

प्रश्न 10.
ऊर्जा की बढ़ती माँग के पर्यावरणीय परिणाम क्या हैं? ऊर्जा की खपत को कम करने के उपाय लिखिए।
उत्तर:
आधुनिकीकरण तथा बढ़ती जनसंख्या की जरूरतों को पूरा करने में जुटे उद्योगों में ऊर्जा की अधिक आवश्यकता है। ऊर्जा की बढ़ती माँग के निम्नलिखित परिणाम हो सकते हैं-

  • ऊर्जा की बढ़ती माँग ऊर्जा स्रोत को समाप्त कर सकती है जो पर्यावरणीय असंतुलन उत्पन्न कर सकती है।
  • ऊर्जा की बढ़ती माँग से परम्परागत ऊर्जा स्रोतों का अधिक दोहन होगा। इनके प्राकृतिक भण्डार सीमित हैं। अतः भविष्य में ऊर्जा ह्यस की समस्या उत्पन्न हो सकती है।

ऊर्जा के उपयोग को सीमित करने के लिए निम्नलिखित सुझाव हैं-

  • ऊर्जा के दुरुपयोग को रोककर एवं न्यायसंगत उपयोग से ऊर्जा का उपयोग घटाया जा सकता है।
  • ऊर्जा के अनवीकरणीय स्रोतों पर भार को कम करने के लिए गैर-परम्परागत और नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा स्रोतों जैसे-पवन ऊर्जा, जल ऊर्जा, महासागरीय ऊर्जा के उपयोग को प्रोत्साहित करना चाहिए।

Jharkhand Board Class 10 Science उर्जा के स्रोत InText Questions and Answers

पाठगत प्रश्न (पृष्ठ संख्या-273)

प्रश्न 1.
ऊर्जा का उत्तम स्रोत किसे कहते हैं?
उत्तर:
अच्छा ऊर्जा स्रोत वह है जो –

  • प्रति इकाई द्रव्यमान या आयतन में अधिक कार्य करता हो।
  • आसानी से प्राप्त हो सके।
  • आसानी से भण्डारण एवं परिवहन हो सके।
  • सस्ता और रख-रखाव आसान हो।

JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 14 उर्जा के स्रोत

प्रश्न 2.
उत्तम ईंधन किसे कहते हैं?
उत्तर:
उत्तम ईंधन के निम्नलिखित लक्षण हैं-

  • ईंधन का कैलोरी मान अधिक होना चाहिए।
  • मध्यम ज्वलन ताप होना चाहिए।
  • जलने पर अत्यधिक धुआँ उत्पन्न न करे।
  • इसका ज्वलन ताप उपयुक्त हो तथा ऊष्मीय मान उच्च हो।

प्रश्न 3.
यदि आप अपने भोजन को गरम करने के लिए किसी भी ऊर्जा स्रोत का उपयोग कर सकते हैं तो आप किसका उपयोग करेंगे और क्यों?
उत्तर:
हम LPG गैस या विद्युतीय उपकरण का उपयोग करेंगे क्योंकि-

  • इससे अधिक ऊष्मा उत्पन्न होती है।
  • इसके दहन से धुआँ नहीं निकलता है।
  • यह आसानी से उपलब्ध है तथा इसका उपयोग सुगमतापूर्वक किसी भी समय किया जा सकता है।
  • यह सस्ता है तथा इसका भण्डारण एवं परिवहन आसानी से किया जा सकता है।
  • इससे वांछित ऊर्जा आवश्यकतानुसार प्राप्त कर सकते हैं।

पाठगत प्रश्न (पृष्ठ संख्या-279)

प्रश्न 1.
जीवाश्मी ईंधन की क्या हानियाँ हैं?
उत्तर:
जीवाश्म ईंधन उपयोग करने की निम्नलिखित हानियाँ हैं-

  • जीवाश्म ईंधन बनने में लाखों वर्ष लगते हैं और इनके भण्डार सीमित हैं।
  • जीवाश्म ईंधन अनवीकरणीय ऊर्जा स्रोत हैं।
  • जीवाश्म ईंधन जलने से वायु प्रदूषण होता है। कार्बन, सल्फर और नाइट्रोजन के ऑक्साइडों का जलीय विलयन अम्लीय होता है अतः जीवाश्म ईंधनों के धुएँ अम्लीय वर्षा के कारक हैं जो मनुष्य में श्वसन सम्बन्धी तथा शरीर के खुले अंगों में जलन पैदा करते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
हम ऊर्जा के वैकल्पिक स्रोतों की ओर क्यों ध्यान दे रहे हैं?
उत्तर:
तकनीकी विकास के साथ-साथ ऊर्जा की खपत भी बढ़ रही है। हमारी बदलती जीवन शैली, अपने आराम के लिए अधिक से अधिक मशीनों के उपयोग के कारण भी ऊर्जा की माँग अधिक हो रही है। यह ऊर्जा की माँग की आपूर्ति परम्परागत ऊर्जा स्रोतों से नहीं पूरी हो पा रही है। अतः हम ऊर्जा के वैकल्पिक स्रोतों की ओर आकर्षित हो रहे हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
हमारी सुविधा के लिए पवनों तथा जल ऊर्जा के पारम्परिक उपयोग में किस प्रकार के सुधार किए गए हैं?
उत्तर:
जल और पवनें ऊर्जा के परम्परागत स्रोत हैं। शुरू में इनकी ऊर्जा का उपयोग बहुत सीमित था, परन्तु तकनीकी विकास के कारण ये एक मुख्य ऊर्जा स्रोत की तरह विकसित हो रहे हैं। इस क्रम निम्नलिखित सुधार किए गए हैं-

  • पवन ऊर्जा एक प्रदूषण मुक्त ऊर्जा स्रोत है। पवन चक्की द्वारा पवन की गतिज ऊर्जा का उपयोग यांत्रिक कार्य जैसे कुएँ से जल निकालना और विद्युत जनित्र चलाकर इसे विद्युत ऊर्जा में बदलकर विभिन्न प्रकार से उपयोग किया जा रहा है।
  • बहते जल का उपयोग सामान्यतः यातायात के लिए किया जाता था, परन्तु अब बाँध बनाकर इस ऊर्जा को जल विद्युत ऊर्जा में बदलकर विभिन्न प्रकार से उपयोग किया जा रहा है।

उपर्युक्त सम्बन्ध में नई तकनीक के प्रयोग द्वारा उच्च दक्षता की मशीनें बनाकर अधिक मात्रा में ऊर्जा का दोहन सुलभ हो गया है।

पाठगत प्रश्न (पृष्ठ संख्या-285)

प्रश्न 1.
सौर कुकर के लिए कौन-सा दर्पण अवतल, उत्तल अथवा समतल सर्वाधिक उपयुक्त होता है? क्यों?
उत्तर:
सौर कुकर के लिए सर्वाधिक उपयुक्त समतल दर्पण होता है क्योंकि यह सौर ऊर्जा प्राप्त करने तथा उसे काँच शीट पर परावर्तित करने वाले क्षेत्र को बढ़ा देता है।

प्रश्न 2.
महासागरों से प्राप्त हो सकने वाली ऊर्जाओं की क्या सीमाएँ हैं?
उत्तर:
महासागरों से ज्वारीय ऊर्जा, तरंग ऊर्जा एवं महासागरीय तापीय ऊर्जा प्राप्त होती हैं। महासागरों से प्राप्त इन सभी ऊर्जा के रूपों की उपलब्धता तो अति विशाल है लेकिन इनका दक्षतापूर्ण व्यापारिक दोहन कठिन है।

प्रश्न 3.
भूतापीय ऊर्जा क्या होती है?
उत्तर:
भौमिकीय परिवर्तनों के कारण भूपर्पटी में गहराइयों पर तप्त क्षेत्रों में पिघली चट्टानें ऊपर धकेल दी जाती हैं जो कुछ क्षेत्रों में एकत्र हो जाती हैं। इन क्षेत्रों को तप्त स्थल कहते हैं। जब भूमिगत जल इन तप्त स्थलों के सम्पर्क में आता है तो भाप उत्पन्न होती है। कभी-कभी इस तप्त जल को पृथ्वी के पृष्ठ से बाहर निकलने के लिए निकास मार्ग मिल जाता है।

इन निकास मार्गों को गरम चश्मा अथवा ऊष्ण स्रोत कहते हैं। कभी-कभी यह भाप चट्टानों के बीच में फँस जाती हैं जहाँ इसका दाब अत्यधिक हो जाता है। तप्त स्थलों तक पाइप डालकर इस भाप को बाहर निकाल लिया जाता है। उच्च दाब पर निकली यह भाप विद्युत व जनित्र की टरबाइन को घुमाती है जिससे विद्युत उत्पादन करते हैं। यही भूतापीय ऊर्जा कहलाती है।

JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 14 उर्जा के स्रोत

प्रश्न 4.
नाभिकीय ऊर्जा का क्या महत्त्व है?
उत्तर:
नाभिकीय ऊर्जा के निम्नलिखित लाभ हैं-

  • कोयले के किसी कार्बन परमाणु के दहन से उत्पन्न ऊर्जा की तुलना में 1 करोड़ गुनी अधिक होती है।
  • नाभिकीय ऊर्जा प्रदूषित रहित है।
  • ईंधन की थोड़ी-सी मात्रा से ऊर्जा की बहुत बड़ी मात्रा इससे उत्पन्न होती है।
  • यह थोड़ी मात्रा में अवशिष्ट पदार्थ उत्पन्न करती है। यह ऊर्जा नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा है।
  • नाभिकीय ऊर्जा का उपयोग विद्युत उत्पादन में किया जा रहा है।

पाठगत प्रश्न (पृष्ठ संख्या-285)

प्रश्न 1.
क्या कोई ऊर्जा स्रोत प्रदूषण मुक्त हो सकता है? क्यों अथवा क्यों नहीं?
उत्तर:
हाँ, सौर ऊर्जा, पवन ऊर्जा, समुद्रों से प्राप्त ऊर्जा तथा जल ऊर्जा प्रदूषण मुक्त होते हैं परन्तु पूर्णत: नहीं। उदाहरण के लिए सौर सेल जैसी कुछ युक्तियों का वास्तविक प्रचालन प्रदूषण मुक्त होता है परंतु इस युक्ति के संयोजन में पर्यावरण की क्षति होती है।

प्रश्न 2.
रॉकेट ईंधन के रूप में हाइड्रोजन का उपयोग किया जाता रहा है? क्या आप इसे CNG की तुलना में अधिक स्वच्छ ईंधन मानते हैं? क्यों अथवा क्यों नहीं?
उत्तर:
हाँ, हाइड्रोजन CNG की तुलना में स्वच्छ ईंधन है क्योंकि हाइड्रोजन के दहन से केवल जल उत्पन्न होता है जबकि CNG में उपस्थित मीथेन के दहन से CO2 जैसी ग्रीन हाउस गैसें उत्पन्न होती हैं।

पाठगत प्रश्न (पृष्ठ संख्या-286)

प्रश्न 1.
ऐसे दो ऊर्जा स्त्रोतों के नाम लिखिए जिन्हें आप नवीकरणीय मानते हैं। अपने चयन के लिए तर्क दीजिए।
उत्तर:
नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा के दो स्रोत निम्न हैं-

  • सौर ऊर्जा सौर ऊर्जा एक अनवरत ऊर्जा स्रोत है जो प्रचुर मात्रा में उपलब्ध है तथा इसका भण्डार कभी खत्म नहीं हो सकता।
  • जल विद्युत ऊर्जा सूर्य के ताप के कारण जल चक्र सदैव चलता रहता है, जिससे विद्युत संयंत्रों के जलाशय में जल पुनः भर जाते हैं, अतः यह एक सदैव चलने वाली (अक्षय ऊर्जा स्रोत है।

साथ ही उपर्युक्त दोनों ऊर्जा स्रोतों से किसी भी प्रकार का प्रदूषण नहीं होता है।

प्रश्न 2.
ऐसे दो ऊर्जा स्त्रोतों के नाम लिखिए जिन्हें आप समाप्य मानते हैं अपने चयन के लिए तर्क दीजिए।
उत्तर:
कोयला और पेट्रोलियम दो समाप्य (Exhaust ible) ऊर्जा के स्रोत के उदाहरण हैं ये दोनों जीवाश्मी ईंधन हैं, जो करोड़ों वर्षों में बने हैं तथा केवल सीमित भण्डार ही शेष हैं। जीवाश्मी ईंधन ऊर्जा के अनवीकरणीय स्रोत हैं, जिन्हें पुनः नहीं बनाया जा सकता है। यदि इसी तरह इनका उपयोग करते रहेंगे, तो इनके भण्डार शीघ्र ही खत्म हो जाएँगे।

क्रिया-कलाप के प्रश्नोत्तर

क्रिया-कलाप 14.1

प्रश्न 1.
प्रातःकाल सोकर उठने से विद्यालय पहुँचने तक आप जिन ऊर्जाओं का उपयोग करते हैं, उनमें से ऊर्जा के किन्हीं चार रूपों की सूची बनाइए।
उत्तर:
हम निम्नलिखित ऊर्जा का उपयोग करते हैं-

  • ऊष्मीय ऊर्जा खाना पकाने के लिए।
  • घर को प्रकाशित करने के लिए प्रकाशीय ऊर्जा।
  • साइकिल चलाने और बैग बोने के लिए पेशीय ऊर्जा।
  • मित्रों को बुलाने के लिए ध्वनि ऊर्जा।

प्रश्न 2.
इन विभिन्न रूपों की ऊर्जाओं को हम कहाँ से प्राप्त करते हैं?
उत्तर:

ऊर्जा के प्रकार ऊर्जा के स्रोत
(i) LPG दहन से ऊष्मीय ऊर्जा पेट्रोलियम गैस
(ii) प्रकाशीय ऊर्जा ताप विद्युत या जल विद्युत
(iii) पेशीय ऊर्जा भोजन (भोज्य पदार्थ)
(iv) ध्वनि ऊर्जा बोलने में (भोजन से प्राप्त पेशीय ऊर्जा)
घंटी बजाने में (जल-विद्युत या ताप विद्युत)।

प्रश्न 3.
क्या हम इन् ‘ऊर्जा के स्रोत’ कह सकते है? क्यों अथवा क्यों नहीं?
उत्तर:
एक ऊर्जा के स्रोत होने के लिए निम्न मापदंड पर खरे उतरने चाहिए-

  • ऊर्जा स्रोत आसानी से प्राप्त होने वाला होना चाहिए।
  • ऊर्जा स्रोत सस्ता एवं प्रदूपण मुक्त होना चाहिए।
  • आसानी से एक स्थान से दूसरे स्थान तक ले जाया जा सके।
  • ऊर्जा र्रोत का सुरक्षित भण्डारण हो सके।

क्रिया-कलाप के प्रश्नोत्तर

क्रिया-कलाप-14.2

प्रश्न 1.
उन विविध विकल्पों पर विचार कीजिए जो भोजन पकाने के लिए ईधन का चयन करते समय हमारे पास होते है।
उत्तर:
अच्छे ईंधन का चयन करते समय हम निम्नलिखित लक्षणों का ध्यान रखेंगे-

  • सस्ता एवं आसानी से प्राप्त होने वाला हो।
  • इधधन का प्रति इकाई कैलोरी मान अधिक हो।

प्रश्न 2.
किसी ईंधन को अचे इधधन की श्रेणी में रखने का प्रयास करते समय आप किन मानदण्डों पर विचार करेंगे?
उत्तर:

  • ईंधन का ज्वलन ताप मध्यम होना चाहिए।
  • कैलोरी मान अधिक होना चाहिए।
  • दहन के पश्चात् हानिकारक गैसें न उत्पन्न करता हो।
  • दहन के पश्चात् ठोस अवशेष न बचे।

प्रश्न 3.
क्या तब आपकी पसन्द भिन्न होती जब आप- (a) वन में जीवन निर्वाह कर रहे होते?
(b) किसी सुदूर पर्वतीय ग्राम अथवा छोटे द्वीप पर जीवन निर्वांह कर रहे होते?
(c) नई दिल्ली में जीवन निर्वाह कर रहे होते?
(d) पाँच शताब्दियों पहले जीवन निर्वाह कर रहे ह्येते?
उत्तर:
(a) हम वन की सूखी लकड़ियाँ ईंधन के रूप में प्रयोग करते हैं।
(b) इन क्षेत्रों में लकड़ी आसानी से उपलब्ध हो जाती है। अत: हम लकड़ी का ईंधन के रूप में प्रयोग करते हैं।
(c) हम जल विद्युत ऊर्जा, ताप विद्युत ऊर्जा, सौर ऊर्जा और LPG का ईंधन के रूप में प्रयोग करेंगे।
(d) पाँच शताब्दियों पहले ईंधन के रूप में मुख्यत: लकड़ी का प्रयोग करते हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
उपर्युक्त प्रत्येक परिस्थिति ईंधन की उपलब्धता की दृष्टि से किस प्रकार भिन्न थी?
उत्तर:
पहले आबादी कम थी और ऊर्जा के सीमित स्रोत उपलब्ध थे। परन्तु जैसे- जैसे विकास हुआ, औद्योगिक क्रांति आई, आबादी बढ़ी, वैसे-वैसे मानव ने ऊर्जा के नए सोतों को बूँढना शुरू किया। आज ऊर्जा के परम्परागत सोतों की उपलब्धता धीरे-धीरे कम हो रही है तथा गैर-परम्परागत स्रोतों पर विशेष ध्यान दिया जा रहा है।

क्रिया-कलाप- 14.3

  • एक टेबिल टेनिस की बॉल लीजिए और उसमें तीन झिरियाँ बनाइए।
  • धातु की चादर से अर्धवृत्ताकार पंखुड़ियाँ काटिए और इन्हें बॉल की झिरियों में लगाइए।
  • धातु का एक सीधा तार लेकर इसे बॉल के केंद्र से होकर गुजारिए तथा तार को धुरी की भाँति प्रयोग करके बॉल को कीलकित कीजिए। यह सुनिश्चित कीजिए कि बॉल धुरी पर मुक्त रूप से घूर्णन करे।
  • अब इसके साथ कोई साइकिल डायनेमो जोड़िए।
  • डायनेमो के साथ एक टॉर-बल्ब संयोजित कीजिए।
  • पंखुड़ियों पर जल की धारा अथवा दाब कुकर में उत्पन्न भाप डालिए (चित्र)।
    JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 14 उर्जा के स्रोत 1

क्रिया-कलाप के प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न 1.
आप क्या देखते हैं?
उत्तर:
अवलोकन-हम देखते हैं कि बल्ब जलने लगता है। यहाँ भाप में उपस्थित यांत्रिक ऊर्जा विद्युत ऊर्जा में परिवर्तित हो रही है।

क्रिया-कलाप के प्रश्नोत्तर

क्रिया-कलाप- 14,4

प्रश्न 1.
अपने दादा-दादी अथवा अन्य वयोवृद्धों से यह पता लगाइए कि वे –
(a) अपने विद्यालय कैसे जाते थे?
(b) अपने बचपन में दैनिक आवश्यकताओं के लिए जल कैसे प्राप्त करते थे?
(c) मनोरंजन कैसे करते थे?
उत्तर:
(a) पैदल, साइकिल, बैलगाड़ी, ताँगा इत्यादि का उपयोग करते थे।
(b) कुएँ, नदियों, जलाशय (तलाब), झरनों से।
(c) मनोरंजन के साधन-मेले देखकर, खेल-कूद, नृत्य, धार्मिक स्थलों पर होने वाले विविध कार्यक्रम द्वारा, नुक्कड़ नाटक इत्यादि।

प्रश्न 2.
उपरोक्त उत्तरों की तुलना इस प्रश्न के उत्तरों से कीजिए कि ‘अब आप इन कार्यों को कैसे करते हैं?’
उत्तर:

  • ज्यादातर लोग स्कूल बस द्वारा, कार द्वारा परन्तु कुछ लोग पैदल एवं साइकिल से।
  • नगर-निगम या नगर पालिका द्वारा उपलब्ध कराए गए जल द्वारा, हैंडपंप द्वारा।
  • आज खेल-कूद के अतिरिक्त रेडियो, टी. वी., सिनेमा, इंटरनेट, वीडियो गेम इत्यादि मनोरंजन के साधन हैं।

JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 14 उर्जा के स्रोत

प्रश्न 3.
क्या इन उत्तरों में कोई अंतर है? यदि हाँ, तो किस स्थिति में बाह्य स्रोतों से अधिक ऊर्जा उपभुक्त हुर्दु?
उत्तर:
हाँ, इन उत्तरों में काफी अन्तर है। आधुनिक युग में बाह्य सोतों से अधिक ऊर्जा उपभुक्त हुई है। क्योंकि वाहनों को चलाने, जल-प्राष्ति तथा मनोरंजन के लिए ऊर्जा (ईंधन) की आवश्यकता होती है।

क्रिया-कलाप- 14.5

  • दो शंक्वाकर फ्लास्क लीजिए। इनमें से एक को काला तथा दूसरे को सफेद पेंट से पोतिए। दोनों में जल भरिए।
  • इन शंक्वाकार फ्लास्कों को एक से डेढ़ घंटे तक सीधे धूप में रखिए।

क्रिया-कलाप के प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न 1.
दोनों फ्लास्कों को स्पर्श कीजिए। इनमें कौन तप्त है? आप इन दोनों फ्लास्कों के जल के ताप तापमापी द्वारा भी माप सकते हैं।
उत्तर:
वह फ्लास्क जिसे काले रंग से पेंट किया गया है वह तप्त है।

प्रश्न 2.
क्या आप कोई ऐसा उपाय सोच सकते हैं जिसके द्वारा इस ज्ञान का उपयोग आप अपने दैनिक जीवन में कर सकें।
उत्तर:
इस ज्ञान का उपयोग हम अपने दैनिक जीवन में निम्न रूपों से कर सकते हैं-

  • खाना पकाने के बर्तन के आधार को काला पेंट करके।
  • जाड़ों में गहरे रंग के कपड़े पहनकर
  • पानी गर्म करने में।

क्रिया-कलाप के प्रश्नोत्तर

क्रिया-कलाप- 14.6

प्रश्न 1.
किसी सौर कुकर और / अथवा सौर जल तापक की संरचना तथा कार्य प्रणाली का विशेषकर इस दृष्टि से अध्ययन कीजिए कि उसमें ऊष्मारोधन कैसे किया जाता है तथा अधिकतम ऊष्मा अवशोषण कैसे सुनिश्चित करते हैं?
उत्तर:

  • सौर कुकर तथा सौर जल तापक के पृष्ठ काले रंग से पेंट कर दिए जाते हैं, क्योंकि कृष्ण (काला) पृष्ठ अधिक ऊष्मा अवशोषित करता है।
  • सौर कुकर में सूर्य की किरणों को फोकसित करने के लिए अवतल दर्पण का उपयोग किया जाता है, जिससे ताप और उच्च हो जाता है।
  • सौर कुकर में ढक्कन (काँच की शीट का) पौधघर (ग्रीनहाउस) प्रभाव उत्पन्न करता है।

प्रश्न 2.
सस्ती सुलभ सामग्री का उपयोग करके किसी सौर कुकर अथवा सौर जल तापक का डिजाइन बनाकर उसकी संरचना कीजिए और यह जाँच करिए कि आपके इस निकाय में अधिकतम ताप कितना प्राप्न किया जा सकता है?
उत्तर:
आवश्यक सामग्री-

  • लकड़ी का बॉक्स
  • थर्मोकोल शीट
  • धातु की शीट
  • समतल दर्पण
  • काँच की शीट

JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 14 उर्जा के स्रोत 2
सौर कुकर एक सौर युक्ति है, जिसमें भोजन पकाने के लिए सौर ऊर्जा का उपयोग किया जाता है। सौर कुकर का बाहरी बॉक्स लकड़ी का लेते हैं तथा इसके भीतरी दीवारों के साथ थमोंकोल रख देते हैं तथा इसके बाद धातु की शीट जिसकी आंतरिक दीवार काले रंग से पेंट है। ऊष्मा ह्यास को रोकने के लिए मोटे काँच की शीट तथा एक समतल दर्पण जो परावर्तक का काम करता है, लगाया जाता है। इस निकाय से अधिकतम 100°C से 140°C तक ताप प्राप्त किया जा सकता है।

प्रश्न 3.
सौर कुकरों अथवा सौर जल तापकों के उपयोग की सीमाओं एवं विशेषताओं पर चर्चा कीजिए।
उत्तर:
विशेषताएँ-

  • यह बिना प्रदूषण किए भोजन पकाने या पानी गर्म करने में सहायक है।
  • इनका उपयोग सस्ता भी है क्योंकि सौर ऊर्जा के उपयोग का कोई मूल्य चुकाना नहीं पड़ता है।

सीमाएँ-

  • रात में या बादल वाले दिनों में सौर कुकर या सौर जल तापकों का प्रयोग नहीं किया जा सकता।
  • यह भोजन पकाने या पानी गर्म करने में अधिक समय लेता है।
  • यह अपेक्षाकृत महँगा भी है।

क्रिया-कलाप के प्रश्नोत्तर

क्रिया-कलाप – 14.7

प्रश्न 1.
कक्षा में इस प्रश्न पर चर्चा कीजिए कि महासागरीय तापीय ऊर्जा, पवनों तथा जैव मात्रा की ऊर्जाओं का अंतिम स्रोत क्या है?
उत्तर:
महासागरीय तापीय ऊर्जा, पवनों तथा जैव मात्रा की ऊर्जाओं का अंतिम स्रोत सूर्य है। हरे पौधे सूर्य के प्रकाश में प्रकाश संश्लेषण क्रिया के द्वारा भोजन तैयार करते हैं जिस पर बाकी सभी प्राणी निर्भर करते हैं। इस तरह संसार के सभी प्राणी अपनी ऊर्जा के लिए सूर्य पर निर्भर रहते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
क्या इस संदर्भ में भूतापीय ऊर्जा तथा नाभिकीय ऊर्जा भिन्न हैं? क्यों?
उत्तर:
हाँ, पृथ्वी के अंदर तापमान और दाब के कारण भूतापीय ऊर्जा तथा नाभिकीय ऊर्जा रेडियोएक्टिव तत्त्वों (जैसे यूरेनियम, प्लूटोनियम) के नाभिक के विखंडन द्वारा होता है।

प्रश्न 3.
आप जल विद्युत ऊर्जा तथा तरंग ऊर्जा को किस श्रेणी में रखेंगे?
उत्तर:
इन्हें सौर ऊर्जा के अन्तर्गत रखेंगे क्योंकि परोक्ष रूप से ये दोनों सूर्य की ऊष्मा के कारण होते हैं।

क्रिया-कलाप के प्रश्नोत्तर

क्रिया-कलाप – 14.8

प्रश्न 1.
विविध ऊर्जा स्रोतों के विषय में जानकारी एकत्र कीजिए तथा ज्ञात कीजिए कि उनमें से प्रत्येक को किस प्रकार प्रभावित करता है?
उत्तर:

स्रोत मूलभूत सिद्धान्त बातावरण पर प्रभाव
अच्छा बुरा
1. तापीय विद्युत संयंत्र विद्युत संयंत्रों में प्रतिदिन विशाल मात्रा में जीवाशमी ईंधन का दहन करके जल उबालकर भाप बनाई जाती है जो टरबाइनों को घुमाकर विद्युत उत्पन्न करती है। (i) यह प्रदूषण उत्पन्न करता है।

(ii) खदानों से कोयला निकाले जाने के कारण भूस्खलन की स्थिति उत्पन्न होती है।

2. जल विद्युत संयंत्र जल विद्युत संयंत्रों में गिरते जल की स्थितिज ऊर्जा को विद्युत में रूपांतरित किया जाता है। (i) बाढ़ पर नियंत्रण

(ii) सिंचाई की सुविधा

(i) विशाल भूभाग नष्ट होता है।

(ii) पर्यावरण संतुलन बिगड़ता है।

3. नाभिकीय ऊर्जा नाभिकीय विखंडन अभिक्रिया एक ऐसी प्रक्रिया है जिसमें किसी भारी परमाणु (जैसे युरेनियम, प्लूटोनियम अथवा थोरियम) के नाभिक को निम्न ऊर्जा न्यूट्रॉन से बमबारी कराकर हलके नाभिकों में तोड़ा जा सकता है। जब ऐसा किया जाता है तो विशाल मात्रा में ऊर्जा मुक्त होती है। वायु प्रदूषण रहित शेष बचे नाभिकीय ईंधन घातक सिद्ध हो सकते हैं अगर इनका निपटारा उचित प्रकार से नहीं होता।
5. पवन ऊर्जा सूर्य के विकिरणों द्वारा भूखंडों तथा जलाशयों के असमान तप्त होने के कारण वायु में गति उत्पन्न होती है तथा पवनों का प्रवाह होता है। पवनों की इस गतिज ऊर्जा का उपयोग विद्युत उत्पन्न करने या अन्य कार्यों में किया जाता है। (i) ध्वनि प्रदूषण

(ii) मानसून प्रभावित होता है।

6. सौर ऊर्जा सूर्य से प्राप्त ऊर्जा का उपयोग किया जाता है। प्रदूषण मुक्त।

प्रश्न 2.
प्रत्येक ऊर्जा स्रोत के लाभ तथा हानियों पर वाद-विवाद कीजिए तथा इस आधार पर ऊर्जा का सर्वोत्तम स्त्रोत चुनिए।
उत्तर:
1. जीवाश्मी ईंधन-
लाभ-

  • कम खर्च पर अत्यधिक ऊर्जा की प्राप्ति।
  • आसान परिवहन।
  • ऊर्जा क्षय कम।
  • उपलब्धता तथा भण्डारण सुगम।

हानियाँ-

  • ये ऊर्जा के अनवीकरणीय स्रोत हैं। अगर हम इनका उपयोग इसी चिंताजनक दर से करते रहे तो हमारे ये भण्डार शीघ्र ही रिक्त हो जाएंगे।
  • ये स्रोत प्रदूषण फैलाते हैं।
  • जीवाश्मी ईंधन जैसे कोयला को खदानों से
  • निकालना पड़ता है जिसके कारण भूस्खलन की स्थिति उत्पन्न हो जाती है।

2. तापीय विद्युत संयंत्र –
लाभ

  • कम दरों पर बहुत ज्यादा ऊर्जा का उत्पादन।
  • संयंत्र के लिए कच्चे माल का परिवहन सुगम।
  • इन्हें कहीं भी स्थापित किया जा सकता है।

हानियाँ-

  • ये संयंत्र प्रदूषण के लिए जिम्मेदार हैं।
  • ये ऊर्जा के अनवीकरणीय स्रोत हैं।

3. जल विद्युत संयंत्र –
लाभ

  • यह ऊर्जा का नवीकरणीय स्रोत है।
  • प्रदूषण रहित।
  • कृषि के लिए सिंचाई भी उपलब्ध कराती है।
  • बाढ़ पर नियंत्रण

हानियाँ-

  • इसके लिए काफी बड़े भूभाग की जरूरत होती है।
  • बाँध का निर्माण खर्चीला है।
  • इनका निर्माण वहीं किया जा सकता है जहाँ पानी प्रचुर मात्रा में उपलब्ध हो।
  • पर्यावरण संतुलन को नुकसान पहुँचाती है।

4. सौर ऊर्जा-
लाभ-

  • स्वच्छ, प्रदूषण रहित ऊर्जा।
  • इसकी स्थापना सुदूर तथा अगम्य स्थानों पर भी की जा सकती है।
  • चूँकि सौर सेलों में कोई गतिमान पुर्जा नहीं होता इसलिए इनका रखरखाव आसान होता है।

हानियाँ –

  • यह ऊर्जा का नवीकरणीय स्रोत है।
  • रात्रि में तथा बादल वाले दिनों में उपयोग नहीं।
  • सौर सेलों का निर्माण महँगा।
  • ये DC विद्युत धारा उत्पन्न करते हैं जिसे AC में बदलने के लिए काफी ऊर्जा खर्च करनी पड़ती हैं।

JAC Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 14 उर्जा के स्रोत

5. नाभिकीय ऊर्जा-
लाभ-

  • कम खर्च में अत्यधिक ऊर्जा उपलब्ध।
  • अवशिष्ट पदार्थों का पुन: इस्तेमाल संभव।

हानियाँ-

  • नाभिकीय कचरा जीव-जन्तुओं के लिए घातक।
  • इनका निपटारा भी मुश्किल।
  • कोई दुर्घटना या बड़ा नुकसान कर सकती हैं।

6. जैवमात्रा-
लाभ-

  • प्रदूषण रहित ईंधन।
  • इनका अवशिष्ट उत्तम खाद होता है।
  • उत्पादन लागत कम।
  • अवशिष्ट पदार्थों के निपटारे का सुरक्षित तरीका प्रदान करता है।
  • भण्डारण आसान।

हानियाँ-

  • बायोगैस का उत्पादन दर काफी कम होता है।
  • एक पूरे स्थान से प्राप्त जैव मात्रा उस स्थान की ऊर्जा जरूरत पूरा करने में असमर्थ।

7. पवन ऊर्जा-
लाभ-

  • यह ऊर्जा का नवीकरणीय स्रोत है।
  • प्रदूषण रहित।
  • सिंचाई तथा खाद्यान्न पीसने में काफी उपयोगी।
  • एक बार निर्माण हो जाने पर ऊर्जा उत्पादन लागत शून्य।
  • तटवर्तीय क्षेत्रों के लिए ऊर्जा का सबसे अच्छा स्रोत।

हानियाँ-

  • जनित ऊर्जा मात्रा कम।
  • ध्वनि प्रदूषण फैलाते हैं।
  • उस स्थान के मानसून को प्रभावित करते हैं।
  • निर्माण मँहगा।

8. भूतापीय ऊर्जा-
लाभ-

  • प्रदूषण रहित।
  • लागत काफी कम।
  • ऊर्जा का नवीकरणीय स्रोत।

हानियाँ – सीमित क्षेत्रों ही उपलब्ध।
महासागरीय ऊर्जा-
लाभ-

  • ऊर्जा का नवीकरणीय स्रोत।
  • प्रदूषण रहित।
  • एक बार निर्माण हो जाने पर उत्पादन लागत नहीं।

हानियाँ-

  • बड़ी मात्रा
  • निर्माण खर्चीला।

क्रिया-कलाप के प्रश्नोत्तर

क्रिया-कलाप – 14.9

प्रश्न 1.
कक्षा में इन समस्याओं पर वाद-विवाद कीजिए-
(a) यह कहा जाता है कि अनुमानतः कोयले के भण्डार आने वाले दो सौ वर्ष के लिए पर्याप्त हैं। क्या इस प्रकरण में हमें चिंता करने की आवश्यकता है कि हमारे कोयले के भण्डार रिक्त होते जा रहे हैं? क्यों अथवा क्यों नहीं?
(b) ऐसा अनुमान है कि सूर्य आगामी 5 करोड़ वर्ष तक जीवित रहेगा। क्या हमें यह चिंता करनी चाहिए कि सौर ऊर्जा समाप्त हो रही है? क्यों अथवा क्यों नहीं
उत्तर:
(a) हमारे कोयले के भण्डार रिक्त होते जा रहे हैं। अतः इनको विवेकपूर्ण खर्च करने की जरूरत है। चूँकि अभी ये भण्डार 200 वर्षों के लिए पर्याप्त हैं। परन्तु हम आशा करते हैं कि तब तक ऊर्जा का कोई और विकल्प ढूँढ लिया जाएगा।

(b) नहीं। क्योंकि हम आशा करते हैं कि तब तक शायद हम अपने लिए एक दूसरा सौर मण्डल ढूँढ लें।

प्रश्न 2.
वाद-विवाद के आधार पर यह निर्णय लीजिए कि कौन-सा ऊर्जा स्रोत (a) समाप्य (b) अक्षय, (c) नवीकरणीय तथा (d) अनवीकरणीय है। प्रत्येक चयन के लिए अपना तर्क दीजिए।
उत्तर:

ऊर्जा स्रोत प्रकार
(i) जीवाशमी ईंधन समाप्य
(ii) पवन ऊर्जा अक्षय
(iii) जल विद्युत ऊर्जा नवीकरणीय
(iv) सौर ऊर्जा अक्षय
(v) महासागरीय ऊर्जा नवीकरणीय

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 16 Management of Natural Resources

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 16 Management of Natural Resources Important Questions and Answers.

JAC Board Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 16 Management of Natural Resources

Additional Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Distinguish between:
(1) Recycle and Reuse
Answer:

Recycle Reuse
1. Recycle is a process of producing new materials from industrial and domestic wastes. 1. Reuse is using materials or its pieces again for some other purpose.
2. In the process of recycling, some energy is utilized. 2. In reuse energy is not utilized.
3. Example: Plastic, paper glass, metal piece, etc. can be melted at appropriate temperature and new materials can be produced. 3. Example: Cups and plates made of China clay, ceramic tiles can be used to make decorative wall pieces.

(2) Coal and Petroleum
Answer:

Coal Petroleum
1. It is carbon based fuel source. 1. It is hydrocarbon based fuel source.
2. It is solid form of fossil fuel. 2. It is liquid form of fossil fuel.
3. Its energy can be converted into electricity and steam. 3. It is used in forms of petrol, diesel, kerosene, fuel oil, etc.
4. It is used as a fuel as such in homes and in industry or at thermal power plants to generate electricity. 4. It is mainly used in automobile vehicles.

Question 2.
Give scientific reasons for the following statements :
(1) Few simple steps should be helpful to conserve energy resources.
Answer:

  • Switch off the lights, fans, television and other electrical appliances when not in use.
  • Make use of stairs instead of lift at least up to two to three floors in a building.
  • Pressure cookers should be used to save the fuels.
  • Bicycles can be used to cover short distances.
  • Public transport system (local buses and trains) in the cities should be made available so people do not use their own vehicles to commute.

By such simple steps, we can save electricity and fossil fuels.

(2) We should use fossil fuels rationally and judiciously.
Answer:
We should use coal and petroleum judiciously because:

  • Coal and petroleum are fossil fuels which are exhaustible and non-renewable resource.
  • Reserves of coal and petroleum are limited.
  • It takes millions of years for nature to replenish these resources.
  • Burning of fossil fuels pollutes the atmosphere by forming oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur, which accumulate in atmosphere.
  • Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas which leads to global warming.

(3) We should adopt water harvesting.
Answer:
Advantages of water harvesting are :

  • It provides water for recharging underground water reservoir.
  • It provides water for potable use.
  • It provides water for irrigation.
  • It provides water for vegetation to grow.

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 16 Management of Natural Resources

(4) Dams are useful to the society in the various ways.
Answer:
Advantages of dams:

  • Storage of adequate water ensure the water supply to crop field round the year for irrigation.
  • The water from dams is used to generate electricity.
  • To stop the flow of rain water to sea and help to control flood to some extent.
  • Canal systems leading from the dams can transfer large amounts of water over great distance i.e., to semi-arid and arid regions.

(5) Watershed management has its own importance.
Answer:
The advantages of watershed management:

  • It emphasises scientific conservation of soil and water in order to increase biomass production.
  • The main objective is to develop primary resources of land and water.
  • To produce secondary resources of plants and animals for use in a manner, which will not cause ecological imbalance.

Question 3.
Carefully observe the given s diagram / chart and answer the questions related with it:
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 16 Management of Natural Resources 1
Questions:

  1. State the name of microbe that has increased beyond a safe level in the river Ganga.
  2. What is the main cause of the s contamination of the river Ganga?
  3. From which source does we know that S the pollution level in the Ganga is high?

Answer:

  1. Faecal coliform are the microbial s pollutants that has increased in the river Ganga beyond safe level.
  2. Largely untreated sewage is dumped into the river Ganga which is the main cause for contamination.
  3. CPCB – Central Pollution Control Board

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 16 Management of Natural Resources 2
Questions:

  1. Locate and name the water reservoirs in diagram (a) and (b).
  2. What is the advantage of one over the other and why?

Answer:

  1. (a) a pond as water reservoir (b) Ground water body
  2. Ground water is more advantageous than pond water because it does not evaporate does not easily contaminate by pollutants and spreads to large areas for recharging wells.

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 16 Management of Natural Resources 2
Questions :

  1. Which system is shown in given diagram?
  2. In which state and for what such system is adapted?
  3. State some name of the ancient water harvesting techniques.

Answer:

  1. Khadin system
  2. In Rajasthan state and to harvest the water such system is adapted.
  3. Kulhs, bundhis, bandharas, nadis, tanks and kattas.

Objective Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions in short:

(1) What are five R’s used to save environment?
Answer:
The five R’s to save environment are: Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Repurpose and Recycle.

(2) Name the main constituents of coal and petroleum.
Answer:
Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur are the main constituents of coal and petroleum.

(3) How does mining cause pollution?
Answer:
Mining causes pollution because of the large amount of discarded slag when a ton of metal extracted.

(4) Why are forests called as biodiversity hot spots?
Answer:
Forests are called biodiversity hot spots because range of different life forms, i.e., bacteria, fungi, ferns, flowering plants, insects, birds, reptiles nematodes, etc. are all found in the forests.

(5) State two objectives of sustainable / development.
Answer:
Objectives of sustainable development:

  • To provide the economic well being.
  • To maintain healthy environment for future generations.

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 16 Management of Natural Resources

(6) State two disadvantags of monoculture.
Answer:
Disadvantages of monoculture :

  • Large amount of biodiversity is destroyed in the area.
  • The varied needs of local people can no longer be met from such monoculture.

(7) Which are the trees planted for monoculture?
Answer:
Pine, teak or eucalyptus, etc. trees are planted for monoculture.

(8) What is the purpose of water harvesting?
Answer:
Purpose of water harvesting is : To collect rainwater, allow it to percolate and thereby increase the ground water level.

(9) Make a list of few industries that are dependent on forest products.
Answer:
Paper, timber, bidi, lac and sport equipment industries.

(10) How the increase in demand for energy is affecting atmosphere?
Answer:
Increased consumption of fossil fuels releases a lot of polluting gases such as CO2, SO2i oxides of nitrogen, etc. Some of there gases cause global warming causing climate change and also produce acid rain.

(11) Mention the name of two dams whose construction faced opposition.
Answer:
Two dams whose construction faced opposition are :

  • Tehri Dam on the river Ganga.
  • Sardar Sarovar Dam on the river Narmada.

(12) Why are coal and petroleum called fossil fuels?
Answer:
Coal and petroleum are called fossil fuels because they have been formed millions of years ago inside the earth from buried vegetation due to high temperature and pressure.

(13) Name a greenhouse gas. What happens when its amount increases in the atmosphere?
Answer:
CO2, The amount of CO2 increases in the atmosphere will lead to global warming and climate change.

(14) The person lived near a forest. Make a list of four items which he can get from the forest to meet his daily needs.
Answer:
Fire wood, fodder, fruits, vegetables, medicines.

(15) If you find coliform bacteria in a water sample collected from river, what does it indicate? What is the cause of such kind of pollution?
Answer:
It indicates the contamination of water by disease causing microorganisms. Discharge of untreated sewage in water body is the main cause for such kind of pollution.

(16) Why is reuse better than recycling of materials?
Answer:
Reuse of materials is better than recycling because –

  • Energy is not depleted in reusing the same matter.
  • It reduces the stress on environment and helps in conservation of natural resources.

(17) State two reasons for launching the Ganga Action Plan.
Answer:
Ganga Action Plan was launched to improve the quality of water and remove the disease causing coliform bacteria present in the water of Ganga.

Question 2.
Define : OR Explain the terms :
(1) Natural resources
Answer:
Refer to the point 1 in the ‘Gist of the Chapter.
[or Substances which are obtained from nature and used by all living forms to sustain their life are called natural resources.]

(2) Sustainable management
Answer:
The controlled use of a resource in such a way that its present availability and continuous flow to the future generation is ensured without any disturbance to the environment is called sustainable management.

(3) Dams
Answer:
The barriers constructed across rivers to hold the water for different uses is called dams.

(4) Water harvesting
Answer:
A method of holding rainwater on the surface, to make it percolate under the ground to recharge ground water is called water harvesting.

(5) Biodiversity
Answer:
The number and range of variety of species of life forms in an area is called biodiversity.

(6) Fossil fuels
Answer:
The remains of plants and animals which are burried under the earth some millions of year ago and changed into fuel due to tremendous heat and pressure are called fossil fuels.

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks :

  1. Reuse is considered better than recycling because …………….. is utilised in the process of recycling.
  2. Increase in amount of …………….. leads to green-house effects ultimately leading to global warming.
  3. …………….. community in Rajasthan has been a religious tenet for conservation of forest and wildlife.
  4. Wildlife is an important component of the …………….. of an ecosystem.
  5. …………….. leaves are use to make bidies.
  6. …………….. forest of West Bengal is dominated by Sal trees.
  7. Forests are …………….. hot spots.
  8. Chipko Andolan originated from a …………….. village in Garhwal.
  9. The …………….. canal has brought greenery to considerable areas of Rajasthan.
  10. The loss of biodiversity may lead to loss of …………….. stability.
  11. The …………….. of water can easily be checked using universal indicator.
  12. Coliform is a group of bacteria found in human ……………..
  13. By processing on wastes of used product, new materials can be produced this process is known as ……………..

Answer:

  1. energy
  2. CO2
  3. Bishnoi
  4. food web
  5. Tendu
  6. Arabari
  7. biodiversity
  8. Reni
  9. Indira Gandhi
  10. ecological
  11. pH
  12. intestine
  13. recycling

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 16 Management of Natural Resources

Question 4.
State whether the following statements are true or false:

  1. Forests are the natural habitat for wildlife.
  2. The people live in or around forest are the stakeholders of forest for conservation.
  3. Mining causes pollution because of the large amount of fog discarded in environment.
  4. The wildlife and nature enthusiasts want to conserve nature in its pristine form.
  5. Monoculture enhances a large amount of biodiversity in a wide area.
  6. Amrita Devi Bishnoi sacrificed her life along with 363 others for the protection of khejri trees.
  7. Chipko Andolan was basically for saving Sal forest in Midnapore districts.
  8. Narmada Bachao Andolan is for protesting against the height of the Sardar Sarovar Dam on the river Narmada.
  9. We should not bother about our natural resources because there is plenty of natural availability.
  10. The major drawback of watershed management is to cause ecological imbalance.
  11. Coal and petroleum were formed from the degradation of biomass about millions of years ago.
  12. If combustion of fossil fuels takes place in insufficient oxigen, then carbon dioxide is formed instead of carbon monoxide.

Answer:

  1. True
  2. True
  3. False
  4. True
  5. False
  6. True
  7. False
  8. True
  9. False
  10. False
  11. True
  12. False

Question 5.
Graph – Diagram based questions:
1.
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 16 Management of Natural Resources 4
Identify a and b in given diagram.
Answer:
a – Khadin area
b – Saline area

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 16 Management of Natural Resources 5
Identify and state the location where it is native species.
Answer:
Khejri tree, Khejrali village near Jodhpur in Rajasthan.

Question 6.
Match the following :
Answer:
(1)

Column I Column II
1. Indicate minimization use of natural resources p. Recycle
2. New materials can be produced from industrial wastes q. Reuse
3. Always considered better method without being use of energy r. Reduce
4. No use of plastic bag s. Refuse

Answer:
(1 – r). (2 – p), (3 – q), (4 – s).

(2)

Column I Column II
1. Forest Department p. Want to conserve nature
2. The industrialists q. Controls the resources from forests
3. Nature enthusiasts r. Dependent on forest produce for their life.
4. Tribal people s. Use raw materials from forests.

Answer:
(1 – q), (2 – s), (3 – p), (4 – r).

(3)

Column I Column II
1. Bishnoi community p. Recovery of Sal forest
2. Himalayan National Park q. Hug the Tree Movement
3. Reni village in Garhwal r. Alpine meadow
4. A. K. Banerjee s. Khejrali village

Answer:
(1 – s), (2 – r), (3 – q), (4 – p).

(4)

Column I Column II
1. Kerala p. Kattas
2. Karnataka q. Surangams
3. Tamil Nadu r. Ahars and pynes
4. Bihar s. Eris

Answer:
(1 – q), (2 – p), (3 – s), (4 – r).

Question 7.
Select the correct alternative from those given below each question:
1. Which village became famous due to Amrita Devi Bishnoi?
A. Reni
B. Khejrali
C. Midnapore
D. Arabari
Answer:
B. Khejrali

2. Forest based industries are _______.
A. meat and leather
B. coal and iron
C. petroleum and wood
D. timber, lac and paper
Answer:
D. timber, lac and paper

3. Which leaves are used in manufacture of bidies?
A. Tendu
B. Eucalyptus
C. Banyan
D. Khakharo
Answer:
A. Tendu

4. Find incorrect statement.
A. Forests provide varieties of products.
B. Forests have wide-variety of biodiversity.
C. Forests are not important in soil conservation.
D. Forests are helpful to maintain atmospheric CO2 concentration.
Answer:
C. Forests are not important in soil conservation.

5. Which of the following dam is constructed in Gujarat?
A. Tehri dam
B. Sardar Sarovar dam
C. Tawa dam
D. Bhakhara dam
Answer:
B. Sardar Sarovar dam

6. Which one of following is not a natural resource?
A. Land
B. Water
C. Electricity
D. Air
Answer:
C. Electricity

7. The most rapidly dwindling natural resource in the world is
A. water
B. forests
C. wind
D. sunlight
Answer:
B. forests

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 16 Management of Natural Resources

8. Which of the following option indicates the correct explanation for natural resources?
A. Sources can be created by man and utilized by man.
B. Sources can be created by man and utilized by all organisms.
C. Products obtained only from forests.
D. The naturally occurring, cannot be created by man and useful for all organisms.
Answer:
D. The naturally occurring, cannot be created by man and useful for all organisms.

9. Which are three R’s from five to save the environment?
A. Recycle, Regenerate, Reuse
B. Reduce, Regenerate, Redistribute
C. Reduce, Reuse, Redistribute
D. Reduce, Recycle, Reuse
Answer:
D. Reduce, Recycle, Reuse

10. Which option is not included in recycling to save environment?
A. Plastics, glass and metal waste should be properly separated.
B. Solid wastes melted at appropriate temperature and filtred it.
C. Use of appliances operated with solar energy to reduce the use of LPG.
D. New materials can be produced from wastes.
Answer:
C. Use of appliances operated with solar energy to reduce the use of LPG.

11. The method of reuse is always considered better than the recycling method because…
A. energy is not utilised in it.
B. new materials can be produced by it.
C. uniform distribution of natural resources can be done by it.
D. material or equipment can be maintained for a long time by it.
Answer:
A. energy is not utilised in it.

12. A successful forest conservation strategy should involve…
A. protection of animals at the highest trophic level.
B. protection of only consumers.
C. to stop all the products available from forests.
D. comprehensive programme to protect all the physical and biological components.
Answer:
D. comprehensive programme to protect all the physical and biological components.

13. ‘Chipko Andolan (Hug the Trees Movement) is the well-known example of conservation of which form of nature?
A. Forest
B. Coal
C. Water
D. Petroleum
Answer:
A. Forest

14. Which type of natural resource are forests and wildlife?
A. Biotic and renewable
B. Biotic and non-renewable
C. Abiotic and renewable
D. Abiotic and non-renewable
Answer:
A. Biotic and renewable

15. Which of the following is not a fossil fuel?
A. Petroleum
B. Natural gas
C. Mineral coal
D. Wood
Answer:
D. Wood

16. Which one is responsible for increasing demand of natural resource?
A. Environmental pollution
B. Increase in human population
C. Use of non-biodegradable materials
D. Loss of forest cover
Answer:
B. Increase in human population

17. Which option is correct for the work of forest department?
A. Distribute the forest products among the people who live in or around forests.
B. Control the resources from forests of government ownership.
C. Supplies raw materials to industrialists for their industry.
D. Protects rights of nature enthusiasts to conserve nature.
Answer:
B. Control the resources from forests of government ownership.

18. Which of the following activity is not helpful for the protection of environment?
A. Social forestry
B. Rotation of crops
C. Recycling of used water
D. Deforestation
Answer:
D. Deforestation

19. Amrita Devi had sacrificed her life for the protection of _______ trees.
A. khejri
B. banyan
C. pipal
D. pandanas
Answer:
A. khejri

20. For which of the following Amrita Devi Bishnoi National Award is given?
A. To prevent prenatal abortion
B. Wildlife conservation
C. Increase the use of non-conventional energy sources
D. Social forestry
Answer:
B. Wildlife conservation

21. Which of the following are related to Rajasthan?
A. Indira Gandhi canal
B. Khadins, tanks and nadis
C. Khejri tree
D. All of the given
Answer:
D. All of the given

22. One boy goes to a school by his vehicle. On the way he reaches to a cross-road where red signal is shown. He turns off his vehicle till green signal appears. From this, he has used which R to save the environment?
A. Reduce
B. Recycle
C. Reuse
D. None of the given
Answer:
A. Reduce

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 16 Management of Natural Resources

23. With increase in population, our needs have increased. Today the world is facing a problem of energy crisis. We must conserve energy. Which one of the following statement does not show energy conservation approach?
A. Make use of pressure cooker.
B. Switch off the lights, fans, television and other appliances when not in use.
C. One should use individual vehicle instead of public transport system.
D. Use of bicycle while going to school.
Answer:
C. One should use individual vehicle instead of public transport system.

24. Pick up correct statement for the concept of biodiversity.
A. It refers to the different species of plants and animals in the area.
B. It refers to only the plants of a given area.
C. It is greater in forest.
D. It refers to the total of individuals of human population in given area.
Answer:
A. It refers to the different species of plants and animals in the area.

25. Statement A: Water harvesting is an age-old concept in India.
Reason R: It is useful to recharge the ground water but not to hold surface water.
Which is correct option for statement A and reason R?
A. Both A and R are correct and R is correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is correct and R is incorrect.
D. A is incorrect and R is correct.
Answer:
C. A is correct and R is incorrect.

26. It is important to make small check dams across the flooded gullies because they…
A. hold water for irrigation.
B. hold water and prevent soil erosion.
C. recharge ground water.
D. hold water permanently.
Answer:
A. hold water for irrigation.

27. What are coliforms?
A. a group of bacteria found in human intestine.
B. a group of bacteria found in animal dung.
C. a group of bacteria found in root nodules of lagumes.
D. None of these
Answer:
A. a group of bacteria found in human intestine.

28. Statement A: Huge areas of forest are cleared for the plantation of pine, teak or eucalyptus.
Reason R: Monoculture plantation are useful for industries to access specific products and are an important source of revenue for the Forest Department.
Which is correct option for statement A and reason R?
A. Both A and R are correct and R is correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is correct and R is incorrect.
D. A is incorrect and R is correct.
Answer:
A. Both A and R are correct and R is correct explanation of A.

29. Find correct statements for the concept of sustainable development.
A. Growth that is acceptable to all stakeholders.
B. Stopping all developmental work to conserve the environment.
C. Growth irrespective of the extent of damage caused to the environment.
D. Planned growth with minimum damage to the environment.
Answer:
A. Growth that is acceptable to all stakeholders. Planned growth with minimum damage to the environment.

30. Who is known as India’s waterman?
A. A. K. Banerjee
B. Dr Rajendra Singh
C. Dr A. K. Singh
D. None of these
Answer:
B. Dr Rajendra Singh

Question 8.
Answer as directed : (Miscellaneous)
(1) Give full form of CPCB, MPN
Answer:
CPCB – Central Pollution Control Board MPN – Most Probable Number

(2) State the unit of coliform count levels in the water.
Answer:
MPN/100 mL

( 3 ) Find mismatched pair :
(i) Plastic carry bags – Refuse
(ii) Repair leaky taps – Reduce
(iii) Stored pulses in empty bottle of jam – Recycle
(iv) Cracked crockery use as feeding vessels for birds – Repurpose
Answer:
(iii) Pulses stored in empty bottle of jam – Recycle

(4) The desired minimum total coliform count level in the river Ganga are …
Answer:
500 MPN / 100 mL

(5) Who am I? One type of grass that grow within the reserved area of the great Himalayan National park.
Answer:
Alpine meadows

(6) Madhya Pradesh : Bundhis :: Himachal Pradesh: ………………
Answer:
Kulhs

(7) Find mismatched pair :
(i) Karnataka – Kattas
(ii) Tamil Nadu – Eris
(iii) Bihar – Surangams
(iv) Maharashtra – Bandharas
Answer:
(iii) Bihar – Surangams

(8) Identify me : I was degraded forest in south-western districts of West Bengal once but remarkable recovered by the active participation of local community in the management.
Answer:
Sal forest

Value Based Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Municipal corporation insists people to dispose wet wastes in green coloured dustbin and dry wastes in blue coloured dustbin for their domestic waste disposal. Municipal waste collection van collects domestic wastes only if wet and dry wastes are separated.
Questions:

  1. How this system is a good practice to reduce environmental pollution?
  2. What does generally wet waste contains?
  3. What is the productive use of wet wastes?
  4. What is use of dry wastes? Which concept do you think from five R’s?

Answer:

  1. It helps in segregation of biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste. These wastes are then properly treated for disposal. So, this system is good practice to reduce environmental pollution.
  2. Wet wastes contain food items, vegetable wastes, pills of fruits, etc.
  3. Wet wastes are used to produce fuel gas and manure.
  4. Plastic, broken glass, metal, etc. from dry wastes are used in recycle process to synthesise fresh plastic, glass, metal. We think about recycling concept from five R’s.

Question 2.
A group of college students shared their phone number on social media. They insist the people to donate their used clothes, books, toys, utensils, etc. They collect such used items and distribute to the needy.

‘Robinhood’ is a well-known name at national level. Members of this group collect the food that is left in restaurants and at the occasion of marriage and distribute to needy.

Questions:

  1. How many and which R’s come into play in this initiative?
  2. What objectives are fulfilled by this initiave?
  3. Is this environment-friendly practice?

Answer:

  1. Two out of five R’s i.e., Reduce and Reuse come into play in this initiative.
  2. Social responsibility, awareness about environment and reduction of the wastage of food, etc. are fulfilled by this initiative.
  3. Yes, this is an environment-friendly practice.

Question 3.
At present we encounter the problem of water shortage, as rainfall is less than average in past three years. Chairman of your society informed the members to reduce the water consumption. He also suggested to make percoting well in the society.

Questions:

  1. What are the benefits of percoting well?
  2. How can you store rainwater in any alternative way that protects the water against contamination?
  3. What value does the chairman of society have?

Answer:

  1. The benefits of percoting well are : it recharges the underground water, it does not allow the evaporation, it is protected from contamination.
  2. In close tank and underground tank.
  3. The chairman shows responsibility to environment, especially save the water and store the water.

Practical Skill Based Questions With Answers

The water samples collected from four different water bodies. I – from the river of Sabarmati, II-from the Kankaria Lake, III-from Chandola lake and IV-from Narmada canal.

Water Sample Coliform count level PH
I 12,000 MPN/ 100 ml 7.8
II 7,900 MPN/100 ml 6.7
III > 106 MPN / 100 ml < 5.6
IV 1000 MPN/100 ml 7.3

Questions:

  1. How do coliform enter in water body?
  2. Can we use water from any such water body? Why?
  3. What measures are required before using the water?
  4. How is the pH of water sample tested?

Answer:

  1. Coliform bacteria enter through disposal of untreated sewage in water body.
  2. No, because it is not safe for drinking.
  3. Boil the water well, filter it and then use it for drinking.
  4. The pH of water sample can be tested with universal indicator or with litmus paper.

Memory Map:
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 16 Management of Natural Resources 6

JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry Ex 7.4

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry Ex 7.4 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

JAC Board Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry Exercise 7.4

Question 1.
Determine the ratio in which the line 2x + y – 4 = 0 divides the line segment joining the points A (2, – 2) and B (3, 7).
Answer:
Let the line 2x + y – 4 = 0 divide the line segment joining the point A (2, – 2) and B (3, 7) at point M (a, b) in the ratio k : 1.
Then, the coordinates of point M are
(\(\frac{3 k+2}{k+1}, \frac{7 k-2}{k+1}\)) = (a, b)
∴ a = \(\frac{3k+2}{k+1}\)
and b = \(\frac{7k-2}{k+1}\) …… (1)
Now, the point M also lies on line 2x + y – 4 = 0.
Hence, (a, b) must satisfy
2x + y – 4 = 0
∴ 2a + b – 4 = 0
∴ 2(\(\frac{3k+2}{k+1}\)) + (\(\frac{7k-2}{k+1}\)) – 4 = 0 [From (1)]
∴ 6k + 4 + 7k – 2 – 4k – 4 = 0
∴ 9k – 2 = 0
∴ k = \(\frac{2}{9}\)
Hence, the ratio k : 1 = \(\frac{2}{9}\) : 1 = 2 : 9.
Thus, the line 2x + y – 4 = 0 divides the line segment joining the points A (2, – 2) and B (3, 7) in the ratio 2 : 9.

JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry Ex 7.4

Question 2.
Find a relation between x and y if the points (x, y), (1, 2) and (7, 0) are collinear.
Answer:
Points A (x, y), B(1, 2) and C(7,0) are collinear.
∴ Area of ΔABC = 0
∴ \(\frac{1}{2}\)[x(2 – 0) + 1 (0 – y) + 7 (y – 2)] = 0
∴ 2x – y + 7y – 14 = 0
∴ 2x + 6y – 14 = 0
∴ x + 3y – 7 = 0
Thus, x + 3y – 7 = 0 is the required relation between x and y.

Question 3.
Find the centre of the circle passing through the points (6, – 6), (3, – 7) and (3, 3).
Answer:
Let A (6, 6), B (3, 7) and C(3, 3) be the given points and P(x, y) be the centre of the circle passing through these points. Then, P is equidistant from all the points A, B and C.
∴ PA = PB = PC
∴ PA² = PB² = PC²
Now, PA² = PB² gives
(x – 6)² + (y + 6)² = (x – 3)² + (y + 7)²
∴ x² – 12x + 36 + y² + 12y +36 = x² – 6x + 9 + y² + 14y + 49
∴ – 6x – 2y = – 14
∴ 3x + y = 7 …………..(1)
Again, PA² = PC² gives
(x – 6)² + (y + 6)² = (x – 3)² + (y – 3)²
∴ x² – 12x + 36 + y² + 12y + 36 = x² – 6x + 9 + y² – 6y + 9
∴ – 6x + 18y = – 54
∴ x – 3y = 9 …………..(2)
Multiplying equation (1) by 3, we get
9x + 3y = 21
Adding equations (2) and (3), we get 10x = 30
10x = 3
∴ x = 3
Substituting x = 3 in 3x + y = 7, we get 9 + y = 7. i.e., y = – 2
∴ The coordinates of P are (3, – 2).
Thus, the centre of the circle passing through the given points is (3, – 2).

Question 4.
The two opposite vertices of a square are (-1, 2) and (3, 2). Find the coordinates of the other two vertices.
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry Ex 7.4 - 1
Answer:
Let ABCD be the given square in which A(-1, 2) and C(3, 2) are given vertices and B and D are to be found.
Let the coordinates of B be (x, y).
In ΔABC, ∠B = 90° and AB = BC.
AB = BC
∴ AB² = BC²
∴ (x + 1)² + (y – 2)² = (x – 3)² + (y – 2)²
∴ x² + 2x + 1 + y² – 4y + 4 = x² – 6x + 9 + y² – 4y + 4
∴ 8x = 8
∴ x = 1
In ΔABC,
∠B = 90°
Hence, by Pythagoras theorem,
AB² + BC² = AC²
∴ (x + 1)² + (y – 2)² + (x – 3)² + (y – 2)² = (3 + 1)² + (2 – 2)²
∴ x² + 2x + 1 + y² – 4y + 4 + x² – 6x + 9 + y² – 4y + 4 = 16
∴ 2x² – 4x + 2y² – 8y + 18 – 16 = 0
∴ 2(1)² – 4(1) + 2y² – 8y + 2 = 0 (Substituting x = 1)
∴ 2 – 4 + 2y² – 8y + 2 = 0
∴ 2y² – 8y = 0
∴ 2y (y – 4) = 0
∴ 2y = 0 or y – 4 = 0
∴ y = 0 or y = 4
These two values of y gives us the y-coordinates of B and D while the single value of x suggests that the x-coordinate of B and D is same. Thus, the coordinates of the other two vertices are (1, 0) and (1, 4) respectively.

JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry Ex 7.4

Question 5.
The Class X students of a secondary school in Krishinagar have been allotted a rectangular plot of land for their gardening activity. Sapling of Gulmohar are planted on the boundary at a distance of 1 m from each other. There is a triangular grassy lawn in the plot as shown in the given figure. The students are to sow seeds of flowering plants on the remaining area of the plot.
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry Ex 7.4 - 2
1. Taking A as origin, find the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle.
2. What will be the coordinates of the vertices of ΔPQR if C is the origin? Also calculate the areas of the triangles in these cases. What do you observe?
Answer:
1. Taking A as the origin and AB and AD as the y-axis and the x-axis respectively, we get the coordinates of points as A (0, 0), B(0, 8), D(16, 0) and C(16, 8).
Then, the vertices of ΔPQR are P (4, 6), 9 (3, 2) and R (6, 5).
Area of ΔPQR
= \(\frac{1}{2}\)[4(2 – 5) + 3(5 – 6) + 6(6 – 2)]
= \(\frac{1}{2}\)[- 12 – 3 + 24]
= \(\frac{9}{2}\) sq units

2. Taking C as the origin and CB and CD as positive x-axis and y-axis respectively, we get C(0, 0), B(16, 0), D (0, 8) and A (16, 8) as the vertices of quadrilateral ABCD. Then, the vertices of ΔPQR are P (12, 2), Q (13, 6) and R(10, 3).
Area of ΔPQR
= \(\frac{1}{2}\)[12(6 – 3) + 13 (3 – 2) + 10 (2 – 6)]
= \(\frac{1}{2}\)[36 + 13 – 40]
= \(\frac{9}{2}\)sq units
We observe that the area of ΔPQR is same in both the cases.
Note: In second case, if we take CB and CD as negative x-axis and y-axis, then the vertices of ΔPQR will be P(-12, -2), Q(-13,-6) and R(-10,-3). Still the area of ΔPQR would not change.

Question 6.
The vertices of a ΔABC are A (4, 6), B(1, 5) and C(7, 2). A line is drawn to intersect sides AB and AC at D and E respectively, such that \(\frac{AD}{AB}=\frac{AE}{AC}=\frac{1}{4}\). Calculate the area of the ΔADE and compare it with the area of ΔABC.
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry Ex 7.4 - 3
Similarly, \(\frac{AE}{EC}=\frac{1}{3}\)
Now, D divides the join of A (4, 6) and B(1, 5) in the ratio 1:3.
Then the coordinates of D are
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry Ex 7.4 - 4
So, area of ΔADE : area of ΔABC = 1 : 16
Thus, the area of ΔADE is \(\frac{15}{32}\) sq units and the ratio of areas of ΔADE and ΔABC is 1 : 16.

JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry Ex 7.4

Question 7.
Let A (4, 2), B (6, 5) and C(1, 4) be the vertices of AABC.
1. The median from A meets BC at D. Find the coordinates of the point D.
2. Find the coordinates of the point P on AD such that AP : PD = 2 : 1
3. Find the coordinates of points Q and R on medians BE and CF respectively such that BQ:QE=2:1 and CR : RF = 2:1.
4. What do you observe? [Note: The point which is common to all the three medians is called the centroid and this point divides each median in the ratio 2:1.]
5. If A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) and the vertices of ΔABC, find the coordinates of the centroid of the triangle.
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry Ex 7.4 - 5
Answer:
1. AD is a median. Hence, D is the midpoint of BC.
Then, the coordinates of D, by midpoint formula, are (\(\frac{6+1}{2}, \frac{5+4}{2}\))
= (\(\frac{7}{2}\), \(\frac{9}{2}\)).

2. Point P divides AD in the ratio 2 : 1.
∴ Coordinates of P by section formula, are (\(\frac{2\left(\frac{7}{2}\right)+1(4)}{2+1}, \frac{2\left(\frac{9}{2}\right)+2}{2+1}\)) = (\(\frac{11}{3}\), \(\frac{11}{3}\))

3. BE is a median. Hence, E is the midpoint of AC.
Then, the coordinates of E, by midpoint formula, are
(\(\frac{4+1}{2}, \frac{2+4}{2}\)) = (\(\frac{5}{2}\), 3).
Now, Q divides BE in the ratio 2 : 1.
∴ Coordinates of Q, by section formula, are (\(\frac{2\left(\frac{5}{2}\right)+1(6)}{2+1}, \frac{2(3)+1(5)}{2+1}\)) = (\(\frac{11}{3}\), \(\frac{11}{3}\))
CF is a median, Hence, F is the midpoint of AB.
Then, the coordinates of F, by midpoint formula are (\(\frac{4+6}{2}, \frac{2+5}{2}\)) = (5, \(\frac{7}{2}\)).
Point R divide CF in the ratio 2 : 1.
∴ Coordinates of R, by section formula, are (\(\frac{2(5)+1(1)}{2+1}, \frac{2\left(\frac{7}{2}\right)+1(4)}{2+1}\)) = (\(\frac{11}{3}\), \(\frac{11}{3}\))

4. Here, we observe that points P(\(\frac{11}{3}\), \(\frac{11}{3}\)), Q(\(\frac{11}{3}\), \(\frac{11}{3}\)) and R(\(\frac{11}{3}\), \(\frac{11}{3}\)) are the same points. i.e., P = Q = R.
This means that all the three medians are concurrent at point P (or Q or R).
This point is called the centroid of the triangle which is usually denoted by letter G. Centroid of a triangle divides each of its medians in the ratio 2 : 1 from the vertex side.

5. Now, the coordinates of the vertices of ΔABC are A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3).
AD, BE and CF are medians.
Hence, D, E and F are the midpoints of BC, AC and AB respectively.
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry Ex 7.4 - 6
Note: Now, with this formula, we can verify the answers received in part (2) and (3), as (\(\frac{4+6+1}{3}, \frac{2+5+4}{3}\)) = (\(\frac{11}{3}\), \(\frac{11}{3}\))

Question 8.
ABCD is a rectangle formed by the points A(-1, -1), B(1, 4), C (5, 4) and D (5, 1). P, Q, R and S are the midpoints of AB, BC, CD and DA respectively. Is the quadrilateral PQRS a square? a rectangle? or a rhombus? Justify your answer.
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry Ex 7.4 - 7
In rectangle ABCD, P, Q, R and S are the midpoints of AB, BC, CD and DA respectively. Then, the coordinates of P, Q, R and S are obtained as
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry Ex 7.4 - 8
So, in quadrilateral PQRS,
PQ² = QR² = RS² SP2 but PR² ≠ QS², i.e..
PQ = QR = RS = SP but PR ≠ QS
So, in quadrilateral PQRS, all the sides are equal but diagonals are not equal.
Hence, PQRS is a rhombus.

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution Important Questions and Answers.

JAC Board Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution

Additional Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Distinguish between :
(1) Acquired characteristics and Hereditary characteristics
Answer:

Acquired characteristics Hereditary characteristics
1. These develop as a reaction to the environment. 1. These develop as a reaction to the changes in DNA.
2. These changes occur in non-gametic somatic cells. 2. These changes occur in the genes of gametes.
3. These characteristics are not inherited in subsequent generations. 3. These characteristics are inherited in subsequent generations.
4. Scar of injury on face, the cutoff tail of a rat, expertise in certain games, etc. are the examples of acquired characteristics. 4. Skin colour, form of hair on the scalp, appearance of jaws, eye colour, etc. are the examples of hereditary characteristics.

(2) Dominant trait and Recessive trait
Answer:

Dominant trait Recessive trait
1. The trait which is expressed in the F1 generation is called the dominant trait. 1. The trait which is not expressed in the F1 generation is called the recessive trait.
2. The dominant trait is expressed through its identical or different (contrasting) genes. 2. The recessive trait is expressed in the absence of the dominant gene.
3. The number of individuals having dominant trait is larger in F1 and F2 generations. 3. The number of individuals having recessive trait are very few in F2 generation.
4. The dominant gene can be expressed in presence of recessive gene. 4. The recessive gene cannot be expressed in presence of dominant gene.

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution

(3) Homologous organs and Analogous organs
Answer:

Homologous organs Analogous organs
1. The internal structure and fundamental origin of these organs are mostly similar. 1. The fundamental structure and origin of these organs are totally dissimilar.
2. Functionally these organs may be similar or dissimilar. 2. Functionally these organs are always similar.
3. The presence of these organs indicates common ancestors. 3. The presence of these organs does not indicate common ancestors.
4. The forelimbs of frog, lizard, bird and man are homologous organs. 4. The wings of butterfly, wings of birds and those of bat are analogous organs.

(4) Artificial selection and Natural selection
Answer:

Artificial selection Natural selection
1. It is an artificial process used by man for breeding. 1. It is a natural process of evolution.
2. It is a controlled process for a limited period by the human beings. 2. It is an on-going process for a continuous period by nature that affects all the global organisms.
3. The selection of offsprings for improvement in their quality is beneficial for mankind. 3. The characters selected for evolution are beneficial for the species because adaptation causes survival of species.
4. The results of artificial selection are obtained in a short period. 4. The results of natural selection are obtained after a very long period of time.

Question 2.
Give scientific reasons for the following statements:
(1) Sexual reproduction gives rise to variations.
Answer:
Two parents are involved in sexual reproduction. The offspring inherits the genetic material (DNA) from both the parents through the gametes. Gametes are produced by meiosis. New combinations and new arrangement of genes are formed as a result of meiosis.

These new combinations of genes on the chromosomes generate one or more variations in the zygote that inherits into an offspring. Hence sexual reproduction creates more variations.

(2) The pea plants (Pisum sativum) were selected for Mendel’s experiments.
Answer:

  • They are small plants and can be easily grown.
  • They are annual plants. So there are more chances of studying more number of generations every year.
  • It produces a large number of offsprings.
  • Its flowers are bisexual and generally show self-fertilisation.
  • Artificially cross pollination can be done as and when required.
  • There are varieties of characters. Each character shows atleast two contrasting expressions.

(3) The characters are under the control of genes.
Answer:
A gene is the unit of heredity. It is a segment of DNA of specific length, arranged sequentially along the length of the chromosome.

Each gene is functionally specific and synthesizes a specific type of protein. The enzymes are all proteins and these proteins (as enzymes) induce specific biochemical process. The substances or proteins, formed during these processes, are responsible for the expression of characters. Hence, the characters are under the control of genes.

(4) The sex of the children is determined by father.
Answer:
The man produces two types of sperms. 50% of the sperms produced contain X as a sex chromosome, while the remaining 50% of the sperms contain Y as a sex chromosome. The woman produces all the ova of only one type, i. e., containing only one X-chromosome as a sex chromosome.

A child who inherits an X-chromosome from her father will be a girl and one who inherits a Y-chromosome from him will be a boy.

Thus, in human beings, the type of sperm that participates in the process of fertilisation, determines the sex of the child. Hence, the sex of the children is determined by father or by the paternal chromosomes in sperm.

(5) The chances of birth of a male child (son) or a female child (daughter) are equal.
Answer:
In human beings, the sex of the child is determined by the father. The father produces two types of sperms. Both the types of sperms are produced equally in number. 50% of the total sperms produced contain X-sex chromosome. While the remaining 50% of sperms produced contain Y-sex chromosome along with autosomes. The chances of each type of sperm to fertilise the ovum are therefore equal.

Hence, the chances of birth of a son or a daughter are equal.

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution

(6) Sometimes in the earth’s crust the imprint of the entire body or the organs are maintained.
Answer:
The dead bodies of plants or animals, in presence of oxygen and moisture, undergo decomposition with the help of microorganisms. But sometimes in certain environmental conditions their bodies or organs do not get decomposed fully. The dead body may be entangled in mud and the same may be covered by dry stony covering. This prevents the dead body to decompose further. The mud settles around the dead body or organ in the shape of the later, and form stony covering. In this stony covering the imprint of the body or the organ is formed as a fossil.

That is why, sometimes in the earths crust the imprint of the dead body or the organs are maintained.

(7) It is not true that human beings have evolved from chimpanzees.
Answer:
Both human beings and chimpanzees had a common ancestor a long time ago. This common ancestor is likely to have been neither human or chimpanzee. The first step of separation from that ancestor is unlikely to have resulted in modern chimpanzees and human beings. Instead, the two resultant species have probably evolved in their own separate ways to give rise to the current forms.

That is why, it is not true that human beings have evolved from chimpanzees.

Question 3.
Carefully observe the given diagram / chart and answer the questions related with it:
(1) Form one pair of homologous organs and one pair of analogous organs from the diagrams given below:
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution 1
Answer:
Pair of homologous organs : A and B
Pair of analogous organs : B and C

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution 2
Questions :

  1. In the given figure state suitable word in place of a and b for the type of reproduction.
  2. Which character is a dominant one? How would you decide that it is a dominant character?
  3. What is the ratio of expression of dominant and recessive traits in the F2 generation?

Answer:

  1. a – Hybridisation, b – Self-fertilisation
  2. Purple colour of flowers is a dominant character and white colour is the recessive character. The hybridisation between the parents yield all plants having purple flowers in Fx generation which shows that it is dominant character.
  3. In F2 generation the ratio of expression of dominant character to the recessive character is 3:1.

(3) Identify the fossils a, b and c in the given diagrams:
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution 3
Answer:

  • a-Ammonite (Invertebrate)
  • b-Trilobite (Invertebrate)
  • c-Skull of Dinosaur (Vertebrate)

(4) Mendel’s experiment to study inheritance in the pea plant (Pisum sativum) is shown in the following diagram. Study the diagram carefully and complete the empty boxes by filling them properly.
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution 4
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution 5

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution 6
Name the diagrams a, b and c and from which part of the wild cabbage are they obtained? Which method is used for obtaining these?
Answer:

  • a-Cauliflower – From the sterile flowers of wild cabbage.
  • b- Broccoli -From the flowers in the wild cabbage, whose further development is arrested.
  • c-Kale-Through the development of a few large leaves of wild cabbage.

Artificial selection is used for obtaining these.

(6) Fill in the missing details in the given chart:
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution 7
Answer:

  • a – New combination (Recombination)
  • b – Analogous organs
  • c – Forelimb of human and birds
  • d – Ammonite, Trilobite, Skull of Dinosaur
  • e – Kale, Broccoli, Cauliflower, Red cabbage

Objective Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions in short:
(1) State the example of animal in which sex is not genetically determined.
Answer:
In snail, sex is not genetically determined.

(2) How you can say that some animals rely entirely on environmental cues for sex- determination?
Answer:
In a few reptiles, the temperature at which fertilised eggs are kept determines whether the animals developing in eggs will be male or female. By this we can say that some animals rely entirely on environmental cues for sex- determination.

(3) Name two organisms which are now extinct and are studied from their fossils.
Answer:
The extinct animals Archaeopteryx and Dinosaurs are studied from their fossils.

(4) Name five varieties of vegetables which have been produced from ‘wild cabbage’ by the process of artificial selection.
Answer:
Broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kohlrabi and kale are the varieties of vegetables, which have been produced from ‘wild cabbage’ by the process of artificial selection.

(5) Name the ancestor of the following:
Broccoli, Kohlrabi, Kale
Answer:
Wild cabbage

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution

(6) Choose the one term from the following, which includes the other three:
Broccoli, wild cabbage, cauliflower, cabbage.
Answer:
Wild cabbage

(7) Whether pea plant is a self-pollinated plant or a cross pollinated one?
Answer:
Pea plant is a self-pollinated plant but artificially cross-pollination can be done.

(8) Give the name of the flatworm which was the first to possess the eyes. State in which form and what it detects.
Answer:
A flatworm named Planaria posseses very simple eyes. That are in form of eyespots which detect light.

(9) State the probability of birth of offspring as a son or a daughter.
Answer:
The probability of birth of offspring as a son or a daughter is 50%, i.e., 1:1.

(10) How do X and Y chromosomes differ?
Answer:
X is normal sized while Y is a short chromosome.

(11) Which character indicates that the birds are closely related to Dinosaurs?
Answer:
Feathers present in head region of fossilized specimens of Dinosaurs indicate that the birds are closely related to Dinosaurs.

(12) Which evidences in the field of biology are considered to be the ancient documents?
Answer:
Fossils evidences in the field of biology are considered to be the ancient documents.

(13) How do we know that extinct species ever existed?
Answer:
From fossils, we know that exinct species ever existed.

(14) For what purpose is the study of fossils important?
Answer:
The study of fossils important for to study of evolution of any species as well as the idea about the extinct species.

(15) Give an example of homologous and analogous organs using same animals.
Answer:

  1. Homologous organs → Bird arms and bat arms,
  2. Analogous organs → Wing of a bird and wing of a bat.

(16) Evidences from which types of organs do not suggest any common ancestory in the course of evolution?
Answer:
Evidences from analogous organs do not suggest any common ancestory in the course of evolution.

(17) Do all variations in a species have equal chances of surviving in the environment? Why?
Answer:
No, because depending on the nature of variations, different individuals would have different kinds of advantages.

(18) Who forms the basis for evolutionary processes?
Answer:
Selection of variants by environmental factors forms the basis for evolutionary processes.

(19) What is earlobe? Which are dominant and recessive variants respectively?
Answer:
The lowest part of the ear pinna is called earlobe. Amongst two variants, free earlobe is dominant and attached earlobe is recessive.

(20) According to Mendel’s experiment, the tall plants in F1 generation were exactly the same as the tall plants of the parent generation? Why?
Answer:
No, because plants in F1 generation were genetically Tt (heterozygous) whereas plants of parent generation were TT (Homozygous dominant).

(21) How do germ cells make a single set of genes from the normal two copies in all other cells of body?
Answer:
In meiosis, germ cells undergo reduction division forming a single set of genes from the normal two copies in all other cells of body.

(22) Can asexually reproducing organisms follow similar rules of inheritance? Why?
Answer:
No, because single parent is involved in it and normal two copies of genes are inherited of parent.
[In bacteria, few algae, fungi and bryophytes have only single set of genes in their normal body cells.]

(23) Do tailless mice have tailless progeny? Why or why not?
Answer:
No, because loss of tail cannot change the genes of the germ cells of the mice.

(24) Explain the word : Micro-evolution
Answer:
Micro-evolution means a small change in common characteristics of a group of organisms of a particular species. Microevolution is change in gene frequencies of populations. Slowly and gradually micro-evolution helps in the progressive change of population. Microevolution does not explain the process of speciation.

(25) What is called when two populations of a species cannot reproduce with each other?
Answer:
When two populations of a species cannot reproduce with each other, it is called reproductive isolation and two populations can be called two independent species.

(26) What is the meaning of characteristics?
Answer:
Characteristics are the details of appearance or behaviour of an organism showing a particular form or a particular function.

(27) What allows us to make classification groups?
Answer:
On the basis of similarities and fundamental differences among organisms, a hierarchy is developed that is used in making classification groups.

(28) When is it said that two species have a common ancestor?
Answer:
When the two species show more common characteristics, they are more closely related. Such two species show that they diverged recently. This indicates that they had a common ancestor.

(29) Which fossil was found in the Narmada Valley a few years ago?
Answer:
The dinosaur skull fossil was found in the Narmada Valley a few years ago.

(30) Which method is now extensively used for tracing evolutionary relationships?
Answer:
Estimation of the change in DNA during species formation and comparison of the DNA from different species is now extensively used for tracing evolutionary relationships.

(31) Which tools have been used for studying human evolution?
Answer:
The same tools for tracing evolutionary relationships – excavating, time-dating and study fossils, as well as determing DNA sequences have been used for studying human evolution.

(32) From where the genetic footprints of Homo sapiens can be traced?
Answer:
The genetic footprints of Homo sapiens can be traced back to our African roots.

Question 2.
Define : OR Explain the terms :
(1) Heredity
Answer:
Heredity: A process of transmission of characters generation after generation is called heredity. It is a process by which parental characters are transmitted to offsprings.

(2) Trait
Answer:
Trait: It is a distinguishing feature of a person’s character.

In simple term, trait is the way in which the characters of an organism are expressed.
Examples : Blond hair, blue eyes, attached earlobes, tallness, etc.

(3) Gene
Answer:
Gene : A section of DNA (nucleotide sequence) that provides information for the synthesis of a specific protein is called gene.

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution

(4) Sex determination
Anwer:
Sex determination: The phenomenon of determining the sex of an individual of a species is called sex determination.

  • There are different strategies e.g., temperature, chromosomes, genes, hormones, etc. responsible for determining the sex in certain animals.
  • In certain animals, the sex determination is not genetically determined, e.g., the Snails can change their sex.
  • In human beings in each cell there are 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes. The 23rd pair is either XX as in females or XY as in males.

(5) Genetic drift
Answer:
Genetic drift: A change in the frequency of some genes in a population which provides diversity without any survival advantage is called genetic drift.

(6) Speciation
Answer:
Speciation: The phenomenon of origin of a new species from the pre-existing one due to reproductive isolation of a part of its population is called speciation.

Speciation is caused due to genetic drift, natural selection, geographical and reproductive isolation.

(7) Evolution
Answer:
The gradual process by which complex and diverse life forms are created from simple form of organisms by different evolutionary forces over a long time is called evolution.

(8) Natural selection
Answer:
Environment selects the best variant organisms with better adaptation. New species are evolved from such highly adapted species after many generations is called natural selection.

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks :

  1. The variations generated during ………………… become hereditary.
  2. The geographical isolation along with the variations leads to the formation of …………………
  3. The classification of living organisms explain their ………………… relationships.
  4. Broccoli has been developed from ………………… by ………………… artificial selection.
  5. ………………… is called the science of heredity and variations.
  6. The idea of evolution of species by natural selection was given by …………………
  7. Selection of ………………… by environmental factors forms the basis for evolutionary processes.
  8. The synthesis of enzymes in the cell is under the control of …………………
  9. The growth of a pea plant depends on the amount of specific ………………… in the plant.
  10. The presence of Y-chromosome in human being is essential for being a …………………
  11. ………………… provides diversity without any adaptation.
  12. The ………………… characteristic comes into existence due to changes occurring in DNA.
  13. The eyes of ………………… are very simple and in the form of a dot.
  14. The Dinosaurs having feathers, belong to class …………………
  15. The existing mankind, present on the earth has originally descended from …………………
  16. The reduction of weight in the beetle due to starvation is ………………… trait.

Answer:

  1. sexual reproduction
  2. species
  3. evolutionary
  4. wild cabbage
  5. Genetics
  6. Charles Darwin
  7. variants
  8. genes
  9. hormones
  10. male
  11. Genetic drift
  12. hereditary
  13. Planaria
  14. Reptilia
  15. Africa
  16. acquired

Question 4.
State whether the following statements are true or false :

  1. Asexual reproduction generates a large s proportion of variations.
  2. In asexual reproduction, variations arise due to the changes occurring during DNA copying.
  3. The garden pea plants of Pisum sativum selected by Mendel were having long life cycle s and could be reared with lots of difficulties.
  4. In Mendel’s experiments, characters of both the parents were observed in F1 generation.
  5. Both the types of pea plants, used as parent generation by Mendel in his experiments, were pure breeds in the expression of their characters.
  6. Gene is a definite segment of DNA, which possesses information for the synthesis of a specific type of protein.
  7. In human being, the son obtains one X-chromosome from each of the two parents, the mother and the father.
  8. The sex determination in human being occurs right at the time when the fertilisation occurs therein.
  9. In Dinosaurs, the feathers provided insulation in cold weather.
  10. The internal structure and arrangement of bones of the forelimbs of frog, lizard, bird, bat and man are different.
  11. The wings of birds and those of insects are homologous orgAnswer:
  12. In the experiment performed by Mendel on dihybrid inheritance, there are four types of plants formed in the Fx generation.
  13. All human races are a single species.
  14. Since the life originated on the earth, the evolution is a continuous, non-stop process.
  15. Two different species originated from a common ancestor can mutually reproduce amongst themselves.

Answer:

  1. False
  2. True
  3. False
  4. False
  5. True
  6. True
  7. False
  8. True
  9. True
  10. False
  11. False
  12. True
  13. True
  14. True
  15. False

Question 5.
Graph-diagram based questions :
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution 8
Identify the organism and label ‘a’ with its function.
Answer:
Flatworm (Planaria)
a – simple eyes as eyespots. It detects light.

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution 9
Identify the fossils in successive layer a, and c.
Answer:
a – invertebrate fossils
b – skull of dinosaur
c – horse-like fossils

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution 10
What is your conclusion from this diagram?
Answer:
Conclusion : The dinosaur could not fly and s it is possible, that the evolution of feathers had nothing to do with flight. But during evolution reptiles may have given rise to birds.

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution 11
Which diagram is correctly explained how does evolution proceed? Why?
Answer:
Diagram B, i.e., multiple branches of family tree of species. Because evolution does not proceed stepwise like a staircase but it is like the branches of tree.
Example : Chimpanzee and human beings have probably evolved in their own separate ways to give rise to the two species from a common ancestor long-time ago.

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution 12
From the diagram, state the result in case I, II and III.
Answer:
I. It is a case of natural selection of green beetle population.
II. It is a case of genetic drift which provides diversity without any adaptations.
III. It is a case of acquired trait of low weight beetles due to starvation.

Question 6.
Match the following:
(1)

Column I Column II
1. Gene p. Genetical trait
2. New combination q. Segment of DNA
3. Y-chromosome r. Meiosis
4. Inheritance s. Male sex

Answer:
(1 – q), (2 -r ), (3 – s), (4 – p).

(2)

Column I Column II
1. Snail p. Reptilia
2. Dinosaurs possessing feathers q. Eye-spots for the first time
3. Ammonites r. Can change sex
4. Planaria s. Fossils

Answer:
(1 – q), (2 – r), (3 – s), (4 – p).

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution

(3)

Column I Column II
1. Variation p. Change in variety by selective hybridisation
2. Natural selection q. Change in form or function of the organism
3. Artificial selection r. Ratios of isotopes
4. Dating fossils s. Evolution of species

Answer:
(1 – q), (2 – s), (3 – p), (4 – r).

(4)

Column I (Characters in pea plant) Column II (Dominant) Column III (Recessive)
1. Seed p. Yellow a. Short
2. Seedcoat q. Tall b. White
3. Flower r. Axial c. Shrunk
4. Height s. Round d. Apical
t. Purple e. Green
u. Oblong f. Wrinkled

Answer:
(1 – s – f), (2 – p – e), (3 – t – b), (4 – q – a).

(5)

Column I Column II
1. Trilobite p. Analogous organs
2. Knightia q. Homologous organs
3. Arms of bird and bat r. Fossil-fish
4. Wing of a bird and a bat s. Fossil – invertebrate

Answer:
(1 – s), (2 – r), (3 – q), (4 – p).

Question 7.
Select the correct alternative from those given below each question:
1. In which of the following, the new combinations of genes formed?
A. Vegetative reproduction
B. Asexual reproduction
C. Sexual reproduction
D. Budding
Answer:
C. Sexual reproduction

2. When hybridisation is carried out between a tall (TT) pea plant and a short (tt) pea plant, all the plants (offsprings) show the expression of tallness, because…
A. the expression of tallness is dominant.
B. the expression of short is dominant.
C. the expression of tallness is recessive.
D. the character of tallness in pea plant is not controlled by gene T or t.
Answer:
A. the expression of tallness is dominant.

3. Study following statements (P to R) and choose the correct alternative :
P: Those organs which have the same internal structure but different functions are called homologous orgAnswer:
Q: Organs which have different basic design but have similar appearance and carry out similar functions are called analogous orgAnswer:
R: The impressions of dead plants or animals that lived in the past are known as fossils.
A. Only R is true.
B. All the three statements are true.
C. Statements P and Q are true, but R is false.
D. All the three statements are false.
Answer:
B. All the three statements are true.

4. Which is a false statement for variation?
A. All the variations in a species provide equal opportunity for survival.
B. Very few variations are generated in asexual reproduction.
C. Variations selected by the environmental factors cause the occurrence of evolution.
D. The change in the genetic material (DNA) results in variation.
Answer:
A. All the variations in a species provide equal opportunity for survival.

5. What do the examples of Dinosaurs having feathers and the birds having feathers suggest in the study of evolution?
A. The reptiles have been evolved from Aves.
B. The Aves have been evolved from reptiles.
C. Both are the animals of the same class.
D. There is no evolutionary relationship between these two groups of animals.
Answer:
B. The Aves have been evolved from reptiles.

6. Which scientist was the first to conduct systematic experiments for the study of heredity?
A. Watson
B. Sutton
C. Mendel
D. Khorana
Answer:
C. Mendel

7. Which factor conducts the expressive genetic information from one generation to another?
A. Protein
B. DNA
C. RNA
D. Enzyme
Answer:
B. DNA

8. Which one of the following is not homologous?
A. Forelimbs in humans and lizard
B. Forelimbs in lizard and frog
C. Wings of butterfly and bat
D. Wings in bat and bird
Answer:
C. Wings of butterfly and bat

9. Which type of animals were the Dinosaurs having feathers?
A. Reptilia
B. Aves
C. Mammalia
D. Both A and B
Answer:
A. Reptilia

10. Which plant was obtained, from the sterile flowers of cabbage, by using the artificial selection technique?
A. Broccoli
B. Cauliflower
C. Kohlrabi
D. Kale
Answer:
B. Cauliflower

11. With which region are the genetical footprints of the human beings related?
A. Asia
B. Australia
C. Africa
D. America
Answer:
C. Africa

12. Which is the important factor for the formation of new species?
A. Geographical isolation of population
B. Variations
C. Genetic drift
D. All of the given
Answer:
A. Geographical isolation of population

13. In the result of Mendel’s experiment on the inheritance of two characters, the ratio of the plants showing yellow and wrinkled seeds and of the plants showing green and round seeds in F2 generation is
A. 3 : 3
B. 9 : 3
C. 3 : 1
D. 9 : 1
Answer:
A. 3 : 3

14. Where is the origin of Homo sapiens?
A. Africa
B. Eurasia
C. Indonesia
D. Philippines
Answer:
A. Africa

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution

15. In which animal did the eyes originate first?
A. Paramoecium
B. Plasmodium
C. Planaria
D. Peripatus
Answer:
C. Planaria

16. Which organ of fish is homologous with the hand of human being?
A. Appendages
B. Fin
C. Gills
D. Lungs
Answer:
B. Fin

17. How many types of sperms are found in man?
A. One
B. Two
C. Three
D. Four
Answer:
B. Two

18. The Y-chromosome in human male
A. possesses the same size as that of X-chromosome.
B. is larger in size than that of X-chromosome.
C. is smaller in size than that of X-chromosome.
D. is of double the size than that of X-chromosome.
Answer:
C. is smaller in size than that of X-chromosome.

19. Who conducted studies on role of earthworms in soil fertility?
A. Mendel
B. Miller
C. Urey
D. Darwin
Answer:
D. Darwin

20. The organs which perform different functions but have the same basic structure are known as …….
A. Homologous organs
B. Analogous organs
C. Homolytic organ
D. Analytic organ
Answer:
A. Homologous organs

21. If the fossil of an organism is found in the deeper layer of earth, then we can predict that ……….
A. the extinction of organism has occurred recently.
B. the extinction of organism has occurred thousands of years ago.
C. the fossil position in the layers of earth is not related to its time of extinction.
D. time of extinction cannot be determined.
Answer:
B. the extinction of organism has occurred thousands of years ago.

22. New species may be formed if:
(1) DNA undergoes significant changes in germ cells.
(2) there is no change in the genetic material.
(3) mating does not take place.
A. (1) and (2)
B. (1) and (3)
C. (2) and (3)
D. (1), (2) and (3)
Answer:
B. (1) and (3)

23. The presence of which of the following types of organs in two animals indicates that they are not derived from a common ancestor?
A. Homologous organs
B. Excretory organs
C. Analogous organs
D. Reproductive organs
Answer:
C. Analogous organs

24. Which is the function of gene?
A. To form the structure of DNA.
B. To form the structure of chromosome.
C. To bring about the synthesize of protein.
D. To synthesize DNA.
Answer:
C. To bring about the synthesize of protein.

25. How many pairs of sex chromosomes are found in the somatic cells of the human being?
A. One
B. Two
C. Three
D. Four
Answer:
A. One

26. How many sex chromosomes are found in the reproductive cells (gametes) of human being?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 23
D. 46
Answer:
A. 1

27. Amongst Planaria, Insect, Octopus, Invertebrates and Vertebrates, the evolution of which organ can be explained stepwise?
A. Ears
B. Wings
C. Eyes
D. Feathers
Answer:
C. Eyes

28. The characteristic that develops as a response to environment…
A. is hereditary characteristic.
B. is important for evolution.
C. is not hereditary.
D. descends in the offsprings.
Answer:
C. is not hereditary.

29. Which is the befitting statement for the acquired characteristic?
A. It comes into existence due to changes in DNA.
B. It is transmitted in the offspring through the parental gametes.
C. The organisms are born with these characteristics.
D. It develops as a response to the environment.
Answer:
D. It develops as a response to the environment.

30. Which of the following is not an acquired characteristic?
A. To learn swimming by man
B. To have a scar of wound on the human face
C. To role on the skatting ring with the skates on
D. To have attached earlobe (of the pinna)
Answer:
D. To have attached earlobe (of the pinna)

31. For what purpose is the Carbon Dating system used?
A. To determine constitution of the layer of earth.
B. To estimate the age of fossils.
C. To determine the constitution of fossils.
D. To utilize the artificial selection.
Answer:
B. To estimate the age of fossils.

32. Hybridazation experiment performed by Mendel between a tall (TT) plant and a dwarf (tt) plant of Pisum sativum gave the following result in F2 generation
A. all plants are tall
B. tall plants and dwarf plants in the ratio 3 : 1
C. tall plants and dwarf plants in the ratio 1 : 1
D. tall plants and dwarf plants in the ratio 2 : 1
Answer:
B. tall plants and dwarf plants in the ratio 3 : 1

33. Which of the following statement is true for variation in organisms?
( 1 ) The occurrence of differences among the individuals of the same species is known as variation.
( 2 ) Variations decrease the possibilities of survival.
( 3 ) The process of evolution decreases the variation in organisms.
( 4 ) During meiosis, crossing over takes place between the genes and hence, new combinations are formed, which ultimately results in producing variations.
A. ( 1 ) and ( 3 )
B. ( 1 ) and ( 4 )
C. ( 2 ) and ( 4 )
D. ( 2 ) and ( 1 )
Answer:
B. ( 1 ) and ( 4 )

34. A snail can change its sex. What does it indicate?
A. The sex determination therein is not a genetic phenomenon.
B. It is bisexual.
C. It is sterile.
D. Some of the chromosomes in its zygote differentiate into Y-chromosomes.
Answer:
A. The sex determination therein is not a genetic phenomenon.

35. Statement A: Fossils are considered as ancient documents.
Reason R : Genetic footprints of Homo sapiens can be traced with the help of fossils.
Which is correct option for Statement A and Reason R?
A. Both A and R correct, R is explanation of A.
B. Both A and R correct but R is not explanation of A.
C. A is correct, R is incorrect.
D. A is incorrect, R is correct.
Answer:
A. Both A and R correct, R is explanation of A.

Question 8.
Answer as directed : (Miscellaneous)
(1) Which study was conducted by Darwin as a naturalist?
Answer:
As a naturalist, Darwin had conducted a study on the role of earthworms in soil fertility.

(2 ) Which theory tells us how life evolved from simple to more complex forms?
Answer:
Darwin’s theory of evolution

(3 ) Identify me : I am small change in an organism, even though significant but does not explain in how new species come into existence?
Answer:
Micro-evolution

(4) Find mismatched pair.
(a) Gene flow – Bound to happen between population of two different species.
(b) Genetic drift – Frequency of certain genes ; in a population changed over generation.
(c) Genetical variation – Inherited trait
(d) Gene – An informative section of DNA for J protein
Answer:
(a) Gene flow – Bound to happen between population of two different species.

(5) Find correct sequence for the expression of tall trait in pea plant.
(a) A lot of hormone will be made
(b) A gene provides information for protein
(c) A hormone triggers the growth in height
(d) An enzyme works efficiently
Answer:
(b) → (d) → (a) → (c)

(6) Which evolutionary explanation is correct about the feathers?
(a) Birds are very closely related to reptiles.
(b) Birds and bat are very closely related to each other.
Answer:
(a) Birds are very closely related to reptiles.

(7) The character of inflated peapod is dominant (I) and that of the shrunk peapod is recessive (i). Draw a chart to explain the genotype of the offsprings, their character and ratio of the types :
1. II x ii
2. Ii x ii
3. Ii x Ii
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution 13

(8) Trilobite : Invertebrate Fossil :: Dinosaur skull: …………….
Answer:
Vertebrate fossil

(9) According to evolutionary origin of eye-structure, arrange following in correct sequence :
Eye-like the wings, Insect-eye, Human-eye, Eyespots
Answer:
Eyespots → Insect-eye → Eye-like the wings → Human-eye

(10) Who am I?
provide diversity to organisms without any adaptations just by changing the frequency of certain genes in a population.
Answer:
Genetic drift

(11) Who suggested that life must have developed from the simple inorganic molecules?
Answer:
J. B. S. Haldane

(12) Which of the following are examples of artificial evolution? Wild cabbage, green beetle, kale, kohlrabi, brown skin human, low weight beetle, red cabbage, knightia
Answer:
kale, kohlrabi, red cabbage

(13) State the name of scientists who had successfully synthesised amino acids in laboratory.
Answer:
Stanley L. Miller and Harold C. Urey

(14) State the name of ideas essential for understanding evolution.
Answer:
Ideas of heredity and genetics

(15) Which theory / hypothesis was proposed by Charles Darwin?
Answer:
Evolution of species by natural selection.

Value Based Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Ranjeet has 3 daughters. His wife is pregnant again and is told by Ranjeet that if she does not give birth to son. she will be thrown out of the house. She is also asked to go for X sonography and remove foetus if it is found s to be female.
Answer the questions based on this information.
Questions:

  1. Who is responsbile for the sex of the X children?-Ranjeet or his wife.
  2. Is removing female foetus correct measure?
  3. Which sex chromosome of Ranjeet was not used in case of birth of his 3 daughters?
  4. Why is prenatal sex determination banned?
  5. How can you counsel Ranjeet?

Answer:

  1. Ranjeet is responsible for the sex of the children.
  2. No. It would disturb sex-ratio in human society.
  3. Y-chromosome.
  4. Because this is misused by people who do not want a particular child and it leads to illegal sex-selective abortion of female foetuses.
  5. Mother is not responsible for the sex of child X, but the sex of children will be determined by what they inherit from their father.

Question 2.
Sachin Tendulkar, a world famous name in cricket world who holds almost all batting records. His son Arjun hasn’t such cricket skill, s Like this, Amitabh Bachchan, a great actor in bollywood but his son Abhishek hasn’t succeed like him.
Questions :

  1. Is skill like batting or acting inherited? Why or why not?
  2. Which type of traits, you called batting, acting, etc.?
  3. Arjun is short and Abhishek is tall. What you think about height?

Answer:

  1. No, skill like batting or acting is not inherited because it is acquired trait.
  2. Batting, acting, etc. are acquired traits which- are developed by an individual during his life-time.
  3. Height is inherited from parents. Sachin is not tall as Amitabh. So Arjun’s height is not as tall as Abhishek.

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution

Question 3.
Which were the reptilian characters and which were the avian characters in the fossil Archaeopteryx? You can take help of your subject teacher?
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution 14
Answer:
Archaeopteryx fossil indicates a connecting link between reptiles and birds. Skeleton of Archaeopteryx was similar to reptiles and it has wings like birds.

Question 4.
Everyone should have knowledge about his / her blood group as well as the blood group of family members. There are four blood group A, B, AB and O.
You consult your family doctor and get more knowledge about blood group.
Questions :

  1. How is the knowledge of blood grouping essential?
  2. Whether the blood group of an individual is a hereditary character or an acquired character?
  3. Whether the son inherits blood group from his father and the daughter inherits blood group from her mother?
  4. Whether the blood group of the offspring is under the influence of both the parents (father and mother)?
  5. Whether the genes of blood groups have their dominant and recessive expression?

Answer:

  1. Blood grouping is essential in a case of blood transfusion.
  2. The blood group of an individual is a hereditary character.
  3. No
  4. Yes, the blood group of the offspring is under the influence of both the parents.
  5. Yes, genes for blood group A and B are ( dominant and for group O is recessive.

[But A and B are equally dominant with each other and hence called co-dominant.]

Practical Skill Based Questions With Answers

Question 1.
You are supplied with two sets of seeds of pea plants. One set is yellow and round seeds with gene constitution YYRr and other set is green s and round seeds with gene constitution yyRR. From both sets of seeds plants are cultivated, Pea plant is self-pollinated but arrange artificial cross between two given plants cultivated from seeds. Which offsprings do you expect? show? with chart.
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution 15
In all offsprings, only dominant trait for seed colour and seed shape are expressed.
i.e., All the plants will have yellow and round seeds.

Question 2.
You observed trait of earlobe whether they are free or attached in four different couples, along with their children.
Questions :

  1. Couple has all the children with free ear¬lobe even mother has attached earlobe. What do you think about father’s earlobe?
  2. Couple has children with 1 : 1 ratio for free and attached earlobe. What do you think about their father-mother for this trait?
  3. In a couple, both father and mother have attached earlobe. What do you think about their children?
  4. A couple has four children, out of which three have free earlobe and one has attached earlobe. What do you think about their parents?

Answer:

  1. Father shows free earlobe.
  2. Any one parent has attached earlobe and other parent has free earlobe with contrasting genes.
  3. Their children will show attached earlobe.
  4. Both parent have free earlobe with contrasting genes for earlobe.

Memory Map:
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution 16

JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.2

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.2 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

JAC Board Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Exercise 6.2

Question 1.
In the given figures (1) and (2), DE || BC. Find EC in (1) and AD in (2).
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.2 - 1
1. Line DE is parallel to side BC of AABC and it intersects AB and AC at D and E respectively.
∴ \(\frac{AD}{DB}=\frac{AE}{EC}\) (Theorem 6.1)
∴ \(\frac{1.5}{3}=\frac{1}{EC}\)
∴ EC = \(\frac{1 \times 3}{1.5}\)
∴ EC = 2cm

2. Line DE is parallel to side BC of ΔABC and it intersects AB and AC at D and E respectively.
∴ \(\frac{AD}{DB}=\frac{AE}{EC}\) (Theorem 6.1)
∴ \(\frac{AD}{7.2}=\frac{1.8}{5.4}\)
∴ AD = \(\frac{1.8 \times 7.2}{5.4}\)
∴ AD = 2.4 cm

JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.2

Question 2.
E and F are points on the sides PQ and PR respectively of a PQR. For each of the following cases, state whether EF || QR
1. PE = 3.9 cm, EQ = 3 cm, PF = 3.6 cm and FR = 2.4 cm
2. PE = 4 cm, QE = 4.5 cm, PF = 8 cm and RF = 9 cm
3. Pg = 1.28 cm, PR = 2.56 cm, PE = 0.18 cm and PF = 0.36 cm
Answer:
E and F are points on the sides PQ and PR respectively of ΔPQR.
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.2 - 2
1. Here, \(\frac{\mathrm{PE}}{\mathrm{EQ}}=\frac{3.9}{3}=\frac{1.3}{1}\) and
\(\frac{\mathrm{PF}}{\mathrm{FR}}=\frac{3.6}{2.4}=\frac{1.5}{1}\)
So, \(\frac{PE}{EQ}\) = \(\frac{PF}{FR}\)
Hence, by the converse of BPT, EF is not parallel to QR.

2. Here, \(\frac{\mathrm{PE}}{\mathrm{QE}}=\frac{4}{4.5}=\frac{8}{9}\) and \(\frac{PF}{RF}\) = \(\frac{8}{9}\)
So, \(\frac{PE}{QE}\) = \(\frac{PF}{RF}\)
Hence, by the converse of BPT, EF || QR.

3. Here, \(\frac{\mathrm{PE}}{\mathrm{PQ}}=\frac{0.18}{1.28}=\frac{9}{64}\) and
\(\frac{PF}{PR}=\frac{0.36}{2.56}=\frac{9}{64}\)
So, \(\frac{PE}{PQ}\) = \(\frac{PF}{PR}\)
Hence, by theorem 6.2, EF || QR.

Question 3.
In the given figure, if LM || CB and LN || CD, prove that \(\frac{AM}{AB}\) = \(\frac{AN}{AD}\)
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.2 - 3
In ΔABC, LM || CB and LM intersects AB and AC at M and L respectively.
∴ \(\frac{AM}{AB}=\frac{AL}{AC}\)(BPT) ……….(1)
In ΔACD, LN || CD and LN intersects AC and AD at L and N respectively.
∴ \(\frac{AL}{AC}=\frac{AN}{AD}\)(BPT) ……….(2)
From (1) and (2), \(\frac{AM}{AB}=\frac{AN}{AD}\)

JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.2

Question 4.
In the given figure, DE || AC and DF || AE.
Prove that \(\frac{AM}{AB}\) = \(\frac{AN}{AD}\)
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.2 - 4
In ΔABE, DF || AE and DF intersects AB and BE at D and F respectively.
∴ \(\frac{BF}{FE}=\frac{BD}{DA}\) (BPT) …………(1)
In ΔABC, DE || AC and DE intersects BA and BC at D and E respectively.
∴ \(\frac{BD}{DA}=\frac{BE}{EC}\) …………(2)
From (1) and (2), \(\frac{BF}{FE}=\frac{BE}{EC}\)

Question 5.
In the given figure, DE || OQ and DF || OR. Show that EF || QR.
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.2 - 5
In ΔPQO, DE || OQ
∴ \(\frac{PE}{EQ}=\frac{PD}{DO}\) (BPT) …………(1)
In ΔPOR, DF || OR
∴ \(\frac{PD}{DO}=\frac{PF}{FR}\) (BPT) …………(2)
From (1) and (2), \(\frac{PE}{EQ}=\frac{PF}{FR}\)
Now, line EF intersects sides PQ and PR of ΔPQR at E and F respectively and \(\frac{PE}{EQ}=\frac{PF}{FR}\)
Hence, by converse of BPT, EF || QR.

Question 6.
In the given figure, A, B and C are points on OP, OQ and OR respectively such that AB || PQ and AC || PR. Show that BC || QR.
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.2 - 6
In ΔOPQ, AB || PQ and AB intersects OP and OQ at A and B respectively.
∴ \(\frac{OA}{AP}=\frac{OB}{BQ}\) (BPT) …………(1)
In ΔOPR, AC || PR and AC intersects OP and OR at A and C respectively.
∴ \(\frac{OA}{AP}=\frac{OC}{CR}\) (BPT) …………(2)
From (1) and (2), \(\frac{OB}{BQ}=\frac{OC}{CR}\)
In ΔOQR, BC intersects OQ and OR at B and C respectively such that \(\frac{OB}{BQ}=\frac{OC}{CR}\)
∴ BC || QR (Converse of BPT)

JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.2

Question 7.
Using theorem 6.1, prove that a line drawn through the mid-point of one side of a triangle parallel to another side bisects the third side. (Recall that you have proved it in Class IX).
Given:
In ΔABC, P is the mid-point of side AB. Through P a line is drawn parallel to BC to intersect AC at Q.
To prove : Q is the mid-point of AC.
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.2 - 7
Proof: In ΔABC, P and Q lie on AB and AC respectively such that PQ || BC.
∴ \(\frac{AP}{PB}=\frac{AQ}{QC}\) (Theorem 6.1) ………(1)
Now, P is the mid-point of AB.
∴ AP = PB
∴ \(\frac{AP}{PB}\) = 1 ………(2)
From (1) and (2).
\(\frac{AP}{PB}\) = 1
∴ AQ = QC
∴ Q is the mid-point of AC.
Note: In Class IX, this was proved with the help of properties of a parallelogram.

Question 8.
Using theorem 6.2, prove that the line joining the mid-points of any two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side. (Recall that you have done it in Class IX).
Answer:
Given: In ΔABC, P and Q are the mid-points of AB and AC respectively.
To prove : PQ || BC
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.2 - 8
Proof: Here, P is the mid-point of AB.
∴ AP = PB
∴ \(\frac{AP}{PB}\) = 1 ……………(1)
Q is the mid-point of AC.
∴ AQ = QC
∴ \(\frac{AQ}{QC}\) = 1 ……………(2)
So, by (1) and (2).
\(\frac{AP}{PB}=\frac{AQ}{QC}\)
Now, in ΔABC, points P and Q lie on AB and AC respectively and \(\frac{AP}{PB}=\frac{AQ}{QC}\)
∴ By theorem 6.2. PQ || BC.

JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.2

Question 9.
ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || DC and its diagonals intersect each other at the point O. Show that \(\frac{AO}{BO}=\frac{CO}{DO}\)
Answer:
Given: ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || DC and its diagonals intersect each other at O.
To prove : \(\frac{AO}{BO}=\frac{CO}{DO}\)
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.2 - 9
Construction: Through O draw a line parallel to AB which intersects AD at P.
Proof: Here, OP || AB and AB || DC.
∴ OP || DC.
In ΔADC, OP || DC and points P and O lie on AD and AC respectively.
∴ \(\frac{OA}{OC}=\frac{PA}{PD}\) (Theorem 6.1) …………….(1)
In ΔDAB, OP || AB and points P and O lie on AD and BD respectively.
∴ \(\frac{PA}{PD}=\frac{OB}{OD}\) (Theorem 6.1) …………….(2)
From (1) and (2), we get
\(\frac{OA}{OC}=\frac{OB}{OD}\)
∴ \(\frac{OA}{OB}=\frac{OC}{OD}\)
∴ \(\frac{AO}{BO}=\frac{CO}{DO}\)

Question 10.
The diagonals of a quadrilateral ABCD intersect each other at the point O such that \(\frac{AO}{BO}=\frac{CO}{DO}\). Show that ABCD is a trapezium.
Answer:
Given: In quadrilateral ABCD, diagonals AC and BD intersect at O such that \(\frac{AO}{BO}=\frac{CO}{DO}\)
To prove : ABCD is a trapezium.
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.2 - 10
Construction: Through O draw a line parallel to AB to intersect AD at P.
Proof: Here, in ΔDAB, points P and O lie on DA and DB respectively and PO || AB.
∴ \(\frac{AP}{DP}=\frac{BO}{DO}\) (Theorem 6.1) ………….(1)
Now, \(\frac{AO}{BO}=\frac{CO}{DO}\) (Given)
∴ \(\frac{AO}{CO}=\frac{BO}{DO}\) ………….(2)
From (1) and (2),
\(\frac{AP}{DP}=\frac{AO}{CO}\)
Now, in ΔADC, points P and O lie on AD and AC respectively and \(\frac{AP}{DP}=\frac{AO}{CO}\)
∴ By theorem 6.2. PO || DC.
Now, PO || AB (By construction) and PO || DC (Proved).
Hence, AB || DC
Thus, in quadrilateral ABCD, AB || DC.
Hence, ABCD is a trapezium.

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 15 Our Environment

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 15 Our Environment Important Questions and Answers.

JAC Board Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 15 Our Environment

Additional Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Distinguish between:
(1) Biodegradable wastes and Non-biodegradable wastes
Answer:

Biodegradable wastes Non-biodegradable wastes
1. The waste materials which can be broken down by biological processes are called biodegradable wastes. 1. The waste materials which cannot broken down by biological processes are called non-biodegradable wastes.
2. Disposal of these can be done by the activity of decomposers. 2. Disposal of these cannot be done by the activity of decomposers.
3. Biodegradable wastes are organic substances which are the products of living organisms. 3. Synthetic man-made substances are there in non- biodegradable wastes.
4. Decaying vegetables and fruits, peels, scales, dead bodies, etc. are biodegradable wastes. 4. Glass, plastics, polythenes, chemical pesticides, etc. are non-biodegradable wastes.

(2) Producer organisms and Consumer organisms
Answer:

Producer organisms Consumer organisms
1. These are autotrophic organisms. 1. These are heterotrophic organisms.
2. They transform solar energy into chemical energy and prepare food through photosynthesis for themselves as well as for other organisms. 2. They consume other organisms or their products for their food.
3. Green plants in terrestrial ecosystem and various types 3. Animals are consumers in any ecosystem.
4. Producers are not divided in any specific category. 4. Consumers are divided as herbivores, carnivores, omnivores and parasites categories.

Question 2.
Give scientific reasons for the following statements:
(1) Consumers are directly or indirectly dependent on green plants for energy.
Answer:
In ecosystem, green plants absorb solar energy and transform it in chemical energy. Thus at first trophic level green plants produce food by transforming chemical energy from available solar energy.

Consumers consume other organisms or their products as food for their energy requirement. Flow of energy occurs in form of food from green plants to herbivores and from it to carnivores. Consumers are heterotrophic so their energy requirement is satisfied from lower trophic level.

Thus, consumers are directly or indirectly dependent on green plants for energy.

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 15 Our Environment

(2) Energy flow is always unidirectional in an ecosystem.
Answer:
The solar energy enters in an ecosystem through the process of photosynthesis performed by green plants. The energy that is captured by green plants does not revert back to the sun.

From green plants energy passes to upper trophic levels of consumers. Energy obtained by herbivores does not come back to the green plants. As it moves progressively through the various trophic levels it is no longer available to s the previous level. Thus, energy flow is always unidirectional in s an ecosystem.

(3) The trophic relationships of organisms occur in form of food webs.
Answer:
In nature, organisms are interlinked for food to form food chain. Among various ecosystems, each one is having definite food chain. But single organism is never dependent only on one organism for food. So trophic relationships for food can never be explained as straight chain. The individuals involved in food chain of one ecosystem are also linked with food chains of other ecosystems.

So, trophic relations for food do not operate in isolation but interlinked to form complex net called food web.
Thus, the trophic relationships of organisms occur in form of food web.

(4) It is necessary to prevent the uncontrolled use of pesticides and other chemicals.
Answer:
Pesticides and other chemicals are used in order to protect the crops from diseases or pests. Such chemicals are non-biodegradable. The amount of these chemicals increases in the soil or water bodies due to uncontrolled use of it. From soil or water they enter in the body of plants and then it passes in trophic levels of food chain.

They get accumulated progressively at each trophic level as these chemicals are not degradable. Due b to biomagnification, high concentration of such chemical causes lethal effects on higher level carnivores animals. Some such chemicals prove lethal for organisms of lower trophic level too. These chemicals reach upto human beings too through food.

Thus, it is necessary to prevent the uncontrolled use of pesticides and other chemicals.

(5) The main responsible factor for ‘ depletion of ozone layer is CFC.
Answer:
The ozone layer in stratosphere absorbs s harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sunlight and b prevents it from reaching the earth.

CFC (Chlorofluorocarbon) adds chlorine (Cl) in atmosphere. The chlorine atom reacts with ozone and removes an atom of oxygen one by one. One atom of chlorine can decompose many molecules of ozone in this fashion. CFC thus causes about 80% of the total depletion of ozone.

Thus, the main responsible factor for depletion of ozone layer is CFC.

(6) The production of household waste can be reduced by few common steps.
Answer:

  • Buy loose fruits and vegetables in order to avoid packaging.
  • Limit the use of disposable items such as razors, pens, nappies, paper napkins, cups, plates, etc.
  • Buy reusable carry bags from super-markets. Stop using plastics.
  • Use rechargeable batteries.
  • Do not throw old clothes and shoes but donate them.
  • Reuse the back of papers as scrap paper.
  • Biodegradable wastes can be decomposed by composting at home. This will reduce the amount of wastes which go out of the house.

Thus, follow the principle of reuse, recycle and reduce which can substantially reduce the amount of household waste.

Question 3.
Carefully observe the given diagram and answer the questions related it:
(1) Only 10% energy is transferred from one trophic level to its upper trophic level. From following diagram how much energy available to second and third trophic level?
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 15 Our Environment 1
Answer:
At second trophic level 1 joule energy available.
At third trophic level 0.1 joule energy available.

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 15 Our Environment 2
Questions :
(1) Give the name of ’a’ and mention its category.
(2) Give the name of ‘b’ and mention its function.
Answer:
(1) a – Carnivores
Categories : Primary carnivores and higher carnivores

(2) b – Decomposers (Bacteria and fungi)
Function: Decompose dead bodies and excretory wastes

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 15 Our Environment 3
Questions:
(1) Which trophic level has maximum number of organisms? Why?
(2) Why number of secondary consumers are less than herbivores?
(3) Why lion is placed at the top of pyramid?
Answer:
(1) Maximum number of organisms are at first trophic level because trees and shrubs are producers supplies food and energy to giraffe.

(2) Because secondary consumers obtained only 10 % energy from the tropic level of harbivores.

(3) Because lion is higher carnivores having less population as shown in the pyramid.

(4) Observe satellite picture showing ozone layer over Antarctica. What is shown in picture? Give the name of compound responsible for it.
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 15 Our Environment 4
Answer:
Picture shows ozone hole which is caused by CFC (Chlorofluorocarbon) compound

(5) Fill the blank in following given table for terrestrial food chain :
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 15 Our Environment 5
Answer:

  • a – Third order consumer
  • b – Primary consumer
  • c – Producer
  • d – Heterotrophic
  • e – Heterotrophic
  • f – Autotrophic
  • g – Snake
  • h – Rat

Objective Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions in short:
(1) Who affects the environment the most?
Answer:
Human activities affect the environment most.

(2) Which is main functional unit of an environment?
Answer:
Ecosystem is main functional unit of an environment.

(3) What happens to the dead plants and dead animals?
Answer:
Decomposers decompose complex organic matter into inorganic constituents that are present in dead plants and dead animals.

(4) What are various orders of food chain named as?
Answer:
Various levels of food chain are named as trophic levels.

(5) How many trophic levels occur in food chain?
Answer:
There are three or four trophic levels in a food chain.

(6) Which trophic level has maximum and which trophic level has minimum number of organisms?
Answer:
In a food chain, maximum number of organisms are at first trophic level (at producers level) and minimum number of organisms are at fourth trophic level (higher carnivores).

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 15 Our Environment

(7) Can any single organism occupy two different trophic levels? Yes or no. Explain.
Answer:
Yes. Rat occupies herbivores trophic level as primary consumer and also occupies carnivores trophic level as secondary consumer.

(8) Construct food chain from following organisms:
(a) Frog, insects, birds, grass.
(b) Fish, algae, small animals, large fish
Answer:
(a) Grass → insects → frog → birds
(b) Algae → small animals → fish → large fish

(9) Why all food chains begin with organisms that contain chlorophyll?
Answer:
Chlorophyll containing organisms are able to capture solar energy and covert this into chemical energy. Because of it energy flow is continued in an ecosystem.

(10) Among snake, insects, frog, plants, hawk which one is an organism of fourth trophic level?
Answer:
Snake

(11) Among grass, deer, lion by whom maximum energy is transported to its upper trophic level?
Answer:
Grass

(12) Mention the amount of solar energy captured by the green plants out of the total energy that reaches on the earth from the sun and mention the percentage of energy, which is transferred from one trophic level to next higher one.
Answer:
The green plants in a terrestrial ecosystem capture about 1 % of the energy of sunlight falling on their leaves. An average 10% energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next higher one.

(13) List two methods of safe disposal of the non-biodegradable waste.
Answer:

  • By recycling
  • By underground dumping

(14) Which chemical is used in fire extinguishers? How it is harmful?
Answer:
CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) is used in fire extinguishers. It is harmful as it leads to depletion of ozone layer.

(15) Why is straight-line food chain is not common in the natural ecosystem?
Answer:
In the natural ecosystem each organism is generally eat two or more other kinds of organisms which is in turn are eaten by several other organisms. So, straight-line food chain is not common in the natural ecosystem.

(16) What is the function of ozone in the upper atmosphere?
Answer:
Ozone shields the surface of the earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

(17) Name two natural and two artificial ecosystems.
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 15 Our Environment 6

(18) Name the natural cleansing agent in an ecosystem.
Answer:
Decomposers (e.g., bacteria, fungi) and Scavengers (e.g., kite, crow).

(19) Why are autotrophs called producers and heterotrophs called consumers?
Answer:
Autotrophs are green plants which perform photosynthesis and produce organic compounds (carbohydrates). So, they are called producers. Heterotrophs consume food from other organisms. So they are called consumers.

Question 2.
Define : OR Explain the terms :
(1) Ecosystem
Answer:
A system formed by an interaction between biotic components and the physical environment is called an ecosystem.

(2) Decomposers
Answer:
The microorganisms that breakdown the complex organic substances into simple inorganic substances are known as decomposers.

(3) Food chain
Answer:
Living organisms of an ecosystem depend on each other for their food requirement and form a chain turmed as food chain.

(4) Food web
Answer:
The network of overlapping food chains operating in an ecosystem is called a food web.

(5) Artificial ecosystem
Answer:
An ecosystem which is created and maintained by humans is called artificial ecosystem.

(6) Biological magnification
Answer:
A phenomenon of progressive increase in the concentration of non-biodegradable substances in organisms at each successive trophic level is known as biological magnification.

(7) Biodegradable substances
Answer:
The substances which can be disposed off naturally by the action of micro¬organisms / decomposers are called biodegradable substances.

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 15 Our Environment

(8) Non-biodegradable substances
Answer:
The substances that cannot be converted into harmless simpler forms by the action of microorganisms are called non-biodegradable substances.

(9) Producers
Answer:
All green plants and certain bacteria which can produce food by the process of photosynthesis are called producers.

(10) Consumers
Answer:
Those organisms which are dependent on producers for their nutritional requirement are called consumers.

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks:

  1. Waste substances that are broken down by microbes are called ………………..
  2. ……………….. is formed by interaction between biotic community and abiotic factors.
  3. Use of ……………….. chemical is hazardous for ozone layer.
  4. Farm and garden are ……………….. ecosystem.
  5. A parasite is in the class of ……………….. category.
  6. All animals are ……………….. in food chain.
  7. Food chain ends with ……………….. organisms from where simple inorganic substances return back to the soil.
  8. Solar energy is transformed into ……………….. by chlorophyllous organisms.
  9. Main energy source in an ecosystem is ………………..
  10. A problem of ……………….. is due to entry of non-biodegradable substance.
  11. UV radiation can cause ……………….. cancer in human beings.
  12. ……………….. is flow in form of food in an ecosystem.

Answer:

  1. biodegradable
  2. Ecosystem
  3. CFC
  4. artificial (man-made)
  5. consumer
  6. consumers
  7. decomposers
  8. chemical energy
  9. Sun
  10. biological magnification
  11. skin
  12. Energy

Question 4.
State whether the following statements true or false:

  1. Microbes decomposing dead bodies are located at trophic level of producers.
  2. Sun is ultimate energy source for ecosystems on this earth.
  3. Wastes which we generated are biodegradable or non-biodegradable.
  4. Oxygen gets released under the effect of ultraviolet rays on ozone molecules.
  5. Ecosystem is formed only with biotic components.
  6. Level of energy decreases as one goes to upper trophic level in an ecosystem.
  7. Only 10% energy is used at each trophic level from the available energy and remaining is saved for next level of organisms.
  8. Number of consumers are always more than producers.
  9. UV radiation absorbs ozone that is deadly poison at ground level.
  10. In ecosystem food relationships among organisms are in form of food web.
  11. Water is abiotic factor in pond ecosystem.
  12. In food chain energy flow is bidirectional.
  13. All organisms can use only chemical energy.
  14. Food web is formed due to alternative path for food availability.
  15. Decomposers are natural scavengers.

Answer:

  1. False
  2. True
  3. True
  4. False
  5. False
  6. True
  7. False
  8. False
  9. False
  10. True
  11. True
  12. False
  13. True
  14. True
  15. True

Question 5.
Chart – diagram based questions :
1. A food chain with four trophic levels is shown in following diagram:
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 15 Our Environment 7
(1) Which trophic level indicates carnivores?
(2) Arrange trophic levels in correct manner on the basis of the amount of available energy.
Answer:
(1) T3 and T4
(2) T1 > T2 >T3 > T4

2. In the chart of energy flow given below identify the decomposers and explain your choice:
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 15 Our Environment 8
Answer:
In the chart B indicates decomposers. They decompose dead materials available from A, C and D.

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 15 Our Environment 9
In a given food web,
(1) Identify which one is secondary as well as tertiary consumers.
(2) Identify which one has minimum conc. of pesticides.
Answer:
(1) Hawk
(2) Producers, i.e., food grains, small plants, grass.

Question 6.
Match the following:
(1)

Column I Column II
1. Animals feed only on plants p. Carnivores
2. Animals feed on other animals q. Decomposers
3. Animals feed on plants as well as animals r. Herbivores
4. Organisms obtain nutrition from decaying organic matter s. Omnivores

Answer:
(1 – r), (2 – p), (3 – s), (4 – q).

(2)

Column I Column II Column III
1. Omnivores a. Scavenger p. Grass
2. Producer b. Secondary consumer q. Crow
3. Detritus feeding c. Biconsumer r. Deer
4. Carnivores d. Primary consumer s. Tiger
5. Herbivores e. Transformer of solar energy t. Fox

Answer:
(1 – c – q), (2 – e – p), (3 – a – t), (4 – b – s), (5 – d – r).

(3)

Column I Column II
1. Autotroph p. Convert complex organic matter into inorganic
2. Primary consumer q. Convert inorganic constituent into organic with the help of sunlight
3. Secondary consumer r. Plant feeder
4. Decomposer s. Animal feeder

Answer:
(1 – q), (2 – r), (3 – s), (4 – p).

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 15 Our Environment

Question 7.
Choose the correct option from those given below each question:
1. Which process is significant in a primary producers for to sustain an ecosystem?
A. Biological magnification
B. Photosynthesis
C. Respiration
D. Water absorption
Answer:
B. Photosynthesis

2. Animals that fed on both producer as well as consumer trophic level are called …………….
A. herbivores
B. carnivores
C. omnivores
D. decomposers
Answer:
C. omnivores

3. There are more herbivores than carnivores in a food chain because …………….
I. carnivores have bigger appetites.
II. a large number of herbivores are needed to support a small number of carnivores.
III. there are more plants for herbivores to eat.
IV much energy is lost in the transfer of energy from herbivores to carnivores.
A. I and III
B. II and IV
C. I and II
D. All of given
Answer:
B. II and IV

4. In a food chain deer feeds on plants. Deer is eaten by a lion. Which of the following statement is correct for it?
I. Lion is secondary consumer and deer is primary consumer.
II. Lion is predator and deer is prey.
III. Lion is primary consumer and deer is secondary consumer.
IV. Lion is tertiary consumer and deer is secondary consumer.
A. I and II only
B. III and IV only
C. II and III only
D. I and IV only
Answer:
A. I and II only

5. Which is possible food chain in pond?

Producer Primary consumer Secondary consumer
A. Algae Fish Larva of mosquito
B. Fish Algae Larva of mosquito
C. Larva or mosquito Algae Fish
D. Algae Larva of mosquito Fish

Answer:
Alage, Larva of mosquito, Fish

6. Which of the following option is correct for decomposers feeding on dead organism?

Bacteria Fungi Virus
A. No Yes Yes
B. Yes No Yes
C. Yes Yes No
D. Yes Yes Yes

Answer:
Yes, Yes, No

7. In an ecosystem ……………
A. unidirectional flow of both energy and nutrients.
B. cyclic flow of both energy and nutrients.
C. cyclic flow of energy and unidirectional flow of nutrients.
D. unidirectional flow of energy and cyclic flow of nutrients.
Answer:
A. unidirectional flow of both energy and nutrients.

8. A rat is in which category of consumer animals?
A. Herbivores
B. Carnivores
C. Omnivores
D. Decomposer
Answer:
C. Omnivores

9. Which of the following problem is a result of man-made activities?
A. Breaking food chain due to deforestation
B. Global warming
C. Depletion of ozone layer
D. All of the given
Answer:
D. All of the given

10. In an ecosystem third trophic level is always occupied by which animals?
A. Herbivores
B. Carnivores
C. Producer
D. Decomposers
Answer:
B. Carnivores

11. In the agricultural farm with wheat crop, snake, peacock, kite, rat, etc. occur in food chain. Pesticides are spray regular time interval. Which of the following animal has lowest concentration of pesticides?
A. Snake
B. Rat
C. Kite
D. Peacock
Answer:
B. Rat

12. Which of the following statement is wrong in case of food chain?
A. Decomposers can derive their food from all other nutritional substances except producers.
B. The one which are not producers are consumers.
C. More energy is available at lower trophic levels.
D. One organism may be associated with more than one food chain.
Answer:
A. Decomposers can derive their food from all other nutritional substances except producers.

13. Which of the following is an example of biodegradable waste?
A. Vegetables or fruits
B. Glass
C. Plastic
D. Metal
Answer:
A. Vegetables or fruits

14. Which of the following is an example of non-biodegradable waste?
A. Fruits
B. Vegetables
C. Paper
D. Polythene
Answer:
D. Polythene

15. Ecosystem is an interacting system made up of ……………
A. organisms and their physical surroundings.
B. producers and consumers.
C. producers and their physical surroundings.
D. consumers and their physical surroundings.
Answer:
A. organisms and their physical surroundings.

16. What is being form due to entry of harmful chemical in food chain?
A. Bioequilibrium
B. Eutrophication
C. Biological magnification
D. Biological regulation
Answer:
C. Biological magnification

17. What is formed by interdependent organisms to each other for their nutrition?
A. Biosphere
B. Food chain
C. Ecosystem
D. Environment
Answer:
B. Food chain

18. In food chain, organisms which synthesise carbohydrates by the conversion of radiant energy are called ……………
A. primary producers
B. primary consumers
C. primary carnivores
D. primary decomposers
Answer:
A. primary producers

19. In the food chain comprising of a frog, snake, grass, grasshopper, which organisms is at third trophic level in it?
A. Snake
B. Frog
C. Grass
D. Grasshopper
Answer:
B. Frog

20. An ecosystem has producers, herbivores and carnivores but without which of following it is not complete?
A. Secondary carnivores
B. Higher carnivores
C. Omnivores
D. Decomposers
Answer:
D. Decomposers

21. Which trophic level has highest energy in an ecosystem?
A. Producers
B. Herbivores
C. Primary carnivores
D. Higher carnivores
Answer:
A. Producers

22. Which trophic level, lowest energy available in an ecosystem?
A. Producer
B. Herbivores
C. Carnivores
D. Decomposers
Answer:
C. Carnivores

23. Which of following is wrong statement?
A. All green plants and blue-green algae are producers.
B. Green plants derived their food from organic compounds.
C. Producers synthesise their food by using inorganic elements.
D. Green plants transformed solar energy into chemical energy.
Answer:
B. Green plants derived their food from organic compounds.

24. What is the role of decomposers in an ecosystem?
A. Converts inorganic elements in simple form
B. Converts organic compound in inorganic elements
C. Converts inorganic elements in organic compounds
D. Both B and C
Answer:
B. Converts organic compound in inorganic elements

25. Which of the following constitute a food chain?
A. Grass, wheat and mango
B. Grass, goat and human
C. Goat, cow and elephant
D. Grass, fish and goat
Answer:
B. Grass, goat and human

26. Which of the following are environment friendly practices?
A. Carrying cloth-bags to purchases in while shopping.
B. Switching off unnecessary lights and fAnswer:
C. Use reusuable razors, nappies and pens.
D. All of the given.
Answer:
D. All of the given.

27. When frog uses grasshopper as food, then energy flow occurs from ……………
A. producer to decomposer.
B. producer to primary consumer.
C. primary consumer to secondary consumer.
D. primary carnivores to higher carnivores.
Answer:
C. primary consumer to secondary consumer.

28. Statement X: Decomposers satisfy their energy requirement directly from producers.
Statement Y: The amount of available energy in an ecosystem depends on the rate of photosynthesis carried out by the producers.
Which option is correct for statements X and Y?
A. X and Y both correct.
B. X and Y both incorrect.
C. X correct and Y incorrect.
D. X incorrect and Y correct.
Answer:
D. X incorrect and Y correct.

29. Statement X: Reduction in number of prey altimately results in reduction of the number of predator.
Statement Y: Ozone layer absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiations.
Which option is correct for statements X and Y?
A. X and Y both correct.
B. X and Y both incorrect.
C. X correct and Y incorrect.
D. X incorrect and Y correct.
Answer:
A. X and Y both correct.

30. Usually green plants are at first level in an ecosystem because ……………
A. they are widely spread on this earth.
B. they are fixed at one place in soil.
C. they synthesise food with the help of sunlight.
D. herbivores are more than carnivores.
Answer:
C. they synthesise food with the help of sunlight.

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 15 Our Environment

31. Which is the correct statement regarding food chain?
A. All consumers are not producers.
B. More energy is available at lower trophic levels.
C. One organism may be involved in more than one food chain.
D. All of the given
Answer:
D. All of the given

32. Which organism is more affected by biological magnification problem arising due to entry of DDT in pond ecosystem?
A. Man
B. Birds habitat near the pond
C. Fishes in pond
D. Aquatic plants in pond
Answer:
A. Man

33. Which of the following groups have only non- biodegradable components?
1. wood, paper, leather
2. polythene, detergent, PVC
3. plastic, detergent, glass
4. plastic, grass, animal dung
A. 3
B. 4
C. 1 and 3
D. 2 and 3
Answer:
D. 2 and 3

34. By whom the number of organisms are limited at trophic level of food chain?
A. Less availability of energy at higher tropic level
B. Sufficient food supply
C. Polluted air
D. Water
Answer:
A. Less availability of energy at higher tropic level

35. In which category does the human beings fall in an ecosystem?
A. Herbivores
B. Carnivores
C. Decomposers
D. Omnivores
Answer:
D. Omnivores

Question 8.
Answer as directed : (Miscellaneous)
(1) Give the full form of : CFCs, UNEP
Answer:

  • CFCs – Chloroflurocarbons
  • UNEP – United Nations Environment Programme

(2) Use of disposable plastic plates should be prevented because … (Complete the sentence.)
Answer:
It is made-up of non-biodegradable substance.

(3) Find correct sequence for food chain …
I. producers → decomposers → herbivores
II. producers → herbivores → carnivores
III. decomposers → producers → herbivores
IV. producers herbivores decomposers → carnivores → omnivores
Answer:
II. producers herbivores → carnivores

(4) Who am I?
I am a product of oxygen under the influence of UV radiation and I absorb UV rays.
Answer:
Ozone (O3)

(5) Select the mismatched pair in the following and correct it.
I. Parasite – Consumers which obtain liquid food nutrients from host organisms.
II. Agro-ecosystem – A man-made ecosystem
III. UV radiation – Causes skin cancer in human beings.
IV Ecosystem – Physical components of environment.
Answer:
IV. is a mismatched pair. Ecosystem consists of an interaction of physical components of environment and biotic components.

(6) When a population of animal ‘X’ is introduced into the biotic community of an ecosystem, the number of lions increased while the number of deer decreased. Which is correct option for animal ‘X’?
Answer:
X animal is a predator of deer and a prey of lion.

(7) Among the following, which have posed a threat to the environment?
Body spray, bacteria, aerosols, CFCs, wild grass
Answer:
Body spray, aerosols, CFCs

(8) A food chain comprising hawk, snake, paddy and mice. If 15,000 J of energy available to mice then how much energy will be in paddy and how much energy will be available to hawk.
Answer:
15,000 J of energy will be in paddy and 150 J of energy will be available to hawk.

(9) Smallest energy transfer : secondary consumers to tertiary consumers::
largest energy transfer : …………….
Answer:
producers level

(10) In which unit is amount of atmospheric ozone expressed?
Answer:
Dobson Unit (DU)

Value Based Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Improvement in our lifestyle have resulted in generation of greater amount of waste material. We use more and more disposable things due to our changed lifestyle and wrong attitude.

Questions:

  1. Name the two factors that have contributed to the deterioration of our environment.
  2. Why do we generate lot of waste now-a-days?
  3. Why most of the wastes from our homes contain more and more non-biodegradable substances?

Answer:

  1. Advancement in the technology, excessive non-biodegradable waste generation that have contributed to the deterioration of our environment.
  2. We are generating lot of waste now-a-day because of improvement in our lifestyles due to advanced technology and our changed attitude. We do not have environment conscience and thus we generate more waste.
  3. Changes in packaging have resulted in our waste becoming non-biodegradable. We have tendency of “use and throw” which is causing more non-biodegradable substances in our wastes.

Question 2.
Advanced agricultural practice leads to excessive use of fertilisers, pesticides and irrigation. Use of such agricultural products can cause some health issues in human beings. Uncontroled use of chemicals can also cause adverse effect on our environment.

Questions:
1. Name the ecological process involved in the above case.
2. How is soil affected by this phenomena?
3. Why is pesticide persist for long time in an environment?
Answer:
1. Biological magnification.

2. Soil is affected in following concern :

  • Pesticides are toxic that accumulate in soil.
  • Salinity of soil increases.
  • Soil becomes non-fertile.

3. Pesticides are non-biodegradable wastes. They are not converted into simple substances by decomposers.

Practical Skill Based Questions With Answers

Question 1.
The diagram shows the organisms in a habitat.
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 15 Our Environment 10
Which of the following indicates the correct feeding relationships of these organisms shown by four students?
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 15 Our Environment 11
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 15 Our Environment 12

Question 2.
(1) A man consumed curd or buttermilk after meal which help in the process of digestion. Milk is fermented into curd by Lactobacillus bacteria. Imagine a food chain and state the category of Lactobacillus and human.
(2) Instead of curd, if we use milk than which trophic level is occupied by us?
Answer:
(1) Lactobacillus – Third trophic level → consumer / decomposer
Human – Fourth trophic level → consumer

(2) Third trophic level / second level of consumer

Question 3.
Observe the picture carefully and answer the following questions :
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 15 Our Environment 13

  1. State the category according to the food eaten by encircled organisms.
  2. State the trophic level observed in the picture.
  3. State two abiotic components of an environment.
  4. Which is an important process of an ecosystem observed in a picture?

Answer:

  1. Squirrel and deer are both herbivores.
  2. Producer (Trophic level – I) and herbivores (Trophic level – II)
  3. Soil, light
  4. Flow of energy

Memory Map:
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 15 Our Environment 14

JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.3

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.3 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

JAC Board Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Exercise 6.3

Question 1.
State which pairs of triangles in the given figure are similar. Write the similarity criterion used by you for answering the question and also write the pairs of similar triangles in the symbolic form:
Answer:
1.
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.3 - 1
In ΔABC and ΔPQR,
∠A = ∠P = 60°, ∠B = ∠Q = 80° and
∠C = ∠R = 40°
∴ By AAA criterion, ΔABC – ΔPQR.

2.
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.3 - 2
In ΔABC and ΔQRP,
\(\frac{\mathrm{AB}}{\mathrm{QR}}=\frac{2}{4}=\frac{1}{2}\), \(\frac{\mathrm{BC}}{\mathrm{RP}}=\frac{2.5}{5}=\frac{1}{2}\) and \(\frac{\mathrm{CA}}{\mathrm{PQ}}=\frac{3}{6}=\frac{1}{2}\)
Thus, \(\frac{AB}{QR}=\frac{BC}{RP}=\frac{CA}{PQ}\)
∴ By SSS criterion, ΔABC ~ ΔQRP.

3.
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.3 - 3
No, the given triangles are not similar as
\(\frac{MP}{DE}=\frac{1}{2}\), \(\frac{LP}{DF}=\frac{1}{2}\), but \(\frac{LM}{EF}\) = \(\frac{2.7}{5}≠\frac{1}{2}\)

4.
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.3 - 4
In ΔMNL and ΔQPR,
\(\frac{\mathrm{MN}}{\mathrm{QP}}=\frac{2.5}{5}=\frac{1}{2}\), \(\frac{\mathrm{ML}}{\mathrm{QR}}=\frac{5}{10}=\frac{1}{2}\)
∠M = ∠Q = 70°
∴ By SAS criterion, ΔMNL ~ ΔQPR.

5.
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.3 - 5
No, the given triangles are not similar as two given corresponding sides are proportionate but the corresponding included angles are not equal.

6.
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.3 - 6
In ΔDEF, ∠D = 70°, ∠E = 80°
∠F = 180° – 70° – 80° = 30°
In ΔPQR, ∠Q = 80°, ∠R = 30°
∴ ∠P = 180° – 80° – 30° = 70°
Thus, in ΔDEF and ΔPQR.
∠D = ∠P, ∠E = ∠Q and ∠F = ∠R
∴ By AAA criterion, ΔDEF ~ ΔPQR.

JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.3

Question 2.
In the given figure ΔODC – ΔOBA, ∠BOC = 125° and ∠CDO = 70°. Find ∠DOC, ∠DCO and ∠OAB.
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.3 - 7
In ΔDOC, ∠COB is an exterior angle.
∴ ∠COB + ∠DOC = 180°
∴ 125° + ∠DOC = 180°
∴ ∠DOC = 55°
Again, ∠COB = ∠ODC + ∠DCO
∴ 125° = 70° + ∠DCO
∴ ∠DCO = 55°
Now, ΔODC ~ ΔOBA
∴ ∠OAB = ∠OCD
∴ ∠OAB = 55°
Thus, ∠DOC = 55°, ∠DCO = 55° and
∴ ∠OAB = 55°.

Question 3.
Diagonal AC and BD of a trapezium ABCD with AB || DC intersect each other at the point O. Using a similarity criterion for two triangles, show that \(\frac{OA}{OC}=\frac{OB}{OD}\)
Answer:
Given:
In trapezium ABCD, AB || DC and diagonals AC and BD intersect at O.
To prove : \(\frac{OA}{OC}=\frac{OB}{OD}\)
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.3 - 8
Proof: In trapezium ABCD, AB || CD.
∴ ∠CAB = ∠ACD and ∠DBA = ∠BDC
(Alternate angles) ……(1)
Then, in ΔOAB and ΔOCD.
∠OAB = ∠OCD and ∠OBA = ∠ODC [By (1)]
∴ By AA criterion, ΔOAB ~ ΔOCD.
∴ \(\frac{OA}{OC}=\frac{OB}{OD}\)

Question 4.
In the given figure \(\frac{QR}{QS}=\frac{QT}{PR}\) and ∠1 = ∠2. Show that ΔPQS ~ ΔTQR.
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.3 - 9
In ΔPQR, ∠1 = ∠2, i.e., ∠PQR = ∠PRQ
∴ PR = QP
Now, \(\frac{QR}{QS}=\frac{QT}{PR}\)
∴ \(\frac{QR}{QS}=\frac{QT}{QP}\)
In ΔTQR, P and S are points on QT and QR respectively and \(\frac{QR}{QS}=\frac{QT}{QP}\)
∴ By theorem 6.2, SP || RT.
∴ ∠QPS = ∠QTR and ∠QSP = ∠QRT (Corresponding angles)
Now, in ΔPQS and ΔTQR.
∠QPS = ∠QTR,
∠QSP = ∠QRT and
∠PQS = ∠TQR (Same angle)
∴ By AAA criterion, ΔPQS ~ ΔTQR.

JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.3

Question 5.
S and T are points on sides PR and QR of ΔPQR such that ∠P = ∠RTS. Show that ΔRPQ ~ ΔRTS
Answer:
Given:
S and T are points on sides PR and QR of ΔPQR such that ∠P = ∠RTS.
To prove ΔRPQ ~ ΔRTS
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.3 - 10
Proof : ∠P = ∠RTS
∴∠RPQ = ∠RTS.
In ΔRPQ and ΔRTS,
∠RPQ = ∠RTS and
∠PRQ = ∠TRS (Same angle)
∴ By AA criterion, ΔRPQ ~ ΔRTS.

Question 6.
In the given figure, if ΔABE ≅ ΔACD, show that ΔADE ~ ΔABC.
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.3 - 11
ΔABE ≅ ΔACD (Given)
∴ AB = AC and AE = AD (CPCT)
∴ \(\frac{AE}{AC}=\frac{AD}{AB}\)
Now, in ΔADE and ΔABC,
\(\frac{AE}{AC}=\frac{AD}{AB}\)
and ∠DAE = ∠BAC (Same angle)
∴ By SAS criterion, ΔADE ~ ΔABC

Question 7.
In the given figure, altitudes AD and CE of ΔABC intersect each other at the point P.
Show that:
1. ΔAEP ~ ΔCDP
2. ΔABD ~ ΔCBE
3. ΔAEP ~ ΔADB
4. ΔPDC ~ ΔBEC
Αnswer:
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.3 - 12
1. In ΔAEP and ΔCDP,
∠AEP = ∠CDP (Right angles)
∠EPA = ∠DPC (Vertically opposite angles)
∴ By AA criterion, ΔAEP ~ ΔCDP.

2. In ΔABD and ΔCBE,
∠ABD = ∠CBE (Same angle)
∠ADB = ∠CEB (Right angles)
∴ By AA criterion, ΔABD ~ ΔCBE.

3. In ΔAEP and ΔADB,
∠AEP = ∠ADB (Right angles)
∠EAP = ∠DAB (Same angle)
∴ By AA criterion, ΔAEP ~ ΔADB.

4. In ΔPDC and ΔBEC,
∠PDC = ∠BEC (Right angles)
∠PCD = ∠BCE (Same angle)
∴ By AA criterion, ΔPDC ~ ΔBEC.

JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.3

Question 8.
E is a point on the side AD produced of a parallelogram ABCD and BE intersects CD at F. Show that ΔABE ~ ΔCFB.
Answer:
Given: E is a point on the side AD produced of parallelogram ABCD and BE intersects CD at F
To prove : ΔABE ~ ΔCFB
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.3 - 12
Proof: In parallelogram ABCD,
∠A = ∠C (Opposite angles)
∴ ∠BAE = ∠FCB ………..(1)
E lies on AD extended in parallelogram ABCD.
∴ AE || BC
∴ ∠AEB = ∠CBE (Alternate angles)
∴ ∠AEB = ∠CBF …………..(2)
Now, in ΔABE and ΔCFB,
∠BAE = ∠FCB [By (1)]
∠AEB = ∠CBF [By (2)]
∴ By AA criterion, ΔABE ~ ΔCFB.

Question 9.
In the given figure, ABC and AMP are two right triangles, right-angled at B and M respectively. Prove that :
1. ΔABC ~ ΔAMP
2. \(\frac{CA}{PA}=\frac{BC}{MP}\)
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.3 - 14
In ΔABC and ΔAMP
∠ABC = ∠AMP (Right angles)
∠BAC = ∠MAP (Same angle)
∴ By AA criterion, ΔABC ~ ΔAMP [Result (1)]
Since ΔABC ~ ΔAMP, \(\frac{CA}{PA}=\frac{BC}{MP}\) [Result (2)]

Question 10.
CD and GH are respectively the bisectors of ∠ACB and ∠EGF such that D and H lie on sides AB and FE of ΔABC and ΔEFG respectively. If ΔABC – ΔFEG, show that:
1. \(\frac{CD}{GH}=\frac{AC}{FG}\)
2. ΔDCB ~ ΔHGE
3. ΔDCA ~ ΔHGF
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.3 - 15
ΔABC ~ ΔFEG
∴ ∠A = ∠F, ∠B = ∠E and ∠ACB = ∠FGE …………….(1)
CD is the bisector of ∠ACB and GH is the bisector of ∠FGE.
∴ ∠ACD = ∠BCD = \(\frac{1}{2}\)∠ACB ……(2)
and ∠FGH = ∠EGH = \(\frac{1}{2}\)∠FGE ………..(3)
So, from (1), (2) and (3).
∠ACD = ∠FGH and ∠BCD = ∠EGH ……(4)
Now, in ΔDCB and ΔHGE,
∠B = ∠E [By (1)]
∠BCD = ∠EGH [By (4)]
Hence, by AA criterion,
ΔDCB ~ ΔHGE [Result (2)]
Again, in ΔDCA and ΔHGF
∠A = ∠F [By (1)]
∠ACD = ∠FGH [By (4)]
Hence, by AA criterion,
ΔDCA – ΔHGF [Result (3)]
Now, ΔDCA – ΔHGF
∴ \(\frac{CD}{GH}=\frac{AC}{FG}\) [Result (1)]

JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.3

Question 11.
In the given figure, E is a point on side CB produced of an isosceles triangle ABC with AB = AC. If AD ⊥ BC and EF ⊥ AC, prove that ΔABD ~ ΔECF.
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.3 - 16
In ΔABC, AB = AC
∴ ∠ABC = ∠ACB
∴ ∠ABD = ∠ECF (∵ E lies on CB extended and F lies on AC.)
AD ⊥ BC
∴ ∠ADB = 90°
EF ⊥ AC
∴ ∠EFC = 90°
Now, in ΔABD and ΔECF
∠ABD = ∠ECF
∠ADB = ∠EFC (Both right angles)
∴ By AA criterion, ΔABD ~ ΔECF

Question 12.
Sides AB and BC and median AD of a triangle ABC are respectively proportional to sides PQ and QR and median PM of ΔPQR (see the given figure). Show that ΔABC ~ ΔPQR.
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.3 - 17
Hence, by SSS criterion, ΔABD ~ ΔPQM.
∴ ∠ABD = ∠PQM
∴ ∠ABC = ∠PQR
Now, in ΔABC and ΔPQR,
\(\frac{AB}{PQ}=\frac{BC}{QR}\) and ∠ABC = ∠PQR
Hence, by SAS criterion, ΔABC ~ ΔPQR.

Question 13.
D is a point on the side BC of a triangle ABC such that ∠ADC = ∠BAC. Show that CA² = CB. CD.
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.3 - 18
In ΔCDA and ΔCAB.
∠ADC = ∠BAC (Given)
∠ACD = ∠BCA (Same angle)
∴ By AA criterion, ΔCDA ~ ΔCAB
∴ \(\frac{CD}{CA}=\frac{CA}{CB}\)
∴ CB . CD = CA . CA
∴ CA² = CB.CD

JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.3

Question 14.
Sides AB and AC and median AD of a triangle ABC are respectively proportional to sides Pg and PR and median PM of another triangle PQR. Show that ΔABC ~ ΔPQR.
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.3 - 19
In ΔABC, AD is a median.
∴ BD = DC
Take point E on AD extended such that AD = DE and draw BE and CE.
∴ AE = 2AD.
In quadrilateral ABEC, diagonals AE and BC bisect each other.
∴ ABEC is a parallelogram.
∴ BE = AC (Opposite sides) ……(1)
Similarly, in ΔPQR, PM is a median.
∴ QM = MR
Take point N on PM extended such that PM MN and draw QN and RN.
∴ PN = 2PM
In quadrilateral PQNR, diagonals PN and QR bisect each other.
∴ PQNR is a parallelogram.
∴ QN = PR (Opposite sides) …………..(2)
Now,
∴\(\frac{\mathrm{AB}}{\mathrm{PQ}}=\frac{\mathrm{AC}}{\mathrm{PR}}=\frac{\mathrm{AD}}{\mathrm{PM}}\) (Given)
∴ \(\frac{\mathrm{AB}}{\mathrm{PQ}}=\frac{\mathrm{BE}}{\mathrm{QN}}=\frac{2 \mathrm{AD}}{2 \mathrm{PM}}\) [By (1) and (2)]
∴\(\frac{AB}{PQ}=\frac{\mathrm{BE}}{\mathrm{QN}}=\frac{\mathrm{AE}}{\mathrm{PN}}\)
∴ By SSS criterion ΔABE ~ ΔPQN.
∴ ∠BAE = ∠QPN
∴ ∠BAD = ∠QPM …………..(3)
In the same manner, it can be proved that ΔACE ~ ΔPRN
∴ ∠CAE = ∠RPN
∴ ∠CAD = ∠RPM …………..(4)
Adding (3) and (4).
∠BAD + ∠CAD = ∠QPM + ∠RPM
∴ ∠BAC = ∠QPR
Now, in ΔABC and ΔPQR,
\(\frac{AB}{PQ}=\frac{AC}{PR}\) and ∠BAC = ∠QPR
Hence, by SAS criterion, ΔABC ~ ΔPQR.

Question 15.
A vertical pole of length 6 m casts a shadow 4 m long on the ground and at the same. time a tower casts a shadow 28 m long. Find the height of the tower.
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.3 - 20
Here, AB is the vertical pole and AC is its shadow while PQ is the tower and QR is its shadow.
As both the shadows are measured at the same time, ∠C and ∠R both represent the elevation of the sun.
∴ ∠C = ∠R
In ΔABC and ΔPQR,
∠C = ∠R
∠B = ∠Q (Right angles)
∴ By AA criterion, ΔABC ~ ΔPQR.
∴ \(\frac{AB}{PQ}=\frac{BC}{QR}\)
∴ \(\frac{6}{PQ}=\frac{4}{28}\)
∴ PQ = \(\frac{6 \times 28}{4}\)
∴ PQ = 42 m
Thus, the height of the tower is 42 m.

JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.3

Question 16.
If AD and PM are medians of triangles ABC and PQR respectively; where ΔABC ~ ΔPQR prove that \(\frac{AB}{PQ}=\frac{AD}{PM}\)
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Triangles Ex 6.3 - 21
(∵ AD and PM are medians of ΔABC and ΔPQR.)
Also, ∠ABC = ∠PQR
∴ ∠ABD = ∠PQM
Now, in ΔABD and ΔPQM,
\(\frac{AB}{PQ}=\frac{BD}{QM}\) and ∠ABD = ∠PQM
∴ By SAS criterion, ΔABD ~ ΔPQM.
∴ \(\frac{AB}{PQ}=\frac{AD}{PM}\)

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction Important Questions and Answers.

JAC Board Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction

Additional Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Solve the following examples :
1. An object is placed at a distance of 20 cm in front of a convex mirror having focal length 0.3 m. Find the position, nature and magni-fication of the image formed by the mirror.
Answer:
a = 12 cm, virtual, erect and diminished, m = 0.6

2. The radius of curvature of a concave mirror is 12 cm. The image obtained by it is real and has magnification \(\frac { 3 }{ 2 }\). Find the object distance and image distance.
Answer:
u = – 10cm, v = – 15cm

3. A convex mirror having radius of curvature 3 m is fitted as a rear view mirror in a bus. Find the position, nature and magnification of the image of a car standing behind the bus at 6 m from the mirror.
Answer:
u = 1.2m, virtual, erect and diminished, m = 0.2

4. An object of height 2 cm is placed at 32 cm from a concave mirror. If the image formed by the mirror is real, inverted and 1.5 times the object in size, find the focal length of the mirror and the image distance.
Answer:
f = 19.2 cm, u = – 48cm

5. The refractive index of diamond relative to glass is 1.61. If the refractive index of glass is 1.5, find the absolute refractive index of diamond.
Answer:
nda = 2.415

6. The absolute refractive index of ice is 1.31. The speed of light in vacuum is 3 x 108ms-1. Then find the speed of light in ice.
Answer:
v = 2.29 x 108 ms-1

7. The speed of light is 2 x 108ms-1 in a glass having refractive index 1.5. In a liquid the ; speed of light is 2.5 x 108ms-1. Find the absolute refractive index of the liquid.
Answer:
n1a = 1.2

8. A ray of light incident at an angle of 45° on a rectangular glass slab having refractive index \(\sqrt{2}\) from air. Find the angle of refraction, Take the refractive index of air as 1.
Answer:
r = 30°

9. The image of a candle is formed at 10 cm from a concave lens having focal length 15 cm. At what distance is the candle placed from the mirror?
Answer:
u = – 30 cm

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction

10. A virtual Image is obtained, at 20 cm in front of a lens, when an object is placed at 60 cm in front of the lens. Calculate the focal length s of the lens. State the type of the lens.
Answer:
f = – 30 cm, concave lens

11. The focal length of a lens is – 25 cm. Calculate the power of the lens. Mention the type of the lens.
Answer:
P = – 4 D, concave lens

12. The power of a lens is +5 D. An object is placed at a distance equal to twice the focal length of the lens. (1) Calculate the focal length of the lens. (2) Find the position of the image.
Answer:

  1. f = 20cm
  2. on the opposite side of the object at a distance of 40 cm from the lens

13. The focal length of a convex lens is 25 cm. The image is obtained at a distance of 75 cm on the other side of the lens. Find the position of the object. What is the nature of the image?
Answer:
u = – 37.5cm; real, inverted and magnified

14. The power of a lens is -4D. A virtual and erect image is obtained at 5 cm from it. Find the position of the object.
Answer:
u = – 6.25 cm

15. A ray of light covers 100 m in vacuum in a certain time. How much distance will it cover in glass of refractive index 1.5 in the same time?
Answer:
\(\frac { 100 m }{ 1.5 }\) = 66.67 m

16. An object is placed at a distance of 25 cm from a concave mirror of focal length 20 cm. Find the image distance and nature of the image.
Answer:
– 100 cm; real, inverted and enlarged

17. An object, 4 cm in height, is placed at 25 cm from a concave mirror of focal length 15 cm. At what distance from the mirror should a screen be kept, so that a sharp image of the object can be obtained on the screen? Find the nature and height of the image.
Answer:
v = – 37.5 cm; size/height = 6 cm; Image is real, inverted and enlarged.

18. A doctor has prescribed a corrective lens of power +1.5 D to a patient. Find the focal length of the lens in centimetre. Is the prescribed lens diverging or converging?
Answer:
f = 67 cm, converging

19. The Sun rays are incident on a concave mirror, parallel to its principal axis. If the image of the Sun is formed at 12 cm distance from the pole of the mirror, find its radius of curvature.
Answer:
24 cm

20. An object is placed at 12 cm in front of a concave mirror. It forms a real and inverted image. Where is the image formed, if the image height is double the object height?
Answer:
In front of the concave mirror at a distance of 24 cm from it.

21. What is the position of the image when an object is placed at 10 cm in front of a concave mirror? The image is virtual and double in size as
compared to the object.
Answer:
Behind the mirror at a distance of 20 cm from it.

22. Find the size of the image formed by a concave lens of focal length 20 cm, when an object having 4 cm height is placed at 60 cm from it.
Answer:
Image size/height = 1.0 cm

23. Determine the nature and size of the image, and the type of mirror for the image formed by mirrors corresponding to magnifications + 1, -1, +0.5, -0.5, +5.0 and -5.0.
Answer:

No. Magni-fication (m) Nature and size of Image Type of Mirror
1. + 1 Virtual, erect and of the same size as the object Plane
2. – 1 Real, inverted and of the same size as the object Concave
3. + 0.5 Virtual, erect and diminished Convex
4. – 0.5 Real, inverted and diminished Concave
5. + 5.0 Virtual, erect and magnified Concave
6. – 5.0 Real, inverted and magnified Concave

24. An object of height 4 cm is placed at 18 cm from a concave mirror having focal length 12cm. Find the position, nature and height of the image.
Answer:
v = – 36 cm, h’ = – 8 cm. Real, inverted and enlarged

25. A convex lens forms a real and inverted image of an object at a distance of 40 cm from it. What is the distance of the object from the lens if the size of the image is the same as that of the object? Determine the power of the lens.
Answer:
u = – 40 cm, P = + 5.0 D

26. An object of height 5 cm is placed at 10 cm from a convex mirror of focal length 15 cm. Find the position, nature and size of the image.
Answer:
v = 6 cm, h’ = 3 cm. Virtual, erect and diminished

27. The refractive index of glass with respect to water is 1.12. Find the absolute refractive index of water if the absolute refractive index of glass is 1.5.
Answer:
1.34

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction

28. Light propagating in a rectangular glass slab enters into water. The refractive index of water with respect to glass is 0.9. The angle of incidence at the surface separating the two media is 26° 48′. Find the angle of refraction. Take sin 26° 48′ = 0.45 approximately.
Answer:
30°

29. An object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a concave lens of focal length 30 cm. Find the position of the image when the object is at a distance of 20 cm from the lens.
Answer:
v = – 12 cm

30. The power of a convex lens is +4.0 D. At what distance from the lens should the object be placed to obtain its real and inverted image of the same size as the object on the screen?
Answer:
u = – 50 cm

Question 2.
Give four points of difference between the following terms/quantities:
(1) Concave mirror and Convex mirror
Answer:

Concave mirror Convex mirror
1. Its inner surface is reflecting. 1. Its outer surface is reflecting.
2. It forms a real or virtual image of an object depending on the position of the object. 2. It always forms a virtual image.
3. The real image can be smaller or of the same size as the size of the object or bigger than the object. The virtual image is always bigger than the object. 3. The image is always smaller than the object.
4. This mirror is used in a torch, headlight of vehicles, search-light, solar cooker, etc. 4. This mirror is used as a rear-view (wing) mirror in vehicles.

(2) Real Image and Virtual Image
Answer:

Real Image Virtual Image
1. In this case, the rays of light emanating from an object meet after reflection or refraction and hence, an image is formed. 1. In this case, the rays of light emanating from an object (when extended backwards) appear to meet after reflection or refraction.
2. It can be obtained on a screen. 2. It cannot be obtained on a screen.
3. It is inverted compared to an object. 3. It is erect compared to an object.
4. In case of a spherical mirror it is formed towards the reflecting surface in front of the mirror. 4. In case of a spherical mirror it is formed behind the reflecting surface of the mirror i.e., in the mirror itself.

(3) Convex lens and Concave lens
Answer:

Convex lens Concave lens
1. It is thick at the centre and thin at the edges. 1. It is thin at the centre and thick at the edges.
2. It converges parallel rays incident on it. 2. It diverges parallel rays incident on it.
3. It forms a real or virtual image of an object depending on the position of the object. 3. It always forms a virtual image.
4. The virtual image obtained with it is always enlarged. 4. The virtual image obtained with it is always diminished.

Question 3.
Give scientific reasons for the following statements:
(1) In a headlight, torch and search-light, a concave mirror (of small aperture) is used.
Answer:
In a headlight, torch and search-light, the light source is placed at the principal focus of a concave mirror. As a result, an intense parallel beam of light comes out from a headlight, torch, search-light.

[Note: Actually a parabolic mirror = reflector is used in a headlight, torch and search-light.]

(2) The rear-view mirror (back-view mirror) of the vehicles is a convex mirror.
Answer:
The field view of a convex mirror is very large, i.e., it gives over-all view of vast area of the backside of a vehicle and it forms a virtual, erect and diminished image of a backside object. Hence, the vehicle can be driven safely by viewing backside fully.

(3) A big concave mirror is used in a solar furnace and solar cooker.
Answer:
Parallel rays of light coming from the Sun fall on the concave mirror fitted in a solar s furnace and solar cooker and after reflection, these rays meet at the principal focus F of the concave i mirror. The greater the aperture of the mirror, the greater is its power to collect light. As a result, abundant amount of heat energy is produced.

(4) For shaving as well as for make-up a concave mirror is used.
Answer:
If a concave mirror is held such that the face is between the pole and principal focus of the concave mirror, a virtual, erect and magnified image of the face is obtained behind the mirror. This is of great help in shaving as well as make-up.

[A dentist also uses a concave mirror to obtain an enlarged (magnified) image of teeth.]

(5) It is difficult to pierce a fish swimming in a river.
Answer:
The rays of light from a swimming fish emerge from river – water and enter into air. Thus, they travel from a denser medium to a rarer medium. Therefore they bend away from the normal at the interface.

Hence, the correct/true position of the fish cannot be determined by the observer from air. That is why it is difficult to pierce a fish swimming in a river.

(6) A watch repairer uses a convex lens.
Answer:
If an object is kept between optical centre O and principal focus F of a convex lens, we get a virtual, erect and enlarged image of the object on the same side of the object, beyond the distance 2f from the lens. Thus, by keeping a watch between the lens and its principal focus, the watch repairer can see minute parts of the watch clearly, so that repairing becomes easy.

Objective Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions in one word / sentence :
(1) Can a magnified image be formed by a convex mirror? State Yes or No.
Answer:
No

(2) What is the angle of reflection when a ray c of light falls normally on a mirror?
Answer:

(3) In a ray diagram, how do you draw the normal at point A on a spherical mirror?
Answer:
By drawing a line joining point A on the spherical mirror with the centre of curvature of the mirror.

(4) State the mirror formula to find the focal length of a spherical mirror.
Answer:
\(\frac { 1 }{ f }\) = \(\frac { 1 }{ u }\) + \(\frac { 1 }{ v }\)

(5) The focal length of a convex mirror is 15cm. What is its radius of curvature?
Answer:
R = 2f = 30 cm

(6) Which two quantities change when a ray of light
Answer:
wavelength and velocity

(7) The magnification produced by concave lens is always less than 1. Why?
Answer:
The image formed by a concave lens (for any position of an object) is always diminished.

(8) Does the refractive index of a medium depend on the frequency of light passing S through it?
Answer:
No. [From n = \(\frac{c}{v}=\frac{f \lambda}{v \lambda^{\prime}}=\frac{\lambda}{\lambda^{\prime}}\) (∵frequency f = constant)]

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction

(9) Which mirror has large vision area?
Answer:
Convex mirror

(10) Absolute refractive index of carbon disulphide is 1.63. Then, explain this statement in context to speed of light.
Answer:
From n = \(\frac { c }{ v }\), v = \(\frac { c }{ n }\) = \(\frac{3 \times 10^8}{1.68}\)
= 1.84 x 108 m s-1
Hence speed of light in carbon disulphide would be 1.84 x 108 m s-1.

(11) Between which two points on the principal axis of a concave mirror should an object be placed so that the magnification produced by the mirror is m = – 3?
Answer:
Here, m = – 3. So, the image would be real, inverted and magnified. So, the object should be placed between F and C.

(12) What is mirror?
Answer:
Mirror means smooth and polished surface which reflects (approximate 95 %) most of the light incident on it.

(13) Which lens is used as a magnifying lens?
Answer:
Convex lens

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks :

  1. The centre of a spherical mirror is called the ………………… and the centre of a lens is called the …………………
  2. The power of a convex lens having focal length 10 cm is ………………… D.
  3. When a ray of light travels from water to air, its speed …………………
  4. Focal length of a convex lens is …………………
  5. ………………… image can be obtained on a screen.
  6. Magnification produced by a spherical mirror is positive. So, the type of image is …………………
  7. Magnification produced by a lens is negative. So, the type of image is ………………… and …………………
  8. A ray of light is incident at an angle of 30° to the surface of a plane mirror. Then the angle between the incident ray and reflected ray must be …………………
  9. If a virtual, erect and magnified image of i an object is formed by a convex lens; the object must be at a distance …………………
  10. In case of a mirror or lens, the ratio of the image height to object height is called …………………
  11. A ………………… lens is thicker at its edges than at its centre.
  12. ENT specialist doctor uses a ………………… of small aperture.
  13. A ………………… is used as a magnifying glass.
  14. If the power of the correcting lens used in spectacles is – 0.4 D, then the type of lens must be …………………
  15. ………………… is the instrument used to measure the power of a lens.

Answer:

  1. Pole, Optical centre
  2. 10
  3. increases
  4. positive
  5. Real
  6. erect and virtual
  7. inverted and real
  8. 120°
  9. less than the focal length of the lens
  10. magnification
  11. concave
  12. concave mirror
  13. convex lens
  14. concave
  15. Dioptre meter

Question 3.
State whether the following statements are true or false:

  1. A virtual image can be obtained on a screen.
  2. In case of irregular reflection, the beam of reflected light remains parallel in a specific direction.
  3. Laws of reflection are applicable to any type of mirror.
  4. Laws of reflection are not applicable to a rough and irregular surface.
  5. The diameter of the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is known as the aperture of the mirror.
  6. At least, four rays are required to obtain the position of an image formed by a mirror.
  7. If an object is kept at infinite distance from concave mirror, the image is formed at the centre of curvature of the mirror.
  8. Air is optically denser than water.
  9. When a ray of light enters from an optically denser medium to an optically rarer medium, its speed decreases.
  10. The central part of a thin lens made of glass works as a rectangular glass slab.
  11. According to the New Cartesian sign convention for every mirror and lens, Object distance is taken as negative.
  12. For a mirror, m = \(\frac { v }{ u }\) and for a lens m = – \(\frac { v }{ u }\)
  13. A lens has power P = 5 D. So, its focal length is f = 0.2 cm.

Answer:

  1. False
  2. False
  3. True
  4. False
  5. True
  6. False
  7. False
  8. False
  9. False
  10. True
  11. True
  12. False
  13. False

Question 4.
Match the following :
(1)

Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’
1. Concave mirror p. Negative power
2. Convex lens q. Always m = positive
3. Convex mirror r. Always m = negative
4. Concave lens s. Used for shaving
t. Simple microscope

Answer:
(1 – s), (2 – t), (3 – q), (4 – p).

(2)

Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’
1. Concave mirror p. It is used by doctors
2. Convex lens q. It is used as a rear-view mirror in vehicles
3. Convex mirror r. Power is negative
4. Concave lens s. It is used in a compound microscope

Answer:
(1 – p), (2 – s), (3 – q), (4 – r).

Question 5.
Choose the correct option from those given below each question:
1. What is the wavelength range of visible light?
A. 4 x 10-7 m to 8 x 10-7 m
B. 4 x 10-9 m to 8 x 10-9 m
C. 4 x 10-5 m to 8 x 10-5 m
D. 4 x 10-6 m to 8 x 10-6 m
Answer:
A. 4 x 10-7 m to 8 x 10-7 m

2. What is the relation between the radius of curvature (K) and the focal length (f) of a spherical mirror?
A. R = f/ 2
B. R = f
C. R = 2f
D. R = 3f
Answer:
C. R = 2f

3. Through which of the following points, will a ray passing through the centre of curvature (C) and reflected by a concave mirror pass?
A. Focus
B. Centre of curvature
C. Pole
D. All
Answer:
B. Centre of curvature

4. Where, in front of a concave mirror, should an object be placed to get its virtual and erect image?
A. At principal focus F
B. At centre of curvature C
C. Between the principal focus and the pole
D. Beyond the centre of curvature
Answer:
C. Between the principal focus and the pole

5. The magnification produced by a plane mirror is always
A. more than 1
B. 1
C. less than 1
D. zero
Answer:
B. 1
Hint: m = \(\frac { h’ }{ h }\) = 1 (∵ Here, h’ = h)
or
m = – \(\frac { v }{ u }\)
Here, | v | = | u | and u is negative
while v is positive.
∴ We get, m = 1

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction

6. The focal length of a plane mirror is ……………
A. zero
B. infinity
C. equal to half the object distance f
D. equal to the object distance
Answer:
B. infinity
Hint: In case of plane mirror | v | = | u |, also according to the New Cartesian sign convention, v is positive and u is negative.
Now, from the mirror formula \(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{u}+\frac{1}{v}\), for a plane mirror, as |u| = [u| and u is negative while v is positive, we get \(\frac { 1 }{ f }\) = 0 ∴ f = ∞ (infinity)

7. The distance between the object at 2 m from a plane mirror and its image is ………………..
A. 4 m
B. 1 m
C. 2 m
D. 3 m
Answer:
A. 4 m
Hint: The distance between the object and its image = | u | + | v |
= 2 + 2 (∵ Here, | u | = | v |)
= 4 m

8. Where should an object be placed to obtain its image as real, inverted and of the same height as the object by a convex lens?
A. At the principal focus
B. Between the principal focus and centre of curvature
C. At the centre of curvature
D. Between the optical centre and principal focus
Answer:
C. At the centre of curvature

9. Which of the following materials has maximum optical density?
A. Glass
B. Water
C. Carbon disulphide
D. Diamond
Answer:
D. Diamond
Hint: From the given substances, diamond has highest refractive index.

Question 10.
The absolute refractive index of any medium is …………………
A. 1
B. > 1
C. < 1
D. zero
Answer:
B. > 1

11. Which of the lenses with focal length 10 cm, 20cm, 25cm and 50cm has maximum power?
A. 50 cm
B. 25 cm
C. 20 cm
D. 10 cm
Answer:
D. 10 cm

Hint: From power P = \(\frac { 1 }{ f }\), the lens with less focal length f has more power P. So, the lens with focal length 10 cm has maximum power.

12. What is the focal length of a convex lens having power + 5.0 D?
A. – 10 cm
B. – 20 cm
C. + 10 cm
D. + 20 cm
Answer:
D. + 20 cm
Hint : P = \(\frac { 1 }{ f }\)
∴ f = \(\frac { 1 }{ p }\) = \(\frac { 1 }{ 5 }\) = 0.2 m = + 20 cm

13. If the absolute refractive indices of water, benzene and sapphire are 1.33, 1.50 and 1.77 respectively, then which medium has maximum relative refractive index?
A. Sapphire relative to water
B. Sapphire relative to benzene
C. Benzene relative to water
D. Water relative to benzene
Answer:
A. Sapphire relative to water
Hint:
\(n_{21}=\frac{n_2}{n_1}\)
∴ n21 is maximum, when n2 is maximum and n1 is minimum.
Hence, it is obvious that in the present case, medium 1 must be water and medium 2 must be sapphire.
∴ Refractive index of sapphire with respect to water would be maximum.

14. Which type of image is formed by a plane mirror?
A. Real and inverted
B. Real and erect
C. Virtual and erect
D. Virtual and inverted
Answer:
C. Virtual and erect

15. If the absolute refractive indices of water and glass are \(\frac { 4 }{ 3 }\) and \(\frac { 3 }{ 2 }\) respectively, then what is the ratio of the speed of light in water to that in glass?
A. 2
B. \(\frac { 8 }{ 9 }\)
C. \(\frac { 9 }{ 8 }\)
D. \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\)
Answer:
C. \(\frac { 9 }{ 8 }\)
Hint: Taking water as medium 1 and glass as medium 2, speed of light in water would be v1 and speed of light in glass would be v2.
Here, n1 = \(\frac { 4 }{ 3 }\) and n2 = \(\frac { 3 }{ 2 }\)
Now, n21 = \(\frac{n_2}{n_1}=\frac{v_1}{v_2}\)
∴ \(\frac{3 / 2}{4 / 3}=\frac{v_1}{v_2}\)
∴ \(\frac{v_1}{v_2}=\frac{9}{8}\)

16. The absolute refractive indices of water, glass and diamond are 1.33, 1.50 and 2.42 respectively. Which medium has maximum optical density ?
A. Water
B. Glass
C. Diamond
D. Data not enough to draw any conclusion
Answer:
C. Diamond
Hint: The greater the absolute refractive index, the greater is the optical density.

17. Which of the following always form virtual image ?
A. Concave mirror and convex lens
B. Convex mirror and concave lens
C. Convex mirror and convex lens
D. Concave mirror and concave lens
Answer:
B. Convex mirror and concave lens

18. What is the angle of refraction for a light ray incident normal to the surface of a medium?
A. 90°
B. 60°
C. 30°
D. 0°
Answer:
D. 0°
Hint: According to general form of Snell’s law n1 sin i = n2 sin r. As i = 0°, then r = 0° because value of n1 and n2 are never zero.

19. No matter how far you stand from a mirror, your image appears always erect. The mirror is likely to be ………..
A. plane only.
B. concave only.
C. convex only.
D. either plane or convex.
Answer:
D. either plane or convex.
Hint: In case of both plane and convex mirror for every position of an object its image would be always erect.

20. A virtual image of an object is formed by a mirror, then …………….
A. it would be a convex mirror.
B. it would be a concave mirror.
C. it would be a plane mirror.
D. it would be any one of the mirrors given above.
Answer:
D. it would be any one of the mirrors given above.

21. An object is kept at the centre of curvature of a concave mirror. The distance between the image of the object and pole of the mirror ……………..
A. would be equal to f.
B. would be less than 2f but more than f.
C. would be equal to 2f.
D. would be more than 2f.
Answer:
C. would be equal to 2f.

22. A ray of light travelling in air is obliquely incident on undisturbed horizontal surface of pond water. Inside the water, it…
A. will travel without deviation.
B. will bend away from the normal drawn at the point of incidence.
C. will bend towards the normal drawn at the point of incidence.
D. will turn back following the original path.
Answer:
C. will bend towards the normal drawn at the point of incidence.

23. As shown in the following figure, a light ; ray travels from medium A to medium B. Then refractive index of medium B relative? to medium A would be ……………
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 1
A. \(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{2}}\)
B. \(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{3}}\)
C. \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\)
D. \(\sqrt{2}\)
Answer:
A. \(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{2}}\)
Hint: From Snell’s law, refractive index of medium B relative to medium A.
nBA = \(\frac{\sin 60^{\circ}}{\sin 45^{\circ}}=\frac{\sqrt{3} / 2}{1 / \sqrt{2}}=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{2}}\)

24. As shown in the following figure, a light ray travels from medium A to medium B. Then refractive index of medium A relative to medium B would be
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 2
Answer:
B. < 1

25. Magnification produced by a rear-view mirror fitted in vehicles ………….
A. is always less than 1.
B. is always equal to 1.
C. is always more than 1.
D. can be more than or less than 1 depending upon the position of the object in front of the mirror.
Answer:
B. is always equal to 1.
Hint: Convex mirror is used as rear-view mirror in vehicles. Image formed by it is always virtual, erect and diminished in size compared to the

26. The absolute refractive indices of three substances A, B and C are 1.33, 1.65 and 1.46 respectively. In which substance is the speed of light maximum?
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. Would be the same in A, B and C
Answer:
A. A
Hint: nm = \(\frac { c }{ v }\)

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction

27. An object placed in front of a convex mirror is moved from far-off distance towards the pole of the mirror. Then size of the image …
A. increases.
B. decreases.
C. remains constant.
D. first increases and then decreases.
Answer:
A. increases.

28. An object placed in front of a convex mirror is moved from far-off distance towards the pole of the mirror. Then the image ……………..
A. moves towards the pole.
B. moves away from the pole.
C. first moves away from the pole and then towards the pole.
D. first moves towards the pole and then away from the pole.
Answer:
A. moves towards the pole.

29. What is the centre of a spherical mirror called?
A. Principal focus
B. Centre of curvature
C. Principal axis
D. Pole
Answer:
D. Pole

30. What is the diameter of the reflecting circular surface of a spherical mirror called?
A. Aperture
B. Radius of curvature
C. Focal length
D. Principal axis
Answer:
A. Aperture

31. Where should the object be placed to obtain its real image of the same size as the object using a concave mirror?
A. At infinite distance from the mirror
B. At the centre of curvature of the mirror
C. At the principal focus of the mirror
D. Between the principal focus and the centre of curvature of the mirror
Answer:
B. At the centre of curvature of the mirror

32. Where should the object be placed to obtain a real and diminished image using a concave mirror?
A. Between the principal focus and the pole of the mirror
B. At the centre of curvature of the mirror
C. Between the principal focus and the centre of curvature of the mirror
D. Beyond the centre of curvature of the mirror
Answer:
D. Beyond the centre of curvature of the mirror

33. Where should the object be placed to obtain a real and magnified image using a concave mirror?
A. Between the pole and the principal focus of the mirror
B. At the principal focus of the mirror
C. Between the principal focus and the centre of curvature of the mirror
D. At the centre of curvature of the mirror
Answer:
C. Between the principal focus and the centre of curvature of the mirror

34. Which type of image cannot be obtained by a concave mirror?
A. Real and enlarged
B. Real and diminished
C. Virtual and enlarged
D. Virtual and diminished
Answer:
D. Virtual and diminished

35. Which type of image is formed by a convex mirror?
A. Real, inverted and diminished
B. Virtual, erect and diminished
C. Real, inverted and enlarged
D. Virtual, erect and enlarged
Answer:
B. Virtual, erect and diminished

36. What happens to an obliquely incident ray travelling from glass to air?
A. It bends towards the normal.
B. It bends away from the normal.
C. It does not undergo refraction.
D. It turns back following the original path.
Answer:
B. It bends away from the normal.

37. A point object emits rays in all directions. Consider one ray that the object emits which is parallel to the principal axis of a concave mirror as shown in the following figure.
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 3
Select the point in the figure given here, through which the reflected ray passes.
A. C
B. F
C. A
D. P
Answer:
B. F

38. Which type of image of an object cannot be obtained by a convex lens?
A. Real and diminished
B. Real and enlarged
C. Virtual and diminished
D. Virtual and enlarged
Answer:
C. Virtual and diminished

39. From which of the following letters, we cannot obtain its laterally inverted image?
A. N
B. O
C. P
D. Q
Answer:
B. O

40. From which of the following letters, can we obtain its laterally inverted image?
A. W
B. X
C. Y
D. Z
Answer:
D. Z

41. A boy is running with speed u towards a plane mirror, then at what speed, his image will be running towards him?
A. 2v
B. > v
C. v
D. < v
Answer:
A. 2v

42. If a spherical mirror is immersed in water, then its focal length…
A. changes.
B. does not change.
C. may or may not change
D. becomes zero.
Answer:
B. does not change.

Question 6.
Answer the following questions in very short as directed (Miscellaneous) :
(1) Write Snell’s law in mathematical form.
Answer:
If i is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of refraction, then
\(\frac { sin i }{ sin r }\) = constant
This constant is called the refractive index of the second medium with respect to the first medium.

(2) There are five different transparent media, which are in physical contact with one another. Then, write the formula for the refractive index of the fifth medium with respect to the first medium.
Answer:
n51 = \(\frac{n_5}{n_1}\)

(3) If the radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is 40 cm, what is its focal length in metre?
Answer:
f = \(\frac{R}{2}=\frac{40 \mathrm{~cm}}{2}\) = 20 cm = 0.2 m

(4) A concave mirror produces a real image of an object, placed at 10 cm from the mirror. If the image is enlarged by a factor of four relative to object, find the focal length of the mirror.
Answer:
Here, u = – 10 cm
As image formed is real and four times larger than object m = – 4
Now, m = – \(\frac { v }{ u }\)
∴ – 4 = – \(\frac { v }{ (-10) }\) ∴ v = – 40 cm
Using the mirror formula
\(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{u}+\frac{1}{v}\)
We get
\(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{(-10)}+\frac{1}{(-40)}\)
∴ f = \(\frac{-40 \times-10}{-40-10}=\frac{400}{-50}\)
∴ f = – 8 cm

(5) The magnification of an image formed by a convex lens is – 1. Find the object distance in terms of its focal length.
Answer:
Here, m = – 1 and u = – u
So, from m = \(\frac { v }{ u }\)
– 1 = \(\frac { v }{ (-u) }\)
∴ v = + u
Now, \(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{-1}{u}+\frac{1}{v}\)
∴ \(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{-1}{(-u)}+\frac{1}{(+u)}\)
∴ \(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{2}{u}\)
∴ u = 2 f

(6) An object is kept at 40 cm from a concave lens of focal length 60 cm. Find the image distance.
Answer:
Here, u = – 40 cm; f = – 60 cm
Using the lens formula,
\(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{-1}{u}+\frac{1}{v}\)
We get
∴ \(\frac{1}{-60}=\frac{-1}{-40}+\frac{1}{v}\)
∴ \(\frac{1}{v}=\frac{-1}{40}-\frac{1}{60}\)
∴ \(\frac{1}{v}=-\left(\frac{1}{40}+\frac{1}{60}\right)\)
∴ v = \(-\left(\frac{60 \times 40}{40+60}\right)=-\frac{2400}{100}\) = – 24 cm

(7) What is diffused reflection ?
Answer:
When a parallel beam of light falls on a rough surface, the light is reflected in different directions. This type of reflection is known as diffused reflection.

(8) The magnifying power of convex lens is ……………….
A. > 1
B. < 1
C. = 1
D. cannot be determined
Answer:
A, B and C

(9) A pencil, when dipped obliquely in water in a transparent glass tumbler, appears to be bent at the interface of air and water. Will the pencil appear to be bent to the same extent, if instead of water we use some other liquid like kerosene or turpentine? Support your answer with reason.
Answer:
Yes.
The angle of refraction depends on the refractive index of the medium. So, bending will vary in different liquids. It will be less for a liquid with low refractive index and more for a liquid with high refractive index.

The refractive index of kerosene as well as that of turpentine oil is more than that of water. Hence, the bending will be more for both the oils than in case of water.

(10) Draw a ray diagram showing the path of a ray of light when it enters at oblique incidence from air into water.
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 4

(11) Draw a ray diagram showing the path of a ray of light when it enters at oblique incidence from water into air.
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 5

(12) A student traces the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab and marks the angle of incidence i, angle of refraction r and angle of emergence e, as shown in the figure :
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 6
Which angle is correctly marked?
Answer:
r.

(13) What is the angle of reflection, when a ray of light falls normally on the surface of a plane mirror?
Answer:
r = 0°

(14) A ray of light strikes a plane mirror at an angle of 50° to the mirror surface. What will be the angle of reflection?
Answer:
40°

(15) Name the spherical mirror which has virtual principal focus.
Answer:
Convex mirror

(16) What is the angle of incidence for a ray of light passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror?
Answer:

(17) What sign [+ve (plus) or -ve (minus)] has been given to the following on the basis of the New Cartesian sign convention?
(a) Height of a real image and
(b) Height of a virtual image?
Answer:
(a) -ve (minus)
(b) +ve (plus)

(18) What is the nature of the image formed by a concave mirror if the magnification produced by the mirror is (a) + 3 (b) – 2 ?
Answer:
(a) Virtual
(b) Erect

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction

(19) An object is placed at a very long distance in front of a convex mirror of radius of curvature 30 cm. State the position of its image.
Answer:
At the principlal focus; 15 cm behind the convex mirror.

(20) The refractive index of glass with respect to air is 3/2. The refractive index of air with respect to the glass is 4/6. Do you agree with this statement?
Answer:
Yes

(21) Name the following:
A point inside a lens through which the light passes undeviated.
Answer:
Optical centre.

(22) A 2 cm high object is placed at a distance of 2f from a convex lens. What is the height of the image formed?
Answer:
m = \(\frac { v }{ u }\) = \(\frac { h’ }{ h }\)
∴ h’ = h(\(\frac { v }{ u }\))
Here, u = – 2f and also v = – 2f
∴ The height of the image formed,
h’ = 2 cm\(\left(\frac{-2 f}{-2 f}\right)\) (∵ h = 2 cm)
= 2 cm

(23) Where should an object be placed in order to use a convex lens as a magnifying glass?
Answer:
At a distance less than the focal length of the convex lens.

(24) Draw the given diagram in your answer book and complete the path of the ray of light on refraction by the lens.
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 7
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 7

(25) Copy and complete the diagram given below to show what happens to the ray of light when it passes through the concave lens :
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 9
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 9

(26) A concave lens produces an image at 20 cm from the lens of an object placed at 30 cm from the lens. Find the focal length of the lens.
Answer:
Using the lens formula,
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 10

(27) Which causes more bending (or more refraction) of light rays passing through it: a convex lens of long focal length or a convex lens of short focal length?
Answer:
A convex lens of short focal length

(28) Which has more power : a thick convex lens or a thin convex lens made of the same material (glass)? Give reason for your choice.
Answer:
Thick convex lens because it has shorter focal length and hence more power.

(29) For a converging lens, the power is positive while for a diverging lens, the power is negative. Agree / Disagree?
Answer:
Agree

(30) The optician’s prescription for a pair of spectacles is :
Right eye : – 3.50 D, Left eye : – 4.00 D
(a) Are these lenses thinner at the middle or at the edges?
(b) Which is the weaker eye?
Answer:
(a) Thinner at the middle
(b) Left eye

(31) A person got his eyes tested by an optician. The prescription for the spectadle lenses to be made reads :
Right eye : + 2.00 D, Left eye : + 2.50 D
(a) State whether these lenses are thicker in the middle or at the edges.
(b) State whether these spectacle lenses will converge light rays or diverge light rays.
Answer:
(a) Thicker in the middle
(b) Converge light rays

(32) Match the following columns correctly:

Column I Column II
1. Converging mirror p. It is used as rear view mirror in vehicles
2. Diverging mirror q. It is used in the design of solar furnaces
r. It is used in a dressing-table

Answer:
(1 – q), (2 – p).

(33) Match the following columns correctly:

Column I Column II
1. Converging lens p. It Is a concave lens
2. Diverging lens q. It acts as a magnifier
r. It is used as a reflector

Answer:
(1 – q), (2 – p).

(34) State any two factors on which the lateral displacement of an emergent ray from a rectangular glass slab depend.
Answer:

  1. Angle of incidence
  2. Thickness of the slab

(35) What is the minimum distance between an object and its real image in case of a concave mirror?
Answer:
0 (zero). [When the object is at centre of curvature C of the mirror.]

(36) When a light ray passes obliquely through the atmosphere in the upward direction, how does its path generally change?
Answer:
Light will bend away from its normal direction.

(37) Explain briefly, why a ray of light passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror, gets reflected along the same path.
Answer:
The ray of light passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror is incident on the mirror along its normal. So, i = r = 0. Therefore, the ray retraces its path.

(38) A ray of light is incident on a concave mirror as shown in the adjoining figure. Redraw the diagram and complete the path of the ray after reflection from the mirror.
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 11
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 12

(39) A ray of light is incident on a convex mirror as shown in the adjoining figure. Redraw the diagram and complete the path of the ray after reflection from the mirror.
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 13
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 14

(40) What is the unit of refractive index?
Answer:
Refractive index as no unit as it is the ratio of two similar quantities.

(41) State the conditions for no bending of light travelling from one medium to another.
Answer:

  1. Light incident normally.
  2. Equal refractive index of the two different media.

(42) Why is the refractive index of atmosphere different at different altitudes?
Answer:
The refractive index of atmosphere is different at different altitudes because the air density changes with altitude.

(43) For the same angle of incidence in media P Q and R, the angles of refraction are 45°, 35° and 30° respectively. In which medium is the speed of light minimum? Give reason for your answer.
Answer:
In medium R, the speed of light is minimum.
In the usual notation, as n = \(\frac { c }{ v }\) = \(\frac { sin i }{ sin r }\).
For medium R, r is minimum and hence the speed v is minimum.

(44) Observe the following incomplete ray diagram, where the image A’B’ is formed after refraction from a convex lens :
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 15
On the basis of the above information, fill in the blanks :
(1) The position of object AB (not shown in the figure) must be
(2) The size of the object must be than the size of the image.
Answer:
(1) beyond 2F1
(2) greater.

(45) Raju focussed the image of a candle flame on a white screen using a convex lens. He noted the position of the candle as 26.0 cm, the position of the convex lens as 50.0 cm and the position of the screen as 74.0 cm. What is the focal length of the convex lens?
Answer:
Here, u = the distance of the candle from the convex lens = – (50.0 – 26.0) = – 24.0 cm
v = the distance of the screen from the convex lens = (74.0 – 50.0) = 24.0 cm
From the lens formula,
∴ \(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{-1}{u}+\frac{1}{v}\)
∴ \(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{-1}{(-24)}+\frac{1}{24}=\frac{2}{24}\)
∴ f = 12 cm

(46) Study the given ray diagram. Name the device Y.
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 16
Answer:
Device Y is a concave mirror.

(47) Which property of a concave mirror is utilized for using it as a shaving mirror ?
Answer:
When an object is held between the pole and the principal focus of a concave mirror, a virtual, erect and magnified image of the object is formed. This property of a concave mirror is utilized for using it as a shaving mirror.

(48) How do you draw a normal to a spherical mirror at a particular point on the mirror?
Answer:
Join that point on the mirror to the centre of curvature of the mirror and extend the line if required.

(49) The magnification produced by a concave mirror is -1. What is the position of the object?
Answer:
The object must be at the centre of curvature of the concave mirror.
(The image formed is real, inverted and of the same size as the object. That is why magnification = -1).

(50) The magnification produced a spherical mirror is ±2. What kind of mirror can it be?
Answer:
The mirror must be a concave mirror. (Only then magnification can be positive or negative).

(51) Bharat claims to have obtained an image twice the size of the object with a concave lens. Is he correct? Give reason for your answer.
Answer:
Bharat’s claim is not correct.
This is because the image formed by a concave lens is always smaller in size than the object.

(52) Out of alcohol with n= 1.36 and carbon disulphide with n = 1.63 which is denser optically?
Answer:
Carbon disulphide with greater refractive index is optically denser than alcohol.

(53) What is the nature of the image formed by a concave mirror if the magnification produced by the mirror is +3?
Answer:
The image must be virtual, erect, enlarged (three times in size relative to the object) and formed behind the mirror.

(54) With respect to air, the refractive index of ice is 1.31 and that of rock salt is 1.54. Calculate the refractive index of rock salt with respect to ice.
Answer:
nia = 1.31 and nra = 1.54, nri = ?
Now, nri = \(\frac{n_{\mathrm{ra}}}{n_{\mathrm{ia}}}=\frac{1.54}{1.31}\) = 1.17

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction

(55) What is the minimum number of rays required for locating the image formed by a concave mirror?
Answer:
At least two rays are required for locating the image formed by a concave mirror.

(56) By changing the object distance the focal length of a given spherical mirror cannot be changed but the linear magnification produced by the mirror can be changed. Agree / Disagree?
Answer:
Agree

(57) Write the correct sequence of angle of incidence, angle of emergence, angle of refraction and lateral displacement shown in the following diagram by numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4.
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 17
Answer:
2, 1, 4, 3.

(58) What is the relation between n1 and n2 in the following three ray diagrams (figures)?
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 18
Answer:
(a) n1 < n2
(b) n1 = n2
(c) n1 > n2

Important note: In case of a concave lens the corresponding relation between n1 and n2 along with, the ray diagrams (figures) is shown below:
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 19

(59) Which factors determine the focal length of a lens?
Answer:
The focal length of a lens depends on:

  • the radii of curvature of the surfaces of the lens.
  • the nature of the material of the lens.
  • the nature of the medium in which the lens is placed.

[Note : It also depends upon the frequency of the incident light.]

Value Based Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Two fast friends named Anjalee and Shweta spend most of the time with each other. One S day, Anjalee observed that Shweta has pain in gums while eating her school-lunch. Anjalee’s S father is a dentist. So she advised Shweta to come with her to her father’s clinic.

Anjalee’s father examined Shweta’s mouth and teeth with a mirror and light and advised her not to eat too many chocolates and drink soft drinks, Then she started taking care of her mouth as she washed her mouth properly every time after having food and also started taking calcium-rich diet.

  1. Which type of mirror is used by the dentist?
  2. Name the phenomenon of light by which the doctor is able to examine Shweta.
  3. What values are shown by Anjalee?

Answer:

  1. Concave mirror
  2. Reflection of light
  3. Friendship
  4. Concern for other
  5. Helping nature

Question 2.
In a small town-fair, Amey took his friend and showed him a mirror in which his image showed the upper half of the body very fat and lower half of the body very thin. Amey’s friend got upset but Amey explained him by showing his similar image in the mirror.

  1. Name the two mirrors used in this fair shop.
  2. Name the mirror in which the size of image is small.
  3. What values are displayed by Amey?

Answer:

  1. Concave and convex mirror
  2. Convex mirror
  3. Compassion and empathy.

Question 3.
Prashant was going to his office in his car. While driving his car, Prashant saw a man behind him on a motorcycle through his rear-view mirror. A woman was also sitting behind the man on the motercycle. Through his rear-view mirror, Prashant noticed that the saree of the woman was almost touching the spokes of the motorcycle wheel. He signalled the motorcyclist to stop and alerted the woman. She tied her saree properly and thanked Prashant for the s alert.
(1) What type of mirror is used as a rear-view mirror?
(2) State two characteristics of the image formed by such a mirror.
(3) What values are displayed by Prashant in this incident?
Answer:
(1) Convex mirror

(2)

  • Virtual and erect
  • diminished (smaller than the object)

(3) The values displayed by Prashant in this incident are …

  • Vigilant (because he kept careful watch for a likely mishap around him)
  • Concern about others (here, he was concerned about the safety of the woman)
  • Responsible citizen (because, he stopped the motorcycle and alerted the woman about an impending danger to her life).

Question 4.
On the way from Ahmedabad to Vadodara there were four friends in a car. Sanjay was driving the car. He saw from his side mirror that the car which was behind their car had met with an accident.

He suddenly applied the brakes, even after his friends asked him to leave the situation as it is. But still Sanjay did not agree and got down from the car and persuaded his friends to help the injured. All of them took the injured person to the nearest hospital. After taking first-aid from the hospital, the victim thanked them for saving his life.
(1) Name the type of mirror from which Sanjay saw the accident.
(2) Why is this type of mirror used as a side mirror in vehicles?
(3) What can you learn from Sanjay’s character?
Answer:
(1) A convex mirror

(2) Convex mirrors have a wider field of view, as they are curved outwards. Therefore, a convex mirror enables the driver to view much larger area.

(3) Sanjay is of helping nature.
We learn to help needy people.

Question 5.
At one of the blind ends of a road in a colony, lot of accidents used to take place. One day, Shalini moved into a house near ; the blind end. On a certain day, she saw an accident taking place at the blind end.

She, at once rushed to the spot and helped the victims with the first-aid. She then telephoned for an ambulance. Later on she met the president of the welfare committee of the colony and requested him to install huge convex mirrors at both the ends of the blind end. After the installation of the mirrors the accident rate suddenly dropped.

  1. Why did Shalini advise the installation of huge convex mirrors at both ends of the blind end?
  2. What according to you are the values displayed by Shalini?
  3. What according to you are the values displayed by president of the welfare committee of the colony?

Answer:

  1. A convex mirror has a wide range of view. As a result, it is capable of showing the traffic on the other side or the blind end. Since, she was aware of this fact, Shalini advised for their installation.
  2. The values displayed by Shalini are concern for others and right use of knowledge.
  3. The values displayed by the president of the welfare committee of the colony are understanding nature, sense of duty and concern for the safety of others.

Practical Skill Based Questions With Answers

Question 1.
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 20
(1) In the figure, u = ……………. and f = ……………..
(2) For the image of the object AB, v = ……………. and h’ = …………….
(3) Find magnification m.
Answer:
(1) – 30 cm, +15 cm
because from the given figure,
u = 2f1 = – 2 x 15 = – 30 cm and
f = + 15 cm as the given lens is convex.

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 21

Question 2.
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 22
(1) In the figure, f = …………….. and u = ………………
(2) State the type of image.
(3) Will the value (modulus) of magnification be 1 or less than 1 or more than 1?
Answer:
(1) – 12 cm, – 24 cm
From the given figure, f = – 12cm.
(∵ the given lens is concave) and u = – 2f1 = – 2 x 12 = – 24 cm
(∵ (Real) object distance is always negative.)

(2) Type of image : virtual, erect and diminished

(3) Less than 1
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 23

Question 3.
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 24
As shown in the figure, three different reflected rays are obtained from three different mirrors. Carefully study the given diagrams and answer the following questions:

  1. Which one of the given mirrors is convex?
  2. Which of the mirrors will (i) reflect light as a parallel beam of light (ii) converge the parallel beam when a parallel beam of light is incident on it?
  3. Which one of the given mirrors will always produce an image equal in size to that of the object?
  4. Which mirror will form an image smaller than object size?
  5. Which mirror will form an image smaller or bigger than the object depending on the object distance?
  6. Which mirror is used (i) in a dressing table, (ii) as a rear-view mirror in vehicles (iii) by a dentist?

Answer:

  1. Mirror B
  2. Mirror A will reflect light as a parallel beam of light and mirror C will converge a parallel beam of light.
  3. Mirror A
  4. Mirror B
  5. Mirror C
  6. Mirror A is used in a dressing table, mirror B is used as a rear-view mirror in vehicles and mirror C is used by a dentist.

Question 4.
For a spherical mirror, obtain the equation for magnification m in terms of (1) f and u only (2) f and v only.
Answer:
(1) Mirror formula : = \(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{v}+\frac{1}{u}\)
Multiply both the sides by – u
∴ \(\frac{-u}{f}=\frac{-u}{v}+\frac{-u}{u}\)
∴ \(\frac{-u}{f}=\frac{-u}{v}\) – 1
∴ \(\frac{-u}{v}=1-\frac{u}{f}\)
∴ \(\frac{-u}{v}=\frac{f-u}{f}\)
∴ \(\frac{-v}{u}=\frac{f}{f-u}\)
∴ m = \(\frac{f}{f-u}\) (∵ m = – \(\frac{v}{u}\))

(2) Mirror formula : \(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{u}+\frac{1}{v}\)
Multiply both the sides by – v
∴ \(\frac{-v}{f}=\frac{-v}{v}+\frac{-v}{u}\)
∴ \(\frac{-v}{f}=-1-\frac{v}{u}\)
∴ \(\frac{-v}{u}=1-\frac{v}{f}\)
∴ \(\frac{-v}{u}=\frac{f-v}{f}\)
∴ \(\frac{-v}{u}=\frac{f-v}{f}\)
∴ m = \(\frac{f-v}{f}\) (∵ m = – \(\frac{v}{u}\))

Question 5.
For a lens, obtain the equation for magnification m in terms of (1) f and u only (2) f and v only.
Answer:
(1) Lens formula : \(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{v}-\frac{1}{u}\)
Multiply by u on both the sides,
∴ \(\frac{u}{f}=\frac{u}{v}-\frac{-u}{u}\)
∴ \(\frac{u}{f}=\frac{u}{f}\) + 1
∴ \(\frac{u}{v}=\frac{u+f}{f}\)
∴ \(\frac{v}{v}=\frac{f}{f+u}\)
∴ m = \(\frac{f}{f+u}\) (∵ m = \(\frac{v}{u}\))

(2) Lens formula : \(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{v}-\frac{1}{u}\)
Multiply by v on both the sides,
∴ \(\frac{v}{f}=\frac{v}{v}-\frac{v}{u}\)
∴ \(\frac{v}{f}= 1-\frac{v}{u}\)
∴ \(\frac{v}{u}=1-\frac{v}{f}\)
∴ \(\frac{v}{u}=\frac{f-v}{f}\)
∴ m = \(\frac{f-v}{f}\) (∵ m = \(\frac{v}{u}\))

JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction

Question 6.
In case of a convex mirror, if an object is kept at a distance equal to its focal length, then the height of the image is half the height of the object. Prove this result from the formula for magnification only.
Answer:
Here u = – f
Now, m = \(\frac { f }{ f-u }\)
∴ m = \(\frac { f }{ f-(-f)}\)
m = \(\frac { f }{ 2f }\)
= \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\)
Now, m = \(\frac { h’ }{ h }\)
∴ \(\frac { h’ }{ h }\) = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\)
∴ h’ = \(\frac { h }{ 2 }\)

Question 7.
The focal length of a convex lens is +10 cm and the focal length of a concave lens is -10 cm. If two objects of equal height are kept on the principal focus of both the lenses, then find the position of the image formed in each case.
Answer:
In case of a convex lens, f = + 10 cm,
u = – 10 cm
Now, \(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{v}-\frac{1}{u}\)
∴ \(\frac{1}{v}=\frac{1}{f}+\frac{1}{u}\)
\(\frac{1}{+10}+\frac{1}{-10}\)
= 0
∴ v = ∞
Hence, the image formed by the convex lens would be at infinite distance from the lens.
In case of concave lens, f = – 10cm, u = – 10 cm
Now, \(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{v}-\frac{1}{u}\)
∴ \(\frac{1}{v}=\frac{1}{f}+\frac{1}{u}\)
= \(\frac{1}{-10}+\frac{1}{-10}\)
= \(\frac{(-10)+(-10)}{-10 \times-10}\)
= \(\frac { -20 }{ 100 }\)
= – \(\frac { 1 }{ 5 }\)
Hence, the image formed by the concave lens would be exactly between principal focus F and optical centre O of the concave lens on the same side as that of the object.

Question 8.
If p, q and r denote the object distance, image-distance and the radius of curvature of a spherical mirror, then prove, r = \(\frac{2 p q}{p+q}\).
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 25

Question 9.
A real, inverted image of the size of the object is to be formed by holding the object at 1 metre from a convex lens. What should be the focal length of the lens? Draw the ray diagram.
Answer:
When the size of the image = the size of the object, the distance of the object from a convex lens, u = 2f where f is focal length of a convex lens.
Here, u = 2f = 1 metre (given).
∴ f = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) m = 0.5 m = 50 cm
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 26
The course of rays in this case is as shown in the figure above.

Question 10.
AB and CD, two spherical mirrors, form parts of a hollow spherical ball with its centre at O, as shown in the diagram. If arc AB = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) arc CD,
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 27
(1) What is the ratio of their focal lengths?
(2) State which of the two mirrors will always form a virtual image of an object placed in front of it and why?
Answer:
(1) f = \(\frac { R }{ 2 }\) The radius of curvature is the same in two cases. Hence, numerically, the focal length |f| will be the same. But the focal length of a convex mirror (AB) is positive while that of a concave mirror (CD) is negative. Hence the ratio of the focal lengths will be – 1.
[Note: Ratio of numerical value of the focal lengths will be 1.]

(2) Mirror AB will always form a virtual image as mirror AB is a diverging / convex mirror.

Question 11.
What is lateral displacement? Show that a ray incident obliquely on a rectangular glass slab, emerges parallel to the incident ray.
Answer:

  1. Place a glass slab on a plane sheet of paper fixed on a drawing board.
  2. Draw its boundary.
  3. Fix two pins A and B on one side of the slab.
  4. Look through the opposite side of the slab and fix two pins C and D in such a way that all the four pins
  5. A, B, C and D appear to be in a straight line.
  6. CD is the emergent ray. Let it subtend an angle e with the normal.
  7. In the first refraction from medium a (air) to medium b (glass), i is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of refraction.
    JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 28

Refraction through a rectangular glass slab of thickness: A lateral displacement In the second refraction at E, the angle of incidence in medium b is r and the angle of refraction in medium a is e.
nab = \(\frac{\sin r}{\sin e}\) … (2)
From (1) and (2), we have
nba x nab = \(\frac{\sin i}{\sin r} \times \frac{\sin r}{\sin e}\)
Butnba x nab = 1, according to the principle of reversibility.
Hence, 1 = \(\frac{\sin i}{\sin e}\)
∴ sin i = sin e
∴ i = e
Thus, the angle of emergence is equal to the angle of incidence. Therefore, incident ray produced (or extended) i.e., AOd is parallel to emergent ray CD.

Thus, the emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray, but displaced sideways as shown in the figure. This sideways displacement FE is known as lateral displacement.

Question 12.
Identify the device used as a spherical mirror or lens in the following cases, when the image formed is virtual and erect in each case.

  1. An object is placed between the device and its principal focus. The image formed is enlarged and behind the device.
  2. The object is placed between the principal focus and device. The image formed is enlarged and on the same side as that of the object.
  3. The object is placed at finite distance from the device (i.e., between infinity and device). The image formed is diminished and lies between the principal focus and optical centre and on the same side as that of the object.
  4. The object is placed at finite distance from the device (i.e., between infinity and device). The image formed is diminished and lies between the pole and principal focus as well as behind it.

Answer:

  1. A concave mirror.
  2. A convex lens.
  3. A concave lens.
  4. A convex mirror.

Question 13.
Sudha finds that a sharp image of the s windowpane of her science laboratory is formed at 15 cm from the lens. She now tries to focus the building visible to her outside the? window instead of the windowpane without disturbing the lens. In which direction will she move the screen to obtain a sharp image of s the building? What is the approximate focal length of this lens?
Answer:
To obtain a sharp image of the building instead of the windowpane, Sudha will have to move the screen slightly towards the lens. The approximate focal length of this lens is 15 cm.

Question 14.
Under what condition in an arrangement of two plane mirrors, will an incident ray and the reflected ray be always parallel to each other? (whatever may be the angle of incidence) Show the same with a diagram.
Answer:
When two plane mirrors are placed at 90° to each other, then the incident and reflected rays will always be parallel to each other, whatever may be the angle of incidence. The course of rays is shown in Fig. for i = 45°.
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 29
[Note: Students can repeat this activity for different angles of incidence to verify the answer given above.]

Question 15.
Study the diagram given below carefully and answer the following questions :
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 30

  1. Due to which phenomenon does the path of a ray of light get deviated?
  2. Name the device X.
  3. What is point A called ?
  4. Which quantity is the inverse of the distance between device X and point A?
  5. State the SI unit of the physical quantity mentioned as the answer to question (4).

Answer:

  1. Refraction
  2. Convex lens
  3. Principal Focus
  4. Power of a lens
  5. D (dioptre)

Memory Map:
JAC Class 10 Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 31