Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th English Solutions First Flight Poem 7 Animals

JAC Class 10th English Animals Textbook Questions and Answers

Thinking about the Poem (Page 84)

Question 1.
Notice the use of the word “turn’ in the first line, “I think I could turn and live with animals …”. What is the poet turning from?
(प्रथम पंक्ति में ‘turn’ नामक शब्द को देखें। “मेरे विचार में मैं जाकर जानवरों के साथ रह सकता हूँ ….।” कवि किससे विमुख हो रहा है?)
Answer:
The poet compares animals and humans. He thinks that animals are better than human beings. So he thinks that he can turn away from a human being and go to live with the animals.
(कवि पशुओं और मनुष्यों की तुलना करता है। वह सोचता है कि पशु मनुष्यों की तुलना में बेहतर होते हैं। इसलिए वह सोचता है कि उसे मनुष्य से विमुख होकर रहने के लिए पशुओं के पास रहने चले जाना चाहिए।)

Question 2.
Mention three things that humans do and animals don’t.
(तीन बातें लिखिए जो मनुष्य करते हैं, पशु नहीं।)
Answer:
(i) The human beings cry about their conditions, but animals do not do so.
(मनुष्य अपने हालातों पर चीखते-चिल्लाते हैं, जबकि पशु ऐसा नहीं करते हैं।)

(ii) The human beings lie awake in the dark and weep for their sins. But the animals do not weep for their sins.
(मनुष्य अंधेरे में जागकर और रोकर अपने पापों का पश्चात्ताप करते रहते हैं। लेकिन पशु अपने पापों के लिए रोते नहीं हैं।)

(iii) The human beings make the poet sick by discussing their duty to God, but the animals do not do so.
(मनुष्य भगवान के प्रति अपने कर्तव्य पर चर्चा करके कवि को तंग कर देते हैं, जबकि पशु ऐसा नहीं करते हैं।)

Question 3.
Do humans kneel to other humans who lived thousands of years ago ? Discuss this in groups.
(क्या मनुष्य हज़ारों साल पहले रहने वाले दूसरे मनुष्यों के सामने झुकते हैं? इस पर समूह बनाकर चर्चा करें।)
Answer:
Yes, human beings do that. They do so to show respect to the elderly. It is a cultural/moral feature of our society.
(हाँ, मनुष्य ऐसा करते हैं। वे बड़ों का सम्मान करने के लिए ऐसा करते हैं। यह हमारे समाज की एक सांस्कृतिक नैतिक विशेषता है।)

Question 4.
What are the ‘tokens’ that the poet says he may have dropped long ago, and which the animals have kept for him? Discuss this in class. (Hint: Whitman belongs to the Romantic tradition that includes Rousseau and Wordsworth, which holds that civilisation has made humans false to their own true nature. What could be the basic aspects of our nature as living beings that humans choose to ignore or deny ?)
(कौन-से ऐसे ‘संकेत’ हैं जिनके विषय में कवि हमें कहता है कि हमने उन्हें वर्षों पहले ही छोड़ दिया है, और जिन्हें पशुओं ने अभी कवि के लिए रखा है? इसकी कक्षा में चर्चा करें। (संकेत : व्हिटमैन रोमांचकारी रीति-रिवाज़ों से संबंध रखता है जो रूसो और वर्सवर्थ को सम्मिलित करता है, यह मानता है कि सभ्यता ने मानव को अपनी सच्ची प्रकृति से झूठा बना दिया है। सजीव होने के नाते हमारे स्वभाव के क्या मूल तत्त्व हो सकते हैं जिन्हें मनुष्यों को चुनना या छोड़ना चाहिए?)
Answer:
The ‘tokens’ that Whitman speaks of are the tokens of love, affection, kindness, truth, honesty, sympathy, fellow-feelings, etc. towards one and all. It is sad that these good human virtues have disappeared. The poet feels it very bad. He thinks that in this regard animals are better than human beings.

(जिन ‘संकेतों’ के बारे में व्हिटमैन बात कर रहा है वे प्यार, स्नेह, दयालुता, सच्चाई, ईमानदारी, सहानुभूति, भाईचारे की भावना इत्यादि के संकेत हैं, एक-दूसरे के प्रति। यह बहुत ही दुख की बात है कि ये अच्छे मानवीय गुण लुप्त हो गए हैं। कवि को यह बात बहुत बुरी लगती है। वह सोचता है कि इस मामले में पशु मनुष्यों से बेहतर हैं।)

JAC Class 10th English Animals Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What does the poet wish to live with?
Answer:
The poet wishes to turn from human beings and live with animals.

Question 2.
How do the animals appear to the poet?
Answer:
The animals appear calm, peaceful and self-confident to the poet.

Question 3.
What is the attitude of the animals towards their condition?
Answer:
The animals do not sweat and complain about their condition.

Question 4.
What is the attitude of the animals toward their sins?
Answer:
The animals do not weep for their sins.

Question 5.
What do the men make the poet sick for?
Answer:
The men make the poet sick by discussing their duty to God.

Question 6.
What mania do the human beings suffer from?
Answer:
The human beings suffer from the mania of possessing things.

Question 7.
What is the attitude of humans about those who lived thousands of years ago?
Answer:
They kneel to the images of those who lived thousands of years ago.

Question 8.
What “tokens of myself does the poet refer to?
Answer:
These tokens of myself are the love and affection of the animals for the poet.

Question 9.
Why does Whitman wish to live with the animals?
Answer:
Whitman wishes to live with the animals because he finds them very peaceful and self-confident.

Question 10.
What shows that the poet loves animals?
Answer:
The poet stands and looks at the animals long and long.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why does the poet want to live with the animals?
(कवि पशुओं के साथ में क्यों रहना चाहता है?)
Answer:
The poet thinks that the animals are very peaceful and self-confident. They do not complain of their condition. They don’t weep for their sins. That is why, he wants to live with the animals.
(कवि महसूस करता है कि पशु बहुत ही शांत और आत्मविश्वास से पूर्ण होते हैं। वे अपनी स्थिति के बारे में शिकायत नहीं करते हैं। वे अपने पापों के लिए रोते नहीं हैं। यही कारण है कि वह पशुओं के साथ रहना चाहता है।)

Question 2.
What is the difference between animals and humans regard their attitude to their conditions, sins and God ?
(अपनी स्थिति, पापों और भगवान के प्रति दृष्टिकोण से मनुष्यों और पशुओं में क्या अंतर है?)
Answer:
Human beings cry about their condition. They lie awake at night in the dark and weep for their sins. They make the poet sick by discussing their duty about God. But animals do not do any of these things. That is why, the poet likes them.
(मनुष्य अपनी स्थिति पर रोते हैं। वे रात को अंधेरे में जागते हुए पड़े रहते हैं और अपने पापों के लिए रोते रहते हैं। वे भगवान के प्रति अपने कर्तव्य पर चर्चा करके कवि को तंग करते रहते हैं। लेकिन पशु इनमें से कोई भी कार्य नहीं करते हैं। यही कारण है कि कवि उन्हें पसंद करता है।)

Question 3.
How are animals different from the humans about owning things or kneeling to one another? (चीजों को रखने और दूसरों के आगे झुकने में पशु मनुष्यों से कैसे भिन्न हैं?)
Answer:
Human beings are mad about possessing things. But animals do not care for possession. It is madness only for the humans. They do not kneel to others as the humans do. For them all are equal.
(मनुष्य चीजों को पाने के पीछे पागल हो रहे हैं। लेकिन पशु चीजों को पाने की परवाह नहीं करते हैं। यह तो केवल मनुष्यों का ही पागलपन है। वे दूसरों के सामने नहीं झुकते हैं जैसे कि मनुष्य करते हैं। उनके लिए सभी बराबर हैं।)

Question 4.
How are animals better than the humans, according to the poet?
(कवि के अनुसार, पशु मनुष्यों से कैसे बेहतर हैं?)
Answer:
According to the poet, the animals are more humane than the humans. They have no such bad qualities as the humans have. In their world, all are happy, equal and content. They show their relations to the poet and he accepts them.
(कवि के अनुसार, पशु मनुष्य की अपेक्षा अधिक मानवीय हैं। उनमें मनुष्यों जैसे बुरे गुण नहीं हैं। उनके संसार में, सभी प्रसन्न, समान और संतुष्ट होते हैं। वे कवि के प्रति अपने संबंधों को व्यक्त करते हैं और वह उन्हें स्वीकार कर लेता है।)

Essay Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the brief summary of poem ‘Animals’ in your own words.
(कविता ‘Animals’ का संक्षिप्त सारांश अपने शब्दों में लिखें।)
Answer:
In this poem, the poet, Whitman compares man to animals. He finds that man lacks many virtues that animals have. The poet desires to live among the animals because they are calm and self confident. They are well contented. They do not sweat and complain about their condition like human beings. They do not possess the mania of possessing things. No animals has to bow to another of their kind. They all are equal and remain satisfied. The poet has a deep desire to learn from the animals. They do not have any kind of falsehood. The poet is much surprised at their quality. He wants to learn them though he had dropped them carelessly.

(इस कविता में, कवि, व्हिटमैन मनुष्य की तुलना पशुओं से करता है। वह पाता है कि मनुष्यों में उन बहुत-से गुणों का अभाव है जो पशुओं में होते हैं। कवि पशुओं के बीच में रहना चाहता है क्योंकि वे शांत और आत्मविश्वास से पूर्ण होते हैं। वे पूर्णतया संतुष्ट होते हैं। वे पसीना नहीं बहाते हैं और मनुष्यों की तरह अपनी स्थिति के बारे में कभी शिकायत नहीं करते हैं। उनमें वस्तुओं का संग्रह करने का उन्माद नहीं होता है। किसी पशु को अपने जैसे दूसरे पशु के सामने झुकना नहीं पड़ता है। वे सभी समान हैं और संतुष्ट रहते हैं। कवि की बहुत इच्छा है कि वह पशुओं से सीखे। उनमें किसी प्रकार का बनावटीपन नहीं होता है। कवि उनके गुण से बहुत अधिक प्रभावित है। वह उनसे सीखना चाहता है यद्यपि उसने इन गुणों को लापरवाही से टाल दिया था।)

Question 2.
What is the theme of the poem ‘Animals?
(“Animals’ कविता का विषय क्या है?)
Or
What is the Central Idea of the poem ‘Animals”?
(“Animals’ कविता का केंद्रीय विचार क्या है?)
Answer:
The theme/Central idea of the poem is the superiority of animals life over to human beings. The poet, Whitman, compares animals with the human beings. He finds animals far better than human beings. The poet finds the reasons of human suffering. Human beings are always dissatisfied. All their actions are with a selfish motives. But animals are far far away from these bad qualities. So the poet wishes to turn and live with the animals.

(इस कविता का विषय केंद्रीय विचार है मनुष्यों के जीवन पर पशुओं के जीवन की श्रेष्ठता। कवि, व्हिटमैन, पशुओं की तुलना मनुष्यों से करता है। वह पशुओं को मनुष्यों की अपेक्षा कहीं बेहतर पाता है। कवि मनुष्यों के कष्टों का कारण भी ढूँढता है। मनुष्य हमेशा असंतुष्ट रहते हैं। उनके सारे कार्य स्वार्थ की भावना से पूर्ण होते हैं। लेकिन पशु इन बुरे गुणों से कोसों दूर हैं। इसलिए कवि विमुख होकर पशुओं के साथ रहना चाहता है।)

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
What does Whitman want to turn from?
(A) human beings
(B) animals
(C) good qualities
(D) all of the above
Answer:
(A) human beings

Question 2.
Whom does the poet wish to live with?
(A) human beings
(B) animals
(C) both (A) and (B)
(D) none of the above
Answer:
(B) animals

Question 3.
How do animals appear to the poet?
(A) calm
(B) full of self-confidence
(C) well-contented
(D) all of the above
Answer:
(D) all of the above

Question 4.
Who is/are always complaining about their condition?
(A) the poet
(B) animals
(C) human beings
(D) all of the above
Answer:
(C) human beings

Question 5.
Animals don’t do?
(A) never sweat
(B) never complain about their condition
(C) never weep for their sins
(D) all of the above
Answer:
(D) all of the above

Question 6.
What mania do the human beings suffer from?
(A) possessing of things
(B) good qualities
(C) contentment
(D) peace
Answer:
(A) possessing of things

Question 7.
What do the animals possess?
(A) kindness
(B) fellow-feeling for all
(C) sympathy
(D) all of the above
Answer:
(D) all of the above

Question 8.
According to Whitman who are greater?
(A) human beings
(B) animals
(C) both (A) and (B)
(D) none of the above
Answer:
(B) animals

Question 9.
Who kneels to another?
(A) man
(B) animal
(C) both (A) and (B)
(D) none of the above
Answer:
(A) man

Question 10.
Who is the poet of the poem ‘Animals’?
(A) Robert Frost
(B) Carl Sandburg
(C) Walt Whitman
(D) W.B. Yeats
Answer:
(C) Walt Whitman

Animals Important for Comprehension Of Stanzas

Read the following stanzas and answer the questions that follow :

STANZA 1

I think I could turn and live with animals, they are
so placid and self-contain’d,
I stand and look at them long and long.

Questions:
(a) Name the poem and the poet.
(b) Where could the poet turn from?
(c) Why does the poet want to turn?
(d) What does the poet say about animals?
(e) What shows that the poet loves animals?
Answers:
(a) Poem: Animals, Poet: Walt Whitman
(b) The poet could tum from human beings.
(c) The poet wants to turn because the animals appear calm and peaceful to him,
(d) The animals are calm, peaceful and self-confident.
(e) The poet wants to live with animals.

STANZA 2

They do not sweat and whine about their condition,
They do not lie awake in the dark and weep for their sins,
They do not make me sick discussing their duty to God,

Questions:
(a) Name the poem.
(b) What does ‘they’refer to?
(c) Who lie awake in the dark and weep for their sins?
(d) What is the attitude of the animals for their sins?
(e) Which word in the stanza means ‘complain’?
Answers:
(a) The name of the poem is Animals’.
(b) They refer to the animals.
(c) Human beings lie awake in the dark and weep for their sins.
(d) They do not weep for their sins.
(e) Whine.

STANZA 3

Not one is dissatisfied, not one is demented with the mania of owning things,
Not one kneels to another, nor to his kind that lived thousands of years ago,
Not one is respectable or unhappy over the whole earth.

Questions:
(a) Name the poem.
(b) What is unique in the animal world?
(c) What is the attitude of the poet about animals?
(d) Who is unhappy over the whole earth?
(e) Find out a word from the stanza similar in meaning to obsession’
Answers:
(a) The name of the poem is “Animals”
(b) ‘Animals’are not dissatisfied with their life.
(c) The poet likes the life of the animals.
(d) Human beings are unhappy over the whole earth.
(e) Mania.

STANZA 4

So they show their relations to me and I accept them,
They bring me tokens of mysely, they evince them plainly in their possession
I wonder where they get those tokens,
Did I pass that way huge times ago and negligently drop them?

Questions:
(a) Who are they’ here in the first line?
(b) What are these “tokens of myself’?
(c) What is the main point about animals here?
(d) What does the poet wonder about?
(e) What does the poet accept?
Answers :
(a) ‘They’ here are the animals.
(b) These ‘tokens of myself are the love and affection of the animals towards the poet.
(c) The main point here is the difference between humans and the animals.
(d) The poet wonders how the animals got those tokens of love and affection.
(e) The poet accepts that the animals are related to him.

Animals Summary in English

Animals Introduction in English

In this poem the poet, Whitman compares man to animals. He finds that man lacks many virtues that animals have. The poet says that he feels more at home with animals than human beings since they are selfish, false and always dissatisfied, while the animals are unselfish, true and more satisfied. They show their love for us.

Animals Summary in English

In this poem, the poet, Whitman compares man to animals. He finds that man lacks many virtues that animals have. The poet desires to live among the animals because they are calm and self confident. They are well contented. They do not sweat and complain about their condition like human beings. They do not possess the mania of possessing things. No animals has to bow to another of their kind. They all are equal and remain satisfied. The poet has a deep desire to learn from the animals. They do not have any kind of falsehood. The poet is much surprised at their quality. He wants to learn them though he had dropped them carelessly.

Animals Summary in Hindi

Animals Introduction in Hindi

(इस कविता में कवि, व्हिटमैन मनुष्य की तुलना पशुओं से करता है। उसे लगता है कि मनुष्यों में पशुओं वाले बहुत-से गुणों का अभाव है। कवि कहता है कि पशुओं की संगति में वह मनुष्यों की अपेक्षा अधिक आरामदायक महसूस करता है क्योंकि वे स्वार्थी, झूठे और हमेशा असंतुष्ट रहते हैं, जबकि पशु निःस्वार्थी, सच्चे और अधिक संतुष्ट रहते हैं। वे हमारे प्रति अपने प्यार को प्रदर्शित करते हैं।)

Animals Summary in Hindi

इस कविता में, कवि, किटमैन मनुष्य की तुलना पशुओं से करता है। वह पाता है कि मनुष्यों में उन बहुत-से गुणों का अभाव है जो पशुओं में होते हैं। कवि पशुओं के बीच में रहना चाहता है क्योंकि वे शांत और आत्मविश्वास से पूर्ण होते हैं। वे पूर्णतया संतुष्ट होते हैं। वे पसीना नहीं बहाते हैं और मनुष्यों की तरह अपनी स्थिति के बारे में कभी शिकायत नहीं करते हैं। उनमें वस्तुओं का संग्रह करने का उन्माद नहीं होता है। किसी पशु को अपने जैसे दूसरे पशु के सामने झुकना नहीं पड़ता है। वे सभी समान हैं और संतुष्ट रहते हैं। कवि की बहुत इच्छा है कि वह पशुओं से सीखे। उनमें किसी प्रकार का बनावटीपन नहीं होता है। कवि उनके गुण से बहुत अधिक प्रभावित है। वह उनसे सीखना चाहता है यद्यपि उसने इन गुणों को लापरवाही से टाल दिया था।

Animals Translation in Hindi

STANZA 1

I think I could turn and live with animals, they are
so placid and self-contain’d,
I stand and look at them long and long.

Word-meanings: Placid = calm ((शांत)); self-contained = self-confident (आत्मविश्वासी)।

(हिंदी अनुवाद मेरे विचार से मैं जाकर जानवरों के साथ रह सकता हूँ, वे इतने शांत एवं आत्मविश्वासी होते हैं, कि मैं खड़ा होकर उन्हें बहुत देर तक देखता रहता हूँ।)

STANZA 2

They do not sweat and whine about their condition,
They do not lie awake in the dark and weep for their sins,
They do not make me sick discussing their duty to God,

Word-meanings: Sweat = perspire ((पसीना आना)); whine = complain (शिकायत करना)।

(हिंदी अनुवाद उन्हें पसीना नहीं आता और अपनी हालत के बारे में शिकायत नहीं करते, वे अन्धेरे में जागकर अपने पापों के लिए रोते नहीं हैं, वे भगवान के प्रति अपने कर्तव्यों के बारे में बात करके मुझे परेशान नहीं करते।)

STANZA 3

Not one is dissatisfied, not one is demented with the mania of owning things,
Not one kneels to another, nor to his kind that lived thousands of years ago,
Not one is respectable or unhappy over the whole earth.

Word-meanings: Dissatisfied = not satisfied (असन्तुष्ट); demented = mad (पागल); owning = possessing (कब्जा करना/रखना)।

(हिंदी अनुवाद कोई भी असन्तुष्ट नहीं है, कोई भी चीजें एकत्रित करने के पागलपन से पीड़ित नहीं है, कोई दूसरे के सामने झुकता नहीं है, न ही अपनी जाति के प्रति जो हजारों साल पहले थे, सारी धरती पर कोई भी आदरणीय या उदास नहीं है।)

STANZA 4

So they show their relations to me and I accept them,
They bring me tokens of myself, they evince them plainly in their possession
I wonder where they get those tokens,
Did I pass that way huge times ago and negligently drop them?

Word-meanings: Tokens = signs (निशानियाँ); possession = under someone’s possession (किसी के आधिपत्य में होना)।

(हिंदी अनुवाद-इस प्रकार वे मुझसे अपने सम्बन्धों को दर्शाते हैं और मैं उन्हें स्वीकार कर लेता हूँ, वे मेरे पास मेरी निशानियाँ लाते हैं, वे इन्हें स्पष्ट रूप से अपने पास दर्शाते हैं। मुझे हैरानी है कि ये निशानियाँ उन्हें कहाँ मिलीं, क्या मैं बहुत पहले इन्हीं में से पैदा हुआ था और मैंने उन निशानियों को बेपरवाही से टाल दिया था)

JAC Class 10 English Solutions

JAC Board Class 10th English Solutions First Flight Poem 6 Amanda

JAC Class 10th English Amanda Textbook Questions and Answers

Thinking about the Poem (Page 62)

Question 1.
How old do you think Amanda is? How do you know this ?
(आपके विचार में आमांडा की आयु कितनी है? आपको इसके बारे में कैसे पता चलता है?)
Answer:
I think Amanda is a teenager, that is, around 12 or 13. She has acne on her face. Usually, boys or girls at this age have them on their faces.
(मेरे विचार में आमांडा एक किशोरी है, जिसकी आयु 12 या 19 वर्ष है। उसके चेहरे पर मुहाँसे हैं। प्रायः इसी उम्र के लड़कों 0 लड़कियों के चेहरों पर मुहाँसे निकलते हैं।)

Question 2.
Who do you think is speaking to her?
(आपके विचार में उससे कौन बातें कर रहा रही है।)
Answer:
It is either her mother or father, one speaking to her.
(उसकी माता या पिता में से, कोई एक उससे बातें कर रहा है।)

Question 3.
Why are Stanzas 2, 4 and 6 given in parenthesis?
(पद्यांश2,4 और 6 अकेट में क्यों दिए गए है?)
Answer:
Stanzas 2,4 and 6 are given in parenthesis because they are not spoken by the speaker. Here there is a change in narration. These stanzas reflect the thoughts of a day-dreaming girl, that is, Amanda.

(पद्यांश 2, 4 और 6 वैकेट में दिए गए हैं क्योंकि वे वक्ता के द्वारा नहीं बोले गए हैं। अतः इनमें कथन का परिवर्तन आ रहा है। ये पद्यांश एक कल्पनाशील लड़की के विचारों को व्यक्त करते हैं जिसका नाम आमांडा है।)

Question 4.
Who is the speaker in Stanzas 2,4and 6? Do you think this speaker is listening to the speaker in Stanzas 1, 3, 5 and 7?
(पद्यांश 24 और 6 में वक्ता कौन है? क्या आपके विचार में यह क्क्ता पद्यांश 3,5,7के वक्ता की बात को सुन रहा है।)
Answer:
In stanza 2,4 and 6 the speaker is Amanda. In Stanza 2 the speaker is Amanda in the form of a mermaid, in stanza 4 in the form of an orphan and in stanza 6 in the form of a fairy. She does not listen to the speaker of stanzas 1, 3, 5 and 7 as she is a day-dreaming girl.

(stanza 2, 4 और 6 की वक्ता आमांडा है। stanza 2 में वह एक जलपरी के रूप में, stanza 4 में एक अनाथ के रूप में और stanza 6 में एक परी के रूप में वक्ता है। वह stanza 1,3,5 और 7 के वक्ता की बात को नहीं सुनती क्योंकि वह एक कल्पनाशील लड़की है।)

Question 5.
What could Amanda do if she were a mermaid?
(यदि आमांडा एक जलपरी होती तो वह क्या कर सकती वी?)
Answer:
If Amanda were a mermaid, she could move about in the green sea blissfully.
(यदि आमांडा एक जलपरी होती तो वह प्रसन्नतापूर्वक समुद्र में विचरण कर सकती थी।)

Question 6.
Is Amanda an orphan? Why does she say so?
(क्या आमांड एक अनाय है? वह ऐसा क्यों कहती है?)
Answer:
No, Amanda is not an orphan wandering in the street. It is clear in stanga 4. She says so because she wants to have freedom which perhaps she does not have being a parental child.
(नहीं, आमांडा गली में घूमने वाली एक अनाथ लड़की नहीं है। इसका पता हमें stanxa4 में चलता है। वह ऐसा इसलिए कहती है क्योंकि वह पूरी स्वतंत्रता चाहती है जोकि उसे माता-पिता के होने से नहीं मिल पा रही है।)

Question 7.
Do you know the story of Rapunzel? Why does she want to be Rapunzel?
(क्या आपको रेपुंजल की कहानी के बारे में पता है? वह रेपंज़ल क्यों बनना चाहती है?)
Answer:
Rapunzel is the heroine of a fairy story. She is a beautiful girl with long hair. She is imprisoned in a tall tower by a witch. In the story a handsome prince comes and is able to climb to the top of the tower to meet her. He calls out to her, “Rapunzel, Rapunzel, let down your long hair.” Amanda wants to be Rapunzel because then she will have long hair and her prince charming will come to rescue her from her dull life.

रिपुंजल परियों की एक कहानी की नायिका है। वह लंबे बालों वाली एक सुंदर लड़की है। उसके एक जादूगरनी के द्वारा एक ऊँचे टॉवर में बंदी बना लिया जाता है। कहानी में एक सुंदर राजकुमार आता है और उससे मिलने के लिए टॉवर के शिखर पर चढ़ जाने में सफल हो जाता है। वह उसे पुकारता है, “रेपुंज़ल, रेपुंजल, अपने लंबे बालों को नीचे गिराओ।” आमांडा रेपुंजल बनना चाहती है क्योंकि तब उसके लंबे बाल होंगे और उसका आकर्षक राजकुमार उसे नीरसता भरे जीवन से बचाने के लिए आएगा।)

Question 8.
What does the girl yearn for? What does this poem tell you about Amanda?
(लड़की किस चीज की इच्छा करती है? यह कविता आपको आमांडा के विषय में क्या बताती है?)
Answer:
The girl yearns for freedom. She wants to lead her life the way she likes. Perhaps she does not get freedom in her house. That is why, in her day-dreams, she imagines her to be free and charming.
(लड़की स्वतंत्रता की इच्छा करती है। वह अपने जीवन को अपनी मर्जी के अनुसार जीना चाहती है। शायद उसे अपने घर में स्वतंत्रता नहीं मिलती। यही कारण है कि वह सारा दिन स्वतंत्र होने और आकर्षक होने के ख्वाब देखती रहती है।)

Question 9.
Read the last stanza. Do you think Amanda is sulking and is moody?
(अंतिम stanza को पढ़िए। क्या आपके विचार में आमांडा उदासीन और अपने में मस्त रहने वाली लड़की है?)
Answer:
The speaker thinks that Amanda is sulking. In fact, Amanda is not happy with her surroundings. She often escapes to the world of day-dreams. That is why, when she comes back from those dreams to the world of harsh reality, she seems to be sulking.
(वक्ता की सोच है कि आमांडा एक उदासीन लड़की है। वास्तव में आमांडा अपने वातावरण से संतुष्ट नहीं है। वह प्रायः ख्वाबों की दुनिया में चली जाती है। यही कारण है कि जब वह उन ख्वाबों से कटु सच्चाइयों वाले संसार में वापिस लौटती है तो वह उदासीन लगती है।)

JAC Class 10th English Amanda Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What does the speaker ask Amanda not to do to her nails?
Answer:
The speaker asks Amanda not to bite her nails.

Question 2.
What should Amanda not to do to her soldiers?
Answer:
She should not hunch her soldiers.

Question 3.
How should Amanda sit?
Answer:
She should sit straight

Question 4.
What does Amanda wish to do in the sea?
Answer:
She wishes to drift blissfully with the soft-moving waves of the sea.

Question 5.
What was Amanda to finish?
Answer:
She was to finish her homework.

Question 6.
Has Amanda cleaned her shoes?
Answer:
No, she has not cleaned her shoes.

Question 7.
If Amanda is an orphan, what will she do?
Answer:
She will roam about in the streets.

Question 8.
How is silence described?
Answer:
Silence is described as golden.

Question 9.
What is Amanda prohibited to eat?
Answer:
She is prohibited to eat chocolate.

Question 10.
Why should Amanda not eat chocolate?
Answer:
She should not eat chocolate as it causes acne.

Question 11.
Who was Rapunzel?
Answer:
Rapunzel was a fairy with very long hair.

Question 12.
What did Rapunzel do with her long hair?
Answer:
She let her hair fall down from the castle for her lover to climb up holding them.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How does Amanda is seen behaving when the poem starts? What does the speaker ask her not to do?
(जब कविता आरंभ होती है तो आमांडा कैसा व्यवहार करती हुई दिखाई देती है? वक्ता उसे क्या नहीं करने के लिए कहता है?)
Answer:
When the poem beings, we find that Amanda is biting her nails. She is She is sitting in a slouching posture. That is why, the speaker asks her to behave normally. He asks her not to bite her nails and hunch her shoulders. She should sit up straight

(जब कविता आरंभ होती है तो हम देखते हैं कि आमांडा अपने नाखून दाँतों से काट रही है। वह अपने कंधों को उचका रही है। वह दुबके हुए आसन में बैठी है। यही कारण है कि वक्ता उसे ठीक प्रकार से व्यवहार करने के लिए कहता है। वह उससे कहता है कि वह अपने नाखूनों को मत काटे और कंचे मत उचकाए। उसे सीधा होकर बैठना चाहिए।)

Question 2.
How is the sea portrayed in the poem “Amanda”?
(‘आमांडा’ कविता में समुद्र को किस प्रकार चित्रित किया गया है?)
Answer:
The sea is portrayed as peaceful and beautiful in the poem. If Amanda is a mermaid she could move about in the green sea blissfully.
(समुद्र को शांत और सुंदर चित्रित किया गया है। यदि आमांडा एक जलपरी होती तो वह प्रसन्नतापूर्वक समुद्र में विचरण कर सकती थी।)

Question 3.
What three things did the speaker ask Amanda to do which she has not done?
(वक्ता आमांडा से कौन-कौन सी तीन चीजें करने को कहता है जो उसने नहीं की है?).
Answer:
The speaker asks Amanda to finish her homework. Then he asks her if she has cleaned up her room. Finally he finds that her shoes are not clean even though he had asked her to clean them.

(वक्ता आमांडा से अपना गृहकार्य पूरा करने के लिए कहता है। तब वह उससे पूछता है कि क्या उसने अपना कमरा साफ कर लिया है। अंततः वह देखता है कि उसके जूते साफ नहीं हैं, जबकि उसने उसे जूते साफ करने के लिए कहा था।)

Question 4.
How does Amanda describe her life as an orphan?
(आमांडा अनाथ के रूप में अपने जीवन का वर्णन कैसे करती है?)
Answer:
Amanda says that she is an orphan. She is free and roams the street. There is a soft dust in the street under her feet. She walks silently and creates patterns on the soft dust with her bare feet. She thinks that silence is golden and freedom is sweet.

(आमांडा कहती है कि वह एक अनाथ है। वह स्वतंत्र है और सड़कों पर घूमती है। उसके पाँवों के नीचे सड़क पर मुलायम धूल है। वह सावधानीपूर्वक चलती है और मुलायम धूल पर अपने नंगे पाँवों के निशान छोड़ती है। वह सोचती है कि चुप्पी सोने के समान है और स्वतंत्रता का अहसास मधुर होता है।)

Question 5.
Why is Amanda forbidden to eat chocolate ? How does Amanda behave when she is addressed by the speaker ?
(आमांडा को चॉकलेट खाने की मनाही क्यों है? आमांडा कैसे व्यवहार करती है जब वक्ता के द्वारा उसे संबोधित किया जाता है?)
Answer:
The speaker asks Amanda not to eat chocolate. It is because she has had acnes already. Eating chocolate might create more pimples. Amanda listens to the speaker without raising her face.
(वक्ता आमांडा को चॉकलेट न खाने के लिए कहता है। ऐसा इसलिए है क्योंकि उसे पहले ही मुहाँसे निकले हुए हैं। चॉकलेट खाने से और अधिक मुहाँसे निकल सकते हैं। आमांडा अपना चेहरा ऊपर उठाए बिना वक्ता की बात सुनती है।)

Question 6.
Why does Amanda say, ‘I am Rapunzel’? What does she promise not to do?
(आमांडा क्यों कहती है “मैं रेपंजल हूँ”? वह क्या नहीं करने का वायदा करती है?)
Answer:
Rapunzel was a beautiful girl with long hair. She was locked up in a tower by a witch. In her imagination, Amanda thinks herself to be like Rapunzel who led a peaceful life. She promises never to let down her bright hair.

(रपुंजल लंबे बालों वाली एक सुंदर लड़की थी। उसे एक जादूगरनी के द्वारा एक टॉवर में बंदी बना दिया गया था। अपनी कल्पना में आमांडा, रेपुंजल बनने की सोचती है जो कि शांत जीवन व्यतीत करती है। वह वायदा करती है कि वह अपने चमकीले बालों को कभी नीचे नहीं गिराएगी।)

Question 7.
What does the speaker tell Amanda in the end? What is the speaker afraid of?
(वक्ता अंत में आमांडा को क्या बताता है? वक्ता को किस बात का डर है?)
Answer:
The speaker thinks that Amanda is sulking and moody. He thinks that Amanda is always moody. He asks her not to sulk because he is afraid that people will think that he is nagging Amanda.

(वक्ता सोचता है कि आमांडा उदासीन और अपने में मस्त रहने वाली लड़की है। वह सोचता है कि आमांडा हमेशा अपने आप में मस्त रहती है। वह आमांडा से कहता है कि वह उदासीन न रहे क्योंकि उसे डर है कि कहीं लोग उससे यह न कहें कि उसने आमांडा के साथ झगड़ा किया है।)

Essay Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the brief summary of poem ‘Amanda’ in your own words.
(कविता ‘Amanda’ का संक्षिप्त सारांश अपने शब्दों में लिखें।)
Or
What is the poem ‘Amanda’ about? What are the things Amanda is asked to do and not to do?
(आमांडा कविता किस बारे में है? आमांडा को क्या करने और क्या न करने के लिए कहा जाता है?)
Answer:
This poem is about the views of a small girl named Amanda about liberty in life. She is instructed not to bite her nails and not to hunch her shoulders. She is instructed to sit straight. She wants freedom and wishes to draft in the sea like a mermaid. The speaker asks her if she has done her homework, cleaned her room and shoes. The girl wishes that she should be an orphan roaming freely in the dusty streets. The speaker forbids her to eat chocolate but the little girl does not even look at the speaker because she does not like this type of restrictions. She considers herself to be Rapunzel and yearns that some prince will come for the sake of her liberty.

(यह कविता आमांडा नामक एक छोटी लड़की के जीवन की आजादी के बारे में, उसके विचारों के बारे में बताती है। उसे हिदायत दी जाती है कि वह अपने नाखूनों को दाँतों से न काटे और अपने कंधों को न उचकाए। उसे सीधे बैठने की हिदायत दी जाती है। वह स्वतंत्रता की चाह रखती है और एक जलपरी की भाँति समुद्र में विचरण करना चाहती है। वक्ता उससे पूछता है कि क्या उसने अपना गृहकार्य कर लिया है और अपना कमरा तथा जूते साफ कर लिए हैं। इस पर लड़की कामना करती है कि वह एक अनाथ बच्ची होती और अपनी मर्जी से धूलभरी सड़कों पर घूमती रहती। वक्ता उसे चॉकलेट खाने से मना करता है लेकिन छोटी लड़की उसकी ओर देखती भी नहीं है क्योंकि उसे इस तरह के प्रतिबंध पसंद नहीं हैं। वह स्वयं को रेपुंज़ल मानती है और इच्छा करती है कि किसी दिन कोई राजकुमार उसे स्वतंत्र कराने के लिए आएगा।)

Question 2.
What is the Central Idea of the poem Amanda?
(‘Amanda’ कविता का केन्द्रीय विषय क्या है?)
Answer:
Every child feels that he/she is controlled and instructed not to do one thing or another. The child feels that his/her freedom is being curtailed. In this poem the poet Robin Klein expresses the views of a small girl, Amanda, about liberty in life. How does the girl react to the restiction imposed upon her by her parents is very interesting. The central idea of the poem is that children love freedom. They do not want many restrictions on their activities. Secondly, they have a dream world of their own. They like to spend most of their time in that dream world. But the elders are always destroying that dream world by ordering them around.

(प्रत्येक बच्चा महसूस करता है कि उसे एक या दूसरी चीज़ करने से नियंत्रित या निर्देशित किया जाता है। बच्चा महसूस करता है कि उसकी स्वतंत्रता का हनन किया जा रहा है। इस कविता में कवि रोबिन क्लाइन आमांडा नामक एक छोटी लड़की के जीवन में स्वतंत्रता के विषय में विचारों को प्रदर्शित करता है। लड़की अपने माता-पिता के द्वारा अपने लगाए गए प्रतिबंधों पर कैसे प्रतिक्रिया करती है, यह बहुत रोचक है। इस कविता का केंद्रीय विचार यह है कि बच्चे स्वतंत्रता को पसंद करते हैं। वे अपनी गतिविधियों पर अधिक अंकुश नहीं चाहते। दूसरे, उनका अपना ही सपनों का संसार होता है। वे अपना अधिकतर समय उसी स्वप्नलोक में बिताना चाहते हैं। लेकिन बड़े लोग हमेशा ही उन्हें आदेश देकर उनके इस स्वप्नलोक को भंग करते रहते हैं।) .

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
What was Amanda doing?
(A) biting her nails
(B) hunching her shoulders
(C) slounching her back
(D) all of the above
Answer:
(D) all of the above

Question 2.
What had the speaker asked Amanda to do?
(A) doing her homework
(B) sleeping
(C) eating
(D) playing
Answer:
(A) doing her homework

Question 3.
How does Amanda imagine herself?
(A) mermaid
(B) monster
(C) fish
(D) girl
Answer:
(A) mermaid

Question 4.
What task was given to Amanda by the speaker?
(A) doing homework
(B) cleaning room
(C) cleaning shoes
(D) all of the above
Answer:
(D) all of the above

Question 5.
What does Amanda consider herself?
(A) good player
(B) orphan
(C) very intelligent
(D) very rich
Answer:
(B) orphan

Question 6.
What does the speaker forbide Amanda to eat?
(A) food
(B) fruit
(C) chocolate
(D) all of the above
Answer:
(C) chocolate

Question 7.
How does the speaker describe Amanda?
(A) sulking
(B) moody
(C) both (A) and (B)
(D) none of the above
Answer:
(C) both (A) and (B)

Question 8.
Who was Rapunzel?
(A) a fairy
(B) a witch
(C) a prince
(D) all of the above
Answer:
(A) a fairy

Question 9.
Who had imprisoned Rapunzel?
(A) the king
(B) the prince
(C) a witch
(D) Amanda
Answer:
(C) a witch

Question 10.
Who is the poet of the poem ‘Amanda’?
(A) Carolyn Wells
(B) Robin Klein
(C) Leslie Norris
(D) Robert Frost
Answer:
(B) Robin Klein

Amanda Important for Comprehension Of Stanzas

Read the following stanzas and answer the questions that follow :

STANZA 1

Don’t bite your nails, Amanda!
Don’t hunch your shoulders, Amanda!
Stop that slouching and sit up straight,
Amanda!

Questions:
(a) What is Amanda doing to her nails?
(b) What does she do to her shoulders?
(c) What is her sitting posture?
(d) How should Amanda sit?
(e) Name the poem and the poet.

Answer:
(a) She is biting her nails.
(b) She hunches her shoulders.
(c) She is sitting in a slouching posture.
(d) Amanda should sit straight.
(e) Poem: Amanda, Poet: Robin Klein

STANZA 2

(There is a languid, emerald sea,
where the sole inhabitant is me
a mermaid, drifting blissfully.)

Questions:
(a) Who do these lines refer to?
(b) How is the sea?
(c) Who is the sole inhabitant of the sea?
(d) Why is this stanza bracketed?
(e) What does the person referred want to do?
Answer:
(a) These lines refer to a little girl Amanda.
(b) The sea is peaceful and beautiful.
(c) Amanda is the mermaid who is the sole inhabitant of the green sea.
(d) This second stanza is bracketed because this is the day dream of Amanda
(e) Amanda wants to drift blissfully with the soft-moving waves of the sea.

STANZA 3

Did you finish your homework, Amanda?
Did you tidy your room, Amanda?
I thought I told you to clean your shoes,
Amanda!

Questions:
(a) What does the speaker ask Amanda about her homework?
(b) What does he ask her about her room?
(c) What was Amanda told to clean?
(d) Has Amanda cleaned her shoes?
(e) Name the poem and the poet.
Answer:
(a) The speaker asks Amanda if she has done her homework.
(b) He asks her if she had cleaned her room.
(c) Amanda was told to clean her shoes.
(d) No, Amanda has not cleaned her shoes.
(e) Poem: Amanda, Poet: Robin Klein.

STANZA 4

(I am an orphan, roaming the street.
I pattern soft dust with my hushed, bare feet.
The silence is golden, the freedom is sweet.)

Questions:
(a) Name the poem.
(b) What does the speaker say about silence and freedom?
(c) What does Amanda imagine herself to be?
(d) How does the speaker make designs?
(e) Find out a word from the stanza, similar in meaning to ‘wandering
Answer:
(a) The name of the poem is “Amanda!”.
(b) The speaker says that silence is golden and freedom is sweet.
(c) Amanda imagines herself to be an orphan.
(d) The speaker makes designs with her bare feet on the soft dust.
(e) Roaming.

STANZA 5

Don’t eat that chocolate, Amanda!
Remember your acne, Amanda!
Will you please look at me when
I’m speaking to you,
Amanda!

Questions:
(a) What does the speaker tell Amanda about chocolate?
(b) Why should she not eat chocolate, according to the speaker?
(c) What does the speaker want Amanda to do when he is talking to her?
(d) Was Amanda listening to the speaker?
(e) Name the poem and the poet.
Answer:
(a) The speaker tells Amanda not to eat chocolate.
(b) She should not eat chocolate as it causes acne.
(c) The speaker wants that Amanda should look at him when he is addressing her.
(d) No, Amanda was not listening to the speaker.
(e) Poem: Amanda, Poet: Robin Klein.

STANZA 6

(I am Rapunzel, I have not a care;
life in a tower is tranquil and rare;
I’ll certainly never let down my bright hair!)

Questions:
(a) Who was Rapunzel?
(b) What kind of life did Rapunzel lead?
(c) What did she do with her bright hair?
(d) What does the girl in these lines want to do?
(e) Which word in the Stanza means ‘peaceful”?
Answer:
(a) Rapunzel was a fairy with very long hair.
(b) She led a peaceful life in a tower in which she was imprisoned by a witch.
(c) She let her hair fall down from the castle for her lover to climb up holding them.
(d) She wants never let down her bright hair.
(e) tranquil

STANZA 7

Stop that sulking at once, Amanda!
You’re always so moody, Amanda!
Anyone would think that I nagged at you,
Amanda!

Questions:
(a) What is the name of the poem and the poet?
(b) Whom does the speaker ask to stop sucking?
(c) What kind of a girl was Amanda?
(d) What does the speaker fear people will think about him?
(e) Find words from the stanza which mean the same as: getting bad – tempered (ii) annoyed
Answer:
(a) The name of the poem is Amanda’ and the name of the poet is Robin Klein
(b) The speaker asks Amanda to stop sucking.
(c) She was freedom loving and moody.
(d) The speaker fears that people will think that he nags Amanda.
(e) (i) sulking (ii) nagged

Amanda summary in English

Amanda Introduction in English

Every child feels that he/she is controlled and instructed not to do one thing or another. The child feels that his/her freedom is being curtailed. In this poem the poet Robin Klein expresses the views of a small girl, Amanda, about liberty in life. How does the girl react to the restiction imposed upon her by her parents is very interesting.

(प्रत्येक बच्चा महसूस करता है कि उसे एक या दूसरी चीज़ करने से नियंत्रित या निर्देशित किया जाता है। बच्चा महसूस करता है कि उसकी स्वतंत्रता का हनन किया जा रहा है। इस कविता में कवि रोबिन क्लाइन आमांडा नामक एक छोटी लड़की के जीवन में स्वतंत्रता के विषय में विचारों को प्रदर्शित करता है। लड़की अपने माता-पिता के द्वारा अपने लगाए गए प्रतिबंधों पर कैसे प्रतिक्रिया करती है, यह बहुत रोचक है।)

Amanda Summary in English

This poem is about the views of a small girl named Amanda about liberty in life. She is instructed not to bite her nails and not to hunch her shoulders. She is instructed to sit straight. She wants freedom and wishes to draft in the sea like a mermaid. The speaker asks her if she has done her homework, cleaned her room and shoes. The girl wishes that she should be an orphan roaming freely in the dusty streets. The speaker forbids her to eat chocolate but the little girl does not even look at the speaker because she does not like this type of restrictions. She considers herself to be Rapunzel and yearns that some prince will come for the sake of her liberty.

Amanda summary in Hindi

Amanda Introduction in Hindi

(प्रत्येक बच्चा महसूस करता है कि उसे एक या दूसरी चीज़ करने से नियंत्रित या निर्देशित किया जाता है। बच्चा महसूस करता है कि उसकी स्वतंत्रता का हनन किया जा रहा है। इस कविता में कवि रोबिन क्लाइन आमांडा नामक एक छोटी लड़की के जीवन में स्वतंत्रता के विषय में विचारों को प्रदर्शित करता है। लड़की अपने माता-पिता के द्वारा अपने लगाए गए प्रतिबंधों पर कैसे प्रतिक्रिया करती है, यह बहुत रोचक है।)

Amanda Summary in Hindi

(‘यह कविता आमांडा नामक एक छोटी लड़की के जीवन की आजादी के बारे में, उसके विचारों के बारे में बताती है। उसे हिदायत दी जाती है कि वह अपने नाखूनों को दाँतों से न काटे और अपने कंधों को न उचकाए। उसे सीधे बैठने की हिदायत दी जाती है। वह स्वतंत्रता की चाह रखती है और एक जलपरी की भाँति समुद्र में विचरण करना चाहती है। वक्ता उससे पूछता है कि क्या उसने अपना गृहकार्य कर लिया है और अपना कमरा तथा जूते साफ कर लिए हैं। इस पर लड़की कामना करती है कि वह एक अनाथ बच्ची होती और अपनी मर्जी से धूलभरी सड़कों पर घूमती रहती। वक्ता उसे चॉकलेट खाने से मना करता है लेकिन छोटी लड़की उसकी ओर देखती भी नहीं है क्योंकि उसे इस तरह के प्रतिबंध पसंद नहीं हैं। वह स्वयं को रेपुंजल मानती है और इच्छा करती है कि किसी दिन कोई राजकुमार उसे स्वतंत्र कराने के लिए आएगा।)

Amanda Translation in Hindi

STANZA 1

Don’t bite your nails, Amanda!
Don’t hunch your shoulders, Amanda
Stop that slouching and sit up straight,
Amanda!

Word-meanings : Bite = nibble ( कुतरना) ; hunch = raise (उचकाना); straight = proper (सीधी); slouching = crouching (दुबकना)।

(हिंदी अनुवाद-अपने नाखून न कुतरो, आमांडा! अपने कंधे मत उचकाओ, आमांडा! दुबकना बंद करो और सीधे बैठ जाओ, आमांडा!)

STANZA 2

(There is a languid, emerald sea,
where the sole inhabitant is me
a mermaid, drifting blissfully.)

Word-meanings : Languid = relaxed/peaceful (शांत); inhabitant = dweller (निवासी); mermaid = water fairy (जलपरी); drifting blissfully = moving slowly (धीरे-धीरे चलना)।
(हिन्दी अनुवाद-वहाँ पर शांत और हरा सागर है, जहाँ पर मैं अकेली रहती हूँ-मैं एक शांत रूप से धीरे-धीरे चलने वाली जलपरी हूँ।)

STANZA 3

Did you finish your homework, Amanda?
Did you tidy your room, Amanda?
I thought I told you to clean your shoes,
Amanda!

Word-meaning: Tidy = clean (साफ़ करना)।

(हिन्दी अनुवाद-आमांडा, क्या तुमने अपना गृहकार्य खत्म कर लिया है ? आमांडा, क्या तुमने अपना कमरा सँवारा? मेरे विचार में मैंने आमांडा तुम्हें अपने जूते साफ़ करने के लिए कहा था!)

STANZA 4

(I am an orphan, roaming the street
I pattern soft dust with my hushed, bare feet
The silence is golden, the freedom is sweet)

Word-meanings: Orphan = one whose parents are dead (अनाथ); roaming $=$ wandering (घूमना); pattern = make designs (नमूने (आकृति) बनाना); hushed = silent (शांत); bare feet = shoeless (नंगे पाँव)।
हिन्दी अनुवाद-मैं एक अनाथ लड़की हूँ, जो गलियों में घूम रही हूँ। मैं खामोशी से अपने नंगे पाँव से नर्म धूल पर नमूने बनाती हूँ। खामोशी सुनहरी है, आज़ादी मधुर है।

STANZA 5

Don’t eat that chocolate, Amanda!
Remember your acne, Amanda!
Will you please look at me when I’m speaking to you,
Amanda!

Word-meaning: Acne = pimples (मुहाँसे)।

(हिन्दी अनुवाद-चॉकलेट मत खाओ, आमांडा ! अपने मुहाँसों को याद रखो, आमांडा! क्या तुम कृपा करके मेरी तरफ देखोगी जब मैं तुमसे बात कर रहा हूँ, आमांडा!)

STANZA 6

(I am Rapunzel, I have not a care;
life in a tower is tranquil and rare;
I’ll certainly never let down my bright hair!)

Word-meanings: Tranquil = peaceful (शांत); rare = uncommon (दुर्लभ); let down = let fall down, (गिराना)।

(हिन्दी अनुवाद-मैं रेपुंज़ल हूँ, मुझे कोई चिंता नहीं है। टॉवर में जीवन शांत और दुर्लभ है। निस्संदेह मैं कभी भी अपने चमकीले बाल ढीले नहीं करूँगी!)

STANZA 7

Stop that sulking at once, Amanda!
You ’re always so moody, Amanda!
Anyone would think that I nagged at you,
Amanda!

Word-meanings: Sulking = getting bad tempered (चिड़चिड़ा होना); nagged = quarreled (झगड़ना)।

(हिन्दी अनुवाद-आमांडा, चिड़चिड़ी बनना एकदम बंद कर दो! तुम सदा ही मूडी रही हो, आमांडा! कोई भी सोचेगा कि मैंने तुम्हारे साथ झगड़ा किया है, आमांडा!)

JAC Class 10 English Solutions

JAC Board Class 10th English Solutions First Flight Poem 5 The Ball Poem

JAC Class 10th English The Ball Poem Textbook Questions and Answers

Thinking about the Poem (Page 47)

In pairs, attempt the following questions.
(जोड़े बनाकर निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों को हल करो।)

Question 1.
Why does the poet say, “I would not intrude on him”? Why doesn’t he offer him money to buy another ball?
(कवि क्यों कहता है, “मैं उसकी अवस्था में दखल नहीं दूंगा” ? दूसरी गेंद खरीदने के लिए वह उसे पैसे क्यों नहीं देता है?)
Answer:
The boy is really shaken at the loss of his ball. The poet says that he will not intrude upon the boy because the boy must learn to tolerate loss. The poet emphasises this loss. He thinks that money cannot compensate the sense of loss. So he doesn’t give the boy money.

(लड़का अपनी गेंद के खो जाने से काँप उठता है। कवि कहता है कि वह उसकी अवस्था में दखल नहीं देमा क्योंकि लड़के को क्षति सहन करना सीखना होगा। कवि इस क्षति पर जोर देता है। वह कहता है कि धन क्षति की पूर्ति नहीं कर सकता। इसलिए वह लड़के को धन नहीं देता।)

Question 2.
“…staring down /All his young days into the harbour where/His ball went…” Do you think the boy has had the ball for a long time? Is it linked to the memories of days when he played with it?
(“………. घूरते हुए देखना/अपने उन सभी युवा दिनों को जब वह बंदरगाह पर गेंद से खेलता था। उसकी गेंद चली गई…..।” क्या आपके विचार में लड़के के पास बहुत दिनों से गेंद थी? क्या इसका संबंध उन दिनों से है जब वह गेंद के साथ खेला करता था?)
Answer:
Yes, the boy has had the ball for a long time. It is clear from the lines in the poem. ‘staring down/ All his young days…’These lines show that the ball is linked to the memories of many days.

(हाँ, लड़के के पास बहुत दिनों से गेंद थी। यह कविता में वर्णित इन पंक्तियों से स्पष्ट होता है। ये पंक्तियाँ दर्शाती हैं कि गेंद बहुत-से दिनों की यादों से जुड़ी हुई है।)

Question 3.
What does “in the world of possessions” mean?
(“भौतिक संसार” का क्या अर्थ है?)
Answer:
It means ‘the world’ of materialistic things. In such a world ones’ possessions carry importance.
(इसका अर्थ है भौतिक चीजों का संसार। ऐसे संसार में किसी व्यक्ति के पास होने वाली चीजों का बहुत महत्त्व होता है।)

Question 4.
Do you think the boy has lost anything earlier? Pick out the words that suggest the answer.
(आपके विचार में लड़के ने क्या पहले भी कोई चीज खोई है? उत्तर को बताने वाले शब्द छाँटिए।)
Answer:
The boy has lost something earlier also. It is clear in the opening line ‘What is the boy now’.
(लड़के ने पहले भी कोई चीज खोई है। कविता की पहली पंक्ति ‘अब लड़के को क्या हो गया है?’ इसके बारे में बताती है।)

Question 5.
What does the poet say the boy is learning from the loss of the ball? Try to explain this in your own words.
(कवि के विचार में लड़का गेंद के खो जाने से क्या सबक सीख रहा है? इसकी अपने शब्दों में व्याख्या करने का प्रयास करो।)
Answer:
The poet says that the boy is learning to live with his loss. In this world loss is a fact. The boy has lost his ball. He is shaken by it. But he must try to understand emotional implication of the sense of loss.
(कवि कहता है कि लड़का इस क्षति के साथ जीना सीख रहा है। इस संसार में ‘खो जाना’ एक सच्चाई है। लड़के ने अपनी गेंद खो दी है। वह इससे काँप उठा है। लेकिन उसे क्षति से जुड़ी हुई भावनात्मक उलझनों को समझने का प्रयास करना चाहिए।)

Question 6.
Have you ever lost something you liked very much? Write a paragraph describing how you felt then, and saying whether-and how you got over your loss.
(क्या आपने कभी कोई ऐसी वस्तु खोई है जिसे आप बहुत चाहते थे? आप एक पैरा लिखकर बताइए कि तब आपको कैसा लगा और बताइए कि आपने किस प्रकार से अपनी क्षति को पूरा किया?)
Answer:
Yes, I have lost many things in life. But the loss of my camera will always remain fresh in my memory. My father had given it to me on my fourteenth birthday. I was very happy. I showed it to many friends. One day we went to see a match. We went in the local bus. I placed it on my seat. When the bus stop came, I left the bus and forgot the camera in the bus. It was lost forever. I remained sad for many days at that loss.

(हाँ, मैंने जिंदगी में बहुत-सी चीजें खोई हैं। लेकिन मेरे कैमरे का खोया जाना हमेशा मेरी यादों में ताजा रहेगा। इसे मेरे पिता जी ने मेरे चौदहवें जन्म दिवस पर दिया था। मैं बड़ा खुश था। मैंने इसे अपने बहुत-से मित्रों को दिखाया। एक दिन हम मैच देखने गए। हम लोकल बस से गए। मैंने इसे अपनी सीट पर रख दिया। जब बस स्टॉप आया तो मैं नीचे उतर गया और कैमरे को बस में ही भूल गया। यह हमेशा के लिए खो गया। उस क्षति पर मैं कई दिनों तक उदास रहा।)

JAC Class 10th English The Ball Poem Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What has the boy lost in the water?
Answer: He has lost his ball in the water of the sea.

Question 2.
Where did the ball land finally?
Answer:
The ball landed finally in the water.

Question 3.
What was the reaction of the boy at the loss of his ball?
Answer:
The boy was sad and troubled at the loss of his ball.

Question 4.
Where was the boy staring down?
Answer:
The boy was staring down the harbour where his ball had gone.

Question 5.
What does ‘in the world of possessions’ means?
Answer:
It means the world of materialistic things.

Question 6.
Do you think the boy has lost something earlier?
Answer:
Yes, he has lost something earlier.

Question 7.
What lesson does the boy learn?
Answer:
He learns the lesson that gains and losses are the part and parcel of life.

Question 8.
Why is ‘money called external?
Answer:
Money is called external because we can replace the lost things with its help.

Question 9.
Why are the boy’s eyes desperate?
Answer:
His eyes are desperate because he has lost his ball.

Question 10.
Who is the poet of the poem “The Ball Poem?
Answer:
John Berryman.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What does the poet notice at the beginning of the poem?
(कविता के आरंभ में कवि क्या देखता है?)
Answer:
The poet sees a boy playing near a harbour with a ball. The poet saw his ball bouncing. It bounced and fell into the water of the harbour. The boy lost his ball. He became very sad.
(कवि बंदरगाह के समीप एक लड़के को गेंद के साथ खेलते हुए देखता है। कवि उसकी गेंद को उछलते हुए देखता है। वह उछलकर बंदरगाह के पानी में गिर गई। लड़के ने अपनी गेंद खो दी। वह बहुत उदास हो गया।)

Question 2.
What was the effect of the loss of ball on the boy?
(गेंद के खो जाने का लड़के पर क्या प्रभाव पड़ा?)
Answer:
The poet sees the boy whose ball has fallen into the harbour. He describes the effect of the loss on the boy. The boy is shaken with grief. He trembles and stares down the harbour. His past days come alive in his mind.
(कवि उस लड़के को देखता है जिसकी गेंद बंदरगाह में गिर गई है। वह लड़के के ऊपर खो जाने के प्रभाव का वर्णन करता है। लड़का दुख से व्याकुल है। वह काँप रहा है और बंदरगाह की ओर एकटक देख रहा है। भूतकाल की यादें उसके मन में ताजा हो उठती हैं।)

Question 3.
Why does the poet decide not to give money to the boy or he buy another ball for him?
(कवि लड़के को धन क्यों नहीं देने का निर्णय लेता है अथवा उसके लिए नई गेंद क्यों नहीं खरीदता?)
Answer:
The poet says that he will not intrude upon the boy because he must learn to tolerate loss. The poet emphasises this loss. He thinks that money cannot compensate the sense of loss. So he doesn’t give the boy money or buy another ball for him.
(कवि कहता है कि वह लड़के की अवस्था में दखल नहीं देगा क्योंकि उसे क्षति को सहन करना सीखना होगा। कवि इस क्षति पर जोर देता है। वह सोचता है कि धन खो जाने की भावना की क्षतिपूर्ति नहीं कर सकता। इसलिए वह लड़के को धन नहीं देता या उसके लिए नई गेंद नहीं खरीदता।)

Question 4.
Explain the line, “And no one buys a ball back. Money is external”.
(इस पंक्ति का अर्थ समझाइए, “और कोई भी व्यक्ति खोई हुई गेंद को फिर से वापिस नहीं खरीद सकता। धन तो केवल बाहरी वस्तु है।)
Answer:
This line means that no one can buy something that is lost forever. No one can buy the boy that very ball which he has lost. Money is an external thing. It is a medium of possessing things. But even money cannot compensate the sense of loss suffered by a person.
(इस पंक्ति का अर्थ है कि कोई भी व्यक्ति एक बार हमेशा के लिए खो गई चीज को दोबारा नहीं खरीद सकता। कोई भी उसी वाली गेंद को, जो खो गई है, लड़के के लिए दोबारा नहीं खरीद सकता। धन तो एक बाहरी वस्तु है। यह वस्तुओं का स्वामित्व रखने का साधन है। लेकिन धन भी खो जाने की भावना की क्षतिपूर्ति नहीं कर सकता जिससे कोई व्यक्ति पीड़ित होता है।)

Question 5.
Why does the poet say, “Balls will be lost always”?
(कवि क्यों कहता है, “गेंदें हमेशा खो जाती रहेंगी” ?)
Answer:
Here balls are the symbol of man’s possessions. We love our things. Some things are dearer to us than the others. But nothing is permanent in life. We may lose our dear things. Then we suffer from a sense of loss. This is experienced by everyone in life. That is why, the poet says, “Balls will be lost always”.
(यहाँ पर गेंदें मनुष्य की चीजों का प्रतीक हैं। हम अपनी चीजों से प्यार करते हैं। कुछ चीजें हमें दूसरी चीजों की तुलना में अधिक प्रिय होती हैं। लेकिन जीवन में कुछ भी स्थायी नहीं है। हम अपनी प्रिय चीजों को खो सकते हैं। तब हम खो जाने की भावना से पीड़ित होते हैं। इसका जीवन में प्रत्येक व्यक्ति के द्वारा अनुभव किया जाता है। यही कारण है कि कवि कहता है, “गेंदें हमेशा खो जाती रहेंगी।”)

Essay Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the brief summary of John Berryman’s poem “The Ball Poem’ in your own words.
(जान बेरीमन की कविता ‘The Ball Poem’ का संक्षिप्त सारांश अपने शब्दों में लिखें।)
Answer:
A boy loses a ball in the water. He is very upset. Though the ball does not cost too much but it gives a big shock to him. He keeps staring at the place where his ball has gone. The poet sees all this but he doesn’t interfere with the boy’s ruminations. The poet thinks that the loss of the ball will teach the boy a lesson of accepting loss with tolerance and pleasure. Everyone has to lose something or the other in this world still they are to survive and fulfil their obligations. This loss makes the boy learn that gains and loses are part and parcel of life. One should accept them as a common matter.

(एक लड़का पानी में अपनी गेंद खो देता है। वह बहुत व्यथित है। यद्यपि गेंद की कीमत अधिक नहीं है, लेकिन इसका लड़के को गहरा आघात लगता है। वह उस स्थान की ओर एकटक देखता रहता है जहाँ उसकी गेंद गई है। कवि यह सब कुछ देखता है लेकिन वह लड़के के चिंतन में विघ्न नहीं डालता। कवि सोचता है कि गेंद के खो जाने से लड़का क्षति को सहनशीलता और प्रसन्नता के साथ सहना सीख जाएगा। प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को इस संसार में अपनी एक या दूसरी चीज खोनी होती है और फिर भी उन्हें जिंदा रहना पड़ता है और अपने दायित्वों को पूरा करना पड़ता है। यह क्षति लड़के को सबक सिखाती है कि लाभ और हानियाँ जीवन के अभिन्न अंग हैं। व्यक्ति को इन्हें सामान्य वस्तु मानना चाहिए।)

Question 2.
What is the Central Idea of the poem ‘The Ball Poem”?
(‘The Ball Poem’ कविता का केन्द्रीय विषय क्या है?)
Answer:
The central idea of the poem is the sense of loss in life’. Loss is a fact of life. The sooner man learns to tolerate it, the better it is. When we lose something for the first time, we feel very sad. But later we learn to live with our loss. In this poem the boy loses his ball. He is very sad. The poet can buy him another ball. But he does not want to do so. He wants that the boy must learn the bitter truth of life that everyone can suffer the loss of something dear.

(‘जीवन में खो जाने की भावना’ कविता का केन्द्रीय विषय है। खो जाना जीवन की सच्चाई है। जितनी जल्दी मनुष्य इसे सहन करना सीख जाता है, उतना अधिक अच्छा होता है। जब हम पहली बार कोई चीज खोते हैं, तो हम बहुत उदास होते हैं। लेकिन बाद में हम अपनी क्षति के साथ जीना सीख जाते हैं। इस कविता में लड़का अपनी गेंद खो देता है। वह बहुत उदास है। कवि उसके लिए दूसरी गेंद खरीद सकता है। लेकिन वह ऐसा नहीं करना चाहता। वह चाहता है कि लड़का जीवन की इस कटु सच्चाई को सीख ले कि प्रत्येक व्यक्ति अपनी प्रिय चीज की क्षति को सहन कर सकता है।)

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Who loses his ball?
(A) the poet
(B) the boy
(C) both (A) and (B)
(D) none of the above
Answer:
(B) the boy

Question 2.
Where has the boy lost his ball?
(A) in the water
(B) in the school
(C) in the fire
(D) at home
Answer:
(A) in the water

Question 3.
How does the boy feel when he loses his ball?
(A) confused
(B) shaken
(C) trembling
(D) all of the above
Answer:
(D) all of the above

Question 4.
What does the poet say about money?
(A) internal
(B) external
(C) useless
(D) all of the above
Answer:
(B) external

Question 5.
What does the poet say about this world is made of?
(A) possessions
(B) happiness
(C) joys
(D) troubles
Answer:
(A) possessions

Question 6.
The boy remembers his …………. … days.
(A) infancy
(B) young
(C) old
(D) all of the above
Answer:
(B) young

Question 7.
What could the poet buy for the boy?
(A) book
(B) bag
(C) ball
(D) toys
Answer:
(C) ball

Question 8.
How are the boy’s eyes?
(A) brilliant
(B) dull
(C) desperate
(D) all of the above
Answer:
(C) desperate

Question 9.
What meaning is the boy learning?
(A) meaning of loss
(B) meaning of life
(C) meaning of playing
(D) meaning of happiness
Answer:
(A) meaning of loss

Question 10.
Who is the poet of the poem ‘The Ball Poem’?
(A) Carolyn Wells
(B) John Berryman
(C) Leslie Norris
(D) Robin Klein
Answer:
(B) John Berryman

The Ball Poem Important for Comprehension Of Stanzas

Read the following stanzas and answer the questions that follow:

STANZA 1

What is the boy now, who has lost his ball,
What, what is he to do? I saw it go
Merrily bouncing, down the street, and then
Merrily over-there it is in the water!

Questions:
(a) What becomes peculiar of the boy who has lost his ball?
(b) What did the poet see?
(c) Where did the ball land finally?
(d) What has the boy lost?
(e) Name the poem and the poet.
Answer:
(a) The boy is confused as to what he is to do.
(b) The poet saw the ball bouncing towards the water.
(c) It landed finally in the water.
(d) The boy has lost his ball.
(e) Poem: The Ball Poem, Poet: John Berryman.

STANZA 2

No use to say ‘O there are other balls’
An ultimate shaking grief fixes the boy
As he stands rigid, trembling, staring down
All his young days into the harbour where
His ball went.

Questions:
(a) How do people generally comfort a boy who has lost his ball?
(b) What does he stare at?
(c) What comes to his mind when he looks at the ball?
(d) Why is the boy so sad?
(e) Where was the boy staring at?
Answer:
(a) People generally comfort him by saying, “There are other balls.”
(b) He stares at the ball which has fallen in the water.
(c) When he looks at the ball, all his young days come to his mind.
(d) He is grief-stricken at the loss of his ball.
(e) He was staring down the harbour where his ball had gone.

STANZA 3

I would not intrude on him;
A dime, another ball, is worthless. Now.
He senses first responsibility
In a world of possessions.

Questions:
(a) Who does the word ‘he’ refer to?
(b) Why is money or another ball worthless for the boy?
(c) How does the boy sense responsibility?
(d) What kind of a world is it?
(e) Name the poem and the poet.
Answer:
(a) The word ‘he’ refers to the boy whose ball has lost.
(b) Money or another ball is worthless for the boy because he has lost something dear to him. He is suffering from a sense of loss.
(c) He senses responsibility when his possessed ball is lost.
(d) It is a materialistic world.
(e) Poem : The Ball Poem, Poet: John Berryman.

STANZA 4

He senses first reponsibility
In a world of possessions.
People will take Balls, balls will be lost always, little boy,
And no one buys a ball back. Money is external.

Questions:
(a) Name the poem and the poet.
(b) Who senses first responsibility?
(c) What does the poet mean when he says, “World of Possessions”?
(d) What does the poet mean by “Money is external”?
(e) What does the poet mean by saying “Balls will be lost always”?
Answer:
(a) Poem: The Ball Poem, Poet: John Berryman
(b) The boy who lost the ball senses first responsibility.
(c) It means the world of materialistic things.
(d) It means that it always meant to be spent.
(e) The poet wants to say that the loss of dear things is a fact of life.

STANZA 5

He is learning, well behind his desperate eyes,
The epistemology of loss, how to stand up
Knowing what every man must one day know
And most know many days, how to stand up.

Questions:
(a) How are the boy’s eyes?
(b) Why are the boy’s eyes “desperate’?
(c) What is the boy learning?
(d) What is the boy going to know?
(e) Who is the poet of this poem?
Answer:
(a) The boy’s eyes are desperate.
(b) The boy’s eyes are desperate’ because he has lost his ball.
(c) The boy is learning the meaning of loss.
(d) He is going to know the universal truth that almost all men lose something and they have to compromise with their loss.
(e) John Berryman is the poet of this poem.

The Ball Poem Summary in English

The Ball Poem Introduction in English

In this poem John Berryman tells us about our reactions at some material loss. A boy loses a ball in the water. He is very upset at the loss of the ball. A ball does not cost much. It is not even difficult to buy a new ball. But the poet wants the child to understand that losing things is a common thing of life.

The Ball Poem Summary in English

A boy loses a ball in the water. He is very upset. Though the ball does not cost too much but it gives a big shock to him. He keeps staring at the place where his ball has gone. The poet sees all this but he doesn’t interfere with the boy’s ruminations. The poet thinks that the loss of the ball will teach the boy a lesson of accepting loss with tolerance and pleasure. Everyone has to lose something or the other in this world still they are to survive and fulfil their obligations. This loss makes the boy learn that gains and loses are part and parcel of life. One should accept them as a common matter.

The Ball Poem Summary in Hindi

The Ball Poem Introduction in Hindi

(इस कविता में कवि जॉन बेरीमैन किसी भौतिक वस्तु के खो जाने पर हमारी प्रतिक्रियाओं के बारे में बताता है। एक लड़का पानी में एक गेंद खो देता है। गेंद के खो जाने से वह बहुत दुखी होता है। एक गेंद की ज्यादा कीमत नहीं होती। एक नई गेंद खरीदना भी कोई अधिक कठिन काम नहीं होता। लेकिन कवि चाहता है कि बच्चा यह सीख जाए कि चीजों का खो जाना जीवन की एक सामान्य बात है।)

The Ball Poem Summary in Hindi

एक लड़का पानी में अपनी गेंद खो देता है। वह बहुत व्यथित है। यद्यपि गेंद की कीमत अधिक नहीं है, लेकिन इसका लड़के को गहरा आघात लगता है। वह उस स्थान की ओर एकटक देखता रहता है जहाँ उसकी गेंद गई है। कवि यह सब कुछ देखता है लेकिन वह लड़के के चिंतन में विघ्न नहीं डालता। कवि सोचता है कि गेंद के खो जाने से लड़का क्षति को सहनशीलता और प्रसन्नता के साथ सहना सीख जाएगा। प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को इस संसार में अपनी एक या दूसरी चीज खोनी होती है और फिर भी उन्हें जिंदा रहना पड़ता है और अपने दायित्वों को पूरा करना पड़ता है। यह क्षति लड़के को सबक सिखाती है कि लाभ और हानियाँ जीवन के अभिन्न अंग हैं। व्यक्ति को इन्हें सामान्य वस्तु मानना चाहिए।

The Ball Poem Translation in Hindi

STANZA 1

What is the boy now, who has lost his ball,
What, what is he to do? I saw it go
Merrily bouncing, down the street, and then
Merrily over-there it is in the water!

Word-meanings: Merrily = happily (खुशी से); bouncing = jumping (उछलना)।

(हिंदी अनुवाद-अब लड़के को क्या हो गया है जिसकी अपनी गेंद गुम हो गई है। अब उसे क्या करना है ? मैंने गेंद को खुशी से नीचे गली में उछलते हुए और तब खुशी से ऊपर उठते हुए देखा और वह वहाँ पानी में है!)

STANZA 2

No use to say ‘O there are other balls’
An ultimate shaking grief fixes the boy
As he stands rigid, trembling, staring down
All his young days into the harbour where His ball went

Word-meanings: Ultimate = final (अंतिम); grief = sorrow (दु:ख); rigid = hard (कठोर); trembling = shaking (काँपना); harbour = port (बंदरगाह)।

(हिन्दी अनुवाद-यह कहने से कोई फायदा नहीं है कि ‘और अन्य गेंदें भी हैं’: लड़के को एक अंतिम हिला देने वाला दुःख स्थिर कर देता है, जैसे कि वह स्थिरता से, काँपता हुआ खड़ा है और अपने बीते हुए दिनों के बारे में सोच रहा है और बंदरगाह में उस जगह पर घूर रहा है जहाँ उसकी गेंद चली गई है।)

STANZA 3

I,would not intrude on him;
A dime, another ball, is worthless.
Now He senses first responsibility
In a world of possessions.

Word-meanings: Intrude = interfere (दखल देना); dime = a coin (सिक्का); worthless = useless (बेकार); world of possessions = materialistic world (भौतिक संसार)।

(हिन्दी अनुवाद-मैं उसकी अवस्था में दखल नहीं दूँगा। उसके लिए पैसा या दूसरी गेंद बेकार है। अब वह भौतिक संसार में पहली जिम्मेदारी का अहसास करता है।)

STANZA 4

People will take
Balls, balls will be lost always, little boy.
And no one buys a ball back.
Money is external

Word-meaning: External = of the outside (बाहरी)।

(हिन्दी अनुबाद-कवि कहता है कि छोटे बच्चे लोग तो गेंदें लेंगे और गेंदें सदा गुम होती रहेंगी और कोई भी व्यक्ति खोई हुई गेंद को फिर से वापिस नहीं खरीद़ सकता। धन तो केवल एक बाहरी वस्तु है।)

STANZA 5

He is learning, well behind his desperate eyes,
The epistemology of loss, how to stand up
Knowing what every man must one day know
And most know many days, how to stand up.

Word-meanings: Desperate = hopeless (निराश); epistemology = science of knowledge (ज्ञान का विज्ञान)।

(हिन्दी अनुवाद-अपनी निराश आँखों के पीछे, वह नुकसान होने के अर्थ, अर्थात् इसकी हालत को देख रहा है। वह इस बात को सीख रहा है कि वह कैसे खड़ा रहे। यह जानकर कि एक दिन प्रत्येक व्यक्ति समझ जाएगा और बहुत-से तो आने वाले दिनों में जानेंगे कि इसे किस प्रकार सहयोग दिया जाए।)

JAC Class 10 English Solutions

JAC Board Class 10th English Application Writing

JAC Class 10th English Application Writing Textbook Questions and Answers

Application Writing

1. You read the following notice in the column ‘Situation Vacant’ of The Times of India. Taking help from the hints given below, write an application for the post of an English teacher in Mount Cormel School, Gurugram.

Situation Vacant
Wanted an experienced; academically sound and competent English teacher for Mount Cormel School, Gurugram. Min 10 years experience, Salary 45,000 for the right and deserving candidate. Apply of the advertisement to: Director, Mount Cormel School, Gurugram , within 10 days of the advertisement.
Answer:
F-171, Sector-10
Gurugram
29th March 20xx
The Director
Mount Cormel School, Gurugram
Sub: Application for the post of English teacher
Sir
This is with reference to your advertisement published in the Times of India, dated 26th March 20xx for the post of English teacher, I offer my candidature for the same.

I am a young man of 35 years with teaching experience of 10 years in a school in my area. I hope that with my sound academic background, expertise and experience, I will prove to be an asset to your institution. Enclosed herewith is my bio-data for your perusal.
Thanking you.
Yours faithfully
Amit Parmar

Bio-Data

2. You are Mahima Jain of 27, Vashist Park, Uttam Nagar, New Delhi. You have gone through an advertisement in the Hindustan Times, for the post of Receptionist-cum- offiee assistant in a multinational company. Apply for the job with complete bio-data.

Situation Vacant A
Wanted a young, dynamic well-mannered Receptionist-cum-office assistant for an MNC. Experience: Receptionist in a reputed company, salary: 30000+ for the deserving candidate. Apply within a week from the date of advertisement to: The ^Director, ABC Business Enterprises, New Delhi.
Answer:
27, Vashisht Park
Uttam Nagar, New Delhi
15th July 20xx
The Director
ABC Business Enterprises
Connaught Place, New Delhi
Sub: Application for the post of Receptionist-cum-ofFice assistant
Sir
This is with reference to the advertisement published in the Hindustan Times dated 1st July 20xx for the post of receptionist-cum-office assistant, I offer my candidature for the same. I am a young smart girl of 24 years with working experience of 1 year in a company. I hope that with my eligibility and experience, I will prove to be an asset to your organisation. Enclosed herewith is my bio-data for your perusal.
Thanking you.
Yours faithfully
Mahima Jain

Bio-Data

JAC Class 10 English Solutions

JAC Board Class 10th English E-mail Writing

JAC Class 10th English E-mail Writing Textbook Questions and Answers

E-Mail Writing

Electronic mail is a method of exchanging messages between people using electronic devices. Nowadays, it has become a popular means of mass communication. It is less costly but fast means of communication. It reaches at its destined place within a fraction of seconds. It is of two types: (i) Formal (ii) Informal.

Format of E-mail

1. Write an e-mail to the Commissioner, Municipal Corporation, Delhi complaining him about the poor sewage system and muddy water in the area. It has caused health problem too.
Answer:

Question 2.
You are Rahul Krishna. Write an e-mail to the Director, CBSE complaining about home work given to children.
Answer:

JAC Class 10 English Solutions

JAC Board Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 1 Matter in Our Surroundings

JAC Class 9th Science Matter in Our Surroundings InText Questions and Answers

Page 3

Question 1.
Which of the following are matter? Chair, air, love, smell, hate, almonds, thought, cold, cold – drink, smell of perfume.
Answer:
Chair, air, almonds and cold – drink.

Question 2.
Give reasons for the following observation: The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several metres away, but to get the smell from cold food you have to go close.
Answer:
Particles of matter are continuously moving. They possess kinetic energy. As the temperature rises, particles move faster. Thus, particles that carry smell of hot sizzling food move faster than the smell of the cold food. Therefore, the smell of hot sizzling food can reach us several metres away, but to get the smell from a cold food we have to go close.

Question 3.
A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. Which property of matter does this observation show?
Answer:
This shows that the particles of matter have space between them. This space is maximum in gases and minimum in solids. Thus, one cannot cut through a solid easily but a diver is able to cut easily through water.

Question 4.
What are the characteristics of the particles of matter?
Answer:
The characteristics of the particles of matter are as follows:
(a) Particles of matter have intermolecular space.
(b) Particles of matter have intermolecular forces of attraction.
(c) Particles of matter are moving continuously.

Page 6

Question 1.
The mass per unit volume of a substance is called density = \(\frac{ mass}{volume}\) . Arrange the following in order of increasing density – air, exhaust from chimneys, honey, water, chalk, cotton and iron.
Answer:
Air, exhaust from chimneys, cotton, water, honey, chalk, and iron

Question 2.
(a) Tabulate the differences in the characteristics of states of matter,
(b) Comment upon the following: rigidity, compressibility, fluidity filling a gas container, shape, kinetic energy and density.
Answer:
(a) The differences in the characteristics of states of matter are

(b) Rigidity: It is the property of matter to resist change in its shape, e.g. solids are rigid.

• Compressibility: It is a property by which matter can be reduced to lower volume on application of force.
• Fluidity: It is the property of matter to flow.
• Filling a gas container: Gases completely fill the volume of the container in which they are kept, at any volume while solids and liquids do not.
• Shape: It indicates definite boundaries.
• Kinetic energy: It is the energy possessed by the particles of matter due their motion.
• Density: It is mass per unit volume. Higher density means more mass is confined in a lesser volume.

Question 3.
Give reasons:
(a) A gas fills completely the vessel in which it is kept.
(b) A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container.
(c) A wooden table should be called a solid.
(d) We can easily move our hand in air but to do the same through a solid block of wood we need a karate expert.
Answer:
(a) The molecules of gases are free to move. Gas molecules have the least amount of attraction between them.Thus, the molecules of gases completely fill the vessel in which they are kept.

(b) The molecules of gas are in continuous motion. They collide with each other and with the walls of container. These collisions of the gas molecules with the walls of the container exert pressure on the walls of the container.

(c) A wooden table has a definite shape and size. Also, it is a non-compressible rigid body. Thus, a wooden table has all the characteristics of a solid.

(d) The molecules of air have least amount of attraction between them. Thus, one can easily move one’s hand in air and push the molecules of air apart. However, the molecules of solid have maximum amount of attraction between them. A greater amount of force is required to move the molecules of a solid apart. Thus, a much greater force is required to move our hand through a solid block of wood.

Question 4.
Liquids generally have lower density as compared to solids. But you must have observed that ice floats on water. Find out why.
Answer:
Ice is a solid but its density is lower than water due to its structure. The molecules in ice make a cage like structure with lot of vacant spaces. This makes ice float on water.

Page 9

Question 1.
Convert the following temperature to Celsius scale: (a) 300 K (b) 573 K.
Answer:
Celsius scale = Kelvin scale – 273
(a) Celsius scale = 300 – 273 = 27°C
(b) Celsius scale = 573 – 273 = 300°C

Question 2.
What is the physical state of water at:
(a) 250°C
(b) 100°C?
Answer:
The physical state of water at:
(a) 250°C is gaseous
(b) 100°C might be gaseous or liquid. Steam and water coexist at 100°C.

Question 3.
For any substance, why does the temperature remain constant during the change of state?
Answer:
During the change of state, temperature remains constant because heat given to the matter is used up in changing the state of matter. This is called latent heat.

Question 4.
Suggest a method to liquefy atmospheric gases.
Answer:
Atmospheric gases liquefy at very low temperatures. It is not possible to attain such low temperatures. However, atmospheric gases can be liquefied by compressing them. When the atmospheric gases are compressed, the molecules of gases come closer to each other and as we keep on compressing the gases, the molecules keep coming closer and closer to each other. When the pressure on the atmospheric gases becomes large enough, the gases liquefy. Thus, atmospheric gases can be liquefied by compressing them.

Page 10

Question 1.
Why does a desert cooler cool better on a hot dry day?
Answer:
On a hot dry day, there is high temperature and low humidity. Both these factors are responsible for increasing the rate of evaporation. This also means better cooling.

Question 2.
How does the water kept in an earthen pot (matka) become cool during summer?
Answer:
The earthen pot has lots of tiny pores in it. The water oozes out through these pores and gets evaporated at the surface of the pot, by absorbing heat from the water kept in it, thereby causing cooling effect.

Question 3.
Why does our palm feel cold when we put some acetone or petrol or perfume on it?
Answer:
Acetone, petrol and perfume evaporate at low temperatures. When some acetone, petrol, or perfume is dropped on the palm, it takes heat from the palm and evaporates, thereby making the palm cooler.

Question 4.
Why are we able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer rather than a cup?
Answer:
Hot tea or milk in a saucer has larger surface area than in a cup. The rate of evaporation is faster with increased surface area. The cooling of tea or milk in a saucer takes place sooner than in a cup. Hence, we are able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer rather than a cup.

Question 5.
What type of clothes should we wear in summer?
Answer:
During summer, we should wear cotton clothes because we perspire more to maintain the temperature of our body. Cotton is a good absorber of sweat. It allows the sweat to evaporate faster, thereby giving a cooling effect.

JAC Class 9th Science Matter in Our Surroundings Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Convert the following temperatures to the Celsius scale, (a) 293 K (b) 470 K
Answer:
Celsius scale = Kelvin scale – 273
a. Celsius scale = 293 – 273 = 20°C
b. Celsius scale = 470 – 273 = 197°C

Question 2.
Convert the following temperatures to the kelvin scale, (a) 25°C (b) 373°C.
Answer:
Kelvin scale = Celsius scale + 273
a. Kelvin scale = 25 + 273 = 298 K
b. Kelvin scale = 373 + 273 = 646 K

Question 3.
Give reason for the following observations.
(a) Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid.
(b) We can get the smell of perfume sitting several metres away.
Answer:
(a) Naphthalene balls show the property of sublimation. Evaporation of naphthalene takes place easily and so it disappears during the course of time without leaving any residue,

(b) Perfume contains volatile solvent, i.e., gaseous particles, which have high speed and large space between them and diffuse faster and can reach people sitting at a distance.

Question 4.
Arrange the following substances in increasing order of forces of attraction between the particles water, sugar, oxygen.
Answer:
Oxygen < Water < Sugar

Question 5.
What is the physical state of water at ……… (a) 25°C (b) 0°C (c) 100°C?
Answer:
(a) Liquid
(b) Solid or liquid
(c) Liquid or gas

Question 6.
Give two reasons to justify
(a) Water at room temperature is a liquid.
(b) An iron almirah is a solid at room temperature.
Answer:
(a) Water is liquid at room temperature because:

1. At room temperature water has a definite volume, but it does not have a definite shape.
2. At room teperature water can flow easily.

(b) Iron almirah is solid at room temperature because:

1. At room temperature iron amirah has a definite volume as well as a definite shape.
2. At room temperature, iron almirah is very rigid.

Question 7.
Why is ice at 273 K more effective in cooling than water at the same temperature?
Answer:
Ice at 273 K will absorb heat energy or latent heat from the medium to overcome the intermolecular forces to become water. Hence, it cools more effectively than water at the same temperature.

Question 8.
What produces more severe burns, boiling water or steam?
Answer:
Steam at 100°C will produce more severe bums as extra heat is hidden in the form of latent heat in steam, whereas the boiling water does not have this hidden heat.

Question 9.
Name the processes A, B, C, D, E and F in the following diagram showing change in state of matter. Increase heat and decrease pressure

Answer:
A → Liquefaction/melting/fusion
B → Vaporisation/evaporation
C → Condensation
D → Solidification
E → Sublimation
F → Sublimation

JAC Class 9 Science Solutions

JAC Board Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life

JAC Class 9th Science The Fundamental Unit of Life InText Questions and Answers

Page 59

Question 1.
Who discovered cells and how?
Answer:
Robert Hooke discovered cells in 1665. He observed the cells in thin slices of cork. They appeared like small compartments when viewed under the microscope.

Question 2.
Why is the cell called structural and functional unit of life?
Answer:
A cell is capable of carrying out all the life functions such as nutrition, excretion, respiration, etc Hence, a cell is called the functional unit of life. Additionally, the cell is the smallest unit of life and all the living beings are made up of cells. Therefore, a cell is called the structural unit of life.

Page 61

Question 1.
How do substances like CO, and water move in and out of the cell? Discuss.
Answer:
Substances move in and out of the cell because of diffusion. Diffusion is the random movement of particles in order to attain concentration equilibrium. The movement of water molecules through a semi – permeable membrane is called osmosis. It is important to note that plasma membrane is a semi – permeable membrane. Water always moves from its higher concentration to its lower concentration.

Question 2.
Why is the plasma membrane called a selectively permeable membrane?
Answer:
Plasma membrane allows passage to some selected substances. Hence, it is called a selectively permeable or semi- permeable membrane.

Page 63

Question 1.
Fill in the gaps in the following table illustrating difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Answer:

• Prokaryotic cell (b): Nuclear region is poorly defined due to absence of a nuclear membrane and is known as nucleoid.
• Eukaryotic cell (d): Membrane bound cell organelles are present.

Page 65

Question 1.
Can you name the two organelles we have studied that contain their own genetic material?
Answer:
Mitochondria and chloroplast contain their own genetic material.

Question 2:
If the organisation of a cell is destroyed due to some physical or chemical influence, what will happen?
Answer:
Various parts of a cell are responsible for various functions. They work in tandem
to continue life in the cell. In case, the organisation of a cell is destroyed due to some physical or chemical influence, the cell will die.

Question 3.
Why are lysosomes known as suicide bags?
Answer:
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes. In case of a rupture in lysosomes, the enzymes are released in the cytoplasm and end up digesting the contents of the cell. This results in cell death. Due to this, lysosomes are also known as suicide bags of cells.

Question 4.
Where are proteins synthesised inside the cell?
Answer:
The proteins are synthesised in the ribosomes present on RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum). They are also known as protein factories.

JAC Class 9th Science The Fundamental Unit of Life Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Make a comparison and write the ways in which plant cells are different from animal cells.
Answer:

Question 2.
How is a prokaryotic cell different from a eukaryotic cell?
Answer:

Question 3.
What would happen if the plasma membrane ruptures or breaks down?
Answer:
Plasma membrane provides a container for the cell organelles and cytoplasm. Moreover, plasma membrane also protects the contents of a cell from external environment. In case the plasma membrane ruptures or breaks down, the cell contents would be exposed to the external environment. This would prove lethal for the cell and the cell would cease to exist.

Question 4.
What would happen to the life of a cell if there was no Golgi apparatus?
Answer:
If Golgi apparatus is not present, the packaging and transport of materials would cease to happen. Various substances would not be transformed into useful materials of the cell. Plasma membrane will also be affected The secretory activities of the cell would also cease to occur. Hence, the cell will eventually die off.

Question 5.
Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell? Why?
Answer:
Mitochondrion is known as the powerhouse of the cell. The reason for this is the fact that cellular respiration takes place in mitochondria and the energy released after that, gets stored in mitochondria in the form of ATP. As ATP instantly provides energy, they are called energy currency of the cell.

Question 6.
Where do the lipids and proteins constituting the cell membrane get synthesised?
Answer:
Lipids are synthesised in the endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER). Protein is synthesised in ribosomes which are usually present on the rough ER.

Question 7.
How does Amoeba obtain its food?
Answer:
Amoeba obtains its food through a process called phagocytosis. The cell membrane of amoeba is projected into numerous finger – like outgrowths called pseudopodia Amoeba surrounds a food particle by pseudopodia and makes a food vacuole after engulfing the food.

Question 8.
What is osmosis?
Answer:
Osmosis is the process of movement of water molecules from a region of higher water concentration, through a semi – permeable membrane, to a region of lower water concentration.

Question 9.
Carry out the following osmosis experiment:
Take four peeled potato halves and scoop each one out to make potato cups, one of these potato cups should be made from a boiled potato. Put each potato cup in a trough containing water. Now,
(a) Keep cup A empty.
(b) Put one teaspoon sugar in cup B.
(c) Put one teaspoon salt in cup C.
(d) Put one teaspoon sugar in the boiled potato cup D.
Keep these for two hours. Then, observe the four potato cups and answer the following:
1. Explain why water gathers in the hollowed portion of B and C.
2. Why is potato A necessary for this experiment?
3. Explain why water does not gather in the hollowed out portions of A and D.
Answer:

1. Water gathers in the hollowed portion of potato B and C because: Living plasma membrane of potato cells act as semi – permeable membrane. There is higher concentration of water in trough than the hollowed portions of B and C. So water, by the process of osmosis, moves into the hollowed portions of potato cups B and C.
2. Potato cup A is kept empty to act as control set – up.
3.  potato is necessary because
   • (a) As the potato cup A is empty, water does not gather in hollowed out portions of A.
   • (b) In the potato cup D, the potato cell membrane lose semi – permeability due to boiling. So, no water movement occurs from the trough into the potato cup D.

Question 10.
Which type of cell division is required for growth and repair of body and which type is involved in formation of gametes?
Answer:
Growth and repair of body – Mitosis. Formation of gametes – Meiosis.

JAC Class 9 Science Solutions

JAC Board Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 4 Structure of the Atom

JAC Class 9th Science Structure of the Atom InText Questions and Answers

Page 47

Question 1.
What are canal rays?
Answer:
Canal rays are radiations which are positively charged. They were the key in the discovery of proton, another positively charged sub – atomic particle.

Question 2.
If an atom contains one electron and one proton, will it carry any charge or not?
Answer:
Since an electron is a negatively charged particle and the proton, a positively charged one, the net charge becomes neutral as both particles neutralise each

Page 48

Question 1.
On the basis of Thomson’s model of an atom, explain how the atom is neutral as a whole.
Answer:
According to Thomson’s model of an atom:

1. an atom consists of a positively charged sphere in which the negatively charged electrons are embedded.
2. the number of protons and electrons are equal in an atom, thereby, neutralising their charge keeping the overall system neutral.

Question 2.
On the basis of Rutherford’s model of an atom, which sub-atomic particle is present in the nucleus of an atom?
Answer:
As per Rutherford’s model of atom, the positively charged protons are the ones that are present in the nucleus of an atom.

Question 3.
Draw a sketch of Bohr’s model of an atom with three shells.
Answer:
Bohr’s model of an atom with three shells:

Question 4.
What do you think would be the observation if the α – particle scattering experiment is carried out using a foil of a metal other than gold?
Answer:
When any other metal foil is used instead of gold, the observation would remain the same. This is because the structure of an atom, when considered individually, remains the same.

Page 49

Question 1.
Name the three subatomic particles of an atom.
Answer:
An atom consists of three subatomic particles:

1. Protons : Positively charged
2. Electrons : Negatively charged
3. Neutrons : Neutral in nature (no charge)

Question 2.
Helium atom has an atomic mass of 4u and two protons in its nucleus. How many neutrons does it have?
Answer:
Atomic mass of He = 4u
Atomic mass = number of (protons + neutrons)
4 = 2 + number of neutrons Number of neutrons = 4 – 2
= 2 Helium atom has 2 neutrons.

Page 50

Question 1.
Write the distribution of electrons in carbon and sodium atoms.
Answer:
1. Carbon atom:
Atomic number = 6
Number of protons = 6 = Number of electrons
Distribution of electrons = K – 2, L – 4.

2. Sodium atom:
Atomic number = 11
Number of protons = 11 = Number of electrons
Distribution = K – 2, L – 8, M – 1.

Question 2.
If K and L shells of an atom are full, then what would be the total number of electrons in the atom?
Answer:
Number of electrons K shell can hold = 2 Number of electrons L shell can hold = 8
Hence, when both the shells are full, the total number of electrons present = 2 + 8 ⇒ 10 electrons.

Page 52

Question 1.
How will you find the valency of chlorine, sulphur and magnesium?
Answer:
Valency is the combining capacity of the atom of an element.
1. Chlorine: Atomic number = 17
Number of protons = Number of electrons = 17
Distribution: K – 2, L – 8, M – 7 Chlorine needs 1 electron to complete its outermost orbit shell. Its valency is – 1 (gains 1 electron).

2. Sulphur: Atomic number = 16 Number of protons = Number of electrons = 16
Distribution: K – 2, L – 8, M – 6 Sulphur needs 2 electrons to complete its outermost shell. Its valency is – 2 (gains 2 electrons).

3. Magnesium: Atomic number = 12
Number of protons = Number of electrons = 12
Distribution: K – 2, L – 8, M – 2 Magnesium needs to donate 2 electrons from its outermost shell to become stable. Its valency is + 2 (donate 2 electrons).

Question 2.
If the number of electrons in an atom is 8 and number of protons is also 8, then
(a) what is the atomic number of the atom?
(b) what is the charge on the atom?
Answer:
Number of electrons = 8, Number of protons = 8
(a) Atomic number of the atom = Number of protons = 8

(b) As the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons on the atom, their charges neutralise each other. Therefore, the atom does not possess any charge.

Question 3.
With the help of the table 4.1, find out the mass number of oxygen and sulphur atom.
Answer:

1. Oxygen: Number of protons = 8 Number of neutrons = 8 Atomic number = 8
   Mass number = Number of (protons + neutrons) = 8 + 8 = 16u.
2. Sulphur: Number of protons = 16 Number of neutrons = 16 Atomic number = 16
   Mass number = Number of (protons + neutrons) = 16 + 16 = 32u.

Page 53

Question 1.
For the symbols H, D and T, tabulate three subatomic particles found in each of them.
Answer:
The symbols H, D and T, tabulate three subatomic particles:

Question 2.
Write the electronic configuration of any one pair of isotopes and isobars.
Answer:
(a) Isotopes : Isotopes are atoms which have the same number of protons but the number of neutrons differs. This leads to the variation in mass number too.
Example :
The simplest example is the carbon molecule which exists as \({ }_{6} \mathrm{C}^{12}\) and \({ }_{6} \mathrm{C}^{14}\) but when their electronic configuration is noticed, both have K – 2, L – 4.

(b) Isobars : Isobars are the atoms having the same mass number but differ in the atomic numbers. Electronic configuration of an isobar pair is as follows:
Example :
⁴⁰Ca₂₀: K – 2, L – 8, M – 8, N – 2
⁴⁰Ar₁₈ : K – 2, L – 8, M – 8

JAC Class 9th Science Atoms and Molecules Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Compare the properties of electrons, protons and neutrons.
Answer:
The properties of electrons, protons and neutrons:

Question 2.
What are the limitations of J.J. Thomson’s model of an atom?
Answer:
According to J.J. Thomson’s model of an atom, the electrons are embedded all over in the positively charged sphere. But experiments done by the other scientists show that protons are present only in the centre of the atom and electrons are distributed around it.

Question 3.
What are the limitations of Rutherford’s model of atom?
Charged bodies, when move in circular motion, emit radiations. Thus, electrons revolving round the nucleus, as suggested by Rutherford, will lose energy and will come closer and closer to the nucleus and will finally merge into the nucleus. This means that atoms are quite unstable which is not true.

Question 4.
Describe Bohr’s model of atom.
Answer:
(a) The nucleus of an atom is present in the centre.
(b) Negatively charged electrons revolve around this nucleus.
(c) Discrete orbits of electrons are present inside the atom.
(d) While revolving in the orbit, the electrons do not radiate energy.
(e) These discrete orbits are represented as K, L, M, N orbits or denoted by

Question 5.
Compare all the proposed models of an atom given in this chapter.
Answer:

Question 6.
Summarise the rules for writing of distribution of electrons in various shells for the first 18 elements.
Answer:
(a) Generally, the maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in a shell is given by the formula: 2n², where n = 1, 2, 3 … .

(b) Maximum number of electrons in different shells are:
K shell (n = 1), 2n² = 2(1)² = 2
L shell (n = 2), 2n² = 2(2)² = 8
M shell (n = 3), 2n² = 2(3)² = 18
N shell (n = 4), 2n² = 2(4)² = 32.

(c) The electrons are not taken in unless the inner shells are completely filled.

Question 7
Define valency by taking examples of silicon and oxygen.
Answer:
Valency is the combining capacity of an atom. Take the examples of silicon and oxygen:

In the atoms of oxygen, the valence electrons are 6.
To fill the orbit, 2 electrons are required In the atom of silicon, the valence electrons are 4.
To fill this orbit 4 electrons are required Hence, the  combining capacity of oxygen is 2 and of silicon is 4, i.e., valency of oxygen = 2 and valency of silicon = 4.

Question 8.
Explain with examples.
(a) Atomic number
(b) Mass number
(c) Isotopes
(d) Isobars
Give any two uses of isotopes.
Answer:
(a) Atomic number : The atomic number of an element is the total number of protons present in the atom of that element. For example, nitrogen has 7 protons in its atom. Thus, the atomic number of nitrogen is 7.

(b) Mass number : The mass number of an element is the. sum of the number of protons and neutrons present in the atom of that element. For example, the atom of boron has 5 protons and 6 neutrons. So, the mass number of boron is 5 + 6 =11.

(c) Isotopes : These are atoms of the same element having the same atomic number, but different mass numbers. For example, chlorine has two isotopes with atomic number 17 but mass numbers 35 and 37 represented by \({ }_{17}^{35} \mathrm{Cl}\) \({ }_{17}^{37} \mathrm{Cl}\).

(d) Isobars : These are atoms having the same mass number but different atomic number, i.e, isobars are atoms of different elements having the same mass number. For example,
Ca has atomic number 20 and Ar has atomic number 18 but both of them have mass number 40 represented by \({ }_{20}^{40} \mathrm{Ca}\) and \({ }_{18}^{40} \mathrm{Ar}\) respectively.

Two uses of isotopes:

1. An isotope of uranium is used as a fuel in nuclear reactors.
2. An isotope of cobalt is used in the treatment of cancer.

Question 9.
Na⁺ has completely filled K and L shells. Explain.
Answer:
The atomic number of sodium is 11. So, neutral sodium atom has 11 electrons and its electronic configuration is 2, 8, 1. But Na⁺ has 10 electrons. Out of 10, K – shell contains 2 and L – shell has 8 electrons. Thus, Na⁺ has completely filled K and L shells.

Question 10.
If bromine atom is available in the 79 form of, say, two isotopes \({ }_{35}^{79} \mathrm{Br}\) (49.7%) and \({ }_{35}^{81} \mathrm{Br}\) (50.3%), calculate the average atomic mass of bromine atom.
Answer:
The atomic masses of two isotopic atoms are 79 (49.7%) and 81 (50.3%).
Thus, total mass = (79 × \(\frac{49.7}{100} \) ) + (81 × \(\frac{50.3}{100} \)) = 39.263 + 40.743 = 80.006u.

Question 11.
The average atomic mass of a sample of an element X is 16.2 u. What are the percentages of isotopes \({ }_{8}^{16} \mathrm{X}\) and \({ }_{8}^{18} \mathbf{X}\) in the sample?
Answer:
It is given that the average atomic mass of the sample of element X is 16.2 u. Let the % of isotope \({ }_{8}^{16} \mathrm{X}\) be y%. Thus, the % of isotopes \({ }_{8}^{18} \mathbf{X}\) will be (100 – y) %. Therefore,
16 × \(\frac{\mathrm{y}}{100}\) + \(\frac{18 \times(100-y)}{100}\) = 16.2
\(\frac{16 y}{100}\) + \(\frac{18(100-y)}{100}\) = 16.2
\(\frac{16 y+1800-18 y}{100}\) = 16.2
1800 – 2y = 1620 or 2y = 1800 – 1620 = y – 90
Therefore, the % of isotope \({ }_{8}^{16} \mathrm{X}\) is 90%.
And, the % of the isotope \({ }_{8}^{18} \mathbf{X}\) is (100 – 90) % = 10%.

Question 12.
If Z = 3, what would be the valency of the element? Also, name the element.
Answer:
Z = atomic number = 3 (given) Electronic configuration = K – 2, L – 1 Thus, valency = 1 The element with atomic number 3 is lithium.

Question 13.
The composition of the nuclei of two atomic species X and Y are given as under

Give the mass number of X and Y. What is the relation between the two species?
Answer:
Mass number of X = Protons + Neutrons = 6 + 6 = 12
Mass number of Y = Protons + Neutrons = 6 + 8 = 14
Since the atomic numbers of both the species are the same, they are the same element. Also, since they have different number of neutrons, their mass number is different and they are the isotopes.

Question 14.
For the following statements, write T for true and F for false.
(a) J. J. Thomson proposed that the nucleus of an atom contains only nucleons.
(b) A neutron is formed by an electron and a proton combining together. Therefore, it is neutral.
(c) The mass of an electron is about 1/2000 times that of proton.
(d) An isotope of iodine is used for making tincture iodine, which is used as a medicine.
Answer:
(a) False
(b) False
(c) True
(d) False
Put tick against correct choice and cross against wrong choice in questions 15, 16 and 17.

Question 15.
Rutherford’s alpha – particle scattering experiment was responsible for the discovery of:
(a) Atomic nucleus
(b) Proton
(c) Electron
(d) Neutron
Answer:
(a) Atomic nucleus.

Question 16.
Isotopes of an element have:
(a) the same physical properties
(b) different number of neutrons
(c) different number of protons
(d) different atomic number
Answer:
(b) different number of neutrons.

Question 17.
Number of valence electrons in Cl^– ion are:
(a) 16
(b) 8
(c) 17
(d) 18
Answer:
(b) 8.

Question 18:
Which one of the following is a correct electronic configuration of sodium?
(a) 2, 8
(b) 8, 2, 1
(c) 2, 1, 8
(d) 2, 8, 1
Answer:
(d) 2, 8, 1.

Question 19.
Complete the following table.

Answer:

JAC Class 9 Science Solutions

JAC Board Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter Chapter 7 Diversity in Living Organisms

JAC Class 9th Science Diversity in Living Organisms InText Questions and Answers

Page 80

Question 1.
Why do we classify organisms?
Answer:
We classify organisms for easier and convenient study of the variety of life forms.

Question 2.
Give three examples of the range of variations that you see in life forms around you.
Answer:
Examples of range of variations observed in daily life are:

1. Variety of living organisms in terms of size ranges from microscopic bacteria to tall trees upto 100.
2. The colour, shape and size of snakes are completely different from those of lizards.
3. The life span of different organisms is also quite varied, e.g., a crow lives for only 15 years, whereas a parrot lives for about 140 years.

Page 82

Question 1.
Which, do you think, is a more basic characteristic for classifying organisms?
(a) the place where they live.
(b) the kind of cells they are made o(f) Why?
Answer:
Classification based on the kind of cells they are made of is more basic as there can be wide variations in organisms living in a given place. Hence it cannot be a characteristic for classifying organisms.

Question 2.
What is the primary characteristic on which the first division of organisms is made?
Answer:
Whether organism is a eukaryotic cell, i.e., has membrane – bound cell organelles, or is a prokaryotic cell, i.e., does not have membrane – bound cell organelles.

Question 3.
On what bases are plants and animals put into different categories?
Answer:
Plants and animals are put into different categories on the bases of whether the organisms produce their own food through the process of photosynthesis (plants) or organisms get food from outside (animals). relatively recently. There is a possibility that advanced or younger organisms have undergone complexity in body structure during evolution to compete and survive.

Page 83

Question 1.
Which organisms are called primitive and how are they different from the so – called advanced organisms?
Answer:
Organisms with simple cellular structure and no division of labour are called primitive. Advanced organisms like mammals, have millions of cells and have different organs and organ systems for different biological functions.

Question 2.
Will advanced organisms be the same as complex organisms? Why?
Answer:
Yes, advanced organisms will be the same as complex organisms. This is because the advanced organisms have acquired their particular body designs relatively recently. There is a possibility that advanced or younger organisms have undergone complexity in body structure during evolution to compete and survive.

Page 85

Question 1.
What is the criterion for classification of organisms as belonging to kingdom Monera or Protista?
Answer:
It is the presence or absence of a well defined nucleus. Monera has no nuclear membrane, while Protista shows well defined nucleus.

Question 2.
In which kingdom will you place an organism which is single-celled, eukaryotic and photosynthetic?
Answer:
Kingdom Protista.

Question 3.
In the hierarchy of classification, which group will have the smallest number of organisms with a maximum number of characteristics in common and which will have the largest number of organisms?
Answer:
Organisms belonging to a species will have the smallest number of organisms with a maximum number of characteristics in common. Kingdom will have the largest number of organisms.

Page 88

Question 1.
Which division among plants has the simplest organisms?
Answer:
Thallophyta or algae.

Question 2.
How are pteridophytes different from the phanerogams?
Answer:
Pteridophytes have naked embryo and inconspicuous reproductive organs whereas phanerogams have well differentiated reproductive organs and covered embryo.

Question 3.
How do gymnosperms and angiosperms differ from each other?
Answer:
In gymnosperms, reproductive organs are present in cones. The plants bear naked seeds. In angiosperms, reproductive organs are flowers. The seeds are enclosed within fruit.

Question 1.
How do poriferan animals differ from coelenterate animals?
Answer:

Question 2.
How do annelid animals differ from arthropods?
Answer:

Question 3.

What are the differences between amphibians and reptiles?
Answer:

Question 4.
What are the differences between animals belonging to the Aves group and those in the Mammalia group?
Answer:

JAC Class 9th Science Diversity in Living Organisms Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the advantages of classifying organisms?
Answer:
Following are the advantages of classification:

1. Classification helps us identify the living organisms easily.
2. It makes the study of a wide variety of organisms easy and systematic.
3. It makes the study of similarities and dissimilarities among organisms easy.
4. It enables us to understand how complex organisms evolved over time.
5. Classification helps us understand the inter – relationships among different groups.
6. It forms the basis of other branches of bio – sciences like bio-geography, environmental biology, ecology, etc.
7.  It also provides a systematic way to identify known and unknown organisms.
8. Classification systems are accepted internationally. This aids communication between scientists.

Question 2.
How would you choose between two characteristics to be used for developing a hierarchy in classification?
Answer:
The characteristic which is dependent on the previous one and would decide the variety in the next level should be chosen for developing a hierarchy in classification.

1. Presence of vertebral column in human beings can be considered under vertebrata.
2. Presence of four limbs makes them the members of tetrapoda.
3. Presence of mammary glands classifies them under mammalia.

Question 3.
Explain the basis for grouping organisms into five kingdoms.
Answer:
The bases for grouping organisms into five kingdoms are as follows:

1. Cellular structure: The two major divisions based on the cellular structure within living things are prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
2. Number of cells: It divides organisms into unicellular and multicellular.
3. Mode and source of nutrition: Organisms are divided, based on the mode of nutrition, into autotrophis and heterotrophic.
4. Presence or absence of cell wall: It divides organisms into plants and animals.
5. Phylogenetic relationship and body organisation: Based on body organisation and evolution, organisms are divided into simple and complex organisms.

Question 4.
What are the major divisions in kingdom Plantae? What is the basis for these divisions?
Answer:
Divisions in kingdom Plantae are:
1. Thallophyta,
2. Bryophyta,
3. Pteridophyta,
4. Gymnosperms,
5. Angiosperms.
Bases for classification of kingdom Plantae into these divisions are:

1. Whether the plant body has well differentiated and distinct components or not.
2. Whether the plant body has special tissues for the transport of water and other substances within it or not.
3. Whether the plant bears the seeds or not.
4. Whether the seeds are enclosed within fruits or not.

Question 5.
How are the criteria for deciding divisions in plants different from the criteria for deciding the subgroups among animals?
Answer:
The criteria for deciding divisions in plants are the presence or absence of seeds and flowers, differentiation of body parts, presence or absence of specialised vascular tissues and nature of the seed The criteria for subdivisions among animals are the presence or absence of notochord and coelom, position of nerve cord, gill slits, body segmentation, habitat and oviparity or viviparity.

Question 6.
Explain how animals in Vertebrata are classified into further subgroups.
Answer:
The subphylum Vertebrata has been classified into two divisions, viz. Agnatha and Gnathostomata, on the basis of presence or absence of jaws and paired appendages. Agnatha does not have jaws and paired appendages while Gnathostomata bear jaws and paired appendages. These division have further been classified into Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia.
1. The major characteristics used to classify these groups are as follows:

• The kind of exoskeleton or endoskeleton,
• The kind of respiratory organs,
• The method of reproduction and giving birth to young ones.

2. The classes with their characteristics are as follows:

1. Exoskeleton of scales: endoskeleton of cartilage or bones; breathing through gills Pisces (fishes).
2. Breathing through gills only in larva: skin slimy – Amphibia.
3. Exoskeleton of scales: laying eggs outside the water – Reptilia.
4. Exoskeleton of feathers: lay eggs; flight possible – Aves (Birds).
5. Exoskeleton of hair: external ears give birth to young ones – Mammalia.

JAC Class 9 Science Solutions

JAC Board Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 3 Atoms and Molecules

JAC Class 9th Science Atoms and Molecules InText Questions and Answers

Page 32

Question 1.
In a reaction, 5.3g of sodium carbonate reacted with 6g of ethanoic acid. The products were 2.2g of carbon dioxide, 0.9g water and 8.2g of sodium ethanoate. Show that these observations are in agreement with the law of conservation of mass. Sodium carbonate + Acetic acid → Sodium acetate + Carbon dioxide + Water
Answer:

This shows that during a chemical reaction, mass of reactants mass of products. Hence the given observation are in agreement with the law of conservation of mass.

Question 2.
Hydrogen and oxygen combine in the ratio of 1 : 8 by mass to form water. What mass of oxygen gas would be required to react completely with 3g of hydrogen gas?
Answer:
Ratio of H : O by mass in water is:
Hydrogen : Oxygen → H₂O ⇒ 1 : 8 = 3 : x or x = 24g
24 g of oxygen gas would be rcquircd to react completely with 3g of hydrogen.

Question 3.
Which postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory is the result of the Law of consersatlon of mass?
Answer:
Awms are indivisible particles, which can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical rcacuon.

Question 4.
Which postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory can explain the law of definite proportions?
Answer:
“The relative number and kind of atoms are constant in a given compound”

Page 35

Question 1.
Define the atonik mass unit.
Answer:
A unit of mass used in express atomic and molecular weights, equal to one twelfth (1/12th.) of the mass of an stom of carbon – 12 The relative atomic masses of all elements have been found with respect to an atom of carbon – 12.

Question 2.
Why Is it not possible to see an atom with naked eyes?
Answer:
The size of an atom is very small, Further, atoms of most elements do not exist independently. The radius of an atom is of the order of 10^-10m.

Page 39

Question 1.
Write down the formulae of
(a) sodium oxide
(b) aluminium chloride
(c) sodium sulphide
(d) magnesium hydroxide
Answer:
(a) Sodium oxide — Na₂O
(b) Aluminium chloride — AlCl₃
(c) Sodium sulphide — Na₂S
(d) Magnesium hydroxide — Mg(OH)₂

Question 2.
Write down the names of compounds represented by the following formulae:
(a) Al₂(SO₄)₃
(b) CaCl₂
(c) K₂SO₄
(d) KNO₃
(e) CaCO₃
Answer:
(a) Al₂(SO₄)₃ : Aluminium sulphate
(b) CaCl₂ : Calcium chloride
(c) K₂SO₂ : Potassium sulphate
(d) KNO₃ : Potassium nitrate
(e) CaCO₂ : Calcium carbonate

Question 3.
What Is meant by the term chemical formula?
Answer:
The chemical formula of a compound is the symbolic representation of its composition. It gives the number and kinds of atoms which are chemically united in a given compound. For example, chemical formula of sodium chloride is NaCl.

Question 4.
How many atoms are present in a
(a) H₂S molecule and
(b) \(\mathrm{PO}_{4}^{3-}\) ion?
Answer:
(a) H₂S → 3 atoms are present: 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1atom of sulphur.
(b) \(\mathrm{PO}_{4}^{3-}\) → 5 atoms are present: 1 atom of phosphorus and 4 atoms of oxygen.

Page 40

Question 1.
Calculate the molecular masses of H₂, O₂ C₁₂, CO₂, CH₄, C₂H₆, C₂H₄, NH₃, CH₃OH.
Answer:
The molecular masses are:
H₂ → 1 + 1 = 2u
O₂ → 16 + 16 = 32u
Cl₂ → 35.5 + 35.5 = 71u
CO₂ → p 12 + 32 = 44u
CH₄ → 12 + 4 = 16u
C₂H₆ → (12 × 2) + (1 × 6) = 30u
C₂H₄ → (12 × 2) + (1 × 4) = 28u
NH₃ → (1 × 14) + (1 × 3) = 17u
CH₃OH → (1 × 12) + (1 × 3) + (1 × 16)(1 × 1) = 32u.

Question 2.
Calculate the formula unit of masses of ZnO, Na₂O, K₂CO₃, given atomic masses of Zn = 65u, Na = 23u, K = 39u, C = 12u and O = 16u.
Answer:
The formula Unit mass of:
(a) ZnO = 65u + 16u = 81u
(b) Na₂O = (23u × 2) + 16u = 46u + 16u = 62u
(c) K₂CO₃ = (39u × 2) + 12u + (16u × 3)
= 78u + 12u + 48u
= 138u.

Page 42

Question 1.
If 1 mole of carbon atoms weigh 12grams, what Is the mass (in grams) of 1 atom of carbon?
Answer:
1 mole of carbon atoms = 6.022 × 10²³ atoms
Now, 12/6.022 × 10²³ atoms of carbon weigh = 12g
One atom of carbon weighs = \(\frac{12}{6.023}\) × 10²³
= 1.99 × 10^-23g.

Question 2.
Which has more number of atoms 100 grams of sodium or loo grams of iron (given atomic mass of Na = 23u, Fe 56u)?
Answer:
23 gram atomic unit or 23g sodium (1 mole) = 6.022 × 10²³ atoms
100 gram atomic unit or 100g sodium = \(\frac{6.022 \times 10^{23} \times 100}{23}\)
= 2.617 × 10²⁴ atoms Again 56 gram atomic unit or 56 g iron (1 mole) 6.022 × 10²³
100 gram atomic unit or 100 g iron = \(\frac{6.022 \times 10^{23} \times 100}{56}\)
= 1. 075 × 10²⁴ atoms Thus, 100 g of sodium has more atoms than 100g of iron

JAC Class 9th Science Atoms and Molecules Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
A 0.24g sample of compound of oxygen and boron was found by analysis to contain 0.096g of boron and 0.144g of oxygen. Calculate the percentage composition of the compound by weight.
Answer:
Percentage (%) of boron in the sample
\(\frac{0.096}{0.24}\) × 100 = 40%
Percentage (%) of oxygen in the sample
\(\frac{0.144}{0.24}\) × 100 = 60%
The sample of compound contains 40% boron and 60% oxygen by weight.

Question 2.
When 3.0g of carbon is burnt in 8.00 g oxygen, 11.00g of carbon dioxide is produced. What mass of carbon dioxide will be formed when 3.00g of carbon Is burnt In 50.00g of oxygen? Which law of chemical combination will govern your answer?
Answer:
When 3.0g of carbon is burnt in 8.00g oxygen, 11.00g carbon dioxide is produced. It means all of carbon and oxygen are used up and carbon and oxygen are combined in the ratio of 3 : 8 to form carbon dioxide. Thus when there is 3g carbon and 50.0g oxygen, then also only 8g oxygen will be used and 11.0g carbon dioxide will be formed. The remaining oxygen is not used up. This indicates law of defmite proportions which Say that in compounds, the combining elements are present in definite proportions by mass.

Question 3.
What are polyatomic ions? Give examples.
Answer:
The ions which contain more than one atom (same kind or may be of different kind) and behave as a single unit are called polyatomic ions. For example:

1. Ammonium ion NH is a compound ion which is made up of two types of atoms joined together, viz., nitrogen and hydrogen.
2. Carbonate ion CO is a compound ion which is made up of two types of atoms joined together, viz., carbon and oxygen.

Question 4.
Write the chemical formulae of the following:
(a) Magnesium chloride
(b) Calcium oside
(c) Copper nitrate
(d) Aluminium chloride
(e) Calcium carbonate
Answer:
(a) Magnesium chloride : MgCl
(b) Calcium oxide : CaO
(e) Copper nitrate : Cu(NO₃)₂
(d) Aluminium chloride : AlCl₃
(e) Calcium carbonate: CaCO₃

Question 5.
Give the names of the elements present in the following compounds:
(a) Quick lime
(b) Hydrogen bromide
(c) Baking powder
(d) Potassium sulphate
Answer:
(a) Quick lime : Calcium and oxygen
(b) Hydrogen bromide : Hydrogen and bromine
(c) Baking powder : Sodium, hydrogen. carbon and oxygen
(d) Potassium sulphate : potassium. sulphur and oxygen

Question 6.
Calculate the molar mass of the following substances.
(a) Ethvne, C₂H₂
(b) Sulphur molecule, S₈
(c) Phosphorus molecule, P₄ (Atomic mass of phosphorus = 31u)
(d) Hydrochloric acid, HCl
(e) Nitric acid, HNO₃
Answer:
(a) Ethyne, C₂H₂ = (2 × 12) + (2 × 1) = 26g
(b) Sulphur molecule, S₈ = 8 × 32 = 256g
(c) Phosphorus molecules, P₄ = 4 × 31 = 124g
(d) Hydrochloric acid, HCl = (1 × 1) + (1 × 35.5) = 36.5g
(e) Nitric acid, HNO₃ = (1 × 1) + (1 × 14) + (3 × 16) = 63g

Question 7.
What is the muss of
(a) 1 mole of nitrogen atoms?
(b) 4 moles of aluminium atoms (atomic mass of aluminium 27u)?
(c) 10 moles of sodium sulphite (Na₂SO₃)?
Answer:
(a) 1 mole of nitrogen atoms 14u = 14g
(b) 4 moles of aluminium atoms = 4 × 27 = 108u = 108g
(c) 1 mole of sodium sulphite = (2 × 23) + (1 × 32) + (3 × 16) = 126u = 126g
10 moles of sodium sulphite = 10 × 126 = 1260g.

Question 8.
Convert Into mole.
(a) 12g of oxygen gas
(b) 20g of water
(c) 22 g of carbon dioxide
Answer:
(a) Given mass of oxygen gas = 12g
Molar mass of oxygen gas (O₂) = 32g
Mole of oxygen gas = \(\frac{12}{32}\)
= 0.375 mole.

(b) Given mass of water = 20g
Molar mass of water(H₂O) (2 × 1) + 16= 18g
Mole of water = \(\frac{20}{18}\)= 1.11 mole.

(c) Given mass of carbon dioxide = 22g
Molar mass of carbon dioxide (CO₂) (1 × 12) + (2 × 16) = 12 + 32 = 44g
Mole of carbon dioxide = \(\frac{22}{44}\)
= 0.5 mole.

Question 9.
What is the mass of
(a) 0.2 mole of oxygen atoms?
(b) 0.5 mole of water molecules?
Answer:
(a) Mole of oxygen atoms = 0.2 mole
Molar mass of oxygen atoms = 16g
Mass of oxygen atoms 16 × 0.2 = 3.2g.

(b) Mole of water molecule 0.5 mole
Molar mass of water molecules = (2 × 1) + 16 = 18g
Mass of H₂O = 18 × 0.5 = 9g.

Question 10.
Calculate the number of molecules of sulphur (S₈) present In 16 g of solid sulphur.
Answer:
Molar mass of sulphur (S₈) = 256 g = 6.022 × 10₂₃ molecules
Given mass of sulphur = 16g
Molecules of sulphur = \(\frac{16 \times 6.022 \times 10^{23}}{256}\)
\(=\frac{96.35 \times 10^{23}}{256}\) = 0.376 × 10²³ molecules.

Question 11.
Calculate the number of aluminium ions present In 0.051 g of aluminium oxide.
Hint: The mass of an ion is the same as that of an atom of the saine element Atomic mass of Al = 27u
Answer:
1 mole of aluminium oxide, Al₂O₃ = (2 × 27) + (3 × 16) = 102u = 102g
102 g of Al₂O₃ has = 6.022 × 10₂₃ Al₂O₃ molecules
0.051 g of Al₂O₃has = \( \frac{6.022 \times 10^{23} \times 0.051}{102}\)
= 3.01 × 10₂₀ molecules
1 molecule of Al₂O₃ gives = 2 Al³⁺ ions
Hence, 0.051g Al₂O₃ gives = 2 × 3.01 × 10²⁰ Al³⁺ ions
= 6.022 × 10²⁰ aluminium ions.

JAC Class 9 Science Solutions

JAC Board Class 9th Social Science Important Questions Economics Chapter 4 भारत में खाद्य सुरक्षा

वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न

दिए गए चार विकल्पों में से सही उत्तर चुनिए
1. हरित क्रांति का सर्वाधिक लाभ हुआ
(अ) राजस्थान व उत्तर प्रदेश में
(ब) पंजाब और हरियाणा में
(स) महाराष्ट्र और तमिलनाडु में
(द) पूरे देश में।
उत्तर:
(ब) पंजाब और हरियाणा में

2. निर्धनों में भी निर्धन लोगों के पास जो कार्ड होता है, वह है
(अ) बी. पी. एल. कार्ड
(ब) ए. पी. एल. कार्ड
(स) अन्त्योदय कार्ड
(द) उक्त में से कोई नहीं।
उत्तर:
(स) अन्त्योदय कार्ड

3. काम के बदले अनाज योजना प्रारम्भ की गई थी
(अ) 1967-68 में
(ब) 1975-76 में
(स) 1977-78 में
(द) 1980-81 में।
उत्तर:
(स) 1977-78 में

4. अन्नपूर्णा योजना बनाई गई
(अ) बी. पी. एल. परिवारों के लिए
(ब) ए. पी. एल. परिवारों के लिए
(स) दीन वरिष्ठ नागरिकों के लिए
(द) उक्त सभी के लिए।
उत्तर:
(स) दीन वरिष्ठ नागरिकों के लिए

अति लघूत्तरात्मक प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
खाद्य उपलब्धता से क्या आशय है?
उत्तर:
खाद्य उपलब्धता का आशय सम्पूर्ण देश के खाद्यान्न उत्पादन, आयात और सरकारी अनाज भंडारों में एकत्रित पिछले वर्षों के स्टॉक से है।

प्रश्न 2.
खाद्य सुरक्षा के तीन प्रमुख पहलू कौन-कौन से हैं?
उत्तर:

1. खाद्य की उपलब्धता,
2. खाद्य तक पहुँच,
3. खरीदने की क्षमता।

प्रश्न 3.
बंगाल के अकाल से सबसे अधिक कौन लोग प्रभावित हुए?
उत्तर:
बंगाल के अकाल से खेतिहर मजदूर, मछुआरे, परिवहन कर्मी और अन्य अनियमित श्रमिक सबसे अधिक प्रभावित हुए थे।

प्रश्न 4.
कुपोषण से सबसे अधिक कौन प्रभावित होता है?
उत्तर:
कुपोषण से सबसे अधिक महिलाएँ प्रभावित होती हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
राशन कार्ड कितने प्रकार के होते हैं? उल्लेख कीजिए।
उत्तर:
राशन कार्ड निम्नलिखित तीन प्रकार के होते

1. निर्धनों में भी निर्धन लोगों के लिए अंत्योदय
   कार्ड,
2. निर्धनता रेखा से नीचे के लोगों के लिए बी. पी. एल. कार्ड,
3. अन्य शेष लोगों के लिए ए. पी. एल. कार्ड।

प्रश्न 6.
भारत की खाद्य सुरक्षा के दो प्रमुख अंग कौन-कौन से हैं।
उत्तर:

1. खाद्यान्नों का बफर स्टॉक,
2. सार्वजनिक वितरण प्रणाली।

प्रश्न 7.
सहायिकी से क्या आशय है?
उत्तर:
सहायिकी (सब्सिडी) सरकार द्वारा किया जाने वाला वह भुगतान है जो किसी उत्पादक को बाजार कीमत की अनुपूर्ति के लिए किया जाता है। इसके द्वारा घरेलू उत्पादकों के लिए ऊँची आय के साथ उपभोक्ता कीमतों को कम करने के प्रयास किए जाते हैं।

लघूत्तरात्मक प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
खाद्य सुरक्षा के विभिन्न आयामों का उल्लेख कीजिए।
उत्तर:
खाद्य सुरक्षा के निम्नलिखित आयाम हैं:
(क) खाद्य उपलब्धता का अभिप्राय देश में खाद्य उत्पादन, खाद्य आयात और अनाज भण्डारों में संचित पिछले वर्षों के स्टॉक के योग से है।

(ख) खाद्य पहुँच का अर्थ यह है कि प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को खाद्य की निर्बाध आपूर्ति होती रहे।

(ग) खाद्य सामर्थ्य का अर्थ है कि लोगों के पास आवश्यक पौष्टिक भोजन खरीदने के लिए धन उपलब्ध हो।

प्रश्न 2.
विश्व खाद्य शिखर सम्मेलन 1995 में खाद्य सुरक्षा के सम्बन्ध में की गयी घोषणा क्या थी?
उत्तर:
विश्व खाद्य शिखर सम्मेलन 1995 में यह घोषणा की गई कि, “वैयक्तिक, पारिवारिक, क्षेत्रीय, राष्ट्रीय तथा वैश्विक स्तर पर खाद्य सुरक्षा का अस्तित्व तभी है, जब सक्रिय और स्वस्थ जीवन व्यतीत करने के लिए आहार सम्बन्धी जरूरतों और खाद्य पदार्थों को पूरा करने के लिए पर्याप्त, सुरक्षित एवं पौष्टिक खाद्य तक सभी लोगों की भौतिक एवं आर्थिक पहुँच सदैव हो।”

प्रश्न 3.
देश में कोई आपदा खाद्य सुरक्षा को किस प्रकार प्रभावित करती है?
उत्तर:
देश में कोई प्राकृतिक आपदा से कुल उत्पादन में कमी आती है इस कमी से उस क्षेत्र में खाद्य-पदार्थों की कमी होती है और इस कमी के कारण कीमतों में वृद्धि होने से लोग उन्हें खरीद नहीं पाते। अगर यह आपदा विस्तृत क्षेत्र में आती है या लम्बे समय तक बनी रहती है तो भुखमरी की स्थिति पैदा हो जाती है जिसके कारण अकाल की स्थितियाँ बनती

प्रश्न 4.
सरकार के इतने प्रयासों के बाद भी भूख के कारण किन-किन स्थानों पर लोगों की मृत्यु हुई?
उत्तर:
सरकार के सभी को खाद्य उपलब्ध कराने के भरसक प्रयासों के बाद भी देश के उड़ीसा में कालाहांडी तथा काशीपुर और राजस्थान के बारां तथा झारखंड के पलामू जिलों के सुदूरवर्ती स्थानों पर भूख के कारण लोगों की मृत्यु होने के समाचार मिले हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
भारतीय खाद्य सुरक्षा अधिनियम 2013 के बारे में आप क्या जानते हैं?
उत्तर:
भारतीय खाद्य सुरक्षा अधिनियम 2013 के द्वारा ऐसी व्यवस्था करने का प्रयास किया गया है जिससे खाद्य एवं पोषण सम्बन्धी सुरक्षा सस्ती कीमतों पर उपलब्ध कराई जा सके ताकि सभी लोग गरिमामय जीवन निर्वाह कर सकें। इस अधिनियम के तहत 75 प्रतिशत ग्रामीण तथा 50 प्रतिशत शहरी जनसंख्या को योग्य परिवार के रूप में वर्गीकृत किया गया है। इन योग्य परिवारों को 5 कि. ग्रा. प्रति व्यक्ति प्रति माह अनाज उपलब्ध कराया जाता है जिसमें गेहूँ 2 रु. प्रति कि. ग्रा. तथा चावल 3 रु. प्रति कि. ग्रा. की दर पर दिया जाता है।

प्रश्न 6.
अंत्योदय अन्न योजना को विस्तार से बताइए।
उत्तर:
अंत्योदय अन्न योजना का शुभारम्भ दिसम्बर-2000 में हुआ। इस योजना के अन्तर्गत ऐसे एक करोड़ लोगों की पहचान की गई जो कि लक्षित सार्वजनिक प्रणाली के अन्तर्गत निर्धनता रेखा से नीचे जीवन यापन कर रहे थे। इस योजना के लिए सम्बन्धित राज्यों के ग्रामीण विकास विभागों ने सर्वेक्षण के माध्यम से इन लोगों की पहचान की। इन चिह्नित परिवारों के लिए प्रतिमाह 25 किग्रा. गेहूँ 2 रु. प्रति किलो की आर्थिक सहायता पर प्रतिमाह उपलब्ध कराया जाने लगा।

साथ में 3 रु. प्रति कि.ग्रा. की दर पर चावल भी उपलब्ध कराये जाने की व्यवस्था की गई। गेहूँ की मात्रा को अप्रैल 2002 में 25 किग्रा. से बढ़ाकर 35 किग्रा. कर दिया गया। जून 2003 और अगस्त 2004 में इन परिवारों की संख्या में 50-50 लाख अतिरिक्त बी. पी. एल. परिवारों को और जोड़ दिया गया। वर्तमान में इस योजना के अन्तर्गत 2 करोड़ परिवार लाभान्वित हो रहे हैं।

प्रश्न 7.
श्वेत क्रांति और हरित क्रांति में अन्तर बताइए।
उत्तर:

1. श्वेत क्रांति का सम्बन्ध दुधारू पशुपालन पर निर्भर है जबकि हरित क्रांति का सम्बन्ध खाद्यान्नों के उत्पादन पर निर्भर है।
2. श्वेत क्रांति के माध्यम से समाज के प्रत्येक वर्ग के लोगों को दूध और दूध से बनी वस्तुओं की उपलब्धता सुनिश्चित की जाती है जबकि हरित क्रांति के माध्यम से देश के प्रत्येक नागरिक की खाद्यान्न सम्बन्धी आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति के प्रयास किये जाते हैं।

प्रश्न 8.
क्या स्वतंत्रता प्राप्ति के बाद खाद्यान्नों में आत्मनिर्भर होना भारत का लक्ष्य रहा है?
उत्तर:
हाँ, स्वतंत्रता प्राप्ति के पश्चात् खाद्यान्नों में आत्मनिर्भर होना भारत का लक्ष्य रहा है। स्वतंत्रता प्राप्ति के पश्चात् भारतीय नीति-निर्माताओं ने खाद्यान्नों में आत्मनिर्भरता प्राप्त करने के सभी उपाय किए। भारत में कृषि में एक नयी रणनीति अपनाई, जिसकी परिणति हरित क्रांति में हुई, विशेषकर गेहूँ और चावल के उत्पादन में। तत्कालीन प्रधानमंत्री इंदिरा गाँधी ने जुलाई, 1968 में ‘गेहूँ क्रांति’ शीर्षक से एक विशेष डाक टिकट जारी कर कृषि के क्षेत्रक में हरित क्रांति की प्रभावशाली प्रगति को आधिकारिक रूप से दर्ज किया।

गेहूँ की सफलता के बाद चावल के क्षेत्र में भी सफलता मिली है। परन्तु अनाज की उपज में वृद्धि समानुपातिक नहीं थी। उत्तर प्रदेश और मध्य प्रदेश में सर्वाधिक वृद्धि जो कि क्रमश: 44.01 और 30.21 करोड़ टन 2015-16 में है। वर्ष 2015-16 में कुल अनाजों का उत्पादन 252.22 करोड़ टन था। गेहूँ के उत्पादन में उत्तर प्रदेश एवं मध्य प्रदेश में उल्लेखनीय वृद्धि हुई जो कि क्रमश: 26.87 और 17.69 करोड़ टन 2015-16 में है। दूसरी तरफ पश्चिम बंगाल एवं उत्तर प्रदेश में चावल के उत्पादन में उल्लेखनीय वृद्धि हुई जो 15.75 एवं 12.51 करोड़ टन क्रमश: 2015-16 में है।

निबन्धात्मक प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
सार्वजनिक वितरण प्रणाली क्या है? किन आधारों पर सार्वजनिक वितरण प्रणाली की आलोचना की जाती है?
उत्तर:
सार्वजनिक वितरण प्रणाली-भारतीय खाद्य निगम द्वारा अधिप्राप्त अनाज को सरकार विनियमित राशन दुकानों के माध्यम से समाज के निर्धन वर्गों में वितरित करती है। इसे सार्वजनिक वितरण प्रणाली (पी. डी. एम.) कहते हैं। सार्वजनिक वितरण प्रणाली की आलोचना-सार्वजनिक वितरण प्रणाली की आलोचनाएँ निम्नलिखित आधारों पर की जाती है

1. एक ओर तो भारतीय खाद्य निगम (एफ. सी. आई.) के गोदाम एवं अन्न भण्डार खाद्यान्नों से भरे पड़े हैं, वहीं दूसरी ओर देश के कुछ भागों में भुखमरी के उदाहरण पाये जाते हैं।
2. भारतीय खाद्य निगम में गेहूँ और चावल का भण्डार बफर स्टॉक प्रतिमानों से लगातार ऊँचा बना रहा है। सन् 2014 में गेहूँ और चावल का भण्डार 65.2 करोड़ टन था। अनाजों के बफर स्टॉक का ऊँचा स्तर बर्बादी और अनाज की गुणवत्ता में ह्रास के अतिरिक्त उच्च रखरखाव लागत के लिए भी जिम्मेदार है।
3. न्यूनतम समर्थन मूल्य में वृद्धि ने विशेषकर खाद्यान्नों के अधिशेष वाले राज्यों के किसानों को अपनी भूमि पर मोटे अनाजों की खेती समाप्त कर चावल और गेहूँ उपजाने के लिए प्रेरित किया है, जबकि मोटा अनाज गरीबों का मुख्य भोजन है। चावल की खेती के लिए सघन सिंचाई से पर्यावरण और जल स्तर में गिरावट भी आयी है।
4. मध्य प्रदेश में गरीबों के उपभोग के गेहूँ और चावल का केवल पाँच प्रतिशत भाग राशन की दुकानों से पूरा किया जाता है, जबकि उत्तर प्रदेश में व बिहार में यह प्रतिशत और भी कम है। इस प्रकार गरीबों को अपनी खाद्यान्न सम्बन्धी आवश्यकताओं के लिए राशन की दुकानों की अपेक्षा बाजारों पर अधिक निर्भर रहना पड़ता है।
5. सार्वजनिक वितरण प्रणाली डीलर (राशन डीलर) अधिक लाभ कमाने के लिए अनाज को खुले बाजार में बेचने, घटिया अनाज बेचने एवं अनियमित तरीके से दुकान खोलने जैसे कदाचार करते हैं।
6. राशन वितरण व्यवस्था में कमियाँ होने के कारण सार्वजनिक वितरण प्रणाली का पूर्ण रूपेण लाभ समाज के निर्धन वर्ग को नहीं मिल पा रहा है।

JAC Class 9 Social Science Important Questions