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JAC Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना

October 5, 2024September 4, 2024 by Prasanna

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 10 Hindi Solutions मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf.

JAC Board Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना

(i) भाषण, वाद-विवाद –

भाषण देना एक अनूठी कला है जिसे थोड़े से अभ्यास से सीखा जा सकता है। अच्छा भाषण देने वाला व्यक्ति आज के युग में शीघ्र ही ख्याति प्राप्त कर लेता है। राजनीति, धर्म आदि तो ऐसे क्षेत्र हैं जहाँ अच्छा भाषण देने वालों ने बहुत नाम कमाया है।
भाषण देने की कला मुख्य रूप से दो आधारों पर टिकी हुई है –

उच्चारण और वाक्य संरचना
शारीरिक हाव-भाव।

अच्छे भाषण के गुण –

रोचकता – अच्छा भाषण वही कहलाता है, जो अपने भीतर रोचकता का गुण छिपाए हुए हो। उसमें श्रोता को अपने साथ बाँध लेने का गुण होना चाहिए। भाषण ऐसा होना चाहिए कि श्रोता का ध्यान पूरी तरह से भाषण देने वाले की ओर लगा रहे। रोचकता को बढ़ाने के लिए भाषण में काव्यांशों, चुटकलों, उदाहरणों, चटपटी बातों आदि का स्थान-स्थान पर प्रयोग किया जाना चाहिए।

स्पष्टता – भाषण में भाव, विषय और भाषा की स्पष्टता होनी चाहिए। भाषण देने वाले को पूर्ण रूप से पता होना चाहिए कि उसने कहाँ और क्या बोलना है। उसके मन में विचारों की व्यवस्था पहले से ही होनी चाहिए। उसे विषय पर पूर्ण रूप से अधिकार होना चाहिए। उसकी भाषा में सरलता और स्पष्टता निश्चित रूप से होनी चाहिए।

ओजपूर्ण – वक्ता को भाषण देते समय उत्साह और ओज का परिचय देना चाहिए। उसकी वाणी ऐसी होनी चाहिए जो श्रोताओं की नस- नस में मनचाहा जोश भर दे। उसके भाषण में ऐसे भाव भरे होने चाहिए कि श्रोताओं को लगे कि वे वही तो सुनना चाहते थे, जो वक्ता कह रहा है।

पूर्णता – भाषण में पूर्णता का गुण होना चाहिए। श्रोता को सदा ऐसा लगना चाहिए कि वक्ता के द्वारा कही जाने वाली बात बिलकुल पूरी है और उसमें किसी प्रकार का कोई अधूरापन नहीं है। वक्ता को किसी भी निश्चित उद्देश्य की पूर्ति की ओर स्पष्ट संकेत करना चाहिए।

श्रोताओं की रुचि के अनुसार – भाषण का औचित्य सीधा श्रोता से जुड़ा होता है। वक्ता को ऐसे विषय और उदाहरण चुनने चाहिए जो श्रोताओं की रुचि के अनुसार हों। श्रोताओं की आयु, मनोदशा और परिस्थितियों को समझ कर ही उसे बोलना चाहिए। उसे दैनिक जीवन से विभिन्न प्रसंगों को लेकर उन्हें अपने भाषण का हिस्सा बनाना चाहिए। विषय से जुड़ी विभिन्न समस्याओं को श्रोताओं के सामने उठाना चाहिए और उन समस्याओं का तर्कपूर्ण समाधान बताना चाहिए। उसे वही बात कहनी चाहिए जो कोरी कल्पना पर आधारित न होकर यथार्थ जीवन से जुड़ी हुई हो।

स्वर में आरोह-अवरोह – भाषण देते समय वक्ता को सीधी – सपाट भाषा का प्रयोग नहीं करना चाहिए। उसे श्रोताओं को संबोधित करते समय अपने स्वर में आरोह और अवरोह की ओर विशेष ध्यान रखना चाहिए। उसे स्थान-स्थान पर प्रश्न उपस्थित करके उनका समाधान प्रस्तुत करना चाहिए।

तथ्यात्मकता – भाषण में तथ्यों और सूचनाओं को प्रस्तुत करके श्रोताओं को अपनी ओर सरलता से आकृष्ट किया जा सकता है। इससे जिज्ञासा तो बढ़ती ही है पर साथ-ही-साथ वक्ता के ज्ञान का परिचय भी मिलता है।

क्रियात्मक अभिनय – वक्ता अपने चेहरे पर आए भावों, हाथों के संकेतों और गर्दन की गति से भावों के प्रकाशन में नए आयाम जोड़ सकता है। क्रियात्मक अभिनय स्वाभाविक होना चाहिए। इसकी अति कृत्रिमता को जन्म देती है जो श्रोताओं को कदापि सहन नहीं हो पाती। संभाव्यता – भाषण कल्पना के आधार पर टिका हुआ नहीं होना चाहिए। वक्ता मंच से जो भी कहे वह प्रामाणिक होना चाहिए। किसी पर झूठे आक्षेप तो कभी नहीं लगाए जाने चाहिए।

भाषणों के कुछ उदाहरण –

1. आइए, हम भी बनें जल – मित्र

मंच पर आसीन मुख्य अतिथि महोदय, सम्माननीय प्राचार्य जी, आदरणीय अध्यापकगण और मेरे प्रिय साथियो ! आज की प्रतियोगिता में मेरे संभाषण का विषय है – ‘आइए हम भी बनें जल – मित्र।’

जल हमारा जीवन है। हम भोजन के बिना तो कुछ दिन या कुछ सप्ताह जीवित रह सकते हैं पर जल के बिना अधिक देर तक जीवित नहीं रह सकते। हमारे देश में जल संकट बढ़ता जा रहा है। हम इस संकट का जिस स्तर पर अनुमान लगा रहे हैं, संकट उससे कहीं अधिक गंभीर है। एक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार गंगा, भागीरथी और अलकनंदा बेसिन के 564 ग्लेशियर तेज़ी से सिमट रहे हैं।

इनमें से आधे से अधिक सन 2075 तक पूरी तरह समाप्त हो जाएँगे। हार्वर्ड बिजनेस स्कूल के अनुसार दिल्ली के भू-जल भंडार सन 2015 तक पूरी तरह समाप्त हो जाएँगे। केंद्रीय जल आयोग की रिपोर्ट के अनुसार अप्रैल 2006 में भाखड़ा सहित उत्तर भारत के प्रमुख बाँधों में क्षमता से 70% – 90% तक पानी की कमी थी। मध्य प्रदेश के गांधी सागर बाँध में जल का स्तर शून्य पर था।

साथियो, निश्चित रूप से इसके लिए ज़िम्मेदार हम हैं। हमने जल को सहेज कर नहीं रखा। हमने बड़ी बेरहमी से भू-जल का दोहन किया है पर इतना निश्चित है कि प्रकृति हमें लंबे समय तक ऐसा नहीं करने देगी। जब जल ही नहीं रहेगा तो हम उसका दोहन कैसे कर सकेंगे ? पर ज़रा सोचो तो, तब हम सबका क्या होगा ? हमारी आने वाली पीढ़ियों का क्या होगा ?

स्पष्ट है कि जल के अनियंत्रित उपयोग पर अंकुश लगाना होगा और स्थिति को अधिक बिगड़ने से पहले हमें एक साथ दो मोर्चों पर काम करना होगा – वर्षा के जल का संग्रहण तथा उपलब्ध जल का बेहतर प्रबंधन।

हमें वर्षा के जल को सीधा भू-गर्भ में उतार देने का रास्ता अपनाना चाहिए क्योंकि वर्षा जल बिलकुल स्वच्छ होता है। देश में कई स्थानों पर ऐसा किया गया है और वहाँ भू-जल की गुणवत्ता में सुधार आया है। हमें बोरवेल तरीके का प्रयोग करना चाहिए। इस तरीके से ज़मीन में रेतीली सतह की गहराई तक पाइप डालकर जल संग्रहण किया जाता है।

साथियो, जल-संग्रहण से भी अधिक ज़रूरी है उपलब्ध जल का समझदारी से उपयोग करना। हम अपने दैनिक जीवन में कुछ आदतों को बदलकर घर में पानी की खपत को पचास प्रतिशत तक बचा सकते हैं। हम बचे हुए पेयजल को गमलों में उगे पौधों को डाल सकते हैं। कपड़े धोने का बचा पानी पोछे में इस्तेमाल कर सकते हैं। वाहनों की धुलाई बालटी में पानी लेकर करनी चाहिए न कि पाइप से। घर में लॉन की सतह शेष पक्के फर्श से नीचे रखकर, छत का पानी लॉन में छोड़ना चाहिए। प्याऊ या हैंडपंप के व्यर्थ पानी के लिए गड्ढा खुदवाना चाहिए।

भाइयो! हमें चाहिए कि पानी की बूँदें जहाँ गिरें उन्हें वहीं रोक लिया जाए। जल-संरक्षण का यही मूलमंत्र है। इसके अनगिनत समाधान आप स्वयं भी सोच सकते हैं। भू-जल भंडार एक बैंक के समान है, जिसमें पानी जाता रहता है तो निकलता भी रहता है। यदि हमने इस बैंक से केवल निकासी ही जारी रखी तो उसका परिणाम हम समझ सकते हैं। समय आ चुका है कि हम सब जल के महत्त्व को समझें और जी-जान से उसकी रक्षा करें ताकि हमारा भविष्य सुखद बना रहे।

2. जीवन

मान्यवर अध्यक्ष महोदय और आज की इस सभा में उपस्थित महानुभावो ! हम सबके मन में हमेशा ही एक प्रश्न चक्कर काटता रहता है कि जीवन क्या है ? जीवन का उद्देश्य क्या है ? जीवन को देखकर कोई इसे नश्वर कहता है और इसकी क्षणभंगुरता को देखकर परेशान रहता है। किसी को यह सुंदर सपना लगता है और कोई इसकी वास्तविकता पर मुग्ध है। कोई इसे सुखद बनाने के लिए प्रयत्न करता है तो कोई इससे परेशान होकर अपने शरीर को भी त्याग देने की ठान लेता है।

सच में तो जीवन तर्क-वितर्क का विषय नहीं है। यह हमारे अनुभव की वस्तु है। इसका उद्देश्य कहीं बाहर नहीं बल्कि इसमें ही छिपा हुआ है। यह तो हम सब के भीतर वैसे ही है जैसे दीपक की लौ में रोशनी और फूल में सुगंध और सुंदरता छिपी रहती है। प्रकाश के रहस्य को समझना ही दीपक को समझना है। सुगंध और सौंदर्य को समझना फूल को समझना है पर बुद्धि के प्रयोग से जीवन को समझने का रहस्य तो और अधिक उलझता जाता है। तब हमारा हृदय हम से महादेवी वर्मा की तरह पूछने लगता है –

किन उपकरणों का दीपक, किसका जलता है तेल ?
किसकी बाति कौन करता इसका ज्वाला से मेल ?

दीपक के जलने में ही जीवन का आनंद है। हमारी भावनाएँ ही इसे सुखद बनाती हैं या परेशान कर देती हैं तभी तो महादेवी वर्मा अपने जीवन रूपी दीपक से मधुर मधुर जलने को कहती है –

मधुर-मधुर मेरे दीपक जल!
युग-युग प्रतिदिन प्रतिक्षण प्रतिपल !

पर वहीं यह भी मान लिया जाता है कि फूल की हँसी उसकी मौत से पहले का रूप है –

धूल हाय! बनने को ही खिलता है फूल अनूप।
वह विकास मुरझा जाने का ही है पहला रूप ॥

साथियो, सबका अपना-अपना दृष्टिकोण है जीवन के प्रति। फारसी के कवि उमर खय्याम का कहना है कि –
” मरने से पहले, आओ, हम जीवन का आनंद उठा लें। फिर तो हमें मिट्टी में मिलकर मिट्टी के नीचे दब जाना है।” तो प्रसिद्ध अंग्रेज़ी ड्राइडन का मानना है –
“जब मैं जिंदगी के बारे में सोचता हूँ तो मुझे सरासर धोखा प्रतीत होता है। फिर भी आशा ने लाखों को इस प्रकार उलझा रखा है कि वे इस मिथ्या प्रवचनों से किसी तरह छूट नहीं पाते। वे सोचते हैं कि आने वाला कल उनकी कामनाओं को फल देगा। पर वास्तव में कल आज से भी असत्य होता है।”

मान्यवर, पाल लॉरेंस का कहना है – ” घड़ी भर के लिए हँसना और घंटों रोना, थोड़ा-सा आनंद और भारी दुख, बस यही जीवन है।” हैनरी वाइल्ड ने जीवन की तुलना पतझड़ के उस पत्ते से की है जो चाँद की धुंधली किरणों में काँपता है और शीघ्र ही झड़कर गिर पड़ता है।

यदि हम ध्यान से सोचें तो लगता है कि जीवन हमारे अनुभव का शास्त्र है। यह लेने के लिए नहीं है बल्कि देने के लिए है। जीवन केवल खाने और सोने का नाम नहीं है। यह तो नाम है, सदा आगे बढ़ने की लगन का जीवन विकास का सिद्धांत है, स्थिर रहने का नहीं। जीवन तो कर्म का दूसरा नाम है। जो कर्म नहीं करता, उसका अस्तित्व तो है किंतु वह जीवित नहीं होता। इस बात का कोई महत्त्व नहीं कि मनुष्य मरता किस प्रकार है, महत्त्व की बात यह है कि वह जीवित किस प्रकार रहता है।

साथियो, हमें याद रखना चाहिए कि जीवन एक गतिशील छाया मात्र है। इसका द्वार तो सीधा है पर मार्ग बहुत संकीर्ण है। आत्मज्ञान, स्वाभिमान और आत्मसंयम जीवन को अलौकिक शक्ति की तरफ़ ले जाते हैं। स्वेट मार्डेन का कहना है- ‘जो दूसरों के जीवन के अंधकार में सूर्य का प्रकाश पहुँचाते हैं, उनका इस मृत्युलोक में कभी नाश नहीं होगा।’ तभी तो रवींद्रनाथ ठाकुर कवितामयी भाषा में लिखते हैं- पत्तों पर नृत्य करती हुई ओस के समान अपने जीवन को भी समय के दलों पर नृत्य करने दो।

असल में, जीवन एक गंभीर सत्य है। ईश्वर ने इसे हमें प्रदान किया है। मृत्यु इसकी मंजिल नहीं है। वह तो एक मार्ग का दूसरी तरफ मुड़ जाना मात्र है। पता नहीं कब तक हमें इस मार्ग पर आगे बढ़ते रहना है।

(ii) सस्वर कविता – वाचन –

कविता सुनना किसे अच्छा नहीं लगता ? कविता – पाठ से बरसता रस सहज ही मन को मुग्ध कर लेता है पर कविता का पाठ करना बहुत सरल नहीं है। कुछ लोगों में इसकी जन्म- जात प्रतिभा होती है। इसके लिए अभ्यास और सूक्ष्म दृष्टि की आवश्यकता होती है। कविता – पाठ सामान्य गानों के गायन से कुछ भिन्न है। गायन में संगीत की प्रधानता होती है, स्वर लहरियों का जादू होता है और मिठास का लहलहाता सागर होता है। कोई भी कविता इन गुणों को पाकर गीत बन जाती है।

जब कोई व्यक्ति कविता-पाठ करता है तो उसे श्रोताओं की मानसिकता और स्थिति को समझकर अपनी कविता चुननी चाहिए। हर कविता कवि के अलग मूड को प्रतिबिंबित करती है और श्रोताओं पर उसका प्रभाव भी उसी प्रकार पड़ना चाहिए। हँसी- खुशी के अवसर पर करुणा से भरी कविता का कोई औचित्य नहीं है तो दुख भरे माहौल में श्रृंगार रस से भरी कविता सुनाने वाला उपहास का कारण ही बनता है। उसकी बुद्धि पर सभी को तरस आता है।

कविता-पाठ करते समय जिन बातों की तरफ़ ध्यान रखा जाना चाहिए वे हैं –

अवसरानुकूल कविता – पाठ का स्वर।
उच्चारण की स्पष्टता और शुद्धता।
स्वर में समुचित आरोह-अवरोह।
लयात्मकता और गेयता।
हस्त-संचालन।
कंठस्थता।
चेहरे और आँखों से भावों की अभिव्यक्ति।
भावानुसार स्वर की गति – योजना।

प्रत्येक कविता – पाठ करने वाले को कविता में छिपे भावों को स्वरों से उभारने का प्रयत्न करना चाहिए। उसे भावों में छिपे गूढ़ अर्थ को व्यक्त करने के लिए शब्दों और वाक्यों के बीच उचित ठहराव के महत्त्व को कभी नहीं भूलना चाहिए। काव्य-रस के अनुसार उसके चेहरे पर कठोरता, कोमलता, करुणा, श्रद्धा आदि के भाव आने चाहिए। उसकी वाणी को कोमल, कठोर, मंद, उच्च, करुण आदि रूपों में प्रकट होना चाहिए।

इसका श्रोता पर गहरा प्रभाव पड़ता है। कविता पाठ करने वाले को स्वयं कविता में पूरी तरह डूब जाना चाहिए। जहाँ तक संभव हो कविता को बिना कहीं से पढ़े प्रस्तुत करना चाहिए। इससे भावों को प्रकट होने में स्वाभाविकता मिलती है।

उदाहरण 1

मैंने जीवन के प्याले में आँसू का विषपान किया है,
और बरसते नयनों से भी सुबक सुबक कर गान किया है।

करुण रस से भरी इन दो पंक्तियों का श्रोता के हृदय पर तब प्रभाव पड़ेगा जब स्वर में करुणा का भाव हो। स्वर में बहुत अधिक उच्चता न हो और चेहरे पर बहुत उत्साह के भाव न हों। इनसे ऐसा लगना चाहिए जैसे कवि अपने हृदय में छिपी पीड़ा को व्यक्त करना चाहता हो। अपने शब्दों को प्रभावात्मकता का गुण देने के लिए उसे इस प्रकार बोलना चाहिए –

मैंने –
जीवन के प्याले में……
आँसू का
विषपान किया है,
और!
बरसते नयनों से भी
सुबक- सुबक कर …….
गान
किया है।
‘मैंने’ के पश्चात् पल भर रुक कर अपने प्रति ध्यान आकृष्ट करना चाहिए।
‘जीवन के प्याले में’ के बाद विराम से जिज्ञासा उत्पन्न करनी चाहिए।
‘आँसू का’ के साथ दुख का भाव व्यक्त होना चाहिए।
‘विषपान किया है’ में असह्यता प्रकट होनी चाहिए।
‘और’ के द्वारा कथन को आगे बढ़ाने पर बल होना चाहिए।
‘बरसते नयनों से भी’ से निराशा जगनी चाहिए।
‘सुबक सुबक कर’ में व्यथा का भाव जागृत होना चाहिए।
‘गान’ में पीड़ा से भरे व्यंग्य को प्रकट होना चाहिए।
‘किया है’ में विवशता विद्यमान रहनी चाहिए।
जब कोई कवि कविता का पाठ आरंभ करता है तो उसे कविता का शीर्षक बताने के साथ कविता में निहित भाव संक्षेप में बताने चाहिए।

उदाहरण 2

मैं आपके समक्ष राष्ट्र कवि मैथिलीशरण गुप्त की कविता सुनाने जा रहा हूँ जिसका शीर्षक है- मातृभूमि। कवि ने अपनी इस कविता में भारत-भूमि का गुणगान अति स्वाभाविक रूप से किया है।

(iii) वार्तालाप और उसकी औपचारिकताएँ –

इस संसार में कोई भी इनसान किसी दूसरे से कड़वी बात नहीं सुनना चाहता। किसी के द्वारा बोले गए मीठे शब्द दूसरों के हृदय पर भीषण गर्मी में ठंडी हवा के झोंकों-सा काम करते हैं। जो व्यक्ति स्वयं कड़वा और कठोर बोल लेते हैं वे भी अपने लिए दूसरों से मीठी आवाज़ ही सुनना चाहते हैं। कड़वी बातचीत सीधे मन पर ऐसा प्रभाव डालती है कि वह चाहकर भी कभी नहीं भूलती। अधिकांश लड़ाई-झगड़े कड़वी जुबान से ही शुरू होते हैं और अनेक बड़ी गलतियाँ मीठी जुबान से क्षमा हो जाती हैं। सभ्यता की पहचान ही सद्व्यवहार और मीठी बातचीत है। जो व्यक्ति जितना मधुर व्यवहार और मीठी बातचीत करता है उतना ही वह समाज में प्रतिष्ठा पा जाता है। चेहरे पर आई मुस्कराहट और मधुर बातचीत सबके हृदय को जीत लेने की क्षमता रखती है।

वार्तालाप की मधुरता से आपसी संबंध घनिष्ठ होते हैं। कई तरह के भेदभाव और झगड़े मिट जाते हैं। इसके लिए न तो कुछ खर्च करना पड़ता है और न ही कोई परिश्रम करना पड़ता है। इसके लिए निम्न औपचारिकताएँ हैं –

मीठे शब्द
चेहरे पर मुस्कान
विनम्र व्यवहार
अपनेपन और सहयोग का भाव
संवेदना
मृदुता

मधुर वार्तालाप दूसरों के हृदय को ही जीतने में सहायता नहीं देता बल्कि अपने मन को भी सुख-शांति प्रदान करता है। इससे व्यक्ति तनाव रहित जीवन जीने में सफलता प्राप्त कर लेता है।

शिष्ट वार्तालाप से संबंधित कुछ उदाहरण :

उदाहरण 1 – माँ-बेटे का वार्तालाप

माँ – ओह ! मेरी पीठ
शुभम – (घबरा कर) क्या हुआ मम्मी ?
माँ – पता नहीं बेटा ? पीठ में दर्द है।
शुभम – कब से है यह ?
माँ – आज दोपहर से।
शुभम – क्या पापा को बताया था आपने ?
माँ – नहीं… वे तो सुबह ही चले गए थे अपने काम पर।
शुभम – मेरे साथ अभी डॉक्टर के पास चलो।
माँ – रहने दे बेटा। अपने आप ठीक हो जाएगा।
शुभम – नहीं, माँ। हम दोनों अभी जाएँगे। आपका चेहरा दर्द से कितना पीला पड़ गया है।
माँ – तू बहुत ध्यान रखता है, मेरा। भगवान तुझे लंबी उमर दे।

उदाहरण 2 – अध्यापक-अध्यापक का वार्तालाप

गुप्ता सर – (बैठते हुए) पहले कभी देखा नहीं आप को, स्टॉफ रूम में।
जैन सर – सर, मैं इस स्कूल में आज ही नियुक्त हुआ हूँ।
गुप्ता सर – (हाथ आगे बढ़ाते हुए) यह तो बहुत अच्छा है,।
जैन सर – (हाथ मिलाते हुए) मैं मनोज जैन हूँ। इससे पहले जयपुर में था।
गुप्ता सर – किस विभाग में आए हैं, आप ?
जैन सर – गणित में।
गुप्ता सर – अरे, वाह ! मैं भी गणित में हूँ।
जैन सर – फिर तो बहुत अच्छा हो गया। मुझे आपका सहारा मिल जाएगा।
गुप्ता सर – सहारा तो मुझे आपका मिलेगा। शर्मा सर के जाने के बाद उनकी सारी कक्षाएँ भी मैं ले रहा था।
जैन सर – हाँ, मुझे उन्हीं का टाइम टेबल दिया गया है।
गुप्ता सर – मैं आपको सब बता दूँगा कि किस-किस कक्षा में क्या-क्या हो चुका है और शेष क्या रह गया है।
जैन सर – धन्यवाद सर।

उदाहरण 3 – अध्यापक छात्र का वार्तालाप

छात्र – (हाथ जोड़ते हुए) नमस्कार सर !
अध्यापक – नमस्कार बेटा। आज बहुत दिन बाद दिखाई दिए।
छात्र – सर, मुझे टाइफॉइड हो गया था। तीन सप्ताह बाद आज स्कूल आ सका हूँ।
अध्यापक – ओह ! अब तो पूरी तरह से ठीक हो न ?
छात्र – जी हाँ ….. पर मुझे आपसे कुछ पूछना है।
अध्यापक – पूछो, जो पूछना है।
छात्र – सर, मेरा बहुत-सा सिलेबस पूरा नहीं हो पाया है।
अध्यापक – हाँ, वह तो है। उसे अब अपने मम्मी-पापा की सहायता से पूरा कर लो।
छात्र – सर, उन्हें तो इक्नॉमिक्स नहीं आती। उन्होंने कभी यह विषय पढ़ा ही नहीं।
अध्यापक – कोई बात नहीं। तुम कुछ दिन के लिए अपनी आधी छुट्टी के समय स्टॉफ रूम में आ जाया करो। मैं तुम्हारा पिछला काम पूरा करा दूँगा।
छात्र – (प्रसन्न होकर) धन्यवाद सर। आपने तो मेरी समस्या पल भर में सुलझा दी।

उदाहरण 4 – फल विक्रेता से एक ग्राहक का वार्तालाप

ग्राहक – भैया, सेब किस भाव दिए हैं?
फल-विक्रेता – चालीस रुपए किलो।
ग्राहक – ताज़े तो हैं ये?
फल-विक्रेता – आज सुबह ही आए हैं। बहुत मीठे हैं।
ग्राहक – तुम्हारा भाव थोड़ा ज़्यादा है।
फल-विक्रेता – नहीं साहब। भाव तो बिलकुल ठीक है।
ग्राहक – वह सामने रेहड़ी वाला तो तीस रुपए किलो दे रहा है।
फल-विक्रेता – साहब, उसे अपने माल का भाव पता है। पिछले सप्ताह का बासी माल बेच रहा है।
ग्राहक – तो तुम भाव कम नहीं करोगे?
फल-विक्रेता – नहीं साहब। मैं तो सभी से एक ही भाव लगाता हूँ। मैं अच्छा माल रखता हूँ और मोल-भाव नहीं करता।
ग्राहक – ठीक है। दो किलो तोल दो।

उदाहरण 5 – बच्ची और डॉक्टर का वार्तालाप

डॉक्टर – क्यों बेटी ? क्या हो गया ?
बच्ची – डॉक्टर साहब, कल शाम से बुखार है।
डॉक्टर – तो कल ही दवाई लेने क्यों नहीं आई?
बच्ची – डर लगता था।
डॉक्टर – डर, मुझसे ? क्यों?
बच्ची – आप इंजेक्शन लगा देंगे, इसलिए।
डॉक्टर – तो इंजेक्शन से डर लगता है तुम्हें।
बच्ची – हाँ! मुझे तो इंजेक्शन देखकर ही डर लगता है। इंजेक्शन तो नहीं लगाएँगे, न?
डॉक्टर – नहीं, बिलकुल नहीं। दवाई देंगे और वह भी मीठी।
बच्ची – धन्यवाद। मैं तो डरते-डरते यहाँ तक आई थी।

उदाहरण 6 – यात्री और कंडक्टर का वार्तालाप

यात्री – एक टिकट देना।
कंडक्टर – कहाँ का ?
यात्री – चंडीगढ़ का।
कंडक्टर – अरे साहब, यह बस चंडीगढ़ नहीं जाएगी।
यात्री – तो?
कंडक्टर – तो क्या? यह पटियाला जाएगी। आप अंबाला तक का टिकट ले लीजिए। वहाँ से बस बदल लेना।
यात्री – ठीक है। एक टिकट दे दो।
कंडक्टर – यह लो टिकट।
यात्री – धन्यवाद।

उदाहरण 7 – गृहिणी और भिखारी का वार्तालाप

भिखारी – बीबी जी, रोटी दे दो। दो दिन से भूखा हूँ।
गृहिणी – रोटी तो दे दूँगी पर तुम कोई काम-धंधा क्यों नहीं करते ?
भिखारी – हमें काम देता कौन है?
गृहिणी – क्यों?
भिखारी – हम पढ़े-लिखे तो हैं नहीं।
गृहिणी – अरे, हट्टे-कट्टे तो हो। मेहनत – मज़दूरी नहीं कर सकते?
भिखारी – बीबी जी, आपने रोटी देनी है तो दो, नहीं तो मैं अगले घर जाऊँ।
गृहिणी – बात तो यही है। जब बिना काम किए पेट भरता हो तो काम क्यों करोगे?

(iv) कार्यक्रम प्रस्तुति –

मंच से किसी कार्यक्रम को प्रस्तुत करना अपने आप में एक कला है। अच्छे ढंग से प्रस्तुत किया गया कोई भी कार्यक्रम श्रोताओं पर जादुई प्रभाव डालता है। कोई अच्छा मंच संचालक या कलाकार उनके मन-मस्तिष्क को झकझोर सकता है, उन्हें अपने साथ झूमने या रुलाने के लिए तैयार कर सकता है। कार्यक्रम की प्रस्तुति के दो भाग होते हैं –

मंच संचालन करना
स्वयं अपना कार्यक्रम प्रस्तुत करना

1. मंच संचालन

मंच-संचालन करने वाला व्यक्ति अपने व्यक्तित्व, ज्ञान और शब्दों के कुशल प्रयोग से किसी कार्यक्रम की सफलता में अनूठा योगदान देता है। वह श्रोताओं और कार्यक्रम प्रस्तुत करने वाले कलाकार के बीच कड़ी का कार्य करता है। वही दो कार्यक्रमों के बीच के खाली समय को अपने कौशल से भरता है। उसमें जिन गुणों का होना आवश्यक है, वे हैं –

शब्दों और भाषा का अच्छा ज्ञान
हाज़िर – जवाब
श्रोताओं के मूड को बदलने की क्षमता
भाषा के आरोह-अवरोध की शक्ति का ज्ञाता

मंच-संचालक श्रोताओं को कार्यक्रमों की मंच से जानकारी देता है। वह कलाकारों के उत्साह को बढ़ाता है और श्रोताओं के मन में कार्यक्रमों के प्रति जिज्ञासा उत्पन्न करता है। वही कलाकारों के द्वारा कार्यक्रमों की प्रस्तुति से पहले उनका परिचय श्रोताओं तक पहुँचाता है।

मंच-संचालन से पहले प्रत्येक मंच – संचालक के लिए आवश्यक है कि वह प्रस्तुत किए जाने वाले सभी कार्यक्रमों की पूरी जानकारी प्राप्त कर ले और उनको लिखित रूप में अपने पास व्यवस्थित रूप में रख ले। उसे सभी कलाकारों की विशेषताओं का परिचय ज्ञात होना चाहिए। प्रस्तुत किए जाने वाले कार्यक्रमों के विषय और उनमें निहित मुख्य भावनाओं का ज्ञान भी उसे होना चाहिए ताकि वह श्रोताओं को उनका पूर्व परिचय दे सके। किसी भी कार्यक्रम की प्रस्तुति से पहले और अंत में मंच संचालक की भूमिकाएँ महत्त्वपूर्ण होती हैं।

(क) कार्यक्रम प्रस्तुति से पहले – मंच संचालक को कार्यक्रम की प्रस्तुति से पहले से कलाकार का परिचय और उसकी प्रस्तुति की जानकारी नपे-तुले और संतुलित शब्दों में श्रोताओं को देनी चाहिए। अतिशयोक्ति का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाना चाहिए।

(ख) कार्यक्रम प्रस्तुति के बाद – कार्यक्रम प्रस्तुति के बाद मंच संचालक को श्रोताओं के सामने प्रस्तुति का प्रभाव प्रकट करना चाहिए। इसका कलाकार पर भी अनुकूल प्रभाव पड़ता है।

उदाहरण –

1. कक्षा की साप्ताहिक – सभा में अंकुर के द्वारा एक देशभक्ति के भावों से परिपूर्ण कविता का सस्वर पाठ किया जाता है। आप मंच से इसकी घोषणा कीजिए तथा प्रस्तुति के बाद प्रशंसा में कुछ शब्दों को कहिए।
उत्तर :
कविता तो है – मन के कोमल भाव जब भावों में देशभक्ति की गूँज छिपी हो तो उनमें वीर रस का मिल जाना सहज-स्वाभाविक ही है। ऐसे ही वीर रस से परिपूर्ण देश भक्ति की एक कविता सुनाने के लिए आपके सामने आ रहे हैं – अंकुर।
प्रस्तुति के बाद प्रशंसा – कितना ओज भरा था अंकुर के स्वर में। यह तो सचमुच ही हमें सेना में भर्ती हो जाने की प्रेरणा दे रहे थे और यह हमारे लिए है भी अच्छा कि हम बड़े होकर देश की सेवा के मार्ग में आगे बढ़ें।
मौखिक – अभिव्यक्ति

2. विद्यालय के वार्षिक उत्सव में ‘उर्वशी’ नामक एक नृत्य-नाटिका की प्रस्तुति की जानी है। इसे रमा, पल्लवी, माधवी, अनुष्का, तनुज और गौरव प्रस्तुत करेंगे। मंच से इसकी प्रस्तुति की घोषणा कीजिए और बाद में प्रस्तुति की प्रशंसा कीजिए।
उत्तर :
नृत्य-नाटिका वह विधा है जिससे एक साथ नृत्य, संगीत और नाटक की त्रिवेणी बह निकलती है, जो दर्शकों के हृदय को अपने रस में पूरी तरह डुबो देती है। अब प्रस्तुत है आप के लिए एक नृत्य – नाटिका – उर्वशी। इसे प्रस्तुत कर रहे हैं विद्यालय की नवीं कक्षा के विद्यार्थी – रमा, पल्लवी, माधवी, अनुष्का, तनुज और गौरव। तो लीजिए, आप के सामने प्रस्तुत है – ‘उर्वशी’।
प्रस्तुति के बाद प्रशंसा – सच ही, हम तो नहा गए नृत्य, संगीत और नाट्य की त्रिवेणी में। कितना सुंदर, कितना मोहक, कितना मधुर। कमाल कर दिया आपने।

2. स्वयं अपना कार्यक्रम प्रस्तुत करना
जब कोई कलाकार मंच पर अपना कोई भी कार्यक्रम प्रस्तुत करने आता है तब वह विशेष औपचारिकता का निर्वाह करता है, जिसे मंचीय शिष्टाचार कहा जाता है। उसके लिए आवश्यक होता है कि –

कार्यक्रम की गरिमा के अनुसार उसके चेहरे पर भाव हों।
वह सहज हो।
मंच की ओर बढ़ते समय उसकी चाल और आंगिक क्रियाएँ स्वाभाविक हों।

कलाकार को अपना कार्यक्रम आरंभ करने से पहले मंच पर बैठे विशेष अतिथियों, निर्णायकों और श्रोताओं की ओर देखते हुए उन्हें संबोधित करना चाहिए। संबोधन में कभी भी व्यंग्य का पुट नहीं होना चाहिए। गरिमा का बना रहना अनिवार्य है, जैसे –
माननीय अध्यक्ष महोदय।
आदरणीय सभापति जी !
सम्मान्य नेता जी !
परम पूजनीय गुरुवर !
पूज्यवर !
पूजनीय गुरु जी !
प्यारे सहपाठियो !
प्रिय मित्रो !
मेरे प्रिय साथियो !
प्रातः स्मरणीय आचार्यवर !
माताओ और बहनो!
श्रद्धा
योग्य
मातृ-शक्ति !
श्रद्धेय विद्वजन !
यदि मंच पर अनेक महानुभाव विराजमान हों तो उन सब की ओर देखते हुए उन्हें संबोधित किया जाना चाहिए। जैसे –
माननीय नेता जी ! आदरणीय मुख्याध्यापक
श्रद्धेय गुरुवर!
बाहर से पधारे अतिथिगण !
और मेरे प्यारे साथियो!
जी !
अपना परिचय – यदि मंच संचालक ने आपका परिचय श्रोताओं को नहीं दिया हो तो आप अपना संक्षिप्त परिचय दें। आपके द्वारा दिया गया परिचय विस्तृत नहीं होना चाहिए। उसमें किसी भी बात को बढ़ा-चढ़ा कर तो कभी नहीं कहा जाना चाहिए। अपने परिचय के साथ आपको अपने द्वारा प्रस्तुत किए जाने वाले कार्यक्रम का संक्षिप्त परिचय भी देना चाहिए।
उदाहरण –
1. मैं भारती जुनेजा। मैं दसवीं ‘ए’ की छात्रा हूँ। मुझे कविता लिखने का शौक है। मैं आपको अपनी एक कविता सुनाने आई हूँ जिसका शीर्षक है- ‘हम भारतीय’।
2. मैं रोहन अग्रवाल। नवीं कक्षा में पढ़ता हूँ। बचपन से ही मुझे तरह-तरह के पशु-पक्षियों की आवाजें निकालने का शौक रहा है। आज मैं आपको ऐसी ही कुछ आवाजें सुनाने जा रहा हूँ।

(v) कथा / कहानी / घटना / संस्मरण को सुनाना –

कहानी सुनने – सुनाने की कहानी उतनी ही पुरानी है जितनी मानव सभ्यता। जब इनसान सभ्य हुआ होगा तब उसने अवश्य अपने जीवन से जुड़े हुए प्रसंगों को कल्पना से जोड़ कर दूसरों को सुनाया होगा और उनसे उनकी कहानियों को सुना होगा। कहानी सुनाना एक कला है। यह कला सब में नहीं होती पर इस कला को थोड़े अभ्यास से सीखा जा सकता है।

हर कहानी सुनाई जा सकती है पर कहानी सुनाने वाले को कहानी सुनने वाले की रुचि, स्थिति, मानसिकता और बौद्धिक स्तर का ध्यान अवश्य रखना चाहिए। जो भी कहानी किसी को सुनानी हो उसमें निम्नलिखित गुण अवश्य होने चाहिए –

कहानी चाहे सच्ची हो या काल्पनिक, पर उसे रोचक अवश्य होना चाहिए।
कहानी में सहजता, स्वाभाविकता और गतिशीलता होनी चाहिए।
कहानी की भाषा अति सरल होनी चाहिए। उसमें मुहावरे लोकोक्तियों का यथासंभव प्रयोग नहीं होना चाहिए।
कहानी में उपदेशात्मकता और भाषणात्मकता नहीं होनी चाहिए।
कहानी में जिज्ञासा और उत्सुकता बनी रहनी चाहिए।
कहानी का अंत चरम बिंदु पर होना चाहिए।
कहानी में अनावश्यक विस्तार, भूमिका आदि नहीं होने चाहिए।
कहानी को अपना संदेश स्वयं प्रकट करना चाहिए।

उदाहरण –

1. भीड़ से भरे बाज़ार में एक बहेलिया बैठा था। उसके पास दो पिंजरे थे। दोनों में एक-एक तोता था। दोनों तोते बहुत सुंदर थे। उनके लंबे हरे पंख, लाल चोंच, सुंदर पंजे और गले पर काली गोल रेखाएँ तो मन को मोह लेने वाली थीं। बहेलिए ने एक तोते के पिंजरे पर उसका दाम एक हज़ार रुपए लिख रखा था तो दूसरे तोते का केवल दस रुपए।

लोग पिंजरों के पास आ खड़े होते। तोतों को देखते। उन्हें खरीदने के लिए मोल-भाव करते। बहेलिया सबसे एक ही बात करता था – ‘दाम इतना ही लगेगा और दोनों तोते एक साथ लेने पड़ेंगे। मुझे कोई भी एक अकेला तोता नहीं बेचना।’ कोई भी तोते ख़रीदने को तैयार नहीं था। उन्हें उनके दामों में इतने बड़े अंतर का रहस्य समझ में नहीं आ रहा था।

उन्होंने उससे उस अंतर के बारे में पूछा। तोते वाले ने कहा – ‘आप इन्हें ले जाएँ। आपको अंतर स्वयं मालूम हो जाएगा।’ एक व्यक्ति कुछ देर सोचकर दोनों तोते ख़रीद लिए। वह उन्हें अपने घर ले गया। उसने एक हज़ार वाले तोते के पिंजरे को अपने कमरे में एक खिड़की के पास टाँग दिया। रात को जब सोने से पहले उसने कमरे की रोशनी बंद की तो तोता बोला, ‘शुभ रात्रि’। उस व्यक्ति को यह सुनना अच्छा लगा।

अगली सुबह जैसे ही उसकी आँख खुली वैसे ही तोता बोला- ‘राम, राम!’ उसने सुंदर श्लोक भी पढ़े। व्यक्ति प्रसन्न हो गया। दूसरे दिन उस व्यक्ति ने दूसरे पिंजरे को अपने कमरे में टाँगा। रात को जैसे ही अंधेरा हुआ, वैसे ही तोता पिंजरे से बोला- ‘अबे, बंद कर रोशनी। सोने भी दे। क्या उल्लू है तू ? रात भर भी जागेगा क्या ?’ व्यक्ति यह सुन कर गुस्से से भर उठा पर कुछ सोचकर उसने रोशनी बंद कर दी।

जैसे ही सवेरा हुआ, उस तोते ने गंदी-गंदी गालियाँ बकनी आरंभ कर दीं। व्यक्ति की नींद खुली। उसने गालियाँ सुनीं। उसे बहुत बुरा लगा और गुस्सा भी आया। उसने अपने नौकर को आवाज़ दी और कहा – ‘इस दुष्ट का गला अभी मरोड़ कर इसे बाहर फेंक दो।’ पहला तोता पास ही था। उसने नम्रता से कहा – ‘श्रीमान ! इसे मत मरवाओ। यह मेरा सगा भाई है। हम एक साथ जाल में फँसे थे। मुझे एक महात्मा जी ले गए थे। मैंने उनके यहाँ ईश्वर का नाम लेना सीख लिया। इसे एक बदमाश ने ले लिया था। इसने वहाँ गंदा बोलना और गाली देना सीख लिया। इसमें इसका कोई दोष नहीं है। यह तो बुरी संगत का नतीजा है।’

व्यक्ति ने पल भर सोचा और फिर अपने नौकर से कहा – ‘इस गाली देने वाले तोते को बाहर ले जाकर उड़ा दो। इसे घर में मत रखो।’

2. गाँव में पिछले कई दिनों से लगातार बारिश हो रही थी। वह रुकने का नाम ही नहीं ले रही थी। एक साधु बारिश के कारण गाँव के बाहर बने पुराने मंदिर में फँसा हुआ था। वह मंदिर बिलकुल जर्जर हो रहा था। उसकी दीवारों में जगह-जगह दरारें पड़ी थीं। कुछ दीवारें पुरानी होने के कारण झुकी हुई थीं। अचानक रात के समय मंदिर का एक बड़ा भाग ज़ोर की आवाज़ के साथ गिर गया। जहाँ साधु बैठा था, वह कोना गिरने से बच गया। साधु को चोट नहीं लगी। वह रात भर सोचता रहा – ‘मेरे यहाँ रहते भगवान का मंदिर गिरा है। मुझे इसे बनवा कर ही कहीं और जाना चाहिए।’

साधु ने अगले दिन बारिश रुकने के बाद घर-घर जाकर मंदिर के निर्माण के लिए चंदा इकट्ठा करना शुरू किया। लोगों में मंदिर के श्रद्धा थी और साधु का समझाने का तरीका भी बहुत अच्छा था। साधु विद्वान भी था। गाँव के लगभग सभी लोगों ने चंदा दिया।

मंदिर बन गया। भगवान की मूर्ति की बड़े भक्ति-भाव और उत्साह से पूजा की गई। आस-पास के गाँवों को भी भंडारे में भाग लेने के लिए निमंत्रित किया गया। सबने बड़े आनंद से भगवान का प्रसाद ग्रहण किया और श्रद्धापूर्वक सिर झुकाया।

शाम के समय गाँव में साधु बाबा ने सबका धन्यवाद करने के लिए एक सभा बुलाई। उनके हाथ में एक सूची थी। उसमें उन सब लोगों के नाम लिखे थे, जिन्होंने मंदिर के निर्माण के लिए चंदा दिया था। साधु बाबा ने बताया ‘सब से बड़ा दान एक बुढ़िया माता ने दिया था, जो दान देने स्वयं यहाँ आई थीं।’

लोगों ने सोचा कि बुढ़िया ने हज़ारों रुपया दिया होगा। अनेक लोगों ने सैकड़ों रुपए तो दिए थे। पर लोगों को तब बड़ी हैरानी हुई जब साधु बाबा ने बताया कि – ‘उन्होंने मुझे पचपन रुपए और थोड़ा-सा साग दिया है।’ लोगों ने समझा कि साधु बाबा हँसी कर रहे हैं। बाबा ने आगे कहा- ‘बुढ़िया माता इधर-उधर उगे साग को तोड़कर प्रतिदिन पास के शहर में घूम-घूमकर बेचती है। बड़ी मुश्किल से अपना पेट भर पाती है। उसने कई महीनों में इन पैसों को इकट्ठा किया था। उसकी जीवन भर की कुल संपत्ति इतनी ही थी। अपना सब कुछ दान कर देने वाली उस श्रद्धालु माता के सामने मैं अपना सिर झुकाता हूँ।’ लोगों ने सुना और सबने अपने-अपने सिर झुका लिए। सचमुच बुढ़िया माता द्वारा श्रद्धा से दिया गया दान सबसे बड़ा दान था।

3. सम्राट विक्रमादित्य अपने हाथी पर सवार होकर लाव-लश्कर के साथ एक बार नगर से गुज़र रहे थे। लोग उनकी एक झलक पाने और जय-जयकार करने के लिए खड़े थे। जब सवारी अनाज मंडी से गुज़र रही थी तब सम्राट ने देखा कि ज़मीन पर अनाज के कुछ दाने बिखरे पड़े थे। अनाज के दाने देखकर वे हाथी से उतर गए। वे घुटनों के बल ज़मीन पर बैठ गए और बोले – ‘देखो तो, इतने सारे हीरे ज़मीन पर बिखरे पड़े हैं। कितने सुंदर हैं ये !’ यह कह कर वे अनाज के दानों को अपने हाथों से बीनने लगे। उन्हें ऐसा करते देख मंत्री तथा अन्य लोग भी बिखरे अनाज को बटोरने लगे।

कुछ ही देर में सम्राट की झोली अनाज के दानों से भर गई। फिर वे सब को संबोधित करते हुए बोले- ‘ हमारे राज्य में अनाज की बरबादी पता नहीं क्यों होती है? यदि हम अनाज की बरबादी और अनादर करेंगे तो यह भी हमारा अनादर करेगा। तब भुखमरी तो फैलेगी। अब देखो तो, इतने अनाज से पाँच-सात लोगों का पेट तो भर ही सकता है। हम तो इसे पैरों तले रौंद रहे हैं।’ सभी लोगों ने एक-दूसरे की ओर देखा। उन्होंने मन-ही-मन अनाज को कभी बरबाद न करने की मौन प्रतिज्ञा की। कहते हैं कि इसके बाद सम्राट विक्रमादित्य के शासन काल में हमारे देश में अनाज की कमी कभी नहीं हुई थी।

(vi) चित्र देखकर कहानी सुनाना –

किसी चित्र को देखकर कल्पना करना मनुष्य का स्वाभाविक गुण है। उस कल्पना को कहानी के रूप में सरलता से प्रकट किया जा सकता है। अभ्यास से इस कला को निखारा जा सकता है।
उदाहरण –
एक गाँव में एक औरत अकेली ही अपने घर की रसोई के सामने चुपचाप बैठी थी। उसके चेहरे पर चिंता के भाव थे। वह बहुत रही थी।
इतने में उसके दोनों बेटे बाहर से उछलते-कूदते हुए भीतर आए। आते ही वे बोले – “माँ ! रोटी दो। भूख लगी है। ”
माँ ने उन्हें दुलारते हुए कहा – “बेटा, इसी चिंता में तो मैं कब से बैठी हूँ।
घर में आज लकड़ी नहीं है और न ही सूखे उपले हैं। मैं रोटी पकाऊँ भी तो कैसे ? तुम्हारे पिताजी भी आज गाँव से बाहर गए हुए हैं। यदि वे यहाँ होते तो सूखी लकड़ी का कोई प्रबंध कर देते। ”
लड़के कुछ देर माँ के पास चुपचाप बैठे रहे। छोटा लड़का बोला – “माँ, क्या हम दोनों लकड़ियाँ लाएँ ?” माँ ने उसके सिर पर हाथ फेरते हुए कहा – “तुम दोनों अभी बहुत छोटे हो। लकड़ियाँ भारी होती हैं। तुमसे नहीं उठेंगी… – और फिर कहाँ से लाओगे ?”

JAC Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना 1

बड़ा लड़का अपनी उँगली से इशारा कर बोला – ” वहाँ दूर खेतों के पार बड़े- बड़े पेड़ हैं। वहाँ कई सूखी लकड़ियाँ गिरी होती हैं। हम उन्हें इकट्ठी कर लाते हैं।”

माँ ने कुछ देर सोचा और कहा – ” अच्छा जाओ। दोनों भाई इकट्ठे रहना। जंगल में बहुत आगे न जाना।’
देर से कुछ सोच दोनों लड़के लकड़ी लेने चले। आठ और दस वर्ष के दोनों भाई इतनी दूर अकेले कभी नहीं गए थे। जंगल में उन्हें आम के पेड़ के नीचे एक मोटी सूखी डाल दिखाई दी। वह आँधी से टूटकर नीचे गिरी थी।
बड़े भाई ने कहा – “ लकड़ी तो मिल गई, पर इसे हम लेकर कैसे जाएँगे ? यह तो बहुत भारी है। ”

छोटे ने कहा – ” हम इसे छोड़कर जाएँगे, तो कोई दूसरा उठा ले जाएगा।”
पर वे क्या करते ? इतनी बड़ी लकड़ी उनसे उठ नहीं सकती थी। दोनों चुपचाप लकड़ी पर बैठ गए। इतने में छोटा लड़का चिल्लाया- “देखो, वह क्या है ? इतनी चींटियाँ ! वे किसे ले जा रही हैं ?”
बड़े लड़के ने ध्यान से देखा और कहा – ” चींटियाँ मरे हुए एक मोटे कीड़े को खींच कर ले जा रही हैं।”
छोटा भाई हैरानी से बोला – ” इतनी छोटी-छोटी चींटियाँ इतने मोटे कीड़े को कैसे खींच सकती हैं?”
“यह तो मरा हुआ कीड़ा ही है। कभी-कभी तो चींटियाँ मरे हुए साँप को भी घसीटले जाती हैं” – बड़े भाई ने कहा।

JAC Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना 2

दोनों भाई चींटियों को ध्यान से देखने लगे। चींटियाँ धीरे-धीरे कीड़े को सरका रही थीं। कभी-कभी मोटा कीड़ा लुढ़क कर उन पर भी गिर जाता था। झट से दूसरी चींटियाँ दबी हुई चींटियों को कीड़े के नीचे से निकाल देती थीं। चींटियाँ अपने काम में लगातार लगी हुई थीं। थोड़ी ही देर में चींटियाँ कीड़े को सरका – सरका कर अपने बिल के पास ले गईं।
छोटा लड़का कुछ देर सोचता रहा। वह अपने भाई की ओर मुँह कर बोला –
” क्या हम चींटियों से भी कमज़ोर हैं ?”
बड़े लड़के ने कहा – “क्यों, क्या हुआ ? हम तो उनसे कई गुना बड़े हैं, ताकतवर हैं।”
“यदि चींटियाँ मोटे कीड़े को धकेलकर वहाँ तक ले जा सकती हैं तो हम इस लकड़ी को धकेलकर अपने घर क्यों नहीं ले जा सकते ? ” – छोटे लड़के ने कहा।

JAC Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना 3

बड़ा लड़का उठकर खड़ा हो गया। वह बोला – ” तू यहीं बैठ। मैं अभी आया। ”
वह भाग कर गाँव वापस गया। वहाँ से अपने मित्रों को बुला लाया। मित्र अनेक थे। उन सबने मिल कर उस भारी लकड़ी को लुढ़काना आरंभ किया। सबने मिलकर खेल – ही खेल में वह लकड़ी उन दोनों भाइयों के घर पहुँचा दी।
माँ ने उन सबको शाबाशी दी और कहा – ” देखा तुमने। मिलकर काम करने से आप हर काम आसानी से कर सकते हो। सदा मिल-जुल कर काम किया करो। तुम्हारा हर काम हो जाएगा।”

(vii) परिचय देना, परिचय लेना –

हम-आप अपने-अपने समाज में रहते हैं। हम सदा एक-दूसरे का साथ पाना चाहते हैं और दूसरों को साथ देना चाहते हैं। अकेले तो हम रह ही नहीं पाते। समाज से कटकर अकेले रहना बहुत बड़ी सजा भोगने जैसा है। हमारी जान-पहचान पहले से ही अनेक लोगों से होती है पर जब हम किसी नए व्यक्ति के संपर्क में पहली बार आते हैं तो सबसे पहले हमें उससे परिचय प्राप्त करना होता है तथा उसे अपना परिचय देना होता है।

परिचय देना और परिचय लेना एक कला है। अपना परिचय देते समय हम पल भर में अपने व्यक्तित्व की पहली झलक किसी अपरिचित व्यक्ति को दे देते हैं। जब हम किसी को अपना परिचय देते हैं तब हमारे व्यवहार और हाव-भाव से अवश्य ऐसा झलकना चाहिए कि हम उससे अपना संपर्क बढ़ाना चाहते हैं। तब हमारे चेहरे पर उदासीनता या वितृष्णा के भाव कदापि नहीं होने चाहिए। हमारे चेहरे पर उत्साह और खुशी के भाव होने चाहिए तथा हमारी दृष्टि सामने वाले व्यक्ति पर होनी चाहिए। उसे ऐसा लगना चाहिए कि उससे मिलकर हमें प्रसन्नता हुई है।

I. परिचय देना :

परिचय के प्रकार – प्रायः परिचय दो प्रकार से दिया जाता है।

अनौपचारिक परिचय
औपचारिक परिचय

1. अनौपचारिक परिचय – इस प्रकार के परिचय में नाम, कक्षा या व्यवसाय का ही परिचय देना पर्याप्त होता है। यदि परिचय पाने वाला व्यक्ति आपके विषय में अधिक जानना चाहता है तो वह स्वयं बातों-बातों में आपसे पूछ लेगा।
उदाहरण –
(क) मेरा नाम रेवती है। मैं दयाल सिंह पब्लिक स्कूल में दसवीं कक्षा में पढ़ती हूँ।
(ख) मैं मोहित। दिल्ली पब्लिक स्कूल, आर० के० पुरम में नौवीं कक्षा का विद्यार्थी हूँ।

2. औपचारिक परिचय – इस प्रकार का परिचय प्रायः सभा सभाओं, सार्वजनिक कार्यक्रमों, कक्षा या बड़े समूहों में देना होता है। कई बार तो यह बता दिया जाता है कि परिचय देते समय क्या-क्या बताना होगा। सामान्य रूप से ऐसे परिचय में चार बातें बतानी होती हैं- नाम, कक्षा / व्यवसाय, विद्यालय / निवास, रुचियाँ।
उदाहरण –
(क) मेरा नाम पल्लवी है। मैं सेंट थैरेसा कान्वेंट स्कूल, करनाल में नौवीं कक्षा में पढ़ती हूँ। मैं न्यू हाउसिंग बोर्ड में रहती हूँ। कैरम खेलना, पेंटिंग करना और पुराने गाने सुनना मेरा शौक है।
(ख) मेरा नाम रोहन है। मैं डी० ए० वी० सीनियर सैकेंडरी स्कूल, जयपुर में ग्यारहवीं कक्षा का विद्यार्थी हूँ। मैं अपनी कक्षा का मॉनीटर हूँ। क्रिकेट खेलना मेरा शौक है। पत्र मित्रता करने में मेरी गहरी रुचि है।

अपने किसी सगे-संबंधी / मित्र / पड़ोसी का परिचय देना –

अपने परिचितों का किसी से परिचय कराते समय सदा ध्यान रखना चाहिए कि उनके विषय में कभी कोई ऐसी बात मुँह से नहीं निकलनी चाहिए जो उन्हें किसी भी प्रकार से बुरी लगे। सरल, सीधे और संतुलित शब्दों के प्रयोग से परिचय दिया जाना चाहिए। परिचय देते समय अतिशयोक्ति का प्रयोग नहीं करना चाहिए।

उदाहरण –

1. आपके साथ आपकी मम्मी विद्यालय के पुरस्कार वितरण समारोह में आई हैं। उनका परिचय अपनी कक्षा अध्यापिका को दीजिए।
उत्तर :
मैडम, ये मेरी मम्मी हैं। राजकीय महाविद्यालय में गणित की प्रध्यापिका हैं। मुझे पुरस्कार प्राप्त करते देखना चाहती हैं। ये आपसे मिलना भीं चाहती थीं !

2. आप बाज़ार जा रहे हैं। आपके साथ आपकी छोटी बहन है। उसका परिचय अपने मित्र से कराइए।
उत्तर :
यह उर्मि है, मेरी छोटी बहन। पाँचवीं कक्षा में पढ़ती है। इसे बाज़ार में खरीददारी करना अच्छा लगता है।

किसी प्रतिष्ठित व्यक्ति का परिचय कराना –

विद्यालय या किसी सार्वजनिक सभा में पधारे मुख्य अतिथि या किसी कलाकार का परिचय देना आवश्यक होता है। यह परिचय इस प्रकार दिया जाना चाहिए कि विशिष्ट व्यक्ति की विशेषताओं का संतुलित परिचय वहाँ उपस्थित लोगों को प्राप्त हो जाए। परिचय में अति विस्तार नहीं होना चाहिए और न ही कठिन भाषा का प्रयोग किया जाना चाहिए।

उदाहरण –

1. आपके विद्यालय में हरियाणा विद्यालय शिक्षा बोर्ड के पूर्व चेयरमैन डॉ० जयभगवान गोयल मुख्य अतिथि के रूप में पधारे हैं। हिंदी दिवस के अवसर पर वे अपने विचार प्रस्तुत करेंगे। आप उनका परिचय कराइए।
उत्तर :
प्रिय साथियो ! यह हमारा परम सौभाग्य है कि आज हिंदी दिवस के पुनीत अवसर पर हमारे बीच हिंदी साहित्य के परम विद्वान डॉ० जयभगवान गोयल पधारे हैं। हरियाणा विद्यालय शिक्षा बोर्ड के पूर्व चेयरमैन और कुरुक्षेत्र विश्वविद्यालय, कुरुक्षेत्र के हिंदी विभाग के अध्यक्ष अपने आपमें ही एक संस्था हैं। सैकड़ों पुस्तकों के रचयिता और सैकड़ों विद्यार्थियों को शोध कराने वाले शिक्षाविद् डॉ० गोयल वर्तमान में हिंदी-सेवा के प्रति समर्पित हैं। वे हमें हिंदी दिवस के महत्त्व से परिचित कराएँगे। मैं आप सबकी ओर से उनका स्वागत करते हुए उन्हें मंच पर सादर आमंत्रित करता हूँ

2. आपके विद्यालय में वार्षिक खेल-कूद प्रतियोगिता में मुख्य अतिथि के रूप में जिला के उपायुक्त पधारे हैं। उनका परिचय दीजिए।
उत्तर :
प्रिय मित्रो ! हमारे लिए अति हर्ष का विषय है कि आज हमारे बीच वह महान व्यक्तित्व खेल – कूद प्रतियोगिता के मुख्य अतिथि के रूप में पधारा है जिसने पिछले एक वर्ष में हमारे नगर की काया ही पलट दी है। अपनी दूरदृष्टि और अथक प्रयासों से हमारे आज के माननीय मुख्य अतिथि श्री राकेश देवगुण ने हमारे नगर को राज्य में एक नई पहचान प्रदान की है। ये केवल कुशल प्रशासक ही नहीं हैं बल्कि अपने समय के श्रेष्ठ खिलाड़ी भी रह चुके हैं। इन्होंने पोलो में भारतीय टीम का एशियन खेलों में प्रतिनिधित्व किया था। मैं उनके आगमन पर उनका हार्दिक आभार व्यक्त करते हुए उन्हें मंच पर आमंत्रित करता हूँ।

II. परिचय लेना :

हमें अपने जीवन में प्रतिदिन अनेक ऐसे लोग मिलते हैं, जिनसे हमारा पूर्व परिचय नहीं होता। हम किसी-न-किसी कारण उनसे परिचय पाना चाहते हैं। कई लोग हमें अच्छे लगते हैं और कई से हमारे कारोबारी संबंध होते हैं।

जब भी किसी अपरिचित से हम परिचय प्राप्त करना चाहते हैं, हमें भद्रता और शालीनता का परिचय देते हुए शिष्टाचार के सभी नियमों का पालन करना चाहिए। आरंभ में औपचारिकता बनी रहनी चाहिए और ‘आप’ शब्द का प्रयोग करना चाहिए। कभी भी ‘तू’ या ‘तुम’ जैसे शब्दों का प्रयोग नहीं करना चाहिए हँसी-मज़ाक और व्यंग्यात्मक शब्दों का प्रयोग तो कदापि नहीं करना चाहिए क्योंकि हम उस अपरिचित के स्वभाव को नहीं जानते। हमारा व्यंग्यात्मक शब्द उसे बुरा लग सकता है। परिचय प्राप्त करने से पहले सम्मानपूर्वक संबोधित करना आवश्यक होता है, जैसे –
भाई – साहब, बहन जी, अंकल, आंटी, मैडम, सर, श्रीमान जी, महोदय।
परिचय प्राप्त कर लेने के पश्चात मर्यादा का ध्यान रखते हुए नाम से भी संबोधित किया जा सकता है।
अपनत्व दिखाने के लिए बीच-बीच में नाम / जाति / संबोधन आदि का प्रयोग किया जा सकता है, जैसे-
(क) आपसे मैं पहले कह चुका हूँ, गुप्ता जी।
(ख) महेश जी, कभी उधर भी आइए।
(ग) अच्छा, बहन जी ! फिर मिलेंगे।
(घ) अरे, बेटा! मैं भी उधर ही जा रहा हूँ।
(ङ) वाह अंकल ! आप तो बहुत अच्छे हैं।

परिचय पाने के लिए संबोधन के साथ अभिवादन किया जाना चाहिए, जैसे –

(क) हैलो, सर !
(ख) नमस्ते अंकल !
(ग) आदाब, भाई जान !
(घ) नमस्कार जी।
(ङ) नमस्कार आंटी।

अभिवादन के बाद परिचय पूछा जा सकता है, जैसे –

(क) श्रीमान जी ! क्या मैं आपका शुभ नाम जान सकता हूँ?
(ख) कृपया अपना नाम बताइए।
(ग) सर ! क्या मैं आपका नाम पूछ सकता हूँ?
(घ) मैडम! क्या मैं आपका नाम जान सकता हूँ?

नाम जान लेने के पश्चात रहने का स्थान, नगर, स्कूल, कार्यालय, शिक्षा आदि के विषय में जानकारी प्राप्त की जा सकती है। परिचय प्राप्त करने के पश्चात औपचारिकतावश मिलने की खुशी अवश्य प्रकट की जानी चाहिए, जैसे –
(क) आपसे मिलकर बहुत प्रसन्नता हुई।
(ख) बहुत अच्छा लगा आपसे मिलकर, शर्मा जी।
(ग) फिर मिलना।
(घ) जल्दी फिर मिलेंगे।
(ङ) हमें आपसे मिलने का इंतजार रहेगा।

परिचय प्राप्त करने के पश्चात धन्यवाद अवश्य ज्ञापित करना चाहिए।

परिचय पाने के कुछ उदाहरण –

1. कक्षा में नया प्रवेश प्राप्त करने वाले एक लड़के से परिचय प्राप्त कीजिए।
उत्तर :

आप – हैलो !
वह – हैलो! आप ?
आप – मैं रोहन हूँ और इसी कक्षा में पढ़ता हूँ।
वह – मैं अनुराग हूँ।
आप – आपको इस कक्षा में पहली बार देखा है।
वह – हाँ। मैंने इस स्कूल में कल ही दाखिला लिया है।
आप – पहले कहाँ पढ़ते थे?
वह – मैं बेंगलुरू के मेरी कॉन्वेंट स्कूल में पढ़ता था।
आप – क्या आपके पापा का ट्रांसफर हो गया है ?
वह – हाँ।
आप – कहाँ रह रहे हो ?
वह – अभी तो घर ढूँढ़ रहे हैं। कुछ दिन के लिए गेस्ट हाउस में ठहरे हैं।
आप – मेरे घर के सामने एक बड़ा-सा मकान किराए के लिए खाली है।
वह – फिर तो बहुत अच्छा है। मैं पापा-मम्मी को बताऊँगा।
आप – हम भी आस – पास रहकर दोस्त बन जाएँगे।
वह – दोस्त तो हम बन भी गए। धन्यवाद।
आप – धन्यवाद।

2. सब्ज़ी की रेहड़ी के निकट खड़ी एक औरत से आप उसका परिचय प्राप्त कीजिए।
उत्तर :

आप – नमस्ते, बहन जी।
वह – नमस्ते, आप ?
आप – मैं नमिता हूँ। सामने वाले घर में रहती हूँ। और आप ?
वह – मैं मीनाक्षी। पिछली गली में रहती हूँ।
आप – कौन – सा मकान है आपका ?
वह – कोने वाला।
आप – अच्छा है। चलती हूँ। धन्यवाद।
वह – प्रसन्नता हुई आप से मिलकर।

(viii) भावानुकूल संवाद – योजना –

जब भी दो या दो से अधिक लोग आपस में बातचीत करते हैं। तब भावों के अनुसार उन की वाणी और चेहरे के हाव-भावों में परिवर्तन दिखाई देता है। क्रोध की स्थिति में उनकी आवाज़ ऊँची और तेज़ हो जाती है तो करुण अवस्था में दुख की झलक अपने आप ही आवाज़ के माध्यम से प्रकट होने लगती है। प्रसन्नता के कारण आवाज़ में विशेष चहक – सी उत्पन्न हो जाती है। भक्ति भाव के समय वह शांत हो जाती है। शब्दों का चयन भी भावों के अनुरूप बदलता दिखाई देता है। स्वरों का उतार-चढ़ाव मानसिक स्थिति के अनुसार निश्चित रूप से नए – नए रूप लेता रहता है।

संवाद योजना सदा भावानुकल होनी चाहिए। इससे जब स्वभाविकता का गुण प्रकट होता है तब वह दूसरों को अधिक प्रभावित करता है। बातचीत में कभी बनावटीपन नहीं झलकना चाहिए। यदि किसी कहानी या नाटक के संवादों को बोला जाना हो तो व्यर्थ में बनावटी हाव-भाव कभी प्रकट नहीं किए जाने चाहिए। भावों और परिस्थितियों के अनुसार आंगिक क्रियाओं का संचालन किया जाना चाहिए।

संवादों को बोलने का अभ्यास निरंतरता की माँग करता है। दूसरों के सामने संवादों को बोलकर स्वयं को सुधारा और सँवारा जा सकता है। संवादों में छिपे भावों को केवल वाणी से ही नहीं बल्कि चेहरे के हाव-भावों से भी सरलतापूर्वक व्यक्त किया जा सकता है।

कुछ उदाहरण –

1. बोर्ड परीक्षा में पुत्र के प्रथम आने की सूचना को पाकर माता-पिता के बीच हुई बातचीत।
उत्तर :

पिता (कंप्यूटर स्क्रीन को देखते हुए) – अरे, वाह ! कमाल कर दिया मोहित ने।
माता – क्यों क्या हो गया ?
पिता – देखो तो, उसका परीक्षा परिणाम आ गया है।
माता (घबराकर) – पास तो हो गया है न वह।
पिता – पास …….अरे ! उसने तो करिश्मा कर दिया है।
माता – क्या स्कूल में फर्स्ट आ गया है।
पिता – अरे नहीं ! वह तो पूरे राज्य में प्रथम आया है।
माता – क्या ?
पिता – हाँ, उसने तो पिछले बोर्ड परिणामों के सारे रिकार्ड तोड़ दिए हैं।
माता – अरे वाह !

2. मित्र के दुर्घटनाग्रस्त हो जाने पर दो लड़कों के बीच हुए संवाद।
उत्तर :

नरेंद्र (घबराए हुए स्वर में) – अरे, सुना तुमने !
राघव – क्या ?
नरेंद्र – परमजीत का एक्सीडेंट हो गया है।
राघव – कब ? कैसे ?
नरेंद्र – अभी, कुछ देर पहले। एक कार से।
राघव – कहाँ है वह ?
नरेंद्र – उसे अस्पताल ले गए हैं। बहुत खून बह रहा था उसका।
राघव – क्या तूने उसे देखा ?
नरेंद्र – हाँ। हम इकट्ठे ही तो खड़े थे स्कूल के बाहर।
राघव – कैसे हुआ यह ?
नरेंद्र – एक कार तेज़ गति से आई। उसने तिरछा कट मारा और परमजीत से उसकी साइड टकरा गई।
राघव – तो ! कारवाला रुका क्या ?
नरेंद्र – कहाँ ? वह तो भाग गया।
राघव – क्या तूने उस का नंबर नोट किया ?
नरेंद्र – हाँ! मैंने वह नंबर पुलिसवाले को दे दिया।
राघव – चलो जल्दी। हम भी अस्पताल चलेंगे।
नरेंद्र – हाँ, चलो।

3. पुस्तक मेले में जाने के लिए उत्सुक पुत्री और उसकी माँ के बीच के संवाद को लगभग 50 शब्दों में लिखिए।
उत्तर :

पुत्री – माँ, माँ।
माँ – क्या है? चिल्ला क्यों रही हो?
पुत्री – माँ, हमारे विद्यालय से पुस्तक मेले में जाने के लिए नाम माँगे गए हैं।
माँ – तो, मैं क्या करूँ?
पुत्री – मैं भी जाना चाहती हूँ, इसलिए मुझे कुछ रुपए दे देना।
माँ – क्या बेकार में वहाँ जाएगी? मैं तुझे शापिंग के लिए ले जाऊँगी।
पुत्री – नहीं, मुझे पुस्तक मेले में जाना है, वहाँ ज्ञान-विज्ञान की नई-नई पुस्तकें देखने और जानने के लिए मिलेंगी।
माँ – क्या रखा है, इस सबमें?
पुत्री – माँ, पुस्तकें सच्ची मित्र होती हैं, इनसे हमारे ज्ञान में वृद्धि होती है।
माँ – अच्छा, बाबा जैसी तेरी इच्छा ! अपना नाम लिखा देना और पैसे पापा से ले लेना।
पुत्री – धन्यवाद, मेरी अच्छी माँ।

4. स्वच्छ अभियान पर माँ-बेटी के संवाद को लगभग 50 शब्दों में लिखिए।
उत्तर :

माँ – रेखा, कमरे की क्या दुर्दशा कर रखी है, कहीं वस्त्र, कहीं पुस्तकें तो कहीं जूते ?
रेखा – ठीक ही तो है माँ! जब जिस चीज़ की ज़रूरत होती है, ले लेती हूँ।
माँ – फिर माँ मेरी पुस्तक, मेरी चप्पल, मेरा सूट कहाँ है कहकर चिल्लाती क्यों हो?
रेखा – अरे माँ! वह तो यूँ ही …..।
माँ – यूँ ही नहीं, स्वच्छता अभियान का अर्थ केवल झाडू लगाना नहीं होता बल्कि अपने कमरे में हर चीज़ ढंग से ठिकाने पर रखने से भी कमरा स्वच्छ और सुंदर लगता है।
रेखा – समझी माँ, अब से हर चीज़ व्यवस्थित रूप से रखूँगी।
माँ – तुम्हारा यह कार्य भी स्वच्छता अभियान का ही एक अंग होगा।

बोर्ड परीक्षाओं में पूछे गए संवाद लेखन संबंधी प्रश्न –

1. औलंपिक खेलों में भारतीय खिलाड़ियों के प्रदर्शन के बारे में अपने मित्र से हुए संवाद को लगभग 50 शब्दों में लिखिए।

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 7 Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication

September 6, 2024September 4, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 7 Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication

JAC Class 7th Geography Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication InText Questions and Answers

Page 49

Question 1.
Where do you find dwellings made of ice? Who makes them and what are they called?
Answer:
In tundra region, we find dwellings made of ice. Eskimos makes them and they are called as igloos.

Question 2.
List the different modes of transport used by the students of your class while coming to school.
Answer:
The different modes of transport used by the students of the class while coming to school are buses, vans, cars, public transport and bicycles. Also some of them come by foot.

Page 51

Question 3.
Can you name some more ports of the world?
Answer:
Some more ports of the world are Shanghai and Shenzhen in China, Busan in South Korea, Hamburg in Germany, Valencia in Spain, Colon in Panama, etc.

Page 52

Question 4.
Find out the names of some newspapers and TV news channels in English, Hindi and a regional language.
Answer:
The names of some newspapers and TV news channels in English, Hindi and a regional language are Newspapers
English:
The Times of India, The Hindu, The Statesman, The Hindustan Times. Hindi: Navbharat Times, Dainik Jagran, Hindustan

Bangla:
Anandabazar; Gujarati: Divya Bhaskar TV News Channels English: CNN, IBN, Times Now Hindi: Aaj Tak, Zee News, DD News

Bangla: Star Jalsha News

JAC Class 7th Geography Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions.
(i) What are the four means of transport?
Answer:
The four means of transport are

Roadways
Railways
Waterways
Airways

(ii) What do you understand by the term ‘settlement’?
Answer:
The term ‘settlement’ means a place where people build their homes to live in.

(iii) Which are the activities practised by the rural people?
Answer:
The activities which are practiced by the rural people are farming, fishing, forestry, craftwork, trading, extracting and collecting.

(iv) Mention any two merits of railways.
Answer:
Two merits of railways are:

Carry heavy goods in bulk
Carry people to long distances very quickly and at low cost.

(v) What do you understand by communication ?
Answer:
A process by which we convey our messages to other people is known as communication.

(vi) What is mass media?
Answer: Mass media consists of newspaper, television and radio. Due to mass media we can communicate with number of people through this.

Tick (√) the correct answer.

Question 2.
(i) Which is NOT a means of communication?
(a) Telephone
(b) Books
(c) Table
Answer:
(c) Table

(ii) Which type of road is constructed under the ground?
(a) Fly over
(b) Expressways
(c) Subways
Answer:
(c) Subways

(iii) Which mode of transport is most suitable to reach an island?
(a) Ship
(b) Train
(c) Car
Answer:
(a) Ship

(iv) Which vehicle does not pollute the environment?
(a) Cycle
(b) Bus
(c) Aeroplane
Answer:
(a) Cycle

Question 3.
Match the following.

(i) Internet	(e) areas where people are engaged in manufacturing, trade and services
(ii) Canal route	(d) closely built area of houses
(iii) Urban areas	(c) houses on stilts
(iv) Compact settlement	(d) inland waterway
	(e) a means of communication

Answer:

(i) Internet	(d) a means of communication
(ii) Canal route	(c) inland waterway
(iii) Urban areas	(a) areas where people are engaged in manufacturing, trade and services
(iv) Compact settlement	(b) closely built area ofhouses

Question 4.
Give reasons. Today’s world is shrinking.
Answer:
Information is available at any place or area from any region of the world due to modem technology. With the development and progress of communication and technology, the world has shrinked. Radio, newspaper, television had brought the world closer to each other. World has even come closer due to internet and cellular phones. Hence, we can say that today’s world is shrinking:

(For Fun)

Question 5.
(i) Conduct a survey in your locality and find out how people commute to their respective workplaces using –
(a) more than two modes of transport
(b) more than three modes of transport
(c) stay within walking distance,

(ii) Mention which mode of communication you will prefer most in the following situations –
(a) Your grandfather has suddenly fallen ill. How will you inform the doctor?
(b) Your mother wants to sell the old house. How will she spread this news?
(c) You are going to attend the marriage of your cousin for which you will be absent from the school for the next two days. How will you inform the teacher?
(d) Your friend has moved out with his/her family to New York. How will you keep in touch on a daily basis?
Answer:
(i) (a) auto-rickshaw, metro and on foot
(b) metro, bus, rickshaw and on foot
(c) on foot

(ii) (a) Inform the doctor through telephone or cell phone.
(b) Will spread the news through newspaper and internet.
(c) Will send an application on leave to the teacher.
(d) Will keep in touch through internet or telephone.

JAC Class 7th Geography Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Igloos are made by
(a) Eskimos
(b) Shepherds
(c) Farmers
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Eskimos

Question 2.
In Asia, Indian railways is the . network.
(a) smallest
(b) slowest
(c) largest
(d) fastest
Answer:
(c) largest

Question 3.
The ports in Europe are
(a) Singapore and Mumbai
(b) Rotterdam and London
(c) New York and London
(d) Los Angeles and Rotterdam
Answer:
(b) Rotterdam and London

Question 4.
The inland waterways are
(a) The Nile river in Africa
(b) The Great Lakes in North America
(c) The Ganga- Brahmaputra river system
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 5.
To communicate with large number of people, we use the mode/s of communication.
(a) television
(b) radio
(c) newspaper
(d) all of these
Answer:
(d) all of these

Question 6.
The cheapest mode of transport is/are
(a) Waterways
(b) Roadways
(c) Airways
(d) Railways
Answer:
(a) Waterways

Question 7.
Roads built above the ground are called as
(a) Bridges
(b) Flyovers
(c) Subways
(d) Canals
Answer:
(b) Flyovers

Question 8.
The traditional train engines are nowadays replaced by electric and diesel ones. Those are
(a) air-powered
(b) magnetic
(c) steam
(d) hydro-powered
Answer:
(c) steam

Question 9.
Air traffic is mainly affected by
(a) floods
(b) fog and storms
(c) drought
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) fog and storms

Question 10.
The type of houses which are less likely to find in cities are
(a) huts
(b) bunglows
(c) slums
(d) flats
Answer:
(a) huts

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by the term ‘site’?
Answer:
Site is the place where a building or a settlement develops.

Question 2.
Name the cities which are connected by the Golden Quadrilateral.
Answer:
Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata are connected by the Golden Quadrilateral.

Question 3.
How human settlements became larger and larger?
Answer:
Human settlements became larger andlarger with the development of trade, commerce and manufacturing.

Question 4.
In places of hot climate, which types of house are commonly found?
Answer:
In areas of hot climate, thick mud walled houses with thatched roofs are commonly found.

Question 5.
What type of transport is used for short distance?
Answer:
The means of transport used for short distances are roads.

Question 6.
Define Transhumance.
Answer:
A seasonal movement of people is known as transhumance. According to changes in seasons, people who rear animals move in search of new pastures.

Question 7.
What do you mean by wet point settlement?
Answer:
Wet point settlement is the settlement growing around water areas.

Question 8.
What are the three ways of inland waterways?
Answer:
The three ways of inland waterways are river, lake and canals.

Question 9.
What are the modern means of communication?
Answer:
The modem means of communication are email, cellular phones, fax, computers.

Question 10.
When and where the first rail route came into started in India?
Answer:
In 1853, the first rail route came into started between Mumbai and Thane.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Differentiate between compact and scattered settlement.
Answer:

Compact Settlement	Scattered Settlement
• A closely built area of dwelling where flat land is available is known as compact settlement.	• The area where houses are spread over an extensive area is known as scattered settlement.
• This type of settlement is found near river valleys and fertile plain.	• This type of . settlement is found in hilly regions, thick … forests and in extreme climatic conditions.

Question 2.
What are the natural conditions for selection of a site?
Answer:
The natural conditions for selection of a site are as follows:

Convenient climate
Fertile soil
Fertile and suitable land
Good availability of water

Question 3.
Mention the merits of airways.
Answer:
The merits of airways are as follows:

It is the only means of transport to reach the most distant and remote
areas where no roads or railways can reach.
Helicopters are also very useful in most accessible places and in time of disasters and tragedies such as to rescue people, distribution of medicines, food, useful things.

Question 4.
Why it become necessary to build a permanent house?
Answer:
Human beings in early days lived on trees and in caves. When they started to grow crops it became very necessary to have a permanent house.

Question 5.
What changes made transport easier and uncomplicated?
Answer:
Transport was made easier by invention of the wheel. With the transit of time various mode of transport developed but even today people use animals for transport. Airplanes have made travel faster. New and modem means of transport hence saves time and energy.

Question 6.
Differentiate between Communication and Transport.
Answer:

• It conveys the messages and news from one place to another such as telephone service; postal service.	• It transfers goods and helps for transportation of human beings and other living beings from one place to another such as roadways, railways.
• Modes of communication are television, radio, cellular phone.	• Modes of transport are airplanes, ships, train, bus, cars, etc.
• In early days, bullock carts, donkeys, camels L were used.	• In early days, modes of transport was used as communication.

Question 7:
Differentiate between State Highways and National Highways.
Answer:

State Highways	National Highways
• The state capitals which are joined with big cities within a state are known as state highways.	• The state capitals which are joined with other state capitals are known as national highways.
• They are limited within the states.	• They cross many states within the country.
• Total length of the state highways in India is about 3,81,000 km.	• Total length of the national highways in India is about 1,15,435 km.

Question 8.
Satellites had proved themselves very useful for the mankind. How?
Answer:
Satellites had proved themselves very useful for the mankind as they have helped in detecting mineral wealth, underground water, weather forecast, oil exploration, forest survey.

Question 9.
Which is the longest railway system in the world?
Answer:
The Trans-Siberian Railway is the longest railway system which connects St. Petersburg in Western Russia to Vladivostok on the Pacific coast.

Question 10.
In which places, the railway network are well developed?
Answer:
The railway network are well developed in the plain and flat places.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the two types of waterways? Explain.
Answer:
Waterways are the cheapest means of transport for carrying heavy and especially where there are no roads and railways. Helicopters are useful in most inaccessible areas and in times of disasters and tragedies.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 12 Geography Solutions Chapter 10 परिवहन तथा संचार

October 5, 2024September 4, 2024 by Prasanna

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 12 Geography Solutions Chapter 10 परिवहन तथा संचार Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

JAC Board Class 12 Geography Solutions Chapter 10 परिवहन तथा संचार

बहुविकल्पीय प्रश्न (Muhiple Choice Questions)

नीचे दिए गए चार विकल्पों में से सही उत्तर को चनिए

1. भारतीय रेल प्रणाली को कितने मंडलों में विभाजित किया गया है?
(क) १
(ख) 12
(ग) 16
(घ) 14.
उत्तर:
(ग) 16.

2. निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा भारत का सबसे लंबा राष्ट्रीय महामार्ग है?
(क) एन एच-1
(ख) एन एच-6
(ग) एन एच-7
(घ) एन एच-8.
उत्तर;
(ग) एन एच-7.

3. राष्ट्रीय जल मार्ग संख्या-1 किस नदी पर तथा किन दो स्थानों के बीच पड़ता है?
(क) ब्रह्मपुत्र – सादिया – धुबरी
(ख) गंगा – हल्दिया – इलाहाबाद
(ग) पश्चिमी तट नहर – कोट्टापुरम से कोल्लाम।
उत्तर:
(ख) गंगा-हल्दिया-इलाहाबाद।

4. निम्नलिखित में से किस वर्ष में पहला रेडियो कार्यक्रम प्रसारित हुआ था?
(क) 1911
(ख) 1936
(ग) 1927
(घ) 1923.
उत्तर:
(घ) 1923.

अति लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न (Very Short Answer Type Questions)

निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों का उत्तर लगभग 30 शब्दों में दो

प्रश्न 1.
परिवहन किन क्रिया-कलापों को अभिव्यक्त करता है? परिवहन के तीन प्रमुख प्रकारों के नाम बताओ।
उत्तर:
परिवहन तृतीयक वर्ग का क्रिया-कलाप है। परिवहन कच्चे माल को कारखानों तक पहुंचाता है। यह वस्तुओं को उत्पादन स्थल बाज़ार तक भेजता है ताकि उपभोक्ता को ये उपलब्ध हो। इस प्रकार परिवहन वस्तुओं, पदार्थों तथा विचारों को एक स्थान से दूसरे स्थान तक ले जाने के लिए प्रयोग होता है। परिवहन के मुख्य साधन हैं: स्थल, जल, वायु।

प्रश्न 2.
पाइप लाइन परिवहन के लाभ एवं हानि की विवेचना कीजिए।
उत्तर:
प्राकृतिक गैस तथा खनिज तेल के परिवहन का पाइप लाइन एक सुगम साधन है। यह एक सस्ता साधन है जो दुर्गम क्षेत्रों, घने वनों, मरुस्थलों तथा पर्वतों पर से गुज़रता है। परन्तु इसके गुणों की तुलना में अवगुण अधिक हैं।

इस साधन में लोच का न होना एक प्रमुख अवगुण है।
एक बार पाइप लाइन बिछा देने के पश्चात् इसकी क्षमता में वृद्धि नहीं की जा सकती।
पाइप लाइन की सुरक्षा करना भी कठिन कार्य है।
भूमिगत पाइप लाइन की मरम्मत में कठिनाई होती है तथा रिसाव का पता लगाना भी कठिन होता है।

प्रश्न 3.
संचार से आपका क्या तात्पर्य है?
उत्तर:
हम केवल वस्तुएं ही नहीं बल्कि विचारों, दर्शन तथा संदेशों का भी उपयोग करते हैं। विभिन्न साधनों के माध्यम से संचार करते समय हम अपने विचारों, दर्शन और संदेशों का विनिमय एक स्थान से दूसरे स्थान तक अथवा एक व्यक्ति से दूसरे व्यक्ति तक करते हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
भारत के वायु परिवहन के क्षेत्र में एयर इण्डिया तथा इंडियन एयर लाइन्स के योगदान की विवेचना करो।
उत्तर:
भारत में वायु परिवहन के दो खण्ड हैं आन्तरिक सेवाएं तथा अन्तर्देशीय सेवाएं। एयर इण्डिया संगठन विदेशी उड़ानों का प्रबन्ध करती है। मुम्बई, दिल्ली, कोलकाता, चेन्नई एयर इण्डिया के केन्द्र बिन्दु हैं। इण्डियन एयर लाइन्स देश के भीतरी भागों तथा पड़ोसी देशों के साथ वायु सेवाओं का प्रबन्ध करती है।

सन् 1981 से देश के भीतर दुर्गम भागों में वायुदूत एयर लाइन्स सेवाओं का भी प्रारम्भ किया गया है। 1985 में पवन हंस लिमिटेड की स्थापना दूरस्थ क्षेत्रों, वनाच्छादित तथा पहाड़ी क्षेत्रों को जोड़ने हेतु हेलीकाप्टर सेवाएं उत्पन्न करवाने के लिए की गई।

लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न (Short Answer Type Questions)

निम्नलिखित प्रश्न के उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में करो

प्रश्न 1.
भारत में परिवहन के प्रमुख साधन कौन-कौन से हैं? इनके विकास को प्रभावित करने वाले कारकों की विवेचना करो।
उत्तर:
परिवहन साधन: भारत के परिवहन के स्थल, जल तथा वायु परिवहन के निम्नलिखित साधन हैं

रेल मार्ग
सड़कें
वायुमार्ग
जल मार्ग
पाइप लाइनें। भारत के विभिन्न परिवहन साधनों के विकास को निम्नलिखित कारकों ने प्रभावित किया है

1. भौतिक कारक-भारत के समतल मैदानी भागों में सड़क व रेलमार्गों का अधिक विकास हुआ है। जैसे उत्तरी मैदान में। परन्तु पर्वतीय दुर्गम प्रदेशों में रेलमार्ग तथा सड़कें कम हैं जैसे असम तथा हिमालय प्रदेश में।
2. आर्थिक कारक-बड़े-बड़े औद्योगिक, व्यापारिक नगरों तथा प्रमुख पत्तनों के समीप रेलमार्गों तथा सड़कों का अधिक विस्तार हुआ है परन्तु राजस्थान में कम आर्थिक विकास के कारण रेलमार्ग तथा सड़कें कम हैं।
3. राजनीतिक कारक-ब्रिटिश प्रशासन ने देश के संसाधनों के शोषण की नीति के कारण प्रमुख पत्तनों को देश के आन्तरिक भागों से रेलमार्गों द्वारा जोड़ दिया।

प्रश्न 2.
भारत के आर्थिक विकास में सड़कों की भूमिका का वर्णन करो।
उत्तर:
भारत में प्राचीनकाल से ही सड़कें महत्त्वपूर्ण रही हैं। शेरशाह सूरी ने राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग, ग्रांड ट्रंक रोड का निर्माण किया। स्वाधीनता के पश्चात् 10 वर्षीय नागपुर योजना के अन्तर्गत सड़क मार्गों का विकास किया गया। भारत में अधिकतर पक्की सड़कें दक्षिणी भारत में हैं, क्योंकि यहां सड़कों को बनाने के लिए दक्षिणी पठार में पर्याप्त मात्रा में पत्थर मिल जाते हैं। भारतीय सड़कों की निम्नलिखित विशेषताएं हैं

भारत की पक्की सड़कों की लम्बाई 7,47,000 किलोमीटर है तथा कच्ची सड़कों की लम्बाई 8 लाख 73 हज़ार किलोमीटर है।
देश में राष्ट्रीय महामार्गों की लम्बाई 65769 किलोमीटर है।
प्रमुख महामार्ग मुम्बई, कोलकाता, चेन्नई, दिल्ली, बंगलौर तथा श्रीनगर को मिलाते हैं।
भारत में महामार्ग देश को पश्चिम में पाकिस्तान, उत्तर में तिब्बत तथा चीन, पूर्व में बांग्लादेश और बर्मा (म्यनमार) को जोड़ते हैं। (5) भारत में प्रति वर्ष 85% भागों तथा 70% भाग यातायात का परिवहन सड़कों द्वारा होता है।

परिवहन तथा संचार JAC Class 12 Geography Notes

जीवन रेखाएं (Life lines): यातायात के साधन किसी देश की जीवन रेखाएं हैं।

परिवहन तन्त्र (Transport lines): परिहवन तन्त्र भारत में सामाजिक, आर्थिक तथा राजनीतिक एकता मज़बूत करता है।

पत्तन (Ports): भारत में 12 मुख्य पत्तन हैं।

रेलमार्गों का विकास निम्नलिखित कारकों पर निर्भर करता है

भौतिक कारक।
राजनीतिक कारक।
आर्थिक कारक। उत्तरी मैदान में रेलों की सघनता अधिक है।

राष्ट्रीय सड़क मार्ग (National Highways): भारत में राष्ट्रीय सड़क मार्गों की लम्बाई लगभग 65769 कि० मी० है।

रेल क्षेत्र (Railway Zones): भारतीय रेल मार्गों को 9 क्षेत्रों में बांटा गया है तथा 7 नए रेल क्षेत्र बनाए जा रहे हैं।

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 3 How the State Government Works

September 5, 2024September 4, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 3 How the State Government Works

JAC Class 7th Civics How the State Government Works InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is happening in Patalpuram?
Answer:
Patalpuram is facing a problem of severe water crisis. People are drinking unclean water as they have no other choice. Hence, they are becoming ill and having diarrhoea. Children are the most affected in this situation.

Question 2.
Why is this problem serious?
Answer:
This problem is serious because a large number of people are facing the problem of serious and acute diarrhoea and many people died from this disease as well. Thus, it is important to take necessary steps to bring the situation under control immediately.

Question 3.
What action do you think can be taken in the above situation and who do you think should take this action? Discuss.
Answer:
Clean drinking water should be supplied to the people of Patalpuram. The MLA and the government should be responsible enough to take this action.

Page 32

Question 4.
Discuss the following terms with your teacher public meeting, States in India, constituency, majority, ruling party and opposition.
Answer:
Public meeting :
Public meetings are the assembly of general people in which they are made to know about the current problems faced by the people in general. States

In India:
India is divided into many units and parts with well defined boundaries. These parts or units are known as States in India.

Constituency :
Constituency is the area from where the eligible voters can cast their vote to elect their representative or leader.

Majority :
A political party whose MLAs have won more than half the number seats or constituencies in a state is said to be in majority.

Ruling party:
The party which has the majority is often known as the ruling party.

Opposition:
The elected representatives who are not from the ruling party are known as the opposition. The people can question the government’s decisions and actions. They can also raise new and concerned issues for the benefit of the people.

Question 5.
Can you explain the following terms majority, ruling party, opposition with reference to your state?
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own with ine ‘ne’ip oi teacher.

Page 33

Question 6.
Construct a table, similar to the one given for Himachal Pradesh, for your state.
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own with the help of teacher.

Question 7.
At times, the ruling party may not be a single party but a group of parties working together. This is called a coalition. Discuss with your teacher.
Answer:
The coalition is formed when two or more parties come together and elect their leader. The state Governor appoints their leader as the Chief Minister. The coalition parties prepare the Common Minimum Programme and present it during the period for which the coalition is formed.

Page 35

Question 8.
Can you identify the MLAs of the ruling party and the opposition in the illustration? Colour the ruling party in one colour and the opposition in another.
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own.

Page 1

Question 9.
What were the main arguments put forward by different MLAs who thought that th§ government was not taking the situation in a serious manner?
Answer:
MLA1:
He belongs to the Akhandagaon constituency. In last three weeks, several people died due to diarrhoea. He is very sad and upset that the government has not been able to check the situation although they proclaim that they are doing it.

MLA2:
He wants to know why the government hospitals are in bad conditions. We a’iso as’ks tiie government that how it plans to deal with this situation which is badly affecting the common people.

MLA3:
The Tolpatti constituency which he represents is facing shortage of water. Women had to fetch water from far away. He wants to know from the government that what actions are taken to clean and disinfect the wells and ponds.

Question 10.
If you were the health minister, how would you respond to the above discussion?
Answer:
If I were the health minister, I would promptly respond to the above discussion. I would have put mobile vans with equipments with doctors, nurses and health Workers into service for the ill people.

Question 11:
Do you think the above debate would have been useful in some ways? How? Discuss.
Answer:
Yes, the above debate would have been useful. It has highlighted many issues concerning about the public health and their solutions are sorted out in the minimum time.

Question 12.
In the working of the government, explain the difference between being an MLA and an MLA who is also a minister.
Answer:
An MLA is only responsible for the development of his constituency whereas, an MLA who is a minister
also has to do dual responsibilities. He is accountable for the entire state as well for his constituency also.

Page 37

Question 13.
Write two measures that the government undertook for controlling diarrhoea. The two measures that the government undertook for controlling diarrhoea are:

To every village, there should be supply of water through tanker trucks.
Creating awareness through different campaigns in order to inform people about the measures to prevent diarrhoea.

Question 4.
What is the purpose of a press conference? How does the press conference help you get information on what the government is doing?
Answer:
The purpose of the press conference is to ask questions on a particular issues about the steps taken and hear about the same. The data collected by press conference is printed in newspaper and magazines for the common people. Such conference also create a public opinion about the issue.

Page 1

Question 15.
Find out with the help of your teacher, the work done by the government departments mentioned and fill in the table.
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own

Page 40

Question 16.
Do a similar wallpaper project about any issue connected with the working of your State Government like an education programme, any law and order issue, midday meal scheme, etc.
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own.

JAC Class 7th Civics How the State Government Works Textbook Questions and Answers

Page 41

Question 1.
Use the terms ‘constituency’ and ‘represent’ to explain who an MLA is and how is the person elected?
Answer:
A state is divided into many regions known as constituencies on the basis of the population. For the Legislative Assembly, one representative is elected from every constituency and that person represents that constituency. That person is known as the Member of Legislative Assembly or MLA. Through general election, an MLA is elected. That person can be an independent or a member of a particular political party. The person who gets the maximum votes or wins the election becomes the MLA of that constituency.

Question 2.
How did some MLAs become Ministers? Explain.
Answer:
Some MLAs become Ministers as:

The party which is elected in majority or wins the election for the Legislative Assembly forms the government.
According to the constitutional norms, the ruling party elects its leader who is known as the Chief Minister, who heads the government.
The Chief Minister constitutes a cabinet which includes members of his party as ministers.
The MLAs who become the ministers are allotted with a portfolio or department of work.
Hence, the MLAs turned ministers become responsible for the entire state of that particular department.

Question 3.
Why should decisions taken by the Chief Minister and other ministers be debated in the Legislative Assembly?
Answer:
The decisions taken by the Chief Minister and other ministers are debated in the Legislative Assembly because at the time of debate it is discussed that whether the steps or decisions taken are in the interest of the common people or not. It is also discussed that whether it is urgent and important or not. Depending upon this they discuss how much would the cost incur of the government. They also see that anything objectionable is there for any particular community or not.

Question 4.
What was the problem in Patalpuram? What discussion/ action was taken by the following? Fill in the table. Public Metting Legislative Assembly Press conference Chief Minister.
Answer:
Patalpuram was facing shortage of water.

Public’ Meeting	Reprimanded and showed complete disapproval to the government and also showed protest, their demand were kept in front of the government.
Legislative Auembli	Discussed the problems and issues and decided the actions and steps which are to be taken.
Press Conference	The plan of action which was initiated by the government was presented by the Health Minister.
Chief Minister	Announced the compensation to the affected family, also visited the village of Patalpuram. Clearly mentioned the future actions and steps to be taken to solve the problem.

Question 5.
What is the difference between the work that MLAs do in the Assembly and the work done by government departments?
Answer:
The difference between the work that MLAs do in the Assembly and the work done by government departments are that eveiy department is headed by the Minister who is also an MLA. Any work done or proposed by the department is approved by the minister. For the completion of work, the department is responsible whereas, the minister or MLA coordinate and synchronize between the Assembly and the departments.

JAC Class 7thCivics How the State Government Works Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The multi-level system of government is called
(a) Unitary
(b) Federal
(c) Dictatorship
(d) Monarchy
Answer:
(b) Federal

Question 2.
The MLAs represent
(a) people
(b) technology
(c) themselves
(d) only the poor and the old
Answer:
(a) people

Question 3.
The state in India which has the highest number of constituencies is
(a) Uttar Pradesh
(b) Madhya Pradesh
(c) Kerala
(d) Maharashtra
Answer:
(a) Uttar Pradesh

Question 4.
The party or the coalition of parties that wins the election with more than half of the total number of constituencies in a state is called to be in a
(a) minority
(b) profit
(c) majority
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(c) majority

Question 5.
All the parties that failed to get the majority in the election are together are said to the
(a) majority
(b) opposition
(c) minority
(d) loss
Answer:
(b) opposition

Question 6.
The leader of the ruling party who is the head of the state as well of the country is known as
(a) Prime Minister
(b) MP
(c) MLA
(d) Chief Minister
Answer:
(d) Chief Minister

Question 7.
Legislative Assembly is also known as
(a) Vidhan Sabha
(b) Vidhan Parishad
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Lok Sabha
Answer:
(a) Vidhan Sabha

Question 8.
The Chief Minister is appointed by the
(a) President
(b) Prime Minister
(c) Governor of the state
(d) Any of the above
Answer:
(c) Governor of the state

Question 9.
The Governor of the state is appointed by the
(a) Prime Minister
(b) Supreme Court Judges
(c) High Court Judges
(d) President
Answer:
(d) President

Question 10.
The gives information to the people which acts as a link between the government and the people.
(a) Press conference
(b) Debates
(c) Mass media
(d) Mass distribution
Answer:
(c) Mass media

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which institution makes laws at the central or national level?
Answer:
The Parliament makes laws at the central or national level.

Question 2.
What is the urban local government known as?
Answer:
The urban local government is known as the Municipal Corporation.

Question 3.
Who gives the approval to the ministers to take certain decisions for the common people?
Answer:
Legislative Assembly gives the approval to the ministers to take certain decisions for the common people.

Question 4.
Does the Member of the Legislative Assembly elected by the people?
Answer:
Yes, the Member of the Legislative Assembly are elected by the people.

Question 5.
How many levels of government are there? Name them.
Answer:
There are three levels of Government present. The three levels are local, state and national.

Question 6.
For what reason the governor of state is appointed?
Answer:
Governor of state is appointed to make sure that the State Government works

Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP)
Indian National Congress (INC)

Question 7.
What is wallpaper project?
Answer:
Wallpaper project is an interesting activity through which research can be done on particular topics of interest.

Question 8.
What do you understand by the Election Commission?
Answer:
Election Commission is an independent association or body in which the whole process of the election in our country is conducted, controlled and supervised.

Question 9.
What are the two main functions of Election Commission?
Answer:
The two main functions of Election Commission are :

to recognize all the political parties.
to allot symbols to the political parties and to independent candidates who are also contesting the election.

Question 10.
Name the two houses of state legislature in India.
Answer:
The two houses of state legislature in India are:
Legislative Assembly or Vidhan Sabha Legislative Council or Vidhan Parishad

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define political party. Name at least two national political parties in India.
Answer:
A political organisation that follows a particular ideology and seeks to attain the political power of the state as well as of the nation is known as the political party. Two national political parties in India are

Question 2.
List four features of electoral system of India.
Answer:
Four features of electoral system of India are:

Single member constituency
Joint electorate
Adult franchise
Election petition within the rules and regulations of the Constitution.

Question 3.
What do you understand by constituency?
Answer:
Constituency is a particular area or place from which all the voters living there choose their representatives. This could be such as a panchayat ward or an area that chooses an MLA.

Question 4.
How does a government function in a state?
Answer:
The people elect their representatives as Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) in the democracy, thus, it is the people who have the main authority. The ruling party members who wins the election then form the government and some members are appointed as ministers. These ministers are in charge of various departments of the government such as health, transport, etc. Whatever work is done by these departments has to be approved by the members of the legislative assembly.

Question 5.
In India, what are the qualifications and the disqualifications of a voter?
Answer:
In India, the qualifications and the disqualifications of a voter are:
Question ualification: according to the law, a voter must

be a citizen
have attained the age of 18 years and above.

Disqualification: according to the law, a voter must not

be bankrupt, traitor to the country
be insane person
been convicted for any serious crime.

Question 6.
In what ways do the people in power like the chief minister and the minister take action?
Answer:
The people in power like the chief minister and the minister take action through various departments like the Public Works Department, the Agriculture Department, the Health Department, the Education Department and so on. They also have to answer questions that are asked in the Legislative Assembly and convince people asking the questions that proper steps are being taken. At the same time, newspapers and the media widely discuss the issue and the government has to respond, for example, by holding the press conferences.

Question 7.
What do you understand by debate?
Answer:
A discussion held in the Assembly to discuss current and important problems is known as the debate. During debate, the MLAs can express their views and ask questions related to the problems and issues. They could even give suggestions about what should be done by the government for the betterment of the people. The ministers then replies to the questions asked and give assurance to the Assembly that proper steps are being taken.

Question 8.
Distinguish between By-election and Mid-term election.
Answer:

By-eieetion	Mid- term eieetion
Before the completion of the tenure of the house, if the member of the parliament, state legislative assembly dies or resigns from his constituency then the election which takes place again is known as the byelection.	Before the completion of the tenure of 5 years, sometimes the president dissolves the government of the state on the advice of the Prime minister. Then the fresh elections are held. This type of election is known as the mid-term election.

Question 9.
What were the ways by which the people of Patalpuram adopt to put their grievances?
Answer:
The people of Patalpuram organised a rally and gheraos of the MLAs residence. Their leader who was the member of the opposition party demanded loudly that the action and steps should be taken immediately and to bring the public health situation under control.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the process of emergence and development of government in a state.
Answer:
In India, every state has a Legislative Assembly. Each state is divided into different areas or constituencies. From each constituency, the people elect one representative who then becomes a Member of the Legislative Assembly or better known as MLA. People stand for elections in the name of different political parties. These MLAs belong to different political parties. Apolitical party whose MLAs have won more than half the number of constituencies in a state are said to be in a majority. The political party that has the majority forms the government.

In case no party gains the majority then in that case the party with maximum elected members tries to get support from different parties or candidates. The party that proves to have maximum supporters is allowed to form the government which is also known as the coalition government. If no party proves the majority then there would be reelection.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 9 Struggles for Equality

September 5, 2024September 4, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 9 Struggles for Equality

JAC Class 7th Civics Struggles for Equality InText Questions and Answers

Page 103

Question 1.
What do you think is meant by the expression ‘power oyer the ballot box’? Discuss.
Answer:
The expression ‘power over the ballot box’ means the power and right to vote. Every adult citizen of India has the equal right to vote during elections. To elect or replace their representatives, this right has been used by people.

Page 104

Question 2.
Can you think of one person in your family, community, village, town or city whom you respect because of their fight for equality and justice?
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own with the help of parents.

Page 106

Question 3.
What issue is the Tawa Matsya Sangh (TMS) fighting for?
Answer:
The Tawa Matsya Sangh (TMS) fighting for the issue of equality.

Question 4.
Why did the villagers set up this organisation?
Answer:
The villagers set up this organisation to protect their rights.

Question 5.
Do you think that the large-scale participation of villagers has contributed to the success of the TMS? Write two lines on why you think so.
Answer:
Yes, I think that the large-scale participation of villagers has contributed to the success of the TMS because when people are united then they get strength and finally success. Also, people stand together to fight for an issue and no one can come on their way.

Page 107

Question 6.
Can you think of an incident in your life in which one person or a group of people came together to change an unequal situation?
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own.

Page 108

Question 7.
Refer to the song below and answer the following questions:
The Right To Know
My dreams have the right to know
Why for centuries they have been breaking
Why don’t they ever come true My hands have the right to know
Why do they remain without work all along ‘
Why do they have nothing to do
My feet have the right to know Why from village to village they walk on their own
Why are there no signs of a bus yet My hunger has the right to know Why grain rots in godowns While I don’t even get a fistful of rice My old mother has the right to know Why are there no medicines Needles, dispensaries or bandages My children have the right to know Why do they labour day and night Why is there no school in sight

What is your favourite line in the above song?
What does the poet mean when he says, “My hunger has the right to know”?

Answer:
(i) Favourite line in the above song is ‘my children have the right to know’.

(ii) The poet means what he says, “ My hunger has the right to know” means that a sufferer must have a right to know the cause and reason of his suffering and pain in which he is living. He must know that who is responsible for this situation.

Question 8.
Can you share with your class a local song or a poem on dignity that is from your area?
Answer:
Students need to do it on there own.

Page 109

Question 9.
What role does the Constitution play in people’s struggles for equality?
Answer:
The Constitution plays an important role in people’s struggles for equality. Our Constitution recognises the equality for all people. Movements and struggles for equality continuously refer to the Indian Constitution to make their point about equality and justice for everyone. For example, the fishworkers intheTawa Matsya Sangh hope that the provisions of the Constitution will come into existence through their participation in this movement By constantly referring to the Constitution they use it as a ‘living document’, i.e., something that has real meaning in our lives.

Question 10.
Can you make up a social advertisement on equality? You can do this in small groups.
Answer:
Students need to do it in the class.

JAC Class 7thCivics Struggles for Equality Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Tehri Dam is in
(a) Madhya Pradesh
(b) Uttarakhand
(c) Uttar Pradesh
(d) Himachal Pradesh
Answer:
(b) Uttarakhand

Question 2.
Full form of TMS is
(a) Tawa Matsya Sangh
(b) Tawa Matsya Samiti
(c) Tawa Maan Sangh
(d) Tawa Maan Samiti
Answer:
(a) Tawa Matsya Sangh

Question 3.
Tawa dam began to built in ….. and completed in
(a) 1958,1968
(b) 1968,1978
(c) 1958,1978
(d) 1978,1988
Answer:
(c) 1958,1978

Question 4.
Tawa Matsya Sangh was organised in
(a) Maharashtra
(b) Andhra Pradesh
(c) Madhya Pradesh
(d) Arunachal Pradesh
Answer:
(c) Madhya Pradesh

Question 5.
The government gave the rights for fishing in the Tawa reservoir to private contractors in
(a) 1992
(b) 1996
(c) 1994
(d) 1998
Answer:
(c) 1994

Question 6.
Similarity among Kanta, Swapna, Melani is
(a) They were all politicians
(b) They were all people of dignity
(c) They have been treated equally always
(d) They have been treated unequally
Answer:
(d) They have been treated unequally

Question 7.
A social movement consisting of adivasis, farmers, environmentalists, and human rights activists against a number of large dams being built across the Narmada river is called as
(a) Nadi Bachao Andolan
(b) Narmada Bachao Andolan
(c) Tawa Bachao Andolan
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Narmada Bachao Andolan

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What was the demand and stipulation of Tawa Matsya Sangh?
Answer:
Tawa Matsya Sangh were demanding their right to continue fishing for their livelihood.

Question 2.
Why so many people’s lives in India are highly unequal?
Answer:
People’s lives in India are highly unequal because of the poverty and the lack of resources continue to be a major reason.

Question 3.
In what way the contractor hehave with the local people?
Answer:
The contractors got cheap labour from outside the village and drove the local people away. They also threaten the villagers.

Question 4.
Why in India people are treated unequally?
Answer:
People are treated unequally because of the person’s religion, caste and sex.

Question 5.
In what way Indian Constitution justify rights to equality?
Answer:
The Indian Constitution recognises all Indians as equal before the law and states that no person can be discriminated against because of their religion, sex, caste or whether they are rich or poor.

Question 6.
Why the old Tehri town and manyvillages totally and some partially were submerged?
Answer:
The old Tehri town and many villages some totally and some partially were submerged because of the construction of Tawa dam across the river.

Question 7.
In which way writers, singers, dancers and artists have also been very active in the fight against inequality?
Answer:
The writers, singers, dancers and artists have also been very active in the fight against inequality with their poems, songs and stories which inspire us and make us believe strongly in an issue and influence our efforts to correct the situation.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What was the outcome when the Madhya Pradesh government in 1994 gave the rights for fishing in the Tawa reservoir to private contractors?
Answer:
When the Madhya Pradesh government in 1994 gave the rights for fishing in the Tawa reservoir to private contractors, they began to threat the villagers and started suppressing them. They drove them away from there and brought cheap labour from outside. The villagers could not tolerate these monsterity and wrong doing of the contractors for the long period. They stood united and set up an organisation named as Tawa Matsya Sangh to protect their rights.

Question 2.
When the Tawa dam began to build, what happened?
Answer:
When the Tawa dam began to build then

It submerged large areas of agricultural land and forests.
The forest dwellers lost everything, they had nothing.
Some of the displaced people settled around the reservoir. They started to work on there meagre farms and apart from it they found livelihood in fishing.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In which way, Tawa Matsya Sanghhelped the fishworkers?
Answer:
Tawa Matsya Sangh helped the fishworkers in various ways:

The Tawa Matsya Sangh has set up a cooperative which buys the catch at a fair price from the fishworkers.
The cooperative then make ceratin arrangements for transportation and sells the catch in markets to get them a good price. This arrangement enhanced the earning of the fishworkers.
The Tawa Matsya Sangh also started to give the fishworkers loans for repair and buying new nets.

Question 2.
Indian Constitution is called the living document. Why?
Answer:
Indian Constitution is called the living document because of the following:

Indian Constitution recognises the equality of all persons.
Indian Constitution has a true meaning in everyone’s lives.
Movements and struggles for equality in India continuously refer to Indian Constitution to make their point about equality and justice to everyone.
The starting point and base of all movements for justice and the inspiration and for all the poetry, song, stories is the recognition of equality among people.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 8 A Shirt in the Market

September 5, 2024September 4, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 8 A Shirt in the Market

JAC Class 7th Civics A Shirt in the Market InText Questions and Answers

Page 93

Question 1.
Did Swapna get a fair price on the cotton?
Answer:
No, Swapna didn’t get a fair price on the cotton. She was paid a very low price by the local trader.

Question 2.
Why did the trader pay Swapna a low price?
Answer:
The trader paid Swapna a low price because he lent money to Swapna at the beginning of the cropping season on a particular condition that she will sell her cottons to him only. The local trader took the advantage of this position and paid her low price.

Question 3.
Where do you think large farmers would sell their cotton? How is their situation different from Swapna?
Answer:
Large farmers would sell their cotton in the market. Their situation is very much different from Swapna as she had a constraint to sell her cotton to the local trader but those farmers can sell their cotton anywhere they want.

Page 95

Question 4.
What are the following people doing at the Erode cloth market—merchants, weavers, exporters?
Answer:
The following people are doing at the Erode cloth markeL

Merchants:
They purchase the yam and give directions to the weavers about what kind of cloth has to be made. They supply cloth on order to garment manufacturers and exporters around the country.

Weavers:
The make cloth and bring this to the Erode cloth market for sale. They also make cloth on orders which they get from merchants

Exporters:
They use the cloth to make shirts to export them to the foreign buyers.

Question 5.
In what ways are weavers dependent on cloth merchants?
Answer:
Forraw materials and markets, the weavers are dependent on cloth merchants.

Page 96

Question 6.
If the weavers were to buy yarn on their own and sell cloth, they would probably earn three times more. Do you think this is possible? How? Discuss.
Answer:
Yes, this is possible. If the weavers were to buy yam on their own and sell cloth, they would probably earn three times’ more. They would buy yam at the lowest price and sell it at the highest possible price. Of their own choice, they would select the market for better price.

Question 7.
Do you find similar ‘putting-out’ arrangements in making papads, masalas, beedis ?
Answer:
Find out about this in your area and discuss in class.
Students need to do it by their own.

Question 8.
You might have heard of cooperatives in your area. It could be in milk, provisions, paddy, etc. Find out for whose benefit they were set up?
Answer:
They were set up for the benefit for those who were in want of capital.

Question 9.
What are the demands foreign buyers make on the garment exporters? Why do the garment exporters agree to these demands?
Answer:

The demands foreign buyers make on the garment exporters are:
Lowest prices from the garment exporters.
High standards for quality product. Timely delivery.
The garment exporters agree to these demands because they are likely to have maximum profit even after that.

Question 10.
HowHow do the garment exporters meet the conditions set by the foreign buyers?
Answer:
The garment exporters meet the conditions set by the foreign buyers by getting the most of the work done by the weavers at the minimum wage.

Page 98

Question 11.
Why do you think more women are employed in the Impex garment factory? Discuss.
Answer:
More women are employed in the Impex garment factory because they are ready to work even at the lowest possible wage.

Question 12.
Write a letter to the Minister asking for what you think would be proper payment to the workers.
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own.

Question 13.
The shirt below shows the profit made by the businessperson, and the various costs that he had to pay. Find out from the diagram below, what the cost price includes.

Answer:
Students need to do it on their own.

Page 99

Question 14.
Compare the earnings per shirt of the worker in the garment factory, the garment exporter and the businessperson in the market abroad. What do you find?
Answer:
The business person in foreign makes profit of? 600 and the garment exporter makes a profit of ? 100 on one shirt. As far as the workers are concerned they get only ? 15 for one shirt.

Question 15.
What are the reasons that the businessperson is able to make a huge profit in the market?
Answer:
The reasons that the businessperson is able to make a huge profit in the market are: He knows the method as how to get the work done at the lowest possible rate from the garment exporter.He is able to sell shirts in large quantity. He sells his shirt to the high income group.

Question 16.
You have read the chapter on advertising. Why does the businessperson spend ? 300 per shirt on advertising? Discuss.
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own.

JAC Class 7th Civics A Shirt in the Market Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What made Swapna sell the cotton to the trader instead of selling at the Kurnool cotton market?
Answer:
Swapna sold the cotton to the trader instead of selling at the Kumool cotton market because she had taken a loan from the local trader at the beginning of the cropping season. The local trader lent the money in one condition that she will sell the cotton to him only. Swapna had no other option but to agree on the trader’s terms and condition.

Question 2.
Describe the conditions of employment as well as the wages of workers in the garment exporting factory. Do you think the workers get a fair deal?
Answer:
The conditions of employment, as well as the wages of workers in the garment exporting factory, are very pitiful. They work in an unhygienic conditions. They work for long hours everyday around 10 to 12 hours a day. They are the temporary workers and doesn’t have job security. I don’t think the workers get a fair deal. They are exploited at every steps of the work.

Question 3.
Think of something common that we use. It could be sugar, tea, milk, pen, paper, pencil, etc. Discuss through what chain of markets this reaches you. Can you think of the people that help in the production or trade?
Answer:
We can take the example of sugar. Producers are the farmers who grows sugarcane. After the harvest is ready, they sell it to the traders who have the sugar mills. They produce sugar with the help of other workers. The sugar is then sold the wholesale trader in bulk. The retailers buy the sugar from the wholesale trader. Finally, the consumer gets the sugar from the retailer when required. Thus, a chain of market is created:

Producer → local trader → wholesaler retailers → consumers. The people who help in the production of sugar are producers/ farmers, traders/ sugar-mill owners, workers, wholesalers, retailers and consumers finally.

Question 4.
Arrange the statements given alongside in the correct order and then fill in the numbers in the cotton bolls accordingly. The first two have already been done for you.

Swapna sells the cotton to the trader.
Customers buy these shirts in a supermarket.
Trader sells cotton to the Ginning Mill.
Garment exporters buy the cloth from merchants for making shirts.
Yarn dealers or merchants give the yam to the weavers.
The exporter sells shirts to the businessperson from the USA.
Spinning mill buys the cotton and sells yam to the yam dealers.
Weavers return with the cloth.
Ginning mill cleans the cotton and makes it into bales.

Answer:
The statements in correct order are:

JAC Class 7thCivics A Shirt in the Market Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Swapna sold her cotton to local trader at
(a) low rate
(b) high rate
(c) moderate rate
(d) fair rate
Answer:
(a) low rate

Question 2.
Cotton cultivation requires
(a) fertilisers
(b) pesticides
(c) seeds
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 3.
The price of things and items can be
(a) flexible
(b) fixed
(c) Either (a) or (b)
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Answer:
(c) Either (a) or (b)

Question 4.
A person who sells item in foreign countries are known as
(a) Retailer
(b) Importer
(c) Exporter
(d) Manufacturer
Answer:
(c) Exporter

Question 5.
Erode is famous for
(a) spice market
(b) cloth market
(c) woollen market
(d) jewellery market
Answer:
(b) cloth market

Question 6.
The work of the women workers at the Impex garment factory is/ was
(a) ironing and packaging
(b) buttoning
(c) thread cutting
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 7.
Weaver’s cooperatives are helpful in providing
(a) raw materials to the weavers
(b) loans to the weavers
(c) midday meals to the weavers
(d) taking care of their kids
Answer:
(a) raw materials to the weavers

Question 8.
An arrangement between weavers and merchants is known as
(a) going out system
(b) putting-out system
(c) incoming System
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) putting-out system

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by trade?
Answer:
Trade is the sale, transfer or exchange of goods and services for a fixed price.

Question 2.
In which state Erode is located?
Answer:
Erode is located in Tamil Nadu.

Question 3.
Which people earn the minimum wage in Erode?
Answer:
The weaves earns the minimum wage in Erode.

Question 4.
Who was Swapna?
Answer:
Swapna was a small farmer in Kumool which is in Andhra Pradesh and grows cotton on her small piece of land.

Question 5.
Why did Swapna borrow money from the local trader?
Answer:
Swapna had borrowed money from thetrader to buy seeds, fertilisers, pesticides for cultivation of cotton.

Question 6.
What was the condition that the trader agree to give loan to Swapna?
Answer:
The trader agreed to give loan to Swapna on a condition that she would sell all her cotton to him.

Question 7.
Garment exporting factories maximise their own profit. How?
Answer:
Garment exporting factories maximise their own profits by getting maximum work from workers at lowest price and supply the foreign buyers at cheap rates.

Question 8.
What is the reason that more women are employed in the Impex garment factory?
Answer:
The reason that more women are employed in the Impex garment factory as they agree to work even at the lowest possible wages.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by putting-out system?
Answer:
Putting-out system is an arrangement between the merchant and the weavers whereby the merchant supplies the raw material and receives the finished product. It is prevalent in the weaving industry in most regions of India

Question 2.
Explain how merchants hold lot of power.
Answer:
The merchant distributes work among the weavers based on the orders he has received for cloth. The weavers get the yam from the merchant and supply him the cloth. However, this dependence on the merchants both for raw materials and markets means that the merchants have a lot of power.

Question 3.
What do you mean by the following terms: Ginning mill, Exporter and Profit.
Answer:
Ginning mill: Ginning mill is a factory where seeds are removed from cotton bolls. Then the cotton is pressed into bales to be sent for spinning into thread.

Exporter:
Exporter is a person who sells goods in foreign countries.

Profit:
Profit is the amount that is left or gained from earnings after deducting all the expenses and costs. If the costs are more than the earnings, it would lead to a loss.

Question 4.
In what ways small farmers are dependent on local traders?
Answer:
The local trader is a powerful man in the village and small farmers have to depend on him not only for loans for cultivation but also to meet other urgent needs such as illnesses, children’s school fees. Also, there are times in the year when there is no work and no income for the farmers so borrowing money is the only means of survival. In this way small farmers are dependent on local traders.

Question 5.
List the advantages of the putting-out system to the weavers.
Answer:

The advantages of the putting-out system to the weavers:
The weavers do not have to spend the money for the purchase of the yam.
The selling of finished cloth is also taken care of by the traders.
From the outset, weavers know what cloth to be made and how much quantity to be woven.

Question 6.
How do weaver’s cooperatives minimise the dependence of weavers on the cloth merchants?
Answer:
In a weaver’s cooperative, the weavers form a group and take up certain activities collectively. As we know in a cooperative, people with common interests come together and work for their mutual benefit. In the weaver’s cooperative, they procure yam from the yam dealer and distribute it among the weavers. The cooperative also does the marketing. Hence, the role of the cloth merchant is reduced and weavers get a fair price on the cloth.

Question 7.
List the disadvantages of the putting- out system for the weavers.
Answer:
The disadvantages of the putting-out system for the weavers are:

For raw materials and markets, the weavers have to depend on the merchants.
The merchants have a lot of power under this arrangement. They give orders for what is to be made and pay a very low price for making the cloth.
The weavers have no way of knowing for whom they are making the cloth or at what price it will be sold.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How does the market work in favour of the rich and powerful merchants? What are the ways to overcome them?
Answer:
The market work in favour of the rich and powerful merchants in . different ways. It is usually the rich and the powerful merchants that get the maximum profit from the market. These are the people who have money and own the factories, the large shops, large land holdings, etc.

The poor people have to depend on the rich and the powerful for various things. They have to depend for loans, for raw materials and marketing of their goods and mostly for employment. Due to this dependency, the poor are exploited in the market. There are ways to overcome these such as forming cooperatives of producers and ensuring that laws are followed strictly.

Question 2.
Discuss briefly about the cloth market of Erode.
Answer:
Erode’s bi-weekly cloth market is in Tamil Nadu. It is one of the largest cloth markets in the world. A huge variety of cloth is sold in this market. People come from far and nearby places. Cloth that is made by weavers in the villages is also brought here for sale. Cloth merchants have the offices around the market who buy this cloth. Other traders from many south Indian towns also come and purchase cloth in this market.

On the market days, weavers brings the cloth that has been made on order from the merchant. These merchants supply cloth on order to garment manufacturers and exporters around the country. The cloth merchants purchase the yam and give instructions to the weavers about the kind of cloth that is to be made.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 2 Role of the Government in Health

September 5, 2024September 4, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 2 Role of the Government in Health

JAC Class 7th CivicsRole of the Government in Health InText Questions and Answers

Page 19

Question 1.
Would you associate all or some of these pictures with ‘health’ ? In what ways? Discuss in groups.
Answer:
Students need to do it by themselves.

Question 2.
Pick two situations from the collage that are not related to illness and write two sentences on how they are related to health.
Students need to do it by themselves.

Question 3.
Can you provide a title to these columns?
Answer:
The titles can be:

Advancement in Health Care
Health situation in India

Question 4.
In India, it is often said that we are unable to provide health services for all because the government does not have enough money and facilities. After reading the above left hand column, do you think this is true? Discuss.
Answer:
No, it is not true because after reading the left hand side column, we came to know the following things:

Healthcare have grown significantly over the years.
India has the largest number of medical colleges in the world.
India is among the largest numbers of doctors.
India is the fourth largest producers of the medicines in the world.
India gets large number of medical tourists for many countries.

Page 21

Question 5.
Read the story given refer NCERT page-21. Then imagine that you are a Judge in the court. What would you say to Hakim Sheik?
Answer:
Being a Judge, I would try to give a fair judgment. He would be granted his due compensation and the doctors and the hospitals who denied to admit him and do the treatment would be given punishments.

Page 21

The story of Hakim Seikh Hakim Seikh was a member of the Paschim Banga Khet Mazdoor Samity (PBKMS), an organisation of agricultural labourers in West Bengal. One evening in 1992, he accidentally fell off a running train and suffered head injuries. He was in a very serious condition and needed immediate treatment. He was taken to a government hospital in Kolkata but they refused to admit him because they did not have a spare bed.Another hospital did not have the facility or the specialised doctors necessary for his treatment. I

n this way he spent 14 hours in a critical state and was taken to eight different government hospitals, but none of them admitted him. Finally, he was admitted in a private hospital, where he received treatment. He spent a lot of money oy his treatment.Angry and upset over the indifferent attitude of all the hospitals that refused to admit him, Hakim Seikh and PBKMS filed a case in the court.

Question 6.
Read the story given above. Then imagine that you are a Judge in the court. What would you say to Hakim Seikh?
Answer:
I would pronounce the judgement with due compensation to Hakim Seikh. I would also heavily fine the delinquent hospitals as deterrent punishment for dereliction of duty.

Page 24

Question 7.
Where do you go when you are ill? Are there any problems that you face? Write a paragraph based on your experience.
Ans:
I go to a private hospital or clinic. I prefer it because there is no rush. Doctors give attention to the patients immediately. We get all the services in one place only. Apart from this, the private clinics are neat and clean also. Problems to be face:

Non-availability of expert doctors on the spot-.
High cost of treatment.
No proper guidance and information.

Question 8.
Why did Ranjan have to spend so much money? Give reasons.
Answer:
Ranjan have to spend, so much money because his father took him to a private hospital and got a quick treatment as they are from a well to do family.

Question 9.
What problems did Aman face in the Government hospital? How do you think the hospital can work in a better manner? Discuss.
Answer:
In the public hospital, people always get long queues to wait for their turn. Hence, Aman also had to wait for his turn at the OPD section. He leaned on his father as he was feeling very sick. There turn came after a long wait and the doctor asked to do some blood tests. For blood tests also there was a long queue. They got the test results after three days.Again they visited the doctor but another doctor was on duty on that day and he prescribed the medicines.

In order to avoid these type of situations, there should be more qualified and experienced doctors and medically trained person. Facilities should be improved so that the people get the results little early. More branches of healthcare services should be provided. More mobile clinic should also be opened.

Question 10
What problems do we face in private hospitals? Discuss.
Answer:
In private hospitals we have to spend much more than the public hospitals. We have to buy the medicines from outside which the doctor will prescribe. Most of the time its mandatory to avail the facilities provided by hospital which is costlier then the outside market. Sometimes, some unnecessary tests and medicines are also given for their own profit which is not necessary for the patient.

Page 25

Question 11.
In what ways is the public health system meant for everyone?
Answer:
Public hospitals and health centres have been established by the government to provide healthcare to all citizens. The taxes we pay to the government are used to run these services. Hence, such facilities are meant for every citizen.

Question 12.
List some Public Health Centres (PHCs) or hospitals near your place. From your experience (or by visiting any one of them), find out the facilities provided and people who run the centre.
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own.

Page 26

Question 13.
How can health care be made more affordable? Discuss.
Answer:
The different ways through which we can make healthcare affordable for all are:

Opening more numbers of hospitals, healthcare centres, dispensaries and family welfare centres.
Organizing more camps for the prevention of spreading of diseases such as pulse polio.
To provide cheaper health services and little early to the poor people.
Free camps for check up of general public should be increased.
Among common people, spreading
health awareness through different means.
Provisions should be made to deal with unwanted situations like emergency, epidemics and pandemics.

Question 14.
Private health facilities can mean many things. Explain with the help of some examples from your area.
Answer:
Private health facilities can mean many things’. Now a days these hospitals are run by big companies. Such companies
run several businesses associated with these centres such as the facilities of pathology, laboratory, medicines, etc.

JAC Class 7th Civics Role of the Government in Health Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
In this chapter you have read that health is a wider concept than illness. Look at this quote from the Constitution and explain the terms ‘living standard’ and ‘public health’ in your own words.
Answer:
Living standard :
it means the standard of living of people at which they live provided by the family or government. It also refers to the status earned by the people. It means that if they are having all comforts of life and live in a hygienic conditions then there standard of living is quite good. Whereas, if the person is not having all the necessary things for the day to day life, bound to live in a filthy and dirty place, drink polluted water and eat unhygienic foods, it means they have a low standard of living.

Public health:
it refers to the health of the general public of the country. It also refers to the-provision of quality healthcare services by the government either free or at low cost.

Question 2.
What are the different ways through which the government can take steps to provide healthcare for all? Discuss.
Answer:
The different ways through which the government can take steps to provide healthcare for all are:

Opening more numbers of hospitals, healthcare centres, dispensaries and family welfare centres.
Organizing more camps for the prevention of spreading of diseases such as pulse polio.
To provide cheaper health services and little early to the poor people.
Free camps for check up of general public should be increased.
Among common people, spreading health awareness through different means.
Provisions should be made to deal with unwanted situations like emergency, epidemics and pandemics.

Question 3.
What differences do you find between private and public health services in your area? Use the following table to compare and contrast these.

Facility	Affordability	Availability	Quality
Private
Public

Answer:

Facility	Affordability	Availability	Question uality
Private	Expensive, very high	Available	Good quality
Public	Either free or at low cost	Services are available but it takes long time.	There is always a rush in these hospitals.

Question 4.
‘Improvement in water and sanitation can control many diseases.’ Explain with the help of examples.
Answer:
The basic necessities for the maintenance of our health are water and sanitation. Poor quality of water causes many health issues such as dysentery, malaria, cholera, diarrhoea, jaundice. Similarly, poor sanitation causes many epidemics and diseases such as plague, dengue. Hence, improvement in water and sanitation can control many diseases. We can do simple things to achieve this such as keeping the water coolers dry, not to store water in pots, change waters in coolers, etc.

JAC Class 7thCivics Role of the Government in Health Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The expected role of government is
(a) Polluting environment
(b) Having clean and pollution free environment
(c) Allowing people to litter around
(d) Providing filthy drinking waters to the people of the country
Answer:
(b) Having clean and pollution free environment

Question 2.
The water borne disease/s is/are
(a) Hepatitis
(b) Worms
(c) Diarrhoea
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 3.
India is the ……. largest producer of medicines in the world and also a large exporter of medicines,
(a) First
(b) Second
(c) Third
(d) Fourth
Answer:
(d) Fourth

Question 4.
Our country has the money, knowledge and people with experience but cannot make the necessary healthcare available to all its citizens such a situation is known as
(a) Paradox: Something that is contrary .to what would be expected.
(b) Healthy: Free of illness, injury and mental strain.
(c) Mundane: Boring situation.
(d) Personification: Figure of speech
Answer:
(a) Paradox: Something that is contrary .to what would be expected.

Question 5.
RMPs are
(a) Rural Medicine Property
(b) Registered Medical Property
(c) Registered Medical Practitioners
(d) Rural Multiplex Property
Answer:
(c) Registered Medical Practitioners

Question 6.
Costa Rica became a healthy country by using
(a) The money they save by not having an army but spending it on health services and facilities.
(b) Because they only eat vegetarian food
(c) The money they spend on their animals
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) The money they save by not having an army but spending it on health services and facilities.

Question 7.
The healthiest country/ies in South America is/are
(a) Argentina
(b) Chile
(c) Costa Rica
(d) All of these
Answer:
(c) Costa Rica

Question 8.
One of the major function of public healthcare system is to prevent the spread of dangerous diseases such as TB, malaria, jaundice, cholera, diarrhoea etc. and it is possible when
Answer:
(a) all work is done by the people of the country
(b) the government and the people . work together to achieve this common goal
(c) everything is done by the private sectors
(d) all the work is done by the government
Answer:
(b) the government and the people . work together to achieve this common goal

Question 9.
Health concerns of are generally ignored.
(a) Men
(b) Women
(c) Children
(d) both (b) and (c)
Answer:
(b) Women

Question 10.
OPD means
(a) Out Patient Department
(b) Ordinary Public Department
(c) Other Patient Department
(d) Other Public Department
Answer:
(a) Out Patient Department

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which state of India guarantee the Right to Healthat first?
Answer:
Assam is the first state of India to guarantee the Right to Health.

Question 2.
What is the percentage of water borne communicable diseases?
Answer:
The percentage of water borne communicable diseases is 21%.

Question 3.
Name one communicable disease.
Answer:
T.B. or tuberculosis is one of the communicable disease.

Question 4.
Name the organisation which is responsible for healthcare policy making in India.
Answer:
The organisation which is responsible for healthcare policy making in India is The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.

Question 5.
Write the full form of UNICEF and WHO.
Answer:
The full form of
UNICEF: UnitedNations International Children’s Emergency Fund.
WHO: World Health Organisation

Question 6.
Who runs public healthcare system?
Answer:
Government runs public healthcare system.

Question 7.
In what kind of hospitals patients see long standing queues?
Answer:
Patients and p’eople generally see long standing queues in public and government hospitals.

Question 8.
What do you mean by communicable diseases?
Answer:
Communicable diseases are diseases that are spread from one person to another in several ways such as through water, food, air, etc.

Question 9.
What do you mean by health?
Answer:
Health means leading a good and happy life without mental strain and being active, in positive spirit. Above all, ability to remain free from illness and injuries.

Question 10.
Where are private health services available?
Answer:
Private health services are available in urban areas.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who are medical tourists?
Answer:
Medical tourists are the foreigners who come to this country especially for medical treatment at hospitals that offer world-class facilities at a lower cost than what they would have to pay in their own countries.

Question 2.
What is the work of village health workers?
Answer:
There are health centres in the villages where there is usually a nurse and a village health worker. They are trained in dealing with common illnesses and work under the supervision and observation of doctors at the Primary Health Centre (PHC).

Question 3.
What measures can we take to prevent and treat illnesses?
Answer:
The measures we can take to prevent and treat illnesses is that we need appropriate healthcare facilities such as health centres, hospitals, laboratories for testing, ambulance services, blood banks, etc., that can provide the required care and services that patients need in time of emergency.

Question 4.
Government hospitals are less costly and expensive than the private hospitals. Why?
Answer:
Government hospitals are less costly and expensive than the private hospitals because government uses the money which we pay as tax for providing many public health services for the benefit of all citizens. Whereas, the private health services are run for their own profit and the cost of these services are very high.

Question 5.
Do you think poor people fall ill more? If so, why?
Answer:
The poor people are undernourished. These families do not get enough food to eat. They are not provided with the basic necessities such as drinking water, proper housing, neat and clean surroundings, etc. and hence are more likely to fall ill. The expenses on illness make their situation even worse.

Question 6.
What is medical ethics?
Answer:
Medical ethics means the value that guide and steer medical professionals. These values refers to the justice, honesty, dignity of work practised by the medical professionals.

Question 7.
What do you mean by health insurance?
Answer:
A policy taken by a person in which the insurance company agrees to pay a fixed and specified amount for medical expenses in case of illness or injury in lieu of a regular premium to the insurance company is known as health insurance.

Question 8.
Do you think sufficient and adequate healthcare available to all? Justify.
Answer:
No, sufficient and adequate healthcare is not available- to all. In India, we are facing a situation where private services are rising and increasing but public services are not. Majorly private services are available and that too are concentrated in urban areas. As these services are expensive, many people cannot afford them or have to borrow money when there is an illness in the family.

Women are not taken to a doctor until and unless the matter triggers as women’s health concerns are considered to be less important and valuable than the health of men in the family. Many tribal areas have few health centres and they do not run properly. Even private health services are not available there.

Question 9.
Discuss the positive features of healthcare in India.
Answer:
Positive features of healthcare in India are:

India has the largest number of medical colleges in the world and is among the largest producers of doctors.
Healthcare facilities have grown substantially and significantly over the years. In 1991, there were 11,174 hospitals but in 2000, the number grew to 18,218.
India is the fourth largest producer of medicines in the world and is also a large exporter of medicines.
India gets a large number of medical tourists from many countries. In
India, they come for treatment in some of the hospitals which compare with the best in the world.

Question 10.
What is the work or functions of Medical Council of India?
Answer:
The work or functions of Medical Council of India are as follows:

Registering the medical professionals or practitioners.
Granting acknowledgement and recognition of medical qualification.
Monitoring the medical practice in the country.
Maintaining uniform and good standards of medical education in India.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
We should pay taxes to the government. Why?
Answer:
We should pay taxes to the government because:

Government uses the tax money for providing many public services such as for healthcare, defence, police, judicial system, highways, etc. for i
the benefit of all citizens.
Taxes fund developmental programmes and services such as education, health care, employment, social welfare, vocational training, etc. required for needy and the disadvantaged citizens.
Tax money is utilised for relief and rehabilitation in case of natural disasters such as flood, epidemic, drought.
Space, nuclear and missile programmes are also funded from the revenues collected as the taxes from the citizens.
Government provides some services especially for the poor who cannot afford to purchase them from the market.
In healthcare system as well medicines and other facilities are in the government hospitals. This is done by the revenues which are collected from tax.

Question 2.
Distinguish between public health services and private health services.
Answer:
The difference between public health services and private health services are:

Public health services	Private health sen ices
The public health . service is a series of health centres and hospitals run by the government.	Private health services are not owned or controlled by the government. It runs privately.
It is meant to provide quality healthcare services either free or at a low cost so that even the poor can get proper treatment.	These services are run for profit, the cost of these services is very high and expensive.
Public health services are present in rural as well as in urban areas.	Private health services are concentrated mainly in urban areas.
Patients usually have to wait in long queues in public hospita	People do not face such problem in private hospitals.

Question 3.
Discuss the healthcare policy of Kerala government in 1996. Did they succeeded fully?
Answer:
The healthcare policy of Kerala government in 1996 were as follows:

Forty per cent of the entire state budget was given to panchayats so that they could plan and provide for their requirements.
Now the villages could make sure proper planning for water, food, women’s development and education.
This meant that water supply . schemes were checked, the working . of schools and anganwadis were
ensured and specific problems of the village were taken up.
Health centres were also improved. No they didn’t succeeded fully though the situation improved a lot. There were loopholes such as shortage of medicines, hospital beds and less number of doctors and workers.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 7 Markets Around Us

September 5, 2024September 4, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 7 Markets Around Us

JAC Class 7th Civics Markets Around Us InText Questions and Answers

Page 84

Question 1.
Why do people go to a weekly market?
Give three reasons.
Answer:
People go to the weekly market for thefollowing reasons:

Most of the things people need are available at the same place. They don’t need to go to different places for different things.
Prices are not fixed so they can bargain and buy the things.
They get things at cheaper rates.

Question 2.
Who are the sellers in a weekly market? Why don’t we find big business persons in these markets?
Answer:
The sellers in the weekly market are the small traders. We don’t find big business persons in these markets because they have permanent establishments and shops to run their business. They also have their fixed and permanent customers. They earn good money and hence, they need to set up temporary shops in weekly market.

Question 3.
Why are things cheap in the weekly market?
Answer:
Things are cheap in the weekly market because the shops are not permanent there and hence, they don’t have to bear the expenses that a permanent shops have to. In weekly market, they set up shops for a day and close it in the evening. They don’t need hired workers to help them. The family members work together.

Question 4.
Explain with an example how people bargain in the market. Can you think of a situation where the bargain would be unfair?
Answer:
In the market, there are sellers and buyers. Most of the seller, demands for high prices as they want to earn more profit. Whereas, buyers want to buy the things at the minimum price. Hence, they start to bargain to bring the price down. After some discussion, they mutually agree on a bargained price and finally sell the product on that price to the buyer. In some places, we see the price is fixed. In such a case, if we bargain for the things that would be unfair.

page 85

Question 5.
Why did Sujata carry a notebook? Do you think this system is useful? Can there be problems?
Answer:
Sujata carried a notebook to note down the amount of things which she purchased from the shop as she bought the things in credit.
This system is useful to those who have low income. I don’t think there will be any problem in this system. Everything will go in a smooth manner if both the buyer and the seller are honest to each other. The buyer will not face any problems such as hunger and take things on credit and can pay later once he gets the salary or money. The seller will be ’nappy and not in ioss as weYl.

Question 6.
What are the different kinds of shops that you find in your neighborhood? What do you purchase from them?
Answer:
The different kind of shops that we find in our neighbourhood are dairy, roadside stalls, departmental stores, grocery shops, stationery shops, etc. I purchase milk and other dairy products from the dairy, medicines from chemist shop, vegetables and fruits from roadside stall, grocery from grocery shop.

Question 7.
Why are goods sold in permanent shops costlier than those sold in the weekly markets or by roadside hawkers?
Answer:
Goods sold in permanent shops are costlier than those sold in the weekly markets or by roadside hawkers because permanent shops are set up in buildings hence, they have to bear lots of expenses such as pay electricity, rent, wages to workers, fees and taxes to the governments. But, the roadside hawkers or weekly markets they don’t have to bear any such costs.

Page 86

Question 8.
Why do you think the guard wanted to stop Kavita and Sujata from entering the shop? What would you say if someone stops you from entering a shop in a market?
Answer:
The guard wanted to stop Kavita and Sujata from entering the shop because from their appearance, the guard might have guessed that they are from poor families who would not be able to buy expensive things from the mall. If someone stops me from entering a shop in a market then I will resist the person. I have full right to visit any shop even if I don’t have money or will not be able to buy expensive things.

Page 87

Question 9.
Why do people not bargain in shops located in malls whereas they bargain in weekly markets?
Answer:
People do not bargain in shops located in malls whereas they bargain in weekly markets because shops mostly sell the branded things with price tags which leave no scope fpr buyers to bargain. Whereas, in weekly markets, there are many shops selling the same kind of things which are not branded. This means that there is a competition. If someone sells goods at higher price, the buyer can move to another shop and bargain for that thing.

Question 10.
How do you think your neighbourhood shop gets its goods? Find out and explain with some examples.
Answer:
The neighbourhood shop gets its goods from the wholesaler. For example—the vegetable seller will buy the vegetables from the wholesaler and not from the farmer directly. Buying and selling takes place between traders and things reaches us as and when required.

Question 11.
Why is a wholesale trader necessary?
Answer:
A whole-sale trader is necessary because it is the person who makes the things and goods available to the retailers from whom different consumers buy different things as per their need.

JAC Class 7th Civics Markets Around Us Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
In what ways is a hawker different from a shop owner?
Answer:

A Hawker	A Sfclop Owner
• A hawker doesn’t have a permanent shop. It is a door to door service.	• A shop owner have a permanent shop.
• He sells his goods at minimum profit.	• Things are costlier.
• It is a kind of a movable shop where he keeps different types of things of every day use.	• Buyer has to go there if they require something.

Question 2.
Compare and contrast a weekly market and a shopping complex on the following:
Answer:

Market	Kind of goods sold	Prices of goods	Sellers	Buyers
Weekly market
Shopping complex

Question 3.
Explain how a chain of markets is formed. What-purpose does it serve?

Market	Weekly market	Shopping complex
Kind of goods sold	Various items of our daily needs such as vegetables, groceries, etc.	Branded things such as home appliances, readymade clothes, footwear, etc. We also get eatables such as pizzas, pasta, burgers, etc.
Prices of goods	Are not very high. Common people can afford to buy easily.	Are very high. Only wealthy and rich people can afford to buy them.
Sellers	Small traders and hawkers	Big businessmen and traders
Buyers	People from low income group	Wealthy and rich urban people

Question 3.
Explain how a chain of markets is formed. What purpose does it serve? .
Answer:
A chain of markets where there is a connection between producer, wholesaler and retailer in the following manner:

We do not buy things directly from the factory or farm where generally the production takes place.
The people who are in between the producer and the consumer is the trader.
The wholesaler buys things and goods in huge quantities and bulk and then sell it to the traders.
The traders or the retailers finally sells the things and items to the buyer or consumer.
Hence, we may say that a chain of market is formed which is from factories to the final consumer.

This serves a great purpose as it maintains a flow of money. It also makes availability of daily requirements easy and help in maintaining the coordination in the society.

Question 4.
‘All persons have equal rights to visit any shop in a marketplace.’ Do you think this is true of shops with expensive products? Explain with examples.
Answer:
Yes, it is true of shops with expensive products. Consumers can visit any shop even though if they do not have money to buy it. The shop owners are bound to show the items and things which the consumer wants to see. It fully depends on the consumer whether the person wants to buy or not. The shop owner cannot compel him to buy. As in the case of Sujata and Kavita. They went to a shopping mall in curiosity. They were wandering in the mall and entered a shop. They didn’t have plan to buy anything as they were very expensive. They looked at few branded things and moved from that place.

Question 5.
‘Buying and selling can take place without going to a marketplace.’ Explain this statement with the help of examples.
Answer:
‘Buying and selling can take place without going to a marketplace.’ It means that one does not have go and buy things. They can order through phone or internet. The things and items will be delivered at home. For this we can pay online through debit and credit cards and after delivering at home as well. We see medical executives waiting for doctors in hospitals and clinics. They are also engaged in selling their products.

JAC Class 7thCivics Markets Around Us Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The sellers sell the branded items in
(a) shopping malls
(b) weekly markets
(c) hawkers
(d) none of these
Answer:
(a) shopping malls

Question 2.
Online shopping is a shopping on
(a) internet
(b) phone
(c) door to door
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Answer:
(a) internet

Question 3.
We use for online purchases.
(a) PAN Card v
(b) Debit Card
(c) Credit Card N
(d) Both (b) and (c)
Answer:
(d) Both (b) and (c)

Question 4. In our neighbourhood, generally …….. is not found.
(a) dairy booth
(b) grocery
(c) shopping mall
(d) departmental store
Answer:
(c) shopping mall

Question 5.
The weekly market trader earns ……..compared to the profit of a shop owner.
(a) more
(b) less
(c) equal
(d) none of these
Answer:
(b) less

Question 6.
People who are not interested in selling small quantities are
(a) producers
(b) retailers
(c) wholesalers
(d) all of these
Answer:
(a) producers

Question 7.
The things which we will not find in the weekly market is/ are
(a) groceries
(b) branded items
(c) non-branded items
(d) vegetables
Answer:
(b) branded items

Question 8.
Accumulating things have become a status symbol now a days.
(a) non-branded
(b) semi-precious
(c) branded
(d) All of these
Answer:
(a) non-branded

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by weekly market?
Answer:
A weekly market is a market which is held on a specific day of the week.

Question 2.
List few roadside stalls.
Answer:
Few roadside stalls are vegetable hawker, the fruit vendor and the mechanic, the cobbler, etc.

Question 3
What do you mean by wholesale market?
Answer:
Wholesale market is a place where goods first reach and then they are supplied to other traders in the region.

Question 4.
How do buyers are differently placed?
Answer:
Buyers are differently placed as there are many who can afford to buy in shopping malls as there the things are expensive while there are many who buy from weekly markets and hawkers as they get the cheapest of goods.

Question 5.
There is a competition among the shops in the weekly market. Why?
Answer:
There is a competition among the shops in the weekly market because there are many shops selling the same goods in the weekly market.

Question 6.
Why branded goods are expensive as compared to non-branded goods?
Answer:
Branded goods are expensive as compared to non-branded goods because branded goods are promoted by advertising which incurs a heavy costs, thus they are expensive.

Question 7.
Why fewer people can afford to buy branded goods?
Answer:
Only fewer people can afford to buy branded goods because branded goods are expensive.

Question 8
Who is the first key in the chain of markets?
Answer:
Producer is the first key in the chain of markets.

Question 9.
When is the chain of markets formed?
Answer:
Chain of markets is formed before the things are sold to the consumer or reaches the consumer.

Question 10.
Which is the largest fruits and vegetables market in Asia? How many retail vendors come everyday?
Answer:
The wholesale market at Azadpur, Delhi is the largest fruits and vegetables market in Asia. Approximately, 30,000 retail vendors come everyday.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
List the expenditure of the permanent shop owner.
Answer:
The expenditure of the permanent shop owner are:

electricity
rent
taxes or fees to government
wages to helpers.

Question 2.
Write a brief note about Aftab.
Answer:
Aftab is the wholesale trader who purchases goods in bulk. His business starts around 2 o’clock in the morning when vegetables reach the market. This is the time when the vegetable market or mandi starts buzzing with activity. The vegetables come in trucks, matadors, tractor trolleys from farms both near and far.

Soon the process of auctions and sale by bidding begins. Aftab decides what he will buy and participates in this auction. In the market, he has a shop where he stores the vegetables that he has bought. From this place, he sells to hawkers and shopkeepers who start coming to the market around six in the morning as they have to organise their purchases so that they can start their shop for the day around ten in the morning.

Question 3.
Which price is higher a retail or a wholesale price? Why?
Answer:
A retail price will be higher than the wholesale price. The reason is that the wholesaler sells at a higher price to retailer than charged by the producer to have a profit. Hence, in order to have a profit, the retailer sells it at a higher price than that he was sold at.

Question 4.
Why do most people choose shops in the neighbourhood?
Answer:
People choose shops in the neighbourhood because for their daily needs they can visit them any time. The shopkeeper and the buyer knows each other very well and things are also given on credit, if required.

Question 5.
Distinguish between permanent and temporary shop.
Answer:

Permanent Shops

Permanent shop contains expensive and costly items.
They store the items they sell in their shop.

Ibmpdrary Shops

Temporary shops contains less expensive and low rate items.
They store the items they sell in their home.

Question 6.
What do you mean by market?
Answer:
A place which is having shops, selling different kinds of things such as vegetables, fruits, stationary, medicines, clothes, etc. is known as market.

Question 7.
What are the various types of markets found?
Answer:
The various types of markets found are

Wholesale market
Weekly market
Retail market
Shopping complexes and malls
Shops in the neighbourhood

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Discuss how people bargain in the market with an example. Can you think of a situation where the bargain would be unfair?
Answer:
Bargaining is a type of negotiation and discussion in which the buyer and seller of a good or service debate the price and exact nature of a transaction. If the bargaining reaches on agreement on mutual terms, the transaction takes place. Let’s understand with an example:

Maya asked the shopkeeper, “how much this shirt costs?”
Shopkeeper replied, “1000 rupees”.
Maya promptly replied, “500 rupees”.
Shopkeeper laughed and said, “Not possible, madam”.
Maya replied, “700 rupees and this is the final price”.
Shopkeeper replied, “Ok” and hand over the shirt to Maya.
Bargaining would be unfair in the following cases:
When we are getting the thing which is already at the lowest price and is of good quality.
The person is economically weak who is selling the thing and his livelihood depends on what he sells.

Question 2.
What are the characteristics of weekly market and wholesale market?
Answer:
The characteristics of weekly market are:

This market is found once in a week at a specific and particular place on a specific day.
This is not a daily market.
The traders set up temporary shops on the roadside or on open space for the day and closes it in the evening.
The goods are relatively cheaper as they have no expenses such as rent, electricity, etc.
The market sells almost everything such as lfom vegetables and fruits to the household things.
People can bargain here as there are many shops where one can find the same thing everywhere in the weekly market.
The characteristics of the wholesale market are:
Wholesale market is a place where goods are sold in lower price and in bulk.
A buyer can save lot of amount by buying from a wholesale market if he requires goods in bulk.
The wholesalers do not sale goods in less quantity.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

September 5, 2024September 4, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

JAC Class 10th History Nationalism in India InText Questions and Answers

Quesrtion 1.
Read the text carefully. What did Mahatma Gandhi mean when he said satyagraha is active resistance?
Mahatma Gandhi on Satyagraha ‘It is said of “passive resistance ” that it is the weapon of the weak, but the power which is the subject of this article can be used only by the strong. This power is not passive resistance; indeed it calls for intense activity. The movement in South Africa was not passive but active … ‘Satyagraha is not physical force. A satyagrahi does not inflict pain on the adversary; he does not seek his destruction …In the use of satyagraha, there is no ill-will whatever. ‘ Satyagraha is pure soul-force.

Truth is the very substance of the soul. That is why this force is called satyagraha. The soul is informed with knowledge. In it burns the flame of love. … Nonviolence is the supreme dharma … ‘It is certain that India cannot rival Britain or Europe in force of arms. The British worship the war-god and they can all of them become, as they are becoming, bearers of arms. The hundreds of millions in India can never carry arms. They have made the religion of non-violence their own… ’
Answer:
Gandhiji strongly defended that satyagraha requires an active resistance. It emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for the truth. It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, and then would be no need for physical force. People should be persuaded to see the truth and not be forced. This method would appeal to the people and ultimately truth would be the winner. This could unite all Indians.

Page 34

Question 2.
The year is 1921. You are a student in a government-controlled school. Design a poster urging school students to answer Gandhiji’s call to join the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Answer:
Self-help Hints:

Research on the activities and happenings of that p*eriod.
What did satyagrahis encourage the school students to follow?
How did the school students and teachers react to the Non-Cooperation Movement?
What were the positive and negative outcomes of it on the school students?
Also, share how you would have reacted to the situation or what suggestions would you give as school student during that period.

Page 35

Question 3.
If you were a peasant in Uttar Pradesh in 1920, how would you have responded to Gandhiji’s call for Swaraj? Give reasons for your response.
Answer:
If I were a peasant in Uttar Pradesh in 1920,1 would have responded actively to Gandhiji’s call for swaraj and followed his teachings and methods. I would have peacefully tried to negotiate with the landlords or talukdars to reduce the exorbitant rents and other cesses. I would have requested for a secured tenure and refused to do begar. Swaraj to me would mean to break myself free from the reigns of the landlords.

Page 36

Question 4.
Find out about other participants in the National Movement who were captured and put to death by the British. Can you think of a similar example from the national movement in Indo-China?
Answer:
Self-help Hints:

Find out about the extremists Lai, Bal, Pal; Aurobindo Ghosh.
Who were the moderates? Study about Badruddin Tyabji, S.N. Banerjee, Dadabhai Naoroji, etc.
How were the moderates and extremists different from each other in their ideals and methods of dealing with the British?
Discuss about revolutionaries like Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekhar Azad, Sukhdev, Khudiram Bose, Batukeshwar Dutt, etc.
Find out how the lives of some of these personalities ended. How were they tortured by the British?
Who was Huynh Phu So? Who was Ho Chi Minh? Can they be compared to the revolutionaries and extremsists of India?

Page 43

Question 5.
Why did various classes and groups of Indians participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
Answer:
Different social groups participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement, each with purposes of their own.

In the countryside, the rich peasants, like the Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh participated as they were hit hard by trade depression and falling prices.
Poor peasants participated because they wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted.
Business classes were involved in Civil Disobedience Movement to gain protection against imports of foreign goods, and oppose foreign policies that restricted business activities.
Women participated in the movement in large scale as they thought it was their sacred duty towards the nation.

Question 6.
Read the Source D carefully. Do you agree with Iqbal’s idea of communalism? Can you define communalism in a different way?
Source D In 1930, Sir Muhammad Iqbal, as president of the Muslim League, reiterated the importance of separate electorates for the Muslims as an important safeguard for their minority political interests. His statement is supposed to have provided the intellectual justification for the Pakistan demand that came up in subsequent years.

This isfvhat he said:
7 have no hesitation in declaring that if the principle that the Indian Muslim is entitled to full andfree development on the lines of his own culture and tradition in his own Indian home-lands is recognised as the basis of a permanent communal settlement, he will be ready to stake his all for thefreedom of India. The principle that each group is entitled to free development on its own lines is not inspired by any feeling of narrow communalism … A community which is inspired by feelings of ill-will towards other communities is low and ignoble.

I entertain the highest respect for the customs, laws, religions and social institutions of other communities. Nay, it is my duty according to the teachings of the Question: uran, even to defend their places of worship, if need be. Yet I love the communal group which is the source of life and behaviour and which has formed me what I am by giving me its religion, its literature, its thought, its culture and thereby its whole past as a living operative factor in my present consciousness …‘Communalism in its higher aspect, then, is indispensable to the formation of a harmonious whole in a country like India.

The units of Indian society are not territorial as in European countries … The principle of European democracy cannot be applied to India without recognising the fact of communal groups. The Muslim demand for the creation of a Muslim India within India is, therefore, perfectly justified…‘The Hindu thinks that separate electorates are contrary to the spirit of true nationalism, because he understands the word “nation ” to mean a kind of universal amalgamation in which no communal entity ought to retain its private individuality.

Such a state of things, however, does not exist. India is a land of racial and religious variety. Add to this the general economic inferiority of the Muslims, their enormous debt, especially in the Punjab, and their insufficient majorities in some of the provinces, as at present constituted and you will begin to see clearly the meaning of our anxiety to retain separate electorates. ’
Answer:
No, I cannot completely agree with Iqbal’s idea of communalism. He believed that communal group is the source of life and behaviour of people. This helps in developing religion, literature, the thoughts and culture. And therefore, there should be Muslim India within India.
Our country is an amalgamation of various religions, culture, tradition, language, customs, etc. India has always welcomed people from different backgrounds.

Having a complete different entity according to religion would break the spirit of nationalism and unity. A nation can flourish if there is unity in diversity. It enriches our culture, tradition, history, art, etc. It teaches us tolerance and widens our views. Spread of communalism is not a very positive approach to growth of society as it leads to hatred, discrimination and ultimately

Page 48

Question 7.
Look at Figs. 12 and 14. Do you think these images will appeal to all castes and communities? Explain your views briefly.

Answer:
The images in question may not appeal to all castes and communities. These images represent Hindu goddesses. However, India is a multi-cultural and multi-religious country, so it will appeal to majority of the population. These images are symbols of strength and power, so people from other religion may also gain strength and will power from these images.

JAC Class 10th History Nationalism in India Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain:
(a) Why growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement?
(b) How the First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement in India?
(c) Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act?
(d) Why Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement?
(a) The growth of modem nationalism is intimately connected to the anti-colonial movement because of:

People, began discovering their unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism.
The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied many different groups together.
Each class and group felt the effects of colonialism differently, their experiences were varied, and their notions of freedom were not always the same. The Congress under Mahatma Gandhi tried to forge these groups together within one movement.

(b) The war created a new economic and political situation. It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes. Custom duties were raised and income tax introduced. Through the war years prices increased, doubling between 1913 and 1918, leading to extreme hardship for the common people.

Villagers were called upon to supply soldiers and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger. Then in 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute food shortage, accompanied by epidemic. According to the census of 1921, 12 to 13 million people died due to famines and epidemics. People thought their hardships would end after the war, but it did not happen. All this helped in the growth of national movement in India.

(c) The Rowlatt Act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council despite the united opposition of the Indian members. It gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities, and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. Gandhiji in 1919 decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against such unjust.laws as proposed in Rowlatt Act (1919)

(d) In 1922, at Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful demonstration in a bazaar turned into a violent clash with the police. Gandhiji wanted people to follow a non¬violent approach to achieve freedom
from the British. Hearing of this incident, Mahatma Gandhi decided to halt the Non-Cooperation Movement. He felt the movement was turning violent in many places and satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggles.

Question 2.
What is meant by the idea of satyagraha?
Answer:

The idea of satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.
Without seeking vengeance or being aggressive, a satyagrahi could win the battle through non-violence. This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.
People, including the oppressor had to be persuaded to see the truth and not be forced to accept the truth through use of violence.
By this struggle, truth was bound to ultimately triumph. Mahatma Gandhi thought that this dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians.

Question 3.
Write a newspaper report on:
(a) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre
(b) The Simon Commission
Answer:
(a) 13 April, 1919: On this day, large crowds of people had gathered in the enclosed arena of Jallianwala Bagh. Few had come to make a peaceful non-violent protest against the government’s new repressive policies. Few had come to attend the annual Baisakhi fair. As many were from outside the city, they were not aware of the martial law imposed in the city by General Dyer. Dyer entered the area, closed all the exits and opened fire on the innocent, unaware crowd. Hundreds of people, including women and children were killed. It led to nationwide outrage.

(b) Under the new Tory Government in Britain, a Statutory Commission was constituted under Sir John Simon in November 1927. It was set up in response to nationalist movement and was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. However, all the members were British; there was not a single Indian member in the Commission. Therefore, when the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, they were greeted with resistance and the slogan ‘Go back Simon’. All parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated in the demonstrations.

Question 4.
Compare the images of Bharat Mata in this chapter with the image of Germania in Chapter 1.

Answer:
The identity of the nation is most often symbolised in a figure or an image, ft was in the twentieth century, with the growth of nationalism, that the identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. There were two images of Bharat Mata one by Abanindranath Tagore and the second by another artist. Abanindranath Tagore, in his painting, portrayed Bharat Mata as an ascetic figure; she is calm, composed, divine and spiritual. In another painting, she is shown with a trishul, standing beside a lion and an elephant both symbols of power and uthority.

Germania became the allegory of the German nation. Germania wore crown of oak leaves, as the oak leaves stand for heroism. The broken chains mean being freed. The breastplate with eagle symbolises the strength of German empire. Sword presents the readiness to fight while the olive branch around the sword represents the willingness to make peace. Black, red and gold tricolour is the flag of the liberal-nationalists in 1848. Rays of the rising sun represents the beginning of a new era.

NCERT ‘Discuss’ Questions

Question 1.
List all the different social groups which joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921. Then choose any three and write about their hopes and struggles to show why they joined the movement.
Answer:
Various social groups participated in the Non-Cooperation Movement, but each had their own aspirations and interpretation of swaraj. The teachers and students, lawyers, peasants, tribal peasants, plantation workers joined the movement.

(i) Peasants:
In Awadh, a sanyasi, named Baba Ramchandra organised the peasants against the oppressive talukdars and landlords for demanding exorbitantly high rents and variety of other cesses. Peasants were forced to do begar and had no secured tenure. Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and few others by October, 1920. Over 300 branches opened in the region within a month.

The aim of Congress was to integrate Awadh peasant struggle into the wider struggle. As the movement spread, talukdars and merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted and grain hoards were taken over. In many places, local leaders told that Gandhiji declared that
taxes need not be paid and land was to be redistributed among the poor.

(ii) Tribal peasants:
In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, the tribal peasants revolted as they were forbidden by the colonial government from entering the forest areas to graze their cattle, collect fuelwood and fruits. Their livelihoods were affected and traditional rights were being denied. They were forced to contribute begar to build roads.

Alluri Sitaram Raju, who was inspired by Mahatma Gandhi, encouraged people to wear Khadi and give up drinking. However, he also asserted that India could be liberated only through the use of force, and not non-violence.Raju was captured and executed in 1924 and became a folk hero.

(iii) Plantation workers:
For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of confined space in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come. When they heard about the Non-Cooperation Movement, they defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home. However, stranded on the way by a railway and steamer strike, they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up.

Question 2.
Discuss the Salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism.
Answer:
(i) Mahatma Gandhi declared that the most oppressive face of British rule was the tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production. On 31 January 1930, Gandhiji sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. These demands were wide-ranging so that all classes within the Indian society could identify with them and they could be brought together in a united campaign.

(ii) One of the most stirring demands was the abolition of the salt tax. When their demands were not met, Gandhiji launched the Civil Disobedience Movement with the famous Salt March.

(iii) Along with his volunteers, he walked from Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal town of Dandi. On his way, he explained his followers the meaning of Swaraj and asked them to peacefully defy the British.

(iv) On 6 April 1930, he reached Dandi and ceremoniously violated the law by manufacturing salt.

Question 3.
Imagine you are a woman participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Explain what the experience meant to your life.
Answer:

It was a moment of great pride for me to be able to be a part of the Civil Disobedience Movement. To serve the nation, is our greatest and foremost duty.
Thousands of women came out of their homes to listen to Gandhiji. I participated in the protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops with many women like me.
I was confined at home as was the role of all women to be good mothers, wives, daughters and to fulfil the duties at home.
I was inspired by Gandhiji’s swaraj and with Civil Disobedience Movement.
Several women from high-caste families in urban areas and rich peasant households participated in freedom movement.
Spirit of nationalism grew in me and I came out of the walls and got involved in the movement. I was imprisoned for a short while with the other leaders and followers. It was a significant phase of my life.

Question 4.
Why did the political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates?
Answer:
The political leaders differed sharply over the question of separate electorates.
(i) Dr B.R. Ambedkar organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930. At the Second Round Table Conference he demanded separate electorates for dalits. When the British conceded to the demands, Gandhiji began a fast unto death. He believed that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of integration of dalits into society. Ambedkar finally accepted Gandhiji’s position and Poona Pact of September 1932 was signed. This gave the Depressed Classes reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by general electorate.

(ii) The Congress and Muslim League madeefforts to negotiate an alliance and in 1927 it appeared that such unity could be forged. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, one of the leaders of the Mbslim League was ready to give up the demand for separate electorates, if Muslims were assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in proportion to population in Muslim- dominated provinces. This issue could not be resolved as M.R. Jayakar of Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed any efforts at compromise. .

NCERT ‘Project’ Work

Question 1.
Find out about the anti-colonial movement in Indo-China. Compare and contrast India’s national movement with the ways in which Indo-China became independent.
Answer:
Self-help Hints:
Anti-colonial movement in Indo-China:
The Nationalist Movement in Vietnam

(i) Religion had a contradictory relationship with the mainstream nationalism. On the one hand, religion played an important role in strengthening the control of the colopial rule. On the other hand, religion also provided strong ways of resistance.

(ii) Strengthening the Control of the Colonial Rule: Vietnamese religious beliefs were a mixture of Buddhism, Confucianism and local practices. Many of the rituals were based on superstitions which simply worked to retard the growth of the Vietnamese society.

(iii) Moreover, Confucianism that formed the basis of many religious beliefs in Vietnam taught the people that the relationship between the ruler and the people was the same as that between children and parents.

(iv) The colonial power was quick to seize the opportunity. Christianity began to be pushed as an alternative religion. Christianity had a relatively more modem outlook and appealed to large sections of the population. Similarly, there were many popular religions in Vietnam, that were spread by people who claimed to have seen a vision of God. Some of these supported the French. This in turn helped to strengthen the colonial rule.

(v) Resistance to the Colonial Rule: It was religion again that provided strong resistance to the colonial role. The Vietnamese had strong beliefs in Buddhism and Confucianism. Anything different from these was not acceptable to them.

(vi) They began to look down on Christianity as a danger to their religion. Similarly, there were many popular movements that inspired emotions against the colonial rule.

Scholars Revolt:
An early movement against French control and the spread of Christianity was the Scholars Revolt in 1868. The revolt was led by officials at the imperial court who were against the spread Catholicism and French power. They led a general uprising in NGU and Ha Tine provinces where over a thousand Catholics were killed.

The French crushed the movement but this uprising served to inspire other patriots to rise up against them. Hoa Hao Movement: The movement was launched by Huynh Phu in 1939 and gained great popularity in the fertile Mekong delta area. Most of his followers were Vietnamese nationalists.

His criticism against useless expenditure had a wide appeal. He also opposed the sale of child brides, gambling and the use of alcohol and opium. The movement played a major role in arousing anti-imperialist sentiments, The French tried to suppress the movement inspired by Huynh Phu So. They declared him mad, called him the mad bonze, and put him in a mental asylum. The French authorities exiled him to Laos and sent many of his followers to concentration camps.

Nationalist movement in India:
(i) India came under the British rule gradually after British East India Company was set up and’trade permissions were taken by the British to trade with India.

(ii) Mahatma Gandhi spearheaded the nationalist movement in India.

(iii) He followed and encouraged a non¬violent method of satyagraha.

(iv) He organised a nationwide Non¬Cooperation Movement against the British, which involved people from many walks of life.

(v) When the British did not adhere to the demands of the Indians, Gandhiji launched the Civil Disobedience Movement where all British authorities, British goods, rules and laws were defied, but in a non-violent manner.

(vi) Whenever, Gandhiji felt matters were becoming violent, he stopped all movements.

(vii) India became independent on 15 August,’ 1947 Difference was that colonisation of Kenya happened much later than India and therefore, it gained independence later. Also, while India was a rich country and British arrived to trade and have trade control over Indian markets, Kenya was a poor, backward and an illiterate nation. Violent methods to gain freedom were the main tactics used in Kenya. In India non-violent methods and talks were held to gain freedom.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Media

September 5, 2024September 4, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Media

JAC Class 7th Civics Understanding Media InText Questions and Answers

Page 71

Question 1.
Look at the collage on the left and list six various kinds of media that you see.

Answer:
Six various kinds of media are:

Newspaper
Mobile phones
Radio
Television
Internet
Cyber Cafe

Question 2.
Ask older members of your family about what they used to listen to on the radio when there was no TV around. Find out from them when the first TV came to your area. When was cable TV introduced?
Answer:
The older member of the family used to listen news of national and international importance. Different types of programmes were also broadcasted such as on science, agriculture, entertainment etc. There were sports commentaries too but during the matches such as football commentary. Entertainment programmes were such as nataks or dramas, songs, kids play etc. The first television came to my place in the early 1980s and Cable TV was introduced in the year 1984.

Question 3.
How many people in your neighbourhood use the Internet?
Answer:
Almost everyone uses the Internet in my neighbourhood.

Question 4.
List three things that you know about some other part of the world from watching television.
Answer:
Three things that I know about some other part of the world from watching television are :

Australian Open in Lawn Tennis was won by Novak Djokovic.
Terrorist attack on the World Trade Centre in USA.
Grammy Awards ceremony held in United States.

Page 72

Question 5.
Can you list three different products that are advertised during your favourite TV programme?
Answer:
Three different products that are advertised during my favourite TV programme are

Colgate Toothpaste
Maggi
Suzuki Bikes

Question 6.
Take a newspaper and count the number of advertisements in it. Some people say that newspapers have too many advertisements. Do you think this is true and why?
Answer:
Yes, every newspaper contains lots of advertisements. A lot of money is spent on getting the latest and new technologies as the technology of mass media keeps changing. Due to these costs, mass media needs lots of money. Hence, this is one method to earn money by advertising various products like food items, shoes, accessories, cars, bikes etc.

Page 74

Question 7.
Are the above stories in the two newspapers similar? And if not, why not? What, in your view, are the similarities and the differences?

Answer:
No, the above stories in the two newspapers are not similar. In the News of India newspaper, the report is about the nuisance created by the protestors. They disrupted the traffic and continually polluted the city which gave a bad impression of the factories. Whereas, India Daily reports that they are protesting because a lot of livelihood will be lost if the factories shuts down.

Similarities	Dissimilarities
In both the reports, the protestors were assured by the government that they will relocate the factories to some other place.	The News of India reports that closure of factories will give us neat, clean and green city.
Both the newspaper reports about the protests due to the factories shut down.	The India Daily reports that the closure of factories will give many loss of livlihoods.

Question 8.
If you read the story in the News of India, what would you think about the issue?
Answer:
Since the government has taken a decision to close the factories which lead to pollution and it will reduce by the closure. But, the government’s decision infuriated and provoked the factory owners and the workers. The protest started due to this decision.

Page 75

Question 9.
Do you think it is important to know both sides of the story? Why?
Answer:
Yes, it is important to know both sides of the story because then only we will be able develop our own opinions and views about the story unbiasedly.

Question 10.
Pretend that you are a journalist for a newspaper and write a balanced story from the two news reports,
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own.

Page 77

Question 11.
What is the consequence of the media ‘setting the agenda’ by reporting on the Fashion Week rather than the slum demolitions?
Answer:
The consequence of the media ‘setting the agenda’ by reporting on the Fashion Week rather than the slum demolitions is that the media earns a good amount of money and fame as well.

Question 12.
Can you think of an issue that does not seem important to you because it is never featured in the media?
Answer:
An issue that does not seem important to you because it is never featured in the media is the price hike of the essential and daily use commodities.

JAC Class 7th Civics Understanding Media Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
In what ways does the media play an important role in a democracy?
The media plays an important role in a democracy:

The media provides news and discuss events taking place in the country and the world. It is on the basis of this information that people can get information about how government works.
It also criticizes and depricate the unpopular policies and programmes of the government.
On behalf of public, it forms the public opinion.
It raises issues and problems related ‘ to common people.
It also acts as reminder for the government about their promises.

Question 2.
Can you give this diagram a title? What do you understand about the link between media and big business from this diagram?

Answer:
The title we can give ‘Media and Giant Corporate Houses’. From this diagram it is clear that some big corporate and business houses have their own television channels and newspapers. They show news of interest to the people on television and newspaper and advertise their own product in between. To make money, independent media houses also advertise product of big business houses. As a result, most television channels and newspapers are part of big business houses. People are influenced by these advertisements to buy these advertised products of the big business houses and money flow back to them.

Question 3.
You have read about the ways in which the media ‘sets the agenda’. What kind of effect does this have in a democracy? Provide two examples to support your point of view.
Answer:
The media plays an important role in deciding what stories to emphasize on and decides on what is newsworthy. By emphasizing on particular issues and points, the media influences our thoughts, feelings and actions and brings those issues to our attention. Examples are:

The media drew our attention to alarming levels of pesticides in cola drinks. They published reports that indicated the high level of pesticides, hence, according to international quality and safety standards we need to regularly monitor these colas and made us aware of the fact.
The media drew our attention to suicide committed by farmers due to drought which leads to large scale movement and forced the government to look further on this issue.

Question 4.
As a class project, decide to fucns on a particular news topic and cut out stories from different newspapers on this. Also watch the coverage of this topic on TV news. Compare two newspapers and write down the similarity and differences in their reports. It might help to ask the following questions.

What information is this article providing?
What information is it leaving out?
From whose point of view is the article being written?
Whose point of view is being left out and why?

Answer:
Students need to do it on their own.

Question 5.
Do projects (solo, pair or group) about types of advertisements. Create commercial advertisements about some products and social advertisements about public health, road safety and the need to save water and energy.
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own.

JAC Class 7thCivics Understanding Media Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The one word which includes television, radio, newspaper, books, internet and other means of communications is
(a) censorship
(b) media
(c) technology
(d) advertisements
Answer:
(b) media

Question 2.
An example of mass media is
(a) watching news on TV or listening songs in radio
(b) playing football with friends
(c) roaming in the city and eating delicious foods
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) watching news on TV or listening songs in radio

Question 3.
The medium through which we get the picture in our television is
(a) mobile phones
(b) censorship
(c) satellite and cables
(d) public transport
Answer:
(c) satellite and cables

Question 4.
The Emergency Period was from
(a) 1965 to 1975
(b) 1975 to 1977
(c) 1970 to 1977
(d) 1985 to 1990
Answer:
(b) 1975 to 1977

Question 5.
The earliest form of mass media is
(a) print Media
(b) digital Media
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Either (a) or (b)
Answer:
(a) print Media

Question 6.
…. is not a part of digital media.
(a) Television
(b) Internet
(c) Cellular Phones
(d) Books and magazines
Answer:
(d) Books and magazines

Question 7.
Prasar Bharti includes
(a) Doordarshan (Television)
(b) All India Radio
(c) Internet
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Answer:
(d) Both (a) and (b)

Question 8.
The Right to Information Act was passed on
(a) January, 2005
(b) May, 2008
(c) October, 2005
(d) July, 2002
Answer:
(a) January, 2005

Question 9.
Television was invented by
(a) Thomas Edison
(b) J.L. Baird
(c) Madam Curie
(d) Galileo
Answer:
(b) J.L. Baird

Question 10.
The newspapers which are published in Hindi is/are
(a) Punjab Kesari
(b) Hindustan
(c) Dainik Jagran
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Do you think television influences us? How?
Answer:
Yes, television influences us. It shapes our views of the world, our beliefs, attitudes and values.

Question 2.
Why do yoir think newspapers are called print media?
Answer:
Newspapers are called print media because they are in printed form.

Question 3.
Give examples of local media.
Answer:
Examples of local media are Community Radio, Documentary Films, Local newspaper such as ‘KhabarLahriya’.

Question 4.
What do you mean by broadcast?
Answer:
Broadcast is used to refer to a television or radio programmes that are widely transmitted.

Question 5.
What do you understand by censorship?
Answer:
Censorship refers to the powers that government has to disallow or prevent media from publishing or showing certain stories.

Question 6.
Why we need to analyse the news?
Answer:
We need to analyze the news because the ‘factual information’ that a news report provides is often incomplete and can be one-sided.

Question 7.
Mention one way in which mass media earns money.
Answer:
One way in which the mass media earns money is by advertising different products such as cars, chocolates, clothes, mobile phones, etc.

Question 8.
Why are some advertisements shown repeatedly on the television screen?
Answer:
Advertisements are repeatedly shown on the television screen because these will influence the people and they will go out and buy what is advertised.

Question 9.
Is it necessary for media to be independent? Why?
Answer:
Yes, it is necessary for media to be independent because then only media can deliver a balanced report and information.

Question 10.
Which is the lighthouse of democracy?
Answer:
The media is lighthouse of democracy because it is the media who awares people about their rights. The government is criticised for its wrong doings by it. It also helps to maintain transparency.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Television is known as a window of the world. How?
Answer:
Television is known as a window of the world because a lot of our impressions about the world around us are formed by what we see and listen on television.

Question 2.
List one useful feature about internet.
Answer:
One useful feature of internet is that we always get the latest information on internet as we can read latest news and gain knowledge about the latest products within minutes of their release.

Question 3.
What do you mean by public protest?
Answer:
Public protest is a type of protest when a large number of people come together and openly state their opposition to some issue. Organising a rally, starting a signature campaign, blocking roads, etc. are some of the ways in which public protest is done.

Question 4.
Define an independent media.
Answer:
An independent media means that no one should control and influence and affect its coverage of news. No one should tell the media what can be included and what should not be included in a news story. They should not be biased.

Question 5.
What do you understand by the term mass media?
Answer:
Television, radio and newspapers are a form of media that reaches millions of people or the masses across the country and the world are known as mass media.

Question 6.
Why do you think media is not interested in covering small issues that involve common people and their daily lives?
Answer:
Media is not interested in covering small issues that involve common people and their daily lives because these issues generally not attract many reader or viewer and may affect their business.

Question 7.
In what ways media and money are interrelated?
Answer:
The different technologies that mass media use are very costly and expensive. In a news studio, it is not only the newsreader who needs to be paid but also a number of other people who help put the broadcast together. The technologies that mass media use keep changing and hence lots of money is spent on getting the latest technology. Due to these costs, the mass media needs a great deal of money to do its work. So, we can say that media and money are interrelated.

Question 8.
Explain in brief that ‘Most television channels and newspapers are part of big business houses’.
Answer:
The statement ‘Most television channels and newspapers are part of big business houses’ is true. In a news studio, it is not only the newsreader who needs to be paid but also a number of other people who help put the broadcast together. This includes those who look after the cameras, lights, research people, etc. As you know that the technologies of mass media which is used keeps on changing and hence a lot of money is spent on getting the latest technology. Due to these costs, the mass media needs a great deal of money to do its work and the big business houses provide it.

Question 9.
In what ways, dees technology affect the media industry?
Answer:
Making technology more modem and advanced and changing technology or machines help media to reach more people. It also improves the quality of sound and the images that we hear and see. But technology does more than this. It also changes the ways in which we think about our lives. Now a days, it is quite difficult for us to think of our lives without television. Television has enabled us to think of ourselves as members of a larger global world. The world has come closer to us. Television images travel huge distances through satellites and cables which permits us to view news and entertainment channels from other parts of the world.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain local media.
Answer:
Local media covers small and minute issues that involves common people and their daily lives. Several local groups have come forward to start their own media. Several people use community radio to tell farmers about the prices of different crops and advise them on the use of seeds and fertilisers. Other people make documentary films with very low budget and cheap and easily available video cameras on real-life conditions and problems faced by different poor communities.

At times, even they have given the poor people these video cameras to make films on their own lives. We can see an example. A newspaper called Khabar Lahriya which is a fortnightly that is run by eight Dalit women in Chitrakoot district in Uttar Pradesh. Written in the local language Bundeli. This eight-page newspaper reports on Dalit issues and cases of violence against women and political corruption.

Question 2.
In what ways we can say that media is. still not free to give unbiased and unprejudiced news and stories?
Answer:
We can say that media is still not free to give unbiased and unprejudiced news and stories mainly because of two reasons:

The first one is that the government has the control on the media. When the government prevents and bans either a news item or scenes from a movie or the lyrics of a song from
being shared with the larger public this is referred to as censorship. There have been periods in Indian history when the government censored the media.
Second one is that at times, it is in the interest of these businesses to focus on only one side of the story. Media’s continual need for money and its connects to advertising means that it becomes difficult for media to be reporting against people who give them advertisements and money.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 1 On Equality

September 5, 2024September 4, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 1 On Equality

JAC Class 7th Civics On Equality InText Questions and Answers

Page 6

Question 1.
Do you think Kanta has enough reason to doubt whether she really is equal? List three reasons from the story above that might make her feel like this.
Answer:
Yes, Kanta has enough reason to doubt whether she really is equal. The three reasons from the story above that might make her feel like this are as follows : Kanta cannot take a leave from work when she needs to as she required money to take her daughter to the doctor. She cannot attend a private hospital but has to attend a government hospital. She needs to stand in a queue and wait for her turn to come to show her daughter to the doctor who was very ill. She lives in a slum area which is never cleaned.

Page 7

Question 2.
Circle the reference to caste in the matrimonial advertisements given below.

Answer:
The references are Caste no bar. SC/ST excuse Gupta boy Tamil Brahmin

Page 8

Question 3.
Why do you think Omprakash Valmiki was being treated unequally by his teacher and his classmates? Imagine yourself as Omprakash Valmiki and write four lines about how you would feel if you were in the same situation as him.
Answer:
Omprakash Valmiki was being treated unequally by his teacher and his classmates because he was from lower caste or we can say a dalit boy.If I were in the same situation as him, I would have : Felt very humiliated and sad. As every human beings have the right to live a life with dignity, there my dignity would have been violated. Felt very disappointed and questioned my identity. Since we are dalits, they made us feel that we have no access to education.

Question 4.
Why do you think the Ansaris were being treated unequally? What would you do if you were in the Ansaris’ position and could not find a place to live because some people did not want to live next to you because of the religion you practice?
Answer:
The Ansaris were being treated unequally because they were of different religion. If I were in the Ansari’s position then I would have stood for my religion and make them understand the ethics and values. Would have made them understand that all religions lead to one God only.

Page 9

Question 5.
If you were one of the Ansaris how would you have responded to the suggestion that you change your name?
Answer:
If I were one of the Ansaris then I would have decided not to change the name. The decision to change the name would hurt my self respect and its very insulting as well.

Question 6.
Can you think of an incident in your life in which your dignity was violated? How did this make you feel?
Answer:
Students need to answer on their own.

Page 11

Question 7.
What is the midday meal programme? Can you list three benefits of the programme? How do you think this programme might help promote greater equality?
Answer:
The midday meal programme is a scheme made by the government and launched on 15th August, 1995. This programme has been introduced in all government elementary schools to provide children with cooked lunch. Three benefits of the programme :

The scheme helped to improve the attendance of children. Their mothers who earlier had to come back to home from their work to feed their children now no longer need to do so.
More underprivileged children have begun to enrolling and regularly attending school.
This scheme has also helped reduce caste prejudices because both lower and upper caste children in the school eat this midday meal together.
I don’t think that this programme would be more effective. Huge differences can be seen between schools that the rich attend and those that the poor attends. Inequalities still exist. But then also, this programme proved to be a one step ahead in the direction of establishing equality in the country.

Question 8.
Find out about one government scheme in your area. What does this scheme do? Whom is this scheme set up to benefit?
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own

JAC Class 7th Civics On Equality Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
In a democracy why is universal adult franchise important?
Answer:
In a democracy, Universal Adult Franchise is important because every citizen of a country is equal in democracy and Universal Adult Franchise is based on equality. Under Universal Adult Franchise every adult person is allowed to vote irrespective of caste, creed, religion, sex, etc.

Question 2.
Re-read the box on Article 15 and state two ways in which this Article addresses inequality.
Answer:
F.xcerpt from Article 15 of the N Indian Constitution Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.

(1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.
(2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to

(a) access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment;
or
(b) the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public. This article addresses inequality in terms of

Access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and place of public entertainment.
the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public.

Question 3.
In what ways was Omprakash Valmiki’s experience similar to that of the Ansaris?
Answer:
Omprakash Valmiki’s experience is similar to that of the Ansaris as both of them were discriminated and humiliated. Both of them faced violation of dignity. While Omprakash Valmiki has to clean and sweep the school since he was a dalit boy, Ansaris were denied the apartments on rent due to their religion.

Question 4.
What do you understand by the term “all persons are equal before the law”? Why do you think it is important in a democracy?
Answer:
The term “all persons are equal before the law” means that all person should be treated equally. Every person from President of the -country to a domestic servant has to obey the same law. No one can be discriminated or feel biased against on the basis of their caste, creed, sex, religion, etc. Every person has the access to all public places such as playgrounds, hotels, markets and shops.

Apart from these, every person can use publicly available roads, wells, bathing ghats, etc.In democracy, equality is the main ingredient. Democracy is a form of government which gives equal rights, importance and recognition to all. Democracy would never happen and flourish if inequalities continues to exist. It will perish soon.

Question 5.
According to the Rights of Person with Disabilities Act, 2016, persons with disabilities have equal rights, and that the government should make possible their full participation in society, The government has to provide free education and integrate children with disabilities into mainstream schools. This law also states that all public places including buildings, schools, etc., should be accessible and provided with ramps.

Look at the photograph and think about the boy who is being carried down the stairs. Do you think the above law is being implemented in his case? What needs to be done to make the building more accessible for him? How7 would his being carried down the stairs affect his dignity as well as his safety?

Answer:
We can see that the boy in the above photograph is disabled. The Disabilities Act in 1955 is not fully implemented. Apart from stairs, there should be ramp as well. He is being carried down by security people through stairs which is dangerous and risky7. The boy’s dignity is hurt and will feel inferior as well. He is recognized as unequal in front of others.

JAC Class 7thCivics On Equality Important Questions and Answers

Multipie Choice Questions

Question 1.
Omprakash Valmiki wrote
(a) Godan
(b) Joothan
(c) Geetanjali
(d) Gaban
Answer:
(b) Joothan

Question 2.
The first state to introduce the Midday Meal Scheme was
(a) Tamil Nadu
(b) Manipur
(c) Karnataka
(d) Maharashtra
Answer:
(a) Tamil Nadu

Question 3.
The Civil Rights Act w as passed in
(a) 1955
(b) 1962
(c) 1964
(d) 1978
Answer:
(c) 1964

Question 4.
The right to vote in India is called as
(a) Universal Adult Franchise
(b) One vote-one value
(c) Right to vote
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Universal Adult Franchise

Question 5.
We should not discriminate for the colour of the skin say, w hites or blacks on the basis of
(a) Gender
(b) Race
(c) Caste
(d) Both (b) and (c)
Answer:
(d) Both (b) and (c)

Question 6.
The midday meal scheme was first started in the year
(a) 1995
(b) 2001
(c) 2005
(d) 2009
Answer:
(a) 1995

Question 7.
The main feature of democracy influences all areas of the government’s work is
(a) Liberty7
(b) Equality7
(c) Discrimination
(d) none of these
Answer:
(b) Equality7

Question 8.
Based on the idea of Universal Adult Franchise, the number of time/s a person can vote in a general election is/ are
(a) 4
(b) 3
(c) 1
(d) as many times according to his wish
Answer:
(c) 1

Question 9.
The most common forms of inequality in most of the cities and villages are
(a) cultural discrimination
(b) food habits
(c) biased in the use of public places
(d) the caste system
Answer:
(d) the caste system

Question 10.
…… has been traditionally considered a lower or inferior caste by many in India.
(a) Dalits
(b) Rajputs
(c) Kshatriyas
(d) Vaishyas
Answer:
(a) Dalits

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which type of government does India have?
Answer:
India has a democratic type of government.

Question 2.
In which year the Supreme Court asked all the states to start the midday meal scheme in India?
Answer:
In 2001, the Supreme Court asked all the states to start the midday meal scheme in India.

Question 3.
Which people have been employed to cook the meal under the midday meal scheme?
Answer:
Dalit women have been employed to cook the meal under the midday meal scheme.

Question 4.
Name the African American w oman who has an important role in starting the Civil Rights Movement.
Answer:
Rosa Parks was the African American woman who has an important role in starting the Civil Rights Movement.

Question 5.
What is the minimum age to cast a vote in an election?
Answer:
The minimum age to cast a vote in an election is 18 years and above means they are considered as adult.

Question 6.
Whose autobiography is ‘Joothanf?
Answer:
Omprakash Valmiki’s autobiography is ‘joothan

Question 7.
What are the common form of inequalities that exist in India?
Answer:
The caste system and religion are the common forms of inequalities that exist in India.

Question 8.
What do you mean by Constitution?
Answer:
Constitution is a document that lays down the basic and important rules and regulations -for people and the government in the country to follow and abide by it.

Question 9.
Why Omprakash Valmiki was being treated unequally by his teacher and his classmates?
Answer:
Omprakash Valmiki is being treated unequally on the basis of differences of caste as he was from lower caste.

Question 10.
What is Civil Rights Movement?
Answer:
In the late 50s, a movement took place in the USA for equal rights for the Afro- American people. This movement later came to be known as the Civil Rights Movement.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Dalit people are not considered as equal even though the law says it. Why?
Answer:
Dalit people are not considered as equal even though the law says it because of attitudes change very slowly. It will happen only when people begin to believe that no one is inferior, lower and that every person deserves to be treated with dignity.

Question 2.
In which way does the government assures equality?
Answer:
Equality is assured through:

Government schemes and programmes for the disadvantaged communities or groups.
Laws specified in the Constitution.

Question 3.
What are the reasons for unequal treatment?
Answer:
The reasons for unequal treatment are:

Gender of a person (male or female)
The caste we have
The religion we practice and follow
The background of our class from where we come

Question 4.
What was the effect and outcome of Civil Rights Movement?
Answer:
The effect and outcome of Civil Rights Movement was:

It forbids andprohibits discrimination on the basis of religion, race and national origin.
It also stated that the schools would be open to the Afro-American children and that they would no longer have to attend the separate schools specially opened for them.

Question 5.
Briefly describe equality in Indian democracy.
Answer:
The Indian Constitution considers and recognises every person as equal. This means that every individual in the country including male and female persons irrespective of their castes, religions, tribes, educational and economic backgrounds are recognised as equal. Though inequality still exists in our society yet the principle of equality of all person is recognised. Earlier, law was not there to protect people from discrimination and bad behaviour but now a days there are many that actually work to see that people are treated with dignity.

Question 6.
What do you understand by the Disability7 Act which was passed in 1995?
Answer:
The Government of India passed the Disabilities Act in 1995. This law states that persons with disabilities have equal rights and that the government should make possible of their full participation in society7. The government has to provide free education and integrate children with disabilities into mainstream schools. This law also states that all public places including buildings, schools, etc., should be accessible and provided with ramps so that they can move around easily.

Question 7.
Explain the Civil Rights Movement.
Answer:
On 1st December 1955, an African American woman named Rosa Parks who was tired from a long day at work and refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man. Her refusal that day started a huge agitation against the unequal ways in which African-Americans were treated and which came to be known as the Civil Rights Movement.

Question 8.
Which formal documents recognises every person’s democratic right to equality in India? What is the place called where the elected leaders meet to discuss the problems and matters of national importance?
Answer:
The formal documents recognises eveiy person’s democratic right to equality in India in the Constitution. The place is called the Parliament where the elected leaders meet to discuss the problems and matters of national importance.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe in brief the provisions made in the Constitution for the recognition of equality.
Answer:
Provisions made in the Constitution for the recognition of equality are:

Every person from the President of the country to a domestic worker has to obey and abide by the same laws.
No person can be discriminated against on the basis of their religion, race, caste, place of birth or whether they are female or male.
Every person has access to all public places which consists of playgrounds, hotels, shops and markets. All persons can use publicly available wells, roads and bathing ghats.
Untouchability has been abolished.

Question 2.
What are the benefits of the midday meal programme?
Answer:
Benefits of the midday meal programme are:

More poor children have begun enrolling in the school and regularly attending school.
It has also helped to reduce caste prejudices because both lower and upper caste children in the school eat this meal together.
In few places, Dalit women have been employed to cook the meal.
The midday meal programme also helps reduce the hunger of poor students who often come to school and cannot concentrate because they are hungry as their stomachs are empty.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions