JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 3 Money and Credit

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 3 Money and Credit

JAC Class 10th Economics Money and Credit InText Questions and Answers

Page 40

Question 1.
How does the use of money make it easier to exchange things?
Answer:
The use of money makes it easier to exchange things because

  1. It is accepted as a medium of exchange.
  2. It serves as a unit of value.
  3. It solves the problem of double coincidence of wants.

Question 2.
Can you think of some examples of goods/services being exchanged or wages being paid through barter?
Answer:
In rural areas, usually foodgrains are exchanged for other crops in some cases. Even in some government schemes, labourers are paid not in cash but in kind, e.g., 5 kg of wheat per day of work.

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Question 3.
M. Salim wants to withdraw Rs. 20,000 in cash for making payments. How would he write a cheque to withdraw money?
JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 3 Money and Credit 2
Question 4.
After the transaction between Salim and Prem,
(a) Salim’s balance in his bank account increases, and Prem’s balance increases.
(b) Salim’s balance in his bank account decreases and Prem’s balance increases.
(c) Salim’s balance in his bank account increases and Prem’s balance decreases.
Answer:
(b) Salim’s balance in his bank account decreases and Prem’s balance increases.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 3 Money and Credit

Question 5.
Why are demand deposits considered as mqney?
Answer:
The facility of cheques against demand deposits makes it possible to directly settle payments without the use of cash. Sincb demand deposits are accepted widely as a means of payment, along with currency, they constitute money in the modem economy.

Question 6.
What do you think would happen if all the depositors went to ask for their money at the same time?
Answer:

  1. If all the depositors go to banks and withdraw their money at the same time, there will be a huge cash crisis in the banks as they will run out of money.
  2. They will not be able to give loans to markets and several companies.
  3. There will be no daily transaction in banks, so footfall will be nil.
  4. No loans can then be given as crop loans also. So this will affect the agricultural produce for the impending season.
  5. Bank cash reserve ratio will also decrease drastically. It will lead to a complete collapse of the financial system.

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Question 7.
Fill in the following table.

SalimSwapna
Why did they need credit?
What was the risk?
What was the outcome?

Answer:

SalimSwapna
Why did they need credit?To meet the working capital needs.To meet the expenses of cultivation.
What was the risk?No or little unknown risk.Risk of crop failure.
What was the outcome?Supplied the orders, earned profits and repaid the loans.Crops failed found herself in the debt trap.

Question 8.
Supposing Salim continues to get orders from traders. What would be his position after 6 years?
Answer:
If Salim continues to get orders from traders for the next six years, he can use the profits from the sales of shoes to finance his future business. Then he will nof have to borrow money from any source of credit.

Question 9.
What are the reasons that make Swapna’s situation so risky? Discuss factors – pesticides; role of moneylenders; climate.
Answer:
Pest attack, exploitation by moneylenders and lack of monsoon are the reasons that make Swapna’s situation so risky. Pesticides – Pest attack can be controlled by pesticides. Role of Money Lenders – Generally moneylenders exploit farmers. They charge very high rate of interest and farmers are caught in trap. Climate – Nearly 60% of our agricultural land area is still unirrigated. Our farmers heavily depend only on rainfall. So, climate plays an important role.

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Question 10.
Why do lenders ask for collateral while lending?
Answer:

  1. Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns (such as land, building, vehicle, livestocks, deposits with banks and uses this as a guarantee to a lender until the loan is repaid.
  2. If the borrower fails to repay the loan, the lender has the right to sell the asset or collateral to obtain payment.

Question 11.
Given that a large number of people in our country are poor, does it in any way affect their capacity to borrow?
Answer:

  1. The poor have low capacity to borrow since they have no collateral to offer.
  2. They cannot get any credit from formal sources of credit like banks and co – operatives. They mostly take loans from informal sources of credit like moneylenders, friends, relatives, etc.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 3 Money and Credit

Question 12.
Fill in the blanks choosing the correct option from the brackets.
While taking a loan, borrowers look for easy terms of credit. This means …………. (low/high) interest rate, ………… (easy/ tough) conditions for repayment, …………. (less/more) collateral and documentation requirements.
Answer:
While taking a loan, borrowers look for easy terms of credit. This means low interest rate, easy conditions for repayment, less collateral and documentation requirements.

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Question 13.
List the various sources of credit in Sonpur.
Answer:
Various sources of credit in village Sonpur are:

  1. Village moneylenders
  2. Traders
  3. Landowners as moneylenders
  4. Commercial banks
  5. Krishak co – operative society

Question 14.
Underline the various uses of credit in Sonpur in the above passages.
Answer:
Loans from co – operatives:
1. Besides banks, the other major sources of cheap credit in rural areas are the co – operative societies (or co – operatives).

2. The members of a co-operative pool in their resources for co-operation in certain areas.

3. There are several types of co-operatives possible such as farmers’ co-operatives, weavers’ co-operatives, industrial workers co-operatives, etc.

4. Krishak Co – operative functions in a village not very far away from Sonpur. It has 2300 farmers as members. It accepts deposits from its members. With these deposits as collateral, the co – operatives have obtained a large loan from the banks. These funds are used to provide loans to members.

Once these loans are repaid, another round of loans is given to ten members. Once these loans are repaid, Krishak round of lending can take place. Krishak Co – operatives provide loans fpr the purchase of agricultural implements, loans for cultivation and agricultural trade, fishery loans, loans for construction of houses and for a variety of other expenses.

Question 15.
Compare the terms of credit for the small farmer, the medium farmer and the landless agricultural worker in Sonpur.
Answer:

  1. Terms of credit for small farmers
    • High rate of interest.
    • Promise to sell crops to traders at low prices as repayment of loan.
  2. Terms of credit for medium farmers
    • They can take loans from banks or from co-operatives who charge a very low rate of interest.
    • Loan can be paid back in the next three years.
  3. Landless agricultural workers in Sonpur
    • Borrower has no means to repay the loan in cash. So, he pledges to repay loans by working for the landowner.
    • Rate of interest is high.

Question 16.
Why will Arun have a higher income from cultivation compared to Shyamal?
Answer:
Arun gets a loan from a commercial bank at a rate of interest 8.5% per annum, while Shyamal gets loans from a village moneylender at an interest rate of 5% per month (i.e., 60% per annum). Arun has the capacity to pay bank loans as compared to Shyamal. So he gets a fresh loan in next three years. Like Shyamal, he is not bound to sell his produce to the moneylenders who him a very low price. He can sell his produce at market rates.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 3 Money and Credit

Question 17.
Can everyone in Sonpur get credit at a cheap rate? Who are the people who can?
Answer:
Everyone cannot get credit at a cheap rate. Only the following people are able to get it:

  1. Who have some collateral.
  2. Who have organised themselves into a co – operative society.
  3. Who can fulfil the bank’s documentation requirements.

Question 18.
(i) Over the years, Rama’s debt
(a) will rise.
(b) will remain constant.
(c) will decline.
Answer:
(a) will rise.

(ii) Arun is one of the few people in Sonpur to take a bank loan because
(a) other people in the village prefer to borrow from the moneylenders.
(b) banks demand collateral which everyone cannot provide.
(c) interest rate on bank loans is same as the interest rate charged by the traders.
Answer:
(b) banks demand collateral which everyone cannot provide

Question 19.
Talk to some people to find out the credit arrangements that exist in your area. Record your conversation. Note the differences in the terms of credit across people.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

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Question 20.
What are the differences between formal and informal sources of credit?

Formal Sources of CreditInformal Sources of Credit
(i) Those sources of credit which are registered by the Government and have to follow its rules and regulations, e.g., banks, cooperatives.(i) The small and scattered units which are outside the control of the Government, e.g., individual moneylenders, traders, employers, etc.
(ii) The RBI supervises the functioning of formal sources of credit.(ii) There is no organization to supervise the credit activities of lenders in this sector.
(iii) Apart from profit making they have also an objective of social welfare.(iii) Their only motive is to extract profit as much as possible.
(iv) The rate of interest charged by formal sources is much lower.(iv) They charge very high rates of interest.
(v) The terms of credit are fair and reasonable.(v) They sometimes impose very tough and unreasonable terms of credit on the borrower.

Question 21.
Why should credit at reasonable rates be available for all?
Answer:
Credit at reasonable rates should be available for all, so that the poor people can benefit from the cheaper loans.

Question 22.
Should there be a supervisor, such as the Reserve Bank of India, that looks into the loan activities of informal lenders? Why would its task be quite difficult?
Answer:
There should be a supervisor for checking the loan activities of informal lenders. However, this task is quite difficult because informal sector constitutes many people who have different kinds of business besides lending. They are not registered with the government.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 3 Money and Credit

Question 23.
Why do you think that the share of formal sector credit is higher for the richer households compared to the poorer households?
Answer:

  1. The share of the formal sector credit is higher for the richer households because the richer households are in a better position to provide collateral and other necessary documents which are required by the banks and co – operatives.
  2. Richer households have means to exert pressure on banks and co – operatives to sanction loans.
  3. They have greater capacity to repay the loans compared to the poorer households.

JAC Class 10th Economics Money and Credit Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
In situations with high risks, credit might create further problems for the borrower. Explain.
Answer:
It is true that in situations with high risks, credit might create problems for the borrower, e.g.,

  1. A small farmer takes a loan to meet the expenses of cultivation, hoping that his harvest would help him to repay the loan.
  2. But if his crop fails due to shortage of rain or for any other reason, he will be unable to repay the loan.
  3. In such situations a small farmer has to sell a part of his land to repay the loan.
  4. Such cases have high risks because the payment of loan entirely depends on good crop which in turn depends on good rain, HYV seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and other factors.
  5. This type of loan pushes the farmer into a debt – trap in the case of crop failure and the position of the farmer becomes worse off than before.

Question 2.
How does money solve the problem of double coincidence of wants? Explain with an example of your own.
Answer:

  1. Double Coincidence of Wants is an important feature of the barter system.
  2. In barter system, a seller needs to find a buyer who can purchase a commodity and vice versa. This condition is extremely difficult to fulfil.
  3. The introduction of money resulted in the end of the barter system where goods were exchanged according to the needs.
  4. Now, money acts as an intermediate in the exchange process, and is known as a medium of exchange. Anyone can exchange goods for money and buy commodities that are required by them.
  5. For example, a fruit seller wants to sell his fruits in order to buy wheat. In the absence of money, he will have to look for some person who wants to sell wheat and buy fruits. This is not easy and always possible. In case of money as a medium of exchange, the fruit seller just has to find a buyer for her fruits. Once fruits are exchanged for money, she can purchase wheat from the market.

Question 3.
How do banks mediate between those who have surplus money and those who need money?
Answer:

  1. Barfks act as a mediator between people who have surplus money and people who need money, by allowing them to open an account.
  2. People, who have surplus cash, deposit their money in a bank.
  3. The bank pays a fixed amount of interest on the savings.
  4. This surplus money deposited by the people is given in the form of loan to the people who need money.
  5. Banks charge a particular rate of interest to those it grants loan.

Question 4.
Look at a 10 rupee note. What is written on top? Can you explain this statement?
Answer:
At the top of a 10 rupee note, it is written ‘Reserve Bank of India’ along with a statement, “guaranteed by the Central Government”. This statement implies that the Reserve Bank of India issues currency on behalf of the Central Government. No other person or organisation apart from the RBI has the right to issue money.

Question 5.
Why do we need to expand formal sources of credit in India?
Answer:
We need to expand the formal source of credit in India, as:

  1. In rural areas the informal source of credit such as moneylenders charge very high rate of interest from the people.
  2. In such a situation, a borrower is usually caught in a debt trap.
  3. The formal sources of credit provide loans to people at a cheaper rate of interests which benefits the farmers and small self – employed people.

Question 6.
What is the basic idea behind the SHGs for the poor? Explain in your own words.
Answer:

  1. The idea is to organise rural poor, particularly women, into small Self Help Groups (SHGs) and pool (collect) their savings.
  2. SHG has 15 – 20 members from the neighbourhood, who meet and save regularly ranging from 25 to 100 or more.
  3. Members can take small loans from the group to meet their needs at a reasonable rate of interest and without much documentation process.
  4. After a year or two, if the group is regular in savings, it becomes eligible for availing loan from the bank.
  5. Loan is sanctioned in the name of group and is meant to create self-employment opportunities for the members.
  6. For example, small loans are provided to the members for releasing mortgaged land, for meeting working capital needs (e.g buying seeds, fertiliser, raw materials like bamboo and cloth) for housing materials and for acquiring assets like sewing machines, hand looms, cattle, etc.
  7. Most of the important decisions regarding the savings and loan activities are taken by the group members.
  8. The group is responsible for the repayment of the loan.

Question 7.
What are the reasons why the banks might not be willing to lend to certain borrowers?
Answer: Banks might not provide loans to certain borrowers because of the following reasons:

  1. People with lack of collateral such as house, livestock or any other property as a guarantee.
  2. Lack of permanent job
  3. Low credentials of the person on previously taken loans.

Question 8.
In what ways does the Reserve Bank of India supervise the functioning of banks? Why is this necessary?
Answer:

  1. A number of borrowers do not have collateral against loans.
  2. Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns and pledges as a guarantee to the lender until the loan is repaid.
  3. The main demand for loans is for crop production. Repayment of the loan is crucially dependent on the income from farming.
  4. Repayment depends on the risks in the situation. That is why, banks have no interest to lend to such borrowers.
  5. Thus, the banks might not be willing to lend to those borrowers who have no collateral and whose repaying capacity is not guaranteed.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 3 Money and Credit

Question 9.
Analyse the role of credit for development.
Answer:

  1. Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country’s development. Development is sustained by a proper credit policy.
  2. By giving loans to industries and trade, banks provide them with the necessary funds for carrying on their business without problems. This results in increased production and services, more employment and also profits.
  3. Caution is taken by the lenders when high risks are expected, so that there are no losses.
  4. Credit from the formal sector needs to be increased as loans from the informal sector, have very high interest rates, do more harm than good.
  5. For this reason, it is important that the formal sector gives out more loans so that borrowers are not exploited by the informal sector moneylenders, and the results will contribute to national development.

Question 10.
Manav needs a loan to set up a small business. On what basis will Manav decide whether to borrow from the bank or the moneylender? Discuss.
Answer:
Manav will decide whether to borrow from a bank or a moneylender on the following terms of the loan:

  1. The documentation and collateral required
  2. The rate of interest charged.
  3. The mode of repayment (periodicity, cash/ kind, etc.)
  4. The penalty in case of default in repayment.

Question 11.
In India, about 80 per cent of farmers are small farmers, who need credit for cultivation.
(a) Why might banks be unwilling to lend to small farmers?
(b) What are the other sources from which the small farmers can borrow?
(c) Explain with an example how the terms of credit can be unfavourable for the small farmers.
(d) Suggest some ways by which small farmers can get cheap credit.
Answer:
(a) Banks might be unwilling to lend money to the farmers in case of absence of collateral with the farmers.
(b) Other sources of credit from where small farmers can borrow are moneylenders, friends, relatives, neighbours and traders.
(c) When a farmer is charged with a high rate of interest and she/he will not be able to repay the loan. Sometimes during famine, floods or bad harvest, she/he may be forced to sell a part of her/his land. Under such circumstances, terms of credit may become unfavourable for her/him.
(d) By becoming a part of Self Help Group and by taking a loan from the credit societies, a farmer can get cheap credit.

Fill in the blanks:

Question 12.
(i) Majority of the credit needs of the ………….. households are met from informal sources.
Answer:
Majority of the credit needs of the poor households are met from informal sources.

(ii) …………… costs of borrowing increase the debt – burden.
Answer:
High costs of borrowing increase the debt – burden.

(iii) …………… issues currency notes on behalf of the Central Government.
Answer:
Reserve Bank of India issues currency notes on behalf of the Central Government.

(iv) Banks charge a higher interest rate op. loans than what they offer on ………..
Answer:
Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on deposits.

(v) …………. is an asset that the borrower owns and uses as a guarantee until the loan is repaid to the lender.
Answer:
Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns and uses as a guarantee until the loan is repaid to the lender.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 3 Money and Credit

Question 13.
Choose the most appropriate answer.
(i) In a SHG most of the decisions regarding savings and loan activities are taken by
(a) Bank.
(b) Members.
(c) Non – government organisation.
Answer:
(b) Members.

(ii) Formal sources of credit does not include
(a) Banks
(b) Cooperatives
(c) Employers.
Answer:
(c) Employers.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 3 Money and Credit

JAC Board Class 10 Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 3 Money and Credit

→ Money as a Medium of Exchange

  • A person holding money can exchange it for any commodity or service that he or she might want.
  • Thus everyone prefers to receive payments in money and then exchange the money for things that they want.
  • Both parties have to agree to sell and buy each other’s commodities. This is known as Double Coincidence of Wants.
  • What a person desires to sell is exactly what the other wishes to buy.
  • In a barter system where goods are directly exchanged without the use of money, the Double Coincidence of Wants is an essential feature.
  • In an economy where money is in use, by providing the crucial intermediate step it eliminates the need for Double Coincidence of Wants.
  • Money acts as an intermediate in the exchange process. It is called a medium of exchange. This is known as Barter System.

→ Modern Forms of Money

  • Money acts as a medium of exchange in transactions.
  • Before the introduction of coins, a variety of things were used as money.
  • For example, since the very early ages, Indians used grains and cattle as money.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 3 Money and Credit

→ Currency

  • Modem forms of money include currency – paper notes and coins.
  • Money is accepted as a medium of exchange because the currency is authorized by the government of the country.
  • In India, the Reserve Bank of India issues currency notes on behalf of the government of India.
  • As per Indian law, no other individual or organization is allowed to issue currency.
  • No individual in India can legally refuse payment made in rupees.

→ Deposits with Bank

  • The other form in which people hold money is ‘deposits with the bank’.
  • People deposit money with the banks by opening a bank account in their name.
  • Banks accept deposits and also pay an amount as interest on the deposits.
  • People also have the provision to withdraw the money as and when they require.
  • Since the deposits in the accounts can be withdrawn on demand, these deposits are called demand deposits.
  • Some payments are made by cheques instead of cash. For payment by cheque, the buyer who has an account with the bank, prepares a cheque for a specific amount.
  • A cheque is a paper instructing the bank to pay a specific amount from the holder’s account to the person in whose name the cheque has been issued.
  • The facility of cheque against demand deposits makes it possible to directly settle payments without the use of cash.
  • Since demand deposits are accepted widely as a means of payment, along with currency, they constitute money in the modem economy.
  • But for the banks, there would be no demand and no payments by cheques against these deposits. The modem forms of money – currency and deposits – are closely linked to the working of the modem banking system.

→ Loan Activities of Banks

  • Banks keep only a small proportion of their deposits as cash with themselves.
  • This is kept as a provision to pay the depository who might come to withdraw money from the bank on any given day.
  • Since, on any particular day, only some of its many depositors come to withdraw cash, the bank is able to manage with this cash.
  • Banks use the major portion of the deposits to extend loans to the individuals for their requirements.
  • There is a huge demand for loans for various economic activities.
  • Banks mediate between those who have surplus funds and those who are in need of these funds.
  • Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on deposits.
  • The difference between what is charged from the borrowers and what is paid to the depositors is their main source of income.

→ Terms of Credit

  • Every loan agreement specifies an interest rate which the borrower must pay to the lender along with the repayment of the principal amount, lenders may demand collateral against the loan.
  • Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns and uses this as a guarantee to a lender until the loan is repaid.
  • The interest rate, collateral, documentation requirement, and the mode of repayment is called the terms of credit.

→ Formal Sector Credit in India

  • People obtain loans from various sources.
  • The various types of loans can be grouped as formal sector and informal sector loans.
  • Between these two sectors, former sector includes loans from banks and cooperatives.
  • The informal lenders include moneylenders, traders, employers, relatives and friends, etc.
  • The Reserve Bank of India supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans.
  • For instance, we have seen that the banks maintain a minimum cash balance out of the deposits they receive.
  • The RBI monitors the banks in actually maintaining a cash balance.
  • Periodically, banks have to submit information to the RBI on how much they are lending, to whom, at what interest rate, etc.
  • There is no organization that supervises the credit activities of lenders in the informal sector.
  • They can lend at whatever interest rate they choose.
  • There is no one to stop them from using unfair means to get their money back.
  • Compared to the formal lenders, most of the informal lenders charge a much higher rate of interest on loans.
  • Thus, the cost to the borrower of informal loans is much higher.
  • The higher cost of borrowing means that, a large part of the earnings of the borrowers is used to repay the loans.
  • Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country’s development.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 3 Money and Credit

→ Formal and Informal Credit

  • 85% of the loans taken by the poor households in the urban areas are from informal sources.
  • Urban households take only 10% of loans from informal sources, while 90% from formal sources.
  • The rich households avail a cheap credit from the formal sources whereas the poor households have to pay a large amount of borrowing.
  • The formal sources still meet only about half of the total credit needs of the rural people.
  • The remaining credit needs are fulfilled by the informal sources.
  • Thus, it is necessary that banks and cooperatives increase their lending particularly in the rural areas so that the dependence on informal sources of credit reduces.
  • While formal sector loans need to expand, it is also necessary that everyone receives these loans.
  • It is important that the formal credit is distribute^ more equally so that the poor can benefit from the cheaper loans.

→ Self-Help Groups for the Poor

  • Poor -households are still dependent on informal sources of credit.
  • Banks are not present everywhere in rural India.
  • Even when they are present, getting a loan from a bank is much more difficult than getting a loan from informal sources.
  • The absence of collateral is one of the major reasons which prevents the poor from getting bank loans.
  • Informal lenders such as moneylenders, know the borrowers personally and are often willing to give a loan without collateral.
  • However, the moneylenders charge very high rates of interest, keep no records of the transactions and harass the poor borrowers.
  • In recent years, people had tried out some newer ways of providing loans to the poor like Self Help Groups (SHGS), Grameen Banks, etc.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions Economics Chapter 3 Money and Credit

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Important Questions Economics Chapter 3 Money and Credit

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
“Money is what money does” who said?
(a) Crowther
(b) Robertson
(c) Walker
(d) Marshall
Answer:
(c) Walker

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions Economics Chapter 3 Money and Credit

Question 2.
Direct exchange of goods against goods is called
(a) Charter
(b) Money
(c) Walker
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Walker

Question 3.
What possess general acceptability?
(a) Bank draft
(b) Money
(c) Bill of exchange
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Money

Question 4.
Which type of deposits gives highest rate of interest?
(a) Current deposit
(b) Fixed deposit
(c) Recurring deposit
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Fixed deposit

Question 5.
Which bank deals with short-term credit?
(a) Agricultural bank
(b) Commercial bank
(c) Industrial bank
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Commercial bank

Question 6.
Which of the following is not the function of the commercial bank?
(a) Issue of paper notes
(b) Acceptance of deposits
(c) Advancing loans
(d) Credit control
Answer:
(a) Issue of paper notes

Question 7.
Which of the following is not near money?
(a) Paper notes
(b) Treasury bill
(c) Bond
(d) Bill of exchange
Answer:
(a) Paper notes

Question 8.
Which bank is called lender of last resort?
(a) Commercial bank
(b) Agricultural bank
(c) Industrial bank
(d) Central bank
Answer:
(d) Central bank

Question 9.
In which year the Reserve Bank of India was established?
(a) 1945
(b) 1947
(c) 1935
(d) 1953
Answer:
(c) 1935

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions Economics Chapter 3 Money and Credit

Question 10.
Which bank enjoys monopoly power of Note issue?
(a) NABARD
(b) Commercial Bank
(c) Central Bank
(d) Nope of these
Answer:
(c) Central Bank

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why are transactions made in money?
Answer:
A person holding money can easily exchange it for any commodity or service that he or she might want.

Question 2.
Define Double Coincidence of Wants.
Answer:
In the barter system, when the demand of two persons for each other’s commodity is raised at the same time, it is called Double Coincidence of Wants.

Question 3.
Mention the modern form of money.
Answer:
Modern forms of money include currency – paper notes and coins.

Question 4.
What is the main function of the Reserve Bank of India?
Answer:
The Reserve Bank of India issues currency notes on behalf of the central government and supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans.

Question 5.
What does loan agreement specify?
Answer:
Loan agreement specifies an interest rate, mode of repayment, collateral and necessary documentation.

Question 6.
Why do farmers require credit?
Answer:
Farmers require credit to purchase seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and for irrigation purposes.

Question 7.
What is ‘credit’?
Answer:
Credit (loan) refers to an agreement in which the lender supplies the borrowers with money, goods or services in return for the promise of future payment.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions Economics Chapter 3 Money and Credit

Question 8.
What are informal sectors of loan?
Answer:
Informal sectors of loan include money-lenders, traders, employers, relatives and friends, etc.

Question 9.
What are the formal sectors of loan?
Answer:
Formal sectors of loan include all the banks and cooperatives.

Question 10.
Which is the newer way of providing loans to the rural poor, particularly women?
Answer:
Self Help Groups.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define money.
Answer:

  1. Money refers to a medium of exchange used in economic transactions or in exchange of goods and services.
  2. Transactions are made in money because it eliminates the inconvenience of barter system of exchange. In an economy, where money is in use, it eliminates the need for double coincidence of wants by providing the crucial intermediate step.
  3. The use of money spans a very large part of our everyday life. There are several transactions involving money in any single day.

Question 2.
What is a demand deposit? List two advantages of demand deposits.
Answer:
A demand deposit is a deposit with the bank that people have the provision to withdraw the money as and when they require. Since the deposits in the bank accounts can be withdrawn on demand, these deposits are called demand deposits. Advantages of demand deposits:

  1. Demand deposits earn an amount as interest.
  2. They act as a medium of exchange like money. They constitute money in the modern economy. They are accepted widely as a means of payment by way of a cheque instead of cash.

Question 3.
What is a cheque? What is the advantage of using a cheque for payment?
Answer:
A cheque is a paper instructing the bank to pay a specific amount from the person’s account to the person in whose name the cheque has been issued. For payment through a cheque, the payer who has an account with the bank prepares a cheque for a specific amount. Advantages of using a cheque for payment:

  1. We issue cheques against demand deposits, which make it possible to directly settle payments without the use of cash.
  2. Since demand deposits are accepted widely as a means of payment along with currency, they constitute money in the modem economy.

Question 4.
Differentiate between the terms of credit offered in formal and informal sectors of credit.
Answer:

Formal SectorInformal Sector
(i) RBI supervises their function of giving loans.(i) No organization is there to supervise its lending activities.
(ii) Collateral is required to obtain credit.(ii) This sector gives loans without collateral.
(iii) The rate of interest is comparatively low than that of the informal sector , loans.(iii) Higher interest rates on loan are charged.

Question 5.
What are the various purposes for which the rural people require credit?
Answer:
The various purposes for which the rural people require credit are:

  1. People in rural areas generally require credit to meet the expert civilities.
  2. In the case of crop failure, they take fresh loans for cultivation and to repay previous debt. In this situation, the credit pushes the person into a debt trap.
  3. Also, they require a loan to meet the daily expenses such as expenses for sudden illness or functions in the family.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions Economics Chapter 3 Money and Credit

Question 6.
Explain any three terms of credit.
Answer:
Three terms of credit are as follows:

  1. Interest rate which the borrower must pay to the lender along with repayment of the principle.
  2. Collaterals such as land titles, deposits with banks, livestock, etc., and documentation required.
  3. Mode of repayment: This means how the borrower would repay the lender his/ her loan amount. For example, on the monthly, quarterly, half – yearly or yearly basis. They may vary depending on the nature of the lender and the borrower. The terms of credit vary substantially from one credit arrangement to another.

Question 7.
Why do poor farmers get into debt trap of informal sector?
Answer:
There are several reasons behind it. These are:

  1. There is no organisation which supervises the credit activities of lenders in the informal sector.
  2. They can lend at whatever interest rate they choose.
  3. There is no one to stop them from using unfair means to get their money back.
  4. Compared to the formal lenders, most of the informal lenders charge a much higher interest rate on loans. So, the cost to the borrowers of informal loans is much higher.
  5. Higher cost of borrowing meanS a larger part of the earnings of the borrower is used to repay the loan.
  6. The higher interest rate of borrowing can mean that the amount to be repaid is greater than the income of the borrower. This could lead to increasing debt and debt trap.

Question 8.
Explain with an example, how credit plays a vital and positive role for development.
Answer:
Cheap and affordable credit plays a vital and positive role for the country’s development.

  1. Credit helps in increasing the economic activities of the borrowers.
  2. A large number of transactions in our day- to-day activities involve credit in some form or the other.
  3. It may be helpful in growing crops, doing business, setting up small-scale industries, trade in goods, etc.
  4. If credit is available to the poor people on reasonable terms and conditions, they can improve their economic condition which in turn, will help them to have a better standard of living.

Question 9.
State any three advantages of an ATM.
Answer:
The three advantages of an ATM are as follows:

  1. The full form ATM is Automated Teller Machine.
  2. In case of an ATM, direct interaction with the bank is not required.
  3. Money can be withdrawn from the ATM any time twenty-four hours in a day, whereas banks close their public dealings at a particular time, binding the depositor to come within that stipulated period.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the role of a bank in the economic development of a country? Explain.
Answer:
Banks play a major role in the economic development of a country. These are as follows:

  1. Banks mediate between those who have surplus money and those who need money. They take deposits from those who have surplus money and use the major portion of the deposits to extend loans.
  2. They account for 25% of rural credit in India. In this way, they help in increasing the economic activities of the borrowers.
  3. In India, banks give loans not just to profit-making businesses and traders but also to small cultivators, small-scale industries, small borrowers, etc.
  4. Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country’s development. It helps to grow crops, to meet working capital needs of production and in setting up new industries or trade in goods.
  5. They help poor people to increase their standard of living. If credit is available to poor people at a low rate of interest and on reasonable terms and conditions, they can improve their economic conditions.

Question 2.
What are the commercial banks? Mention any four of their functions.
Answer:
A commercial bank or a bank is a profit-making institution that accepts the deposits, pays an amount as interest on the deposits and extends loans to the needy people. The following are the functions of a commercial bank:

  1. Commercial banks accept the deposits from those who have surplus money.
  2. They pay an amount as interest on the deposits.
  3. Banks in India hold about 15% of their deposits as cash as a provision to pay the depositors who might come to withdraw money from the bank on any given day and use the major portion of the deposits to extend loans.
  4. They mediate between those who have surplus funds and those who are in need of these funds. They charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on deposits.
  5. The difference between what is charged from the borrowers and what is paid to the depositors is their main source of income.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions Economics Chapter 3 Money and Credit

Question 3.
What are formal sources of credit? Why do we need to expand formal sources of credit in India?
Answer:
The formal source of credit includes a loan from banks and co-operatives. We need to expand formal sources of credit in India for the following reasons:

  1. Formal sources of credit are less risky and they charge a low rate of interest.
  2. The Reserve Bank of India supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans. It monitors the banks in actually maintaining a cash balance.
  3. RBI ensures that loans are given not only to the profit-making businessmen and traders but also to small cultivators, small- scale industries, small borrowers, etc.
  4. Compared to the formal lenders, most of the informal lenders charge higher interest rates. Thus, the cost to the borrower becomes much higher that leads to less income. Also, the borrowers may become victim to debt – trap. So, formal sector loans help reduce dependence on informal sources of credit.
  5. Due to the high interest rates of the informal source of credit, people who might wish to start an enterprise by borrowing, may not do so because of the high cost of borrowing.
  6. Cheap and affordable credit by the formal sector is crucial for the country’s development.

Question 4.
Explain the term ‘debt – trap’. Why is it more rampant in rural areas? Give two reasons.
Answer:
When the credit pushes the borrower into a situation from which the recovery is very painful, it is called debt – trap. For example, in the case of crop failure small or marginal farmers have to sell a portion of his/her land to repay the loan. The debt – trap is rampant in rural areas because of the following reasons:

  1. Farmers take loans for crop production, equipment, fertilizers, etc. If crop failure happens due to any reason, they become unable to pay back the loan.
  2. There is usually an absence of any kind of support to the fanners in case of crop failure. So, they are clearly much worse off than before.

Question 5.
What are the Self – Help Groups? How do they work? Explain.
OR
“Self – Help Groups play an important role in solving the problems of rural poor.” In this context explain the social and economic values attached to it.
Answer:
1. It promotes women empowerment. SHGs are the groups created by needy persons themselves, especially women to fulfil their credit and loan needs. A typical SHG has 15 – 20 members, who meet and save regularly. So, through SHGs, women become economically independent. They are engaged in economic activities. Their voices are heard in the family and society,

2. The SHG encourages teamwork because it is an organization of about 15-20 members who meet and save at a regular interval.

3. The Self-Help Group leads to self sufficiency to its members. Members can take small loans from the group itself to meet their needs. If the group is regular in savings, it can avail loans from the bank that is meant to create self-employment opportunities for the members.

4. They are helpful in the eradication of poverty. This is because, the SHG provides cheap loans to its members to start self – employment activities such as establishing business units, shops, small trading, etc. In this way, they increase their incomes which leads to the eradication of poverty.

5. The SHG is a source of inspiration to its members. Inspiration refers to an unconscious burst of creativity in an artistic endeavour. It is a directing agent for a man to seek some purpose in life. Also, it controls the obstacles.

Activity Based Questions

Question 1.
The following table shows people in a variety of occupations in urban areas. What are the purposes for which the following people might need loans? Fill in the column.

OccupationsReason for need of a Loan
Construction worker
Graduate student who is computer literate
A person employed in government service
Migrant labourer in Delhi
Household maid
Small trader
Autorickshaw driver
A worker whose factory has closed down

Next, classify the people into two groups based on whom you think might get a bank loan
and those who might not. What is the criterion that you have used for classification?
Answer:

OccupationsReason for need of a Loan
Construction workerTo meet a medical emergency in the family
Graduate student who is computer literateTo pay the fees for a higher degree
A person employed in government serviceTo purchase a flat
Migrant labourer in DelhiFor expenses related to his daughter’s wedding
Household maidTo meet the daily expenses
Small traderTo run his business efficiently
Autorickshaw driverTo replace his old auto rickshaw with a new one
A worker whose factory has closed downTo meet his expenses till he gets employed again

Question 2.
Classification Regarding Ability to get a Loan
Answer:
The criteria I have used for this classification are:
1. Does the borrower have the potential to repay the loan or not?
People with a secure job or a running business will get a loan because they have the capability to repay the instalments. Here the government servant and small trader will be successful, whereas the migrant labourer, household maid, construction worker and worker whose factory has closed down will not be successful.

2. Whether the borrower is able to pledge collateral on which to guarantee the loan taken.
Here the auto rickshaw driver can pledge his auto rickshaw to the bank and the graduate student can pledge any capital asset owned by him. These two are the basic prerequisites for getting a loan from a bank.

Question 3.
Read the statement given below and answer the questions that follow:
(a) Which are the two major sources of credit for rural households in India?
Answer:
Moneylenders and Cooperative Societies

(b) Which one of them is the most dominant source of credit for rural households?
Answer:
Moneylenders

(c) Which is the most dominant source of credit? Give two reasons.
Answer:

  1. Moneylenders do not ask for collateral.
  2. Complicated paper work or documentation is not involved.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions