September 2024 – Page 14 – Jharkhand Board Solution

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 2 Role of the Government in Health

September 5, 2024September 4, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 2 Role of the Government in Health

JAC Class 7th CivicsRole of the Government in Health InText Questions and Answers

Page 19

Question 1.
Would you associate all or some of these pictures with ‘health’ ? In what ways? Discuss in groups.
Answer:
Students need to do it by themselves.

Question 2.
Pick two situations from the collage that are not related to illness and write two sentences on how they are related to health.
Students need to do it by themselves.

Question 3.
Can you provide a title to these columns?
Answer:
The titles can be:

Advancement in Health Care
Health situation in India

Question 4.
In India, it is often said that we are unable to provide health services for all because the government does not have enough money and facilities. After reading the above left hand column, do you think this is true? Discuss.
Answer:
No, it is not true because after reading the left hand side column, we came to know the following things:

Healthcare have grown significantly over the years.
India has the largest number of medical colleges in the world.
India is among the largest numbers of doctors.
India is the fourth largest producers of the medicines in the world.
India gets large number of medical tourists for many countries.

Page 21

Question 5.
Read the story given refer NCERT page-21. Then imagine that you are a Judge in the court. What would you say to Hakim Sheik?
Answer:
Being a Judge, I would try to give a fair judgment. He would be granted his due compensation and the doctors and the hospitals who denied to admit him and do the treatment would be given punishments.

Page 21

The story of Hakim Seikh Hakim Seikh was a member of the Paschim Banga Khet Mazdoor Samity (PBKMS), an organisation of agricultural labourers in West Bengal. One evening in 1992, he accidentally fell off a running train and suffered head injuries. He was in a very serious condition and needed immediate treatment. He was taken to a government hospital in Kolkata but they refused to admit him because they did not have a spare bed.Another hospital did not have the facility or the specialised doctors necessary for his treatment. I

n this way he spent 14 hours in a critical state and was taken to eight different government hospitals, but none of them admitted him. Finally, he was admitted in a private hospital, where he received treatment. He spent a lot of money oy his treatment.Angry and upset over the indifferent attitude of all the hospitals that refused to admit him, Hakim Seikh and PBKMS filed a case in the court.

Question 6.
Read the story given above. Then imagine that you are a Judge in the court. What would you say to Hakim Seikh?
Answer:
I would pronounce the judgement with due compensation to Hakim Seikh. I would also heavily fine the delinquent hospitals as deterrent punishment for dereliction of duty.

Page 24

Question 7.
Where do you go when you are ill? Are there any problems that you face? Write a paragraph based on your experience.
Ans:
I go to a private hospital or clinic. I prefer it because there is no rush. Doctors give attention to the patients immediately. We get all the services in one place only. Apart from this, the private clinics are neat and clean also. Problems to be face:

Non-availability of expert doctors on the spot-.
High cost of treatment.
No proper guidance and information.

Question 8.
Why did Ranjan have to spend so much money? Give reasons.
Answer:
Ranjan have to spend, so much money because his father took him to a private hospital and got a quick treatment as they are from a well to do family.

Question 9.
What problems did Aman face in the Government hospital? How do you think the hospital can work in a better manner? Discuss.
Answer:
In the public hospital, people always get long queues to wait for their turn. Hence, Aman also had to wait for his turn at the OPD section. He leaned on his father as he was feeling very sick. There turn came after a long wait and the doctor asked to do some blood tests. For blood tests also there was a long queue. They got the test results after three days.Again they visited the doctor but another doctor was on duty on that day and he prescribed the medicines.

In order to avoid these type of situations, there should be more qualified and experienced doctors and medically trained person. Facilities should be improved so that the people get the results little early. More branches of healthcare services should be provided. More mobile clinic should also be opened.

Question 10
What problems do we face in private hospitals? Discuss.
Answer:
In private hospitals we have to spend much more than the public hospitals. We have to buy the medicines from outside which the doctor will prescribe. Most of the time its mandatory to avail the facilities provided by hospital which is costlier then the outside market. Sometimes, some unnecessary tests and medicines are also given for their own profit which is not necessary for the patient.

Page 25

Question 11.
In what ways is the public health system meant for everyone?
Answer:
Public hospitals and health centres have been established by the government to provide healthcare to all citizens. The taxes we pay to the government are used to run these services. Hence, such facilities are meant for every citizen.

Question 12.
List some Public Health Centres (PHCs) or hospitals near your place. From your experience (or by visiting any one of them), find out the facilities provided and people who run the centre.
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own.

Page 26

Question 13.
How can health care be made more affordable? Discuss.
Answer:
The different ways through which we can make healthcare affordable for all are:

Opening more numbers of hospitals, healthcare centres, dispensaries and family welfare centres.
Organizing more camps for the prevention of spreading of diseases such as pulse polio.
To provide cheaper health services and little early to the poor people.
Free camps for check up of general public should be increased.
Among common people, spreading
health awareness through different means.
Provisions should be made to deal with unwanted situations like emergency, epidemics and pandemics.

Question 14.
Private health facilities can mean many things. Explain with the help of some examples from your area.
Answer:
Private health facilities can mean many things’. Now a days these hospitals are run by big companies. Such companies
run several businesses associated with these centres such as the facilities of pathology, laboratory, medicines, etc.

JAC Class 7th Civics Role of the Government in Health Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
In this chapter you have read that health is a wider concept than illness. Look at this quote from the Constitution and explain the terms ‘living standard’ and ‘public health’ in your own words.
Answer:
Living standard :
it means the standard of living of people at which they live provided by the family or government. It also refers to the status earned by the people. It means that if they are having all comforts of life and live in a hygienic conditions then there standard of living is quite good. Whereas, if the person is not having all the necessary things for the day to day life, bound to live in a filthy and dirty place, drink polluted water and eat unhygienic foods, it means they have a low standard of living.

Public health:
it refers to the health of the general public of the country. It also refers to the-provision of quality healthcare services by the government either free or at low cost.

Question 2.
What are the different ways through which the government can take steps to provide healthcare for all? Discuss.
Answer:
The different ways through which the government can take steps to provide healthcare for all are:

Opening more numbers of hospitals, healthcare centres, dispensaries and family welfare centres.
Organizing more camps for the prevention of spreading of diseases such as pulse polio.
To provide cheaper health services and little early to the poor people.
Free camps for check up of general public should be increased.
Among common people, spreading health awareness through different means.
Provisions should be made to deal with unwanted situations like emergency, epidemics and pandemics.

Question 3.
What differences do you find between private and public health services in your area? Use the following table to compare and contrast these.

Facility	Affordability	Availability	Quality
Private
Public

Answer:

Facility	Affordability	Availability	Question uality
Private	Expensive, very high	Available	Good quality
Public	Either free or at low cost	Services are available but it takes long time.	There is always a rush in these hospitals.

Question 4.
‘Improvement in water and sanitation can control many diseases.’ Explain with the help of examples.
Answer:
The basic necessities for the maintenance of our health are water and sanitation. Poor quality of water causes many health issues such as dysentery, malaria, cholera, diarrhoea, jaundice. Similarly, poor sanitation causes many epidemics and diseases such as plague, dengue. Hence, improvement in water and sanitation can control many diseases. We can do simple things to achieve this such as keeping the water coolers dry, not to store water in pots, change waters in coolers, etc.

JAC Class 7thCivics Role of the Government in Health Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The expected role of government is
(a) Polluting environment
(b) Having clean and pollution free environment
(c) Allowing people to litter around
(d) Providing filthy drinking waters to the people of the country
Answer:
(b) Having clean and pollution free environment

Question 2.
The water borne disease/s is/are
(a) Hepatitis
(b) Worms
(c) Diarrhoea
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 3.
India is the ……. largest producer of medicines in the world and also a large exporter of medicines,
(a) First
(b) Second
(c) Third
(d) Fourth
Answer:
(d) Fourth

Question 4.
Our country has the money, knowledge and people with experience but cannot make the necessary healthcare available to all its citizens such a situation is known as
(a) Paradox: Something that is contrary .to what would be expected.
(b) Healthy: Free of illness, injury and mental strain.
(c) Mundane: Boring situation.
(d) Personification: Figure of speech
Answer:
(a) Paradox: Something that is contrary .to what would be expected.

Question 5.
RMPs are
(a) Rural Medicine Property
(b) Registered Medical Property
(c) Registered Medical Practitioners
(d) Rural Multiplex Property
Answer:
(c) Registered Medical Practitioners

Question 6.
Costa Rica became a healthy country by using
(a) The money they save by not having an army but spending it on health services and facilities.
(b) Because they only eat vegetarian food
(c) The money they spend on their animals
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) The money they save by not having an army but spending it on health services and facilities.

Question 7.
The healthiest country/ies in South America is/are
(a) Argentina
(b) Chile
(c) Costa Rica
(d) All of these
Answer:
(c) Costa Rica

Question 8.
One of the major function of public healthcare system is to prevent the spread of dangerous diseases such as TB, malaria, jaundice, cholera, diarrhoea etc. and it is possible when
Answer:
(a) all work is done by the people of the country
(b) the government and the people . work together to achieve this common goal
(c) everything is done by the private sectors
(d) all the work is done by the government
Answer:
(b) the government and the people . work together to achieve this common goal

Question 9.
Health concerns of are generally ignored.
(a) Men
(b) Women
(c) Children
(d) both (b) and (c)
Answer:
(b) Women

Question 10.
OPD means
(a) Out Patient Department
(b) Ordinary Public Department
(c) Other Patient Department
(d) Other Public Department
Answer:
(a) Out Patient Department

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which state of India guarantee the Right to Healthat first?
Answer:
Assam is the first state of India to guarantee the Right to Health.

Question 2.
What is the percentage of water borne communicable diseases?
Answer:
The percentage of water borne communicable diseases is 21%.

Question 3.
Name one communicable disease.
Answer:
T.B. or tuberculosis is one of the communicable disease.

Question 4.
Name the organisation which is responsible for healthcare policy making in India.
Answer:
The organisation which is responsible for healthcare policy making in India is The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.

Question 5.
Write the full form of UNICEF and WHO.
Answer:
The full form of
UNICEF: UnitedNations International Children’s Emergency Fund.
WHO: World Health Organisation

Question 6.
Who runs public healthcare system?
Answer:
Government runs public healthcare system.

Question 7.
In what kind of hospitals patients see long standing queues?
Answer:
Patients and p’eople generally see long standing queues in public and government hospitals.

Question 8.
What do you mean by communicable diseases?
Answer:
Communicable diseases are diseases that are spread from one person to another in several ways such as through water, food, air, etc.

Question 9.
What do you mean by health?
Answer:
Health means leading a good and happy life without mental strain and being active, in positive spirit. Above all, ability to remain free from illness and injuries.

Question 10.
Where are private health services available?
Answer:
Private health services are available in urban areas.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who are medical tourists?
Answer:
Medical tourists are the foreigners who come to this country especially for medical treatment at hospitals that offer world-class facilities at a lower cost than what they would have to pay in their own countries.

Question 2.
What is the work of village health workers?
Answer:
There are health centres in the villages where there is usually a nurse and a village health worker. They are trained in dealing with common illnesses and work under the supervision and observation of doctors at the Primary Health Centre (PHC).

Question 3.
What measures can we take to prevent and treat illnesses?
Answer:
The measures we can take to prevent and treat illnesses is that we need appropriate healthcare facilities such as health centres, hospitals, laboratories for testing, ambulance services, blood banks, etc., that can provide the required care and services that patients need in time of emergency.

Question 4.
Government hospitals are less costly and expensive than the private hospitals. Why?
Answer:
Government hospitals are less costly and expensive than the private hospitals because government uses the money which we pay as tax for providing many public health services for the benefit of all citizens. Whereas, the private health services are run for their own profit and the cost of these services are very high.

Question 5.
Do you think poor people fall ill more? If so, why?
Answer:
The poor people are undernourished. These families do not get enough food to eat. They are not provided with the basic necessities such as drinking water, proper housing, neat and clean surroundings, etc. and hence are more likely to fall ill. The expenses on illness make their situation even worse.

Question 6.
What is medical ethics?
Answer:
Medical ethics means the value that guide and steer medical professionals. These values refers to the justice, honesty, dignity of work practised by the medical professionals.

Question 7.
What do you mean by health insurance?
Answer:
A policy taken by a person in which the insurance company agrees to pay a fixed and specified amount for medical expenses in case of illness or injury in lieu of a regular premium to the insurance company is known as health insurance.

Question 8.
Do you think sufficient and adequate healthcare available to all? Justify.
Answer:
No, sufficient and adequate healthcare is not available- to all. In India, we are facing a situation where private services are rising and increasing but public services are not. Majorly private services are available and that too are concentrated in urban areas. As these services are expensive, many people cannot afford them or have to borrow money when there is an illness in the family.

Women are not taken to a doctor until and unless the matter triggers as women’s health concerns are considered to be less important and valuable than the health of men in the family. Many tribal areas have few health centres and they do not run properly. Even private health services are not available there.

Question 9.
Discuss the positive features of healthcare in India.
Answer:
Positive features of healthcare in India are:

India has the largest number of medical colleges in the world and is among the largest producers of doctors.
Healthcare facilities have grown substantially and significantly over the years. In 1991, there were 11,174 hospitals but in 2000, the number grew to 18,218.
India is the fourth largest producer of medicines in the world and is also a large exporter of medicines.
India gets a large number of medical tourists from many countries. In
India, they come for treatment in some of the hospitals which compare with the best in the world.

Question 10.
What is the work or functions of Medical Council of India?
Answer:
The work or functions of Medical Council of India are as follows:

Registering the medical professionals or practitioners.
Granting acknowledgement and recognition of medical qualification.
Monitoring the medical practice in the country.
Maintaining uniform and good standards of medical education in India.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
We should pay taxes to the government. Why?
Answer:
We should pay taxes to the government because:

Government uses the tax money for providing many public services such as for healthcare, defence, police, judicial system, highways, etc. for i
the benefit of all citizens.
Taxes fund developmental programmes and services such as education, health care, employment, social welfare, vocational training, etc. required for needy and the disadvantaged citizens.
Tax money is utilised for relief and rehabilitation in case of natural disasters such as flood, epidemic, drought.
Space, nuclear and missile programmes are also funded from the revenues collected as the taxes from the citizens.
Government provides some services especially for the poor who cannot afford to purchase them from the market.
In healthcare system as well medicines and other facilities are in the government hospitals. This is done by the revenues which are collected from tax.

Question 2.
Distinguish between public health services and private health services.
Answer:
The difference between public health services and private health services are:

Public health services	Private health sen ices
The public health . service is a series of health centres and hospitals run by the government.	Private health services are not owned or controlled by the government. It runs privately.
It is meant to provide quality healthcare services either free or at a low cost so that even the poor can get proper treatment.	These services are run for profit, the cost of these services is very high and expensive.
Public health services are present in rural as well as in urban areas.	Private health services are concentrated mainly in urban areas.
Patients usually have to wait in long queues in public hospita	People do not face such problem in private hospitals.

Question 3.
Discuss the healthcare policy of Kerala government in 1996. Did they succeeded fully?
Answer:
The healthcare policy of Kerala government in 1996 were as follows:

Forty per cent of the entire state budget was given to panchayats so that they could plan and provide for their requirements.
Now the villages could make sure proper planning for water, food, women’s development and education.
This meant that water supply . schemes were checked, the working . of schools and anganwadis were
ensured and specific problems of the village were taken up.
Health centres were also improved. No they didn’t succeeded fully though the situation improved a lot. There were loopholes such as shortage of medicines, hospital beds and less number of doctors and workers.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 7 Markets Around Us

September 5, 2024September 4, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 7 Markets Around Us

JAC Class 7th Civics Markets Around Us InText Questions and Answers

Page 84

Question 1.
Why do people go to a weekly market?
Give three reasons.
Answer:
People go to the weekly market for thefollowing reasons:

Most of the things people need are available at the same place. They don’t need to go to different places for different things.
Prices are not fixed so they can bargain and buy the things.
They get things at cheaper rates.

Question 2.
Who are the sellers in a weekly market? Why don’t we find big business persons in these markets?
Answer:
The sellers in the weekly market are the small traders. We don’t find big business persons in these markets because they have permanent establishments and shops to run their business. They also have their fixed and permanent customers. They earn good money and hence, they need to set up temporary shops in weekly market.

Question 3.
Why are things cheap in the weekly market?
Answer:
Things are cheap in the weekly market because the shops are not permanent there and hence, they don’t have to bear the expenses that a permanent shops have to. In weekly market, they set up shops for a day and close it in the evening. They don’t need hired workers to help them. The family members work together.

Question 4.
Explain with an example how people bargain in the market. Can you think of a situation where the bargain would be unfair?
Answer:
In the market, there are sellers and buyers. Most of the seller, demands for high prices as they want to earn more profit. Whereas, buyers want to buy the things at the minimum price. Hence, they start to bargain to bring the price down. After some discussion, they mutually agree on a bargained price and finally sell the product on that price to the buyer. In some places, we see the price is fixed. In such a case, if we bargain for the things that would be unfair.

page 85

Question 5.
Why did Sujata carry a notebook? Do you think this system is useful? Can there be problems?
Answer:
Sujata carried a notebook to note down the amount of things which she purchased from the shop as she bought the things in credit.
This system is useful to those who have low income. I don’t think there will be any problem in this system. Everything will go in a smooth manner if both the buyer and the seller are honest to each other. The buyer will not face any problems such as hunger and take things on credit and can pay later once he gets the salary or money. The seller will be ’nappy and not in ioss as weYl.

Question 6.
What are the different kinds of shops that you find in your neighborhood? What do you purchase from them?
Answer:
The different kind of shops that we find in our neighbourhood are dairy, roadside stalls, departmental stores, grocery shops, stationery shops, etc. I purchase milk and other dairy products from the dairy, medicines from chemist shop, vegetables and fruits from roadside stall, grocery from grocery shop.

Question 7.
Why are goods sold in permanent shops costlier than those sold in the weekly markets or by roadside hawkers?
Answer:
Goods sold in permanent shops are costlier than those sold in the weekly markets or by roadside hawkers because permanent shops are set up in buildings hence, they have to bear lots of expenses such as pay electricity, rent, wages to workers, fees and taxes to the governments. But, the roadside hawkers or weekly markets they don’t have to bear any such costs.

Page 86

Question 8.
Why do you think the guard wanted to stop Kavita and Sujata from entering the shop? What would you say if someone stops you from entering a shop in a market?
Answer:
The guard wanted to stop Kavita and Sujata from entering the shop because from their appearance, the guard might have guessed that they are from poor families who would not be able to buy expensive things from the mall. If someone stops me from entering a shop in a market then I will resist the person. I have full right to visit any shop even if I don’t have money or will not be able to buy expensive things.

Page 87

Question 9.
Why do people not bargain in shops located in malls whereas they bargain in weekly markets?
Answer:
People do not bargain in shops located in malls whereas they bargain in weekly markets because shops mostly sell the branded things with price tags which leave no scope fpr buyers to bargain. Whereas, in weekly markets, there are many shops selling the same kind of things which are not branded. This means that there is a competition. If someone sells goods at higher price, the buyer can move to another shop and bargain for that thing.

Question 10.
How do you think your neighbourhood shop gets its goods? Find out and explain with some examples.
Answer:
The neighbourhood shop gets its goods from the wholesaler. For example—the vegetable seller will buy the vegetables from the wholesaler and not from the farmer directly. Buying and selling takes place between traders and things reaches us as and when required.

Question 11.
Why is a wholesale trader necessary?
Answer:
A whole-sale trader is necessary because it is the person who makes the things and goods available to the retailers from whom different consumers buy different things as per their need.

JAC Class 7th Civics Markets Around Us Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
In what ways is a hawker different from a shop owner?
Answer:

A Hawker	A Sfclop Owner
• A hawker doesn’t have a permanent shop. It is a door to door service.	• A shop owner have a permanent shop.
• He sells his goods at minimum profit.	• Things are costlier.
• It is a kind of a movable shop where he keeps different types of things of every day use.	• Buyer has to go there if they require something.

Question 2.
Compare and contrast a weekly market and a shopping complex on the following:
Answer:

Market	Kind of goods sold	Prices of goods	Sellers	Buyers
Weekly market
Shopping complex

Question 3.
Explain how a chain of markets is formed. What-purpose does it serve?

Market	Weekly market	Shopping complex
Kind of goods sold	Various items of our daily needs such as vegetables, groceries, etc.	Branded things such as home appliances, readymade clothes, footwear, etc. We also get eatables such as pizzas, pasta, burgers, etc.
Prices of goods	Are not very high. Common people can afford to buy easily.	Are very high. Only wealthy and rich people can afford to buy them.
Sellers	Small traders and hawkers	Big businessmen and traders
Buyers	People from low income group	Wealthy and rich urban people

Question 3.
Explain how a chain of markets is formed. What purpose does it serve? .
Answer:
A chain of markets where there is a connection between producer, wholesaler and retailer in the following manner:

We do not buy things directly from the factory or farm where generally the production takes place.
The people who are in between the producer and the consumer is the trader.
The wholesaler buys things and goods in huge quantities and bulk and then sell it to the traders.
The traders or the retailers finally sells the things and items to the buyer or consumer.
Hence, we may say that a chain of market is formed which is from factories to the final consumer.

This serves a great purpose as it maintains a flow of money. It also makes availability of daily requirements easy and help in maintaining the coordination in the society.

Question 4.
‘All persons have equal rights to visit any shop in a marketplace.’ Do you think this is true of shops with expensive products? Explain with examples.
Answer:
Yes, it is true of shops with expensive products. Consumers can visit any shop even though if they do not have money to buy it. The shop owners are bound to show the items and things which the consumer wants to see. It fully depends on the consumer whether the person wants to buy or not. The shop owner cannot compel him to buy. As in the case of Sujata and Kavita. They went to a shopping mall in curiosity. They were wandering in the mall and entered a shop. They didn’t have plan to buy anything as they were very expensive. They looked at few branded things and moved from that place.

Question 5.
‘Buying and selling can take place without going to a marketplace.’ Explain this statement with the help of examples.
Answer:
‘Buying and selling can take place without going to a marketplace.’ It means that one does not have go and buy things. They can order through phone or internet. The things and items will be delivered at home. For this we can pay online through debit and credit cards and after delivering at home as well. We see medical executives waiting for doctors in hospitals and clinics. They are also engaged in selling their products.

JAC Class 7thCivics Markets Around Us Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The sellers sell the branded items in
(a) shopping malls
(b) weekly markets
(c) hawkers
(d) none of these
Answer:
(a) shopping malls

Question 2.
Online shopping is a shopping on
(a) internet
(b) phone
(c) door to door
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Answer:
(a) internet

Question 3.
We use for online purchases.
(a) PAN Card v
(b) Debit Card
(c) Credit Card N
(d) Both (b) and (c)
Answer:
(d) Both (b) and (c)

Question 4. In our neighbourhood, generally …….. is not found.
(a) dairy booth
(b) grocery
(c) shopping mall
(d) departmental store
Answer:
(c) shopping mall

Question 5.
The weekly market trader earns ……..compared to the profit of a shop owner.
(a) more
(b) less
(c) equal
(d) none of these
Answer:
(b) less

Question 6.
People who are not interested in selling small quantities are
(a) producers
(b) retailers
(c) wholesalers
(d) all of these
Answer:
(a) producers

Question 7.
The things which we will not find in the weekly market is/ are
(a) groceries
(b) branded items
(c) non-branded items
(d) vegetables
Answer:
(b) branded items

Question 8.
Accumulating things have become a status symbol now a days.
(a) non-branded
(b) semi-precious
(c) branded
(d) All of these
Answer:
(a) non-branded

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by weekly market?
Answer:
A weekly market is a market which is held on a specific day of the week.

Question 2.
List few roadside stalls.
Answer:
Few roadside stalls are vegetable hawker, the fruit vendor and the mechanic, the cobbler, etc.

Question 3
What do you mean by wholesale market?
Answer:
Wholesale market is a place where goods first reach and then they are supplied to other traders in the region.

Question 4.
How do buyers are differently placed?
Answer:
Buyers are differently placed as there are many who can afford to buy in shopping malls as there the things are expensive while there are many who buy from weekly markets and hawkers as they get the cheapest of goods.

Question 5.
There is a competition among the shops in the weekly market. Why?
Answer:
There is a competition among the shops in the weekly market because there are many shops selling the same goods in the weekly market.

Question 6.
Why branded goods are expensive as compared to non-branded goods?
Answer:
Branded goods are expensive as compared to non-branded goods because branded goods are promoted by advertising which incurs a heavy costs, thus they are expensive.

Question 7.
Why fewer people can afford to buy branded goods?
Answer:
Only fewer people can afford to buy branded goods because branded goods are expensive.

Question 8
Who is the first key in the chain of markets?
Answer:
Producer is the first key in the chain of markets.

Question 9.
When is the chain of markets formed?
Answer:
Chain of markets is formed before the things are sold to the consumer or reaches the consumer.

Question 10.
Which is the largest fruits and vegetables market in Asia? How many retail vendors come everyday?
Answer:
The wholesale market at Azadpur, Delhi is the largest fruits and vegetables market in Asia. Approximately, 30,000 retail vendors come everyday.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
List the expenditure of the permanent shop owner.
Answer:
The expenditure of the permanent shop owner are:

electricity
rent
taxes or fees to government
wages to helpers.

Question 2.
Write a brief note about Aftab.
Answer:
Aftab is the wholesale trader who purchases goods in bulk. His business starts around 2 o’clock in the morning when vegetables reach the market. This is the time when the vegetable market or mandi starts buzzing with activity. The vegetables come in trucks, matadors, tractor trolleys from farms both near and far.

Soon the process of auctions and sale by bidding begins. Aftab decides what he will buy and participates in this auction. In the market, he has a shop where he stores the vegetables that he has bought. From this place, he sells to hawkers and shopkeepers who start coming to the market around six in the morning as they have to organise their purchases so that they can start their shop for the day around ten in the morning.

Question 3.
Which price is higher a retail or a wholesale price? Why?
Answer:
A retail price will be higher than the wholesale price. The reason is that the wholesaler sells at a higher price to retailer than charged by the producer to have a profit. Hence, in order to have a profit, the retailer sells it at a higher price than that he was sold at.

Question 4.
Why do most people choose shops in the neighbourhood?
Answer:
People choose shops in the neighbourhood because for their daily needs they can visit them any time. The shopkeeper and the buyer knows each other very well and things are also given on credit, if required.

Question 5.
Distinguish between permanent and temporary shop.
Answer:

Permanent Shops

Permanent shop contains expensive and costly items.
They store the items they sell in their shop.

Ibmpdrary Shops

Temporary shops contains less expensive and low rate items.
They store the items they sell in their home.

Question 6.
What do you mean by market?
Answer:
A place which is having shops, selling different kinds of things such as vegetables, fruits, stationary, medicines, clothes, etc. is known as market.

Question 7.
What are the various types of markets found?
Answer:
The various types of markets found are

Wholesale market
Weekly market
Retail market
Shopping complexes and malls
Shops in the neighbourhood

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Discuss how people bargain in the market with an example. Can you think of a situation where the bargain would be unfair?
Answer:
Bargaining is a type of negotiation and discussion in which the buyer and seller of a good or service debate the price and exact nature of a transaction. If the bargaining reaches on agreement on mutual terms, the transaction takes place. Let’s understand with an example:

Maya asked the shopkeeper, “how much this shirt costs?”
Shopkeeper replied, “1000 rupees”.
Maya promptly replied, “500 rupees”.
Shopkeeper laughed and said, “Not possible, madam”.
Maya replied, “700 rupees and this is the final price”.
Shopkeeper replied, “Ok” and hand over the shirt to Maya.
Bargaining would be unfair in the following cases:
When we are getting the thing which is already at the lowest price and is of good quality.
The person is economically weak who is selling the thing and his livelihood depends on what he sells.

Question 2.
What are the characteristics of weekly market and wholesale market?
Answer:
The characteristics of weekly market are:

This market is found once in a week at a specific and particular place on a specific day.
This is not a daily market.
The traders set up temporary shops on the roadside or on open space for the day and closes it in the evening.
The goods are relatively cheaper as they have no expenses such as rent, electricity, etc.
The market sells almost everything such as lfom vegetables and fruits to the household things.
People can bargain here as there are many shops where one can find the same thing everywhere in the weekly market.
The characteristics of the wholesale market are:
Wholesale market is a place where goods are sold in lower price and in bulk.
A buyer can save lot of amount by buying from a wholesale market if he requires goods in bulk.
The wholesalers do not sale goods in less quantity.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

September 5, 2024September 4, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

JAC Class 10th History Nationalism in India InText Questions and Answers

Quesrtion 1.
Read the text carefully. What did Mahatma Gandhi mean when he said satyagraha is active resistance?
Mahatma Gandhi on Satyagraha ‘It is said of “passive resistance ” that it is the weapon of the weak, but the power which is the subject of this article can be used only by the strong. This power is not passive resistance; indeed it calls for intense activity. The movement in South Africa was not passive but active … ‘Satyagraha is not physical force. A satyagrahi does not inflict pain on the adversary; he does not seek his destruction …In the use of satyagraha, there is no ill-will whatever. ‘ Satyagraha is pure soul-force.

Truth is the very substance of the soul. That is why this force is called satyagraha. The soul is informed with knowledge. In it burns the flame of love. … Nonviolence is the supreme dharma … ‘It is certain that India cannot rival Britain or Europe in force of arms. The British worship the war-god and they can all of them become, as they are becoming, bearers of arms. The hundreds of millions in India can never carry arms. They have made the religion of non-violence their own… ’
Answer:
Gandhiji strongly defended that satyagraha requires an active resistance. It emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for the truth. It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, and then would be no need for physical force. People should be persuaded to see the truth and not be forced. This method would appeal to the people and ultimately truth would be the winner. This could unite all Indians.

Page 34

Question 2.
The year is 1921. You are a student in a government-controlled school. Design a poster urging school students to answer Gandhiji’s call to join the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Answer:
Self-help Hints:

Research on the activities and happenings of that p*eriod.
What did satyagrahis encourage the school students to follow?
How did the school students and teachers react to the Non-Cooperation Movement?
What were the positive and negative outcomes of it on the school students?
Also, share how you would have reacted to the situation or what suggestions would you give as school student during that period.

Page 35

Question 3.
If you were a peasant in Uttar Pradesh in 1920, how would you have responded to Gandhiji’s call for Swaraj? Give reasons for your response.
Answer:
If I were a peasant in Uttar Pradesh in 1920,1 would have responded actively to Gandhiji’s call for swaraj and followed his teachings and methods. I would have peacefully tried to negotiate with the landlords or talukdars to reduce the exorbitant rents and other cesses. I would have requested for a secured tenure and refused to do begar. Swaraj to me would mean to break myself free from the reigns of the landlords.

Page 36

Question 4.
Find out about other participants in the National Movement who were captured and put to death by the British. Can you think of a similar example from the national movement in Indo-China?
Answer:
Self-help Hints:

Find out about the extremists Lai, Bal, Pal; Aurobindo Ghosh.
Who were the moderates? Study about Badruddin Tyabji, S.N. Banerjee, Dadabhai Naoroji, etc.
How were the moderates and extremists different from each other in their ideals and methods of dealing with the British?
Discuss about revolutionaries like Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekhar Azad, Sukhdev, Khudiram Bose, Batukeshwar Dutt, etc.
Find out how the lives of some of these personalities ended. How were they tortured by the British?
Who was Huynh Phu So? Who was Ho Chi Minh? Can they be compared to the revolutionaries and extremsists of India?

Page 43

Question 5.
Why did various classes and groups of Indians participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
Answer:
Different social groups participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement, each with purposes of their own.

In the countryside, the rich peasants, like the Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh participated as they were hit hard by trade depression and falling prices.
Poor peasants participated because they wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted.
Business classes were involved in Civil Disobedience Movement to gain protection against imports of foreign goods, and oppose foreign policies that restricted business activities.
Women participated in the movement in large scale as they thought it was their sacred duty towards the nation.

Question 6.
Read the Source D carefully. Do you agree with Iqbal’s idea of communalism? Can you define communalism in a different way?
Source D In 1930, Sir Muhammad Iqbal, as president of the Muslim League, reiterated the importance of separate electorates for the Muslims as an important safeguard for their minority political interests. His statement is supposed to have provided the intellectual justification for the Pakistan demand that came up in subsequent years.

This isfvhat he said:
7 have no hesitation in declaring that if the principle that the Indian Muslim is entitled to full andfree development on the lines of his own culture and tradition in his own Indian home-lands is recognised as the basis of a permanent communal settlement, he will be ready to stake his all for thefreedom of India. The principle that each group is entitled to free development on its own lines is not inspired by any feeling of narrow communalism … A community which is inspired by feelings of ill-will towards other communities is low and ignoble.

I entertain the highest respect for the customs, laws, religions and social institutions of other communities. Nay, it is my duty according to the teachings of the Question: uran, even to defend their places of worship, if need be. Yet I love the communal group which is the source of life and behaviour and which has formed me what I am by giving me its religion, its literature, its thought, its culture and thereby its whole past as a living operative factor in my present consciousness …‘Communalism in its higher aspect, then, is indispensable to the formation of a harmonious whole in a country like India.

The units of Indian society are not territorial as in European countries … The principle of European democracy cannot be applied to India without recognising the fact of communal groups. The Muslim demand for the creation of a Muslim India within India is, therefore, perfectly justified…‘The Hindu thinks that separate electorates are contrary to the spirit of true nationalism, because he understands the word “nation ” to mean a kind of universal amalgamation in which no communal entity ought to retain its private individuality.

Such a state of things, however, does not exist. India is a land of racial and religious variety. Add to this the general economic inferiority of the Muslims, their enormous debt, especially in the Punjab, and their insufficient majorities in some of the provinces, as at present constituted and you will begin to see clearly the meaning of our anxiety to retain separate electorates. ’
Answer:
No, I cannot completely agree with Iqbal’s idea of communalism. He believed that communal group is the source of life and behaviour of people. This helps in developing religion, literature, the thoughts and culture. And therefore, there should be Muslim India within India.
Our country is an amalgamation of various religions, culture, tradition, language, customs, etc. India has always welcomed people from different backgrounds.

Having a complete different entity according to religion would break the spirit of nationalism and unity. A nation can flourish if there is unity in diversity. It enriches our culture, tradition, history, art, etc. It teaches us tolerance and widens our views. Spread of communalism is not a very positive approach to growth of society as it leads to hatred, discrimination and ultimately

Page 48

Question 7.
Look at Figs. 12 and 14. Do you think these images will appeal to all castes and communities? Explain your views briefly.

Answer:
The images in question may not appeal to all castes and communities. These images represent Hindu goddesses. However, India is a multi-cultural and multi-religious country, so it will appeal to majority of the population. These images are symbols of strength and power, so people from other religion may also gain strength and will power from these images.

JAC Class 10th History Nationalism in India Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain:
(a) Why growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement?
(b) How the First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement in India?
(c) Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act?
(d) Why Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement?
(a) The growth of modem nationalism is intimately connected to the anti-colonial movement because of:

People, began discovering their unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism.
The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied many different groups together.
Each class and group felt the effects of colonialism differently, their experiences were varied, and their notions of freedom were not always the same. The Congress under Mahatma Gandhi tried to forge these groups together within one movement.

(b) The war created a new economic and political situation. It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes. Custom duties were raised and income tax introduced. Through the war years prices increased, doubling between 1913 and 1918, leading to extreme hardship for the common people.

Villagers were called upon to supply soldiers and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger. Then in 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute food shortage, accompanied by epidemic. According to the census of 1921, 12 to 13 million people died due to famines and epidemics. People thought their hardships would end after the war, but it did not happen. All this helped in the growth of national movement in India.

(c) The Rowlatt Act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council despite the united opposition of the Indian members. It gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities, and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. Gandhiji in 1919 decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against such unjust.laws as proposed in Rowlatt Act (1919)

(d) In 1922, at Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful demonstration in a bazaar turned into a violent clash with the police. Gandhiji wanted people to follow a non¬violent approach to achieve freedom
from the British. Hearing of this incident, Mahatma Gandhi decided to halt the Non-Cooperation Movement. He felt the movement was turning violent in many places and satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggles.

Question 2.
What is meant by the idea of satyagraha?
Answer:

The idea of satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.
Without seeking vengeance or being aggressive, a satyagrahi could win the battle through non-violence. This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.
People, including the oppressor had to be persuaded to see the truth and not be forced to accept the truth through use of violence.
By this struggle, truth was bound to ultimately triumph. Mahatma Gandhi thought that this dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians.

Question 3.
Write a newspaper report on:
(a) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre
(b) The Simon Commission
Answer:
(a) 13 April, 1919: On this day, large crowds of people had gathered in the enclosed arena of Jallianwala Bagh. Few had come to make a peaceful non-violent protest against the government’s new repressive policies. Few had come to attend the annual Baisakhi fair. As many were from outside the city, they were not aware of the martial law imposed in the city by General Dyer. Dyer entered the area, closed all the exits and opened fire on the innocent, unaware crowd. Hundreds of people, including women and children were killed. It led to nationwide outrage.

(b) Under the new Tory Government in Britain, a Statutory Commission was constituted under Sir John Simon in November 1927. It was set up in response to nationalist movement and was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. However, all the members were British; there was not a single Indian member in the Commission. Therefore, when the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, they were greeted with resistance and the slogan ‘Go back Simon’. All parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated in the demonstrations.

Question 4.
Compare the images of Bharat Mata in this chapter with the image of Germania in Chapter 1.

Answer:
The identity of the nation is most often symbolised in a figure or an image, ft was in the twentieth century, with the growth of nationalism, that the identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. There were two images of Bharat Mata one by Abanindranath Tagore and the second by another artist. Abanindranath Tagore, in his painting, portrayed Bharat Mata as an ascetic figure; she is calm, composed, divine and spiritual. In another painting, she is shown with a trishul, standing beside a lion and an elephant both symbols of power and uthority.

Germania became the allegory of the German nation. Germania wore crown of oak leaves, as the oak leaves stand for heroism. The broken chains mean being freed. The breastplate with eagle symbolises the strength of German empire. Sword presents the readiness to fight while the olive branch around the sword represents the willingness to make peace. Black, red and gold tricolour is the flag of the liberal-nationalists in 1848. Rays of the rising sun represents the beginning of a new era.

NCERT ‘Discuss’ Questions

Question 1.
List all the different social groups which joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921. Then choose any three and write about their hopes and struggles to show why they joined the movement.
Answer:
Various social groups participated in the Non-Cooperation Movement, but each had their own aspirations and interpretation of swaraj. The teachers and students, lawyers, peasants, tribal peasants, plantation workers joined the movement.

(i) Peasants:
In Awadh, a sanyasi, named Baba Ramchandra organised the peasants against the oppressive talukdars and landlords for demanding exorbitantly high rents and variety of other cesses. Peasants were forced to do begar and had no secured tenure. Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and few others by October, 1920. Over 300 branches opened in the region within a month.

The aim of Congress was to integrate Awadh peasant struggle into the wider struggle. As the movement spread, talukdars and merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted and grain hoards were taken over. In many places, local leaders told that Gandhiji declared that
taxes need not be paid and land was to be redistributed among the poor.

(ii) Tribal peasants:
In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, the tribal peasants revolted as they were forbidden by the colonial government from entering the forest areas to graze their cattle, collect fuelwood and fruits. Their livelihoods were affected and traditional rights were being denied. They were forced to contribute begar to build roads.

Alluri Sitaram Raju, who was inspired by Mahatma Gandhi, encouraged people to wear Khadi and give up drinking. However, he also asserted that India could be liberated only through the use of force, and not non-violence.Raju was captured and executed in 1924 and became a folk hero.

(iii) Plantation workers:
For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of confined space in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come. When they heard about the Non-Cooperation Movement, they defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home. However, stranded on the way by a railway and steamer strike, they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up.

Question 2.
Discuss the Salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism.
Answer:
(i) Mahatma Gandhi declared that the most oppressive face of British rule was the tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production. On 31 January 1930, Gandhiji sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. These demands were wide-ranging so that all classes within the Indian society could identify with them and they could be brought together in a united campaign.

(ii) One of the most stirring demands was the abolition of the salt tax. When their demands were not met, Gandhiji launched the Civil Disobedience Movement with the famous Salt March.

(iii) Along with his volunteers, he walked from Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal town of Dandi. On his way, he explained his followers the meaning of Swaraj and asked them to peacefully defy the British.

(iv) On 6 April 1930, he reached Dandi and ceremoniously violated the law by manufacturing salt.

Question 3.
Imagine you are a woman participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Explain what the experience meant to your life.
Answer:

It was a moment of great pride for me to be able to be a part of the Civil Disobedience Movement. To serve the nation, is our greatest and foremost duty.
Thousands of women came out of their homes to listen to Gandhiji. I participated in the protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops with many women like me.
I was confined at home as was the role of all women to be good mothers, wives, daughters and to fulfil the duties at home.
I was inspired by Gandhiji’s swaraj and with Civil Disobedience Movement.
Several women from high-caste families in urban areas and rich peasant households participated in freedom movement.
Spirit of nationalism grew in me and I came out of the walls and got involved in the movement. I was imprisoned for a short while with the other leaders and followers. It was a significant phase of my life.

Question 4.
Why did the political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates?
Answer:
The political leaders differed sharply over the question of separate electorates.
(i) Dr B.R. Ambedkar organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930. At the Second Round Table Conference he demanded separate electorates for dalits. When the British conceded to the demands, Gandhiji began a fast unto death. He believed that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of integration of dalits into society. Ambedkar finally accepted Gandhiji’s position and Poona Pact of September 1932 was signed. This gave the Depressed Classes reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by general electorate.

(ii) The Congress and Muslim League madeefforts to negotiate an alliance and in 1927 it appeared that such unity could be forged. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, one of the leaders of the Mbslim League was ready to give up the demand for separate electorates, if Muslims were assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in proportion to population in Muslim- dominated provinces. This issue could not be resolved as M.R. Jayakar of Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed any efforts at compromise. .

NCERT ‘Project’ Work

Question 1.
Find out about the anti-colonial movement in Indo-China. Compare and contrast India’s national movement with the ways in which Indo-China became independent.
Answer:
Self-help Hints:
Anti-colonial movement in Indo-China:
The Nationalist Movement in Vietnam

(i) Religion had a contradictory relationship with the mainstream nationalism. On the one hand, religion played an important role in strengthening the control of the colopial rule. On the other hand, religion also provided strong ways of resistance.

(ii) Strengthening the Control of the Colonial Rule: Vietnamese religious beliefs were a mixture of Buddhism, Confucianism and local practices. Many of the rituals were based on superstitions which simply worked to retard the growth of the Vietnamese society.

(iii) Moreover, Confucianism that formed the basis of many religious beliefs in Vietnam taught the people that the relationship between the ruler and the people was the same as that between children and parents.

(iv) The colonial power was quick to seize the opportunity. Christianity began to be pushed as an alternative religion. Christianity had a relatively more modem outlook and appealed to large sections of the population. Similarly, there were many popular religions in Vietnam, that were spread by people who claimed to have seen a vision of God. Some of these supported the French. This in turn helped to strengthen the colonial rule.

(v) Resistance to the Colonial Rule: It was religion again that provided strong resistance to the colonial role. The Vietnamese had strong beliefs in Buddhism and Confucianism. Anything different from these was not acceptable to them.

(vi) They began to look down on Christianity as a danger to their religion. Similarly, there were many popular movements that inspired emotions against the colonial rule.

Scholars Revolt:
An early movement against French control and the spread of Christianity was the Scholars Revolt in 1868. The revolt was led by officials at the imperial court who were against the spread Catholicism and French power. They led a general uprising in NGU and Ha Tine provinces where over a thousand Catholics were killed.

The French crushed the movement but this uprising served to inspire other patriots to rise up against them. Hoa Hao Movement: The movement was launched by Huynh Phu in 1939 and gained great popularity in the fertile Mekong delta area. Most of his followers were Vietnamese nationalists.

His criticism against useless expenditure had a wide appeal. He also opposed the sale of child brides, gambling and the use of alcohol and opium. The movement played a major role in arousing anti-imperialist sentiments, The French tried to suppress the movement inspired by Huynh Phu So. They declared him mad, called him the mad bonze, and put him in a mental asylum. The French authorities exiled him to Laos and sent many of his followers to concentration camps.

Nationalist movement in India:
(i) India came under the British rule gradually after British East India Company was set up and’trade permissions were taken by the British to trade with India.

(ii) Mahatma Gandhi spearheaded the nationalist movement in India.

(iii) He followed and encouraged a non¬violent method of satyagraha.

(iv) He organised a nationwide Non¬Cooperation Movement against the British, which involved people from many walks of life.

(v) When the British did not adhere to the demands of the Indians, Gandhiji launched the Civil Disobedience Movement where all British authorities, British goods, rules and laws were defied, but in a non-violent manner.

(vi) Whenever, Gandhiji felt matters were becoming violent, he stopped all movements.

(vii) India became independent on 15 August,’ 1947 Difference was that colonisation of Kenya happened much later than India and therefore, it gained independence later. Also, while India was a rich country and British arrived to trade and have trade control over Indian markets, Kenya was a poor, backward and an illiterate nation. Violent methods to gain freedom were the main tactics used in Kenya. In India non-violent methods and talks were held to gain freedom.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Media

September 5, 2024September 4, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Media

JAC Class 7th Civics Understanding Media InText Questions and Answers

Page 71

Question 1.
Look at the collage on the left and list six various kinds of media that you see.

Answer:
Six various kinds of media are:

Newspaper
Mobile phones
Radio
Television
Internet
Cyber Cafe

Question 2.
Ask older members of your family about what they used to listen to on the radio when there was no TV around. Find out from them when the first TV came to your area. When was cable TV introduced?
Answer:
The older member of the family used to listen news of national and international importance. Different types of programmes were also broadcasted such as on science, agriculture, entertainment etc. There were sports commentaries too but during the matches such as football commentary. Entertainment programmes were such as nataks or dramas, songs, kids play etc. The first television came to my place in the early 1980s and Cable TV was introduced in the year 1984.

Question 3.
How many people in your neighbourhood use the Internet?
Answer:
Almost everyone uses the Internet in my neighbourhood.

Question 4.
List three things that you know about some other part of the world from watching television.
Answer:
Three things that I know about some other part of the world from watching television are :

Australian Open in Lawn Tennis was won by Novak Djokovic.
Terrorist attack on the World Trade Centre in USA.
Grammy Awards ceremony held in United States.

Page 72

Question 5.
Can you list three different products that are advertised during your favourite TV programme?
Answer:
Three different products that are advertised during my favourite TV programme are

Colgate Toothpaste
Maggi
Suzuki Bikes

Question 6.
Take a newspaper and count the number of advertisements in it. Some people say that newspapers have too many advertisements. Do you think this is true and why?
Answer:
Yes, every newspaper contains lots of advertisements. A lot of money is spent on getting the latest and new technologies as the technology of mass media keeps changing. Due to these costs, mass media needs lots of money. Hence, this is one method to earn money by advertising various products like food items, shoes, accessories, cars, bikes etc.

Page 74

Question 7.
Are the above stories in the two newspapers similar? And if not, why not? What, in your view, are the similarities and the differences?

Answer:
No, the above stories in the two newspapers are not similar. In the News of India newspaper, the report is about the nuisance created by the protestors. They disrupted the traffic and continually polluted the city which gave a bad impression of the factories. Whereas, India Daily reports that they are protesting because a lot of livelihood will be lost if the factories shuts down.

Similarities	Dissimilarities
In both the reports, the protestors were assured by the government that they will relocate the factories to some other place.	The News of India reports that closure of factories will give us neat, clean and green city.
Both the newspaper reports about the protests due to the factories shut down.	The India Daily reports that the closure of factories will give many loss of livlihoods.

Question 8.
If you read the story in the News of India, what would you think about the issue?
Answer:
Since the government has taken a decision to close the factories which lead to pollution and it will reduce by the closure. But, the government’s decision infuriated and provoked the factory owners and the workers. The protest started due to this decision.

Page 75

Question 9.
Do you think it is important to know both sides of the story? Why?
Answer:
Yes, it is important to know both sides of the story because then only we will be able develop our own opinions and views about the story unbiasedly.

Question 10.
Pretend that you are a journalist for a newspaper and write a balanced story from the two news reports,
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own.

Page 77

Question 11.
What is the consequence of the media ‘setting the agenda’ by reporting on the Fashion Week rather than the slum demolitions?
Answer:
The consequence of the media ‘setting the agenda’ by reporting on the Fashion Week rather than the slum demolitions is that the media earns a good amount of money and fame as well.

Question 12.
Can you think of an issue that does not seem important to you because it is never featured in the media?
Answer:
An issue that does not seem important to you because it is never featured in the media is the price hike of the essential and daily use commodities.

JAC Class 7th Civics Understanding Media Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
In what ways does the media play an important role in a democracy?
The media plays an important role in a democracy:

The media provides news and discuss events taking place in the country and the world. It is on the basis of this information that people can get information about how government works.
It also criticizes and depricate the unpopular policies and programmes of the government.
On behalf of public, it forms the public opinion.
It raises issues and problems related ‘ to common people.
It also acts as reminder for the government about their promises.

Question 2.
Can you give this diagram a title? What do you understand about the link between media and big business from this diagram?

Answer:
The title we can give ‘Media and Giant Corporate Houses’. From this diagram it is clear that some big corporate and business houses have their own television channels and newspapers. They show news of interest to the people on television and newspaper and advertise their own product in between. To make money, independent media houses also advertise product of big business houses. As a result, most television channels and newspapers are part of big business houses. People are influenced by these advertisements to buy these advertised products of the big business houses and money flow back to them.

Question 3.
You have read about the ways in which the media ‘sets the agenda’. What kind of effect does this have in a democracy? Provide two examples to support your point of view.
Answer:
The media plays an important role in deciding what stories to emphasize on and decides on what is newsworthy. By emphasizing on particular issues and points, the media influences our thoughts, feelings and actions and brings those issues to our attention. Examples are:

The media drew our attention to alarming levels of pesticides in cola drinks. They published reports that indicated the high level of pesticides, hence, according to international quality and safety standards we need to regularly monitor these colas and made us aware of the fact.
The media drew our attention to suicide committed by farmers due to drought which leads to large scale movement and forced the government to look further on this issue.

Question 4.
As a class project, decide to fucns on a particular news topic and cut out stories from different newspapers on this. Also watch the coverage of this topic on TV news. Compare two newspapers and write down the similarity and differences in their reports. It might help to ask the following questions.

What information is this article providing?
What information is it leaving out?
From whose point of view is the article being written?
Whose point of view is being left out and why?

Answer:
Students need to do it on their own.

Question 5.
Do projects (solo, pair or group) about types of advertisements. Create commercial advertisements about some products and social advertisements about public health, road safety and the need to save water and energy.
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own.

JAC Class 7thCivics Understanding Media Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The one word which includes television, radio, newspaper, books, internet and other means of communications is
(a) censorship
(b) media
(c) technology
(d) advertisements
Answer:
(b) media

Question 2.
An example of mass media is
(a) watching news on TV or listening songs in radio
(b) playing football with friends
(c) roaming in the city and eating delicious foods
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) watching news on TV or listening songs in radio

Question 3.
The medium through which we get the picture in our television is
(a) mobile phones
(b) censorship
(c) satellite and cables
(d) public transport
Answer:
(c) satellite and cables

Question 4.
The Emergency Period was from
(a) 1965 to 1975
(b) 1975 to 1977
(c) 1970 to 1977
(d) 1985 to 1990
Answer:
(b) 1975 to 1977

Question 5.
The earliest form of mass media is
(a) print Media
(b) digital Media
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Either (a) or (b)
Answer:
(a) print Media

Question 6.
…. is not a part of digital media.
(a) Television
(b) Internet
(c) Cellular Phones
(d) Books and magazines
Answer:
(d) Books and magazines

Question 7.
Prasar Bharti includes
(a) Doordarshan (Television)
(b) All India Radio
(c) Internet
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Answer:
(d) Both (a) and (b)

Question 8.
The Right to Information Act was passed on
(a) January, 2005
(b) May, 2008
(c) October, 2005
(d) July, 2002
Answer:
(a) January, 2005

Question 9.
Television was invented by
(a) Thomas Edison
(b) J.L. Baird
(c) Madam Curie
(d) Galileo
Answer:
(b) J.L. Baird

Question 10.
The newspapers which are published in Hindi is/are
(a) Punjab Kesari
(b) Hindustan
(c) Dainik Jagran
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Do you think television influences us? How?
Answer:
Yes, television influences us. It shapes our views of the world, our beliefs, attitudes and values.

Question 2.
Why do yoir think newspapers are called print media?
Answer:
Newspapers are called print media because they are in printed form.

Question 3.
Give examples of local media.
Answer:
Examples of local media are Community Radio, Documentary Films, Local newspaper such as ‘KhabarLahriya’.

Question 4.
What do you mean by broadcast?
Answer:
Broadcast is used to refer to a television or radio programmes that are widely transmitted.

Question 5.
What do you understand by censorship?
Answer:
Censorship refers to the powers that government has to disallow or prevent media from publishing or showing certain stories.

Question 6.
Why we need to analyse the news?
Answer:
We need to analyze the news because the ‘factual information’ that a news report provides is often incomplete and can be one-sided.

Question 7.
Mention one way in which mass media earns money.
Answer:
One way in which the mass media earns money is by advertising different products such as cars, chocolates, clothes, mobile phones, etc.

Question 8.
Why are some advertisements shown repeatedly on the television screen?
Answer:
Advertisements are repeatedly shown on the television screen because these will influence the people and they will go out and buy what is advertised.

Question 9.
Is it necessary for media to be independent? Why?
Answer:
Yes, it is necessary for media to be independent because then only media can deliver a balanced report and information.

Question 10.
Which is the lighthouse of democracy?
Answer:
The media is lighthouse of democracy because it is the media who awares people about their rights. The government is criticised for its wrong doings by it. It also helps to maintain transparency.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Television is known as a window of the world. How?
Answer:
Television is known as a window of the world because a lot of our impressions about the world around us are formed by what we see and listen on television.

Question 2.
List one useful feature about internet.
Answer:
One useful feature of internet is that we always get the latest information on internet as we can read latest news and gain knowledge about the latest products within minutes of their release.

Question 3.
What do you mean by public protest?
Answer:
Public protest is a type of protest when a large number of people come together and openly state their opposition to some issue. Organising a rally, starting a signature campaign, blocking roads, etc. are some of the ways in which public protest is done.

Question 4.
Define an independent media.
Answer:
An independent media means that no one should control and influence and affect its coverage of news. No one should tell the media what can be included and what should not be included in a news story. They should not be biased.

Question 5.
What do you understand by the term mass media?
Answer:
Television, radio and newspapers are a form of media that reaches millions of people or the masses across the country and the world are known as mass media.

Question 6.
Why do you think media is not interested in covering small issues that involve common people and their daily lives?
Answer:
Media is not interested in covering small issues that involve common people and their daily lives because these issues generally not attract many reader or viewer and may affect their business.

Question 7.
In what ways media and money are interrelated?
Answer:
The different technologies that mass media use are very costly and expensive. In a news studio, it is not only the newsreader who needs to be paid but also a number of other people who help put the broadcast together. The technologies that mass media use keep changing and hence lots of money is spent on getting the latest technology. Due to these costs, the mass media needs a great deal of money to do its work. So, we can say that media and money are interrelated.

Question 8.
Explain in brief that ‘Most television channels and newspapers are part of big business houses’.
Answer:
The statement ‘Most television channels and newspapers are part of big business houses’ is true. In a news studio, it is not only the newsreader who needs to be paid but also a number of other people who help put the broadcast together. This includes those who look after the cameras, lights, research people, etc. As you know that the technologies of mass media which is used keeps on changing and hence a lot of money is spent on getting the latest technology. Due to these costs, the mass media needs a great deal of money to do its work and the big business houses provide it.

Question 9.
In what ways, dees technology affect the media industry?
Answer:
Making technology more modem and advanced and changing technology or machines help media to reach more people. It also improves the quality of sound and the images that we hear and see. But technology does more than this. It also changes the ways in which we think about our lives. Now a days, it is quite difficult for us to think of our lives without television. Television has enabled us to think of ourselves as members of a larger global world. The world has come closer to us. Television images travel huge distances through satellites and cables which permits us to view news and entertainment channels from other parts of the world.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain local media.
Answer:
Local media covers small and minute issues that involves common people and their daily lives. Several local groups have come forward to start their own media. Several people use community radio to tell farmers about the prices of different crops and advise them on the use of seeds and fertilisers. Other people make documentary films with very low budget and cheap and easily available video cameras on real-life conditions and problems faced by different poor communities.

At times, even they have given the poor people these video cameras to make films on their own lives. We can see an example. A newspaper called Khabar Lahriya which is a fortnightly that is run by eight Dalit women in Chitrakoot district in Uttar Pradesh. Written in the local language Bundeli. This eight-page newspaper reports on Dalit issues and cases of violence against women and political corruption.

Question 2.
In what ways we can say that media is. still not free to give unbiased and unprejudiced news and stories?
Answer:
We can say that media is still not free to give unbiased and unprejudiced news and stories mainly because of two reasons:

The first one is that the government has the control on the media. When the government prevents and bans either a news item or scenes from a movie or the lyrics of a song from
being shared with the larger public this is referred to as censorship. There have been periods in Indian history when the government censored the media.
Second one is that at times, it is in the interest of these businesses to focus on only one side of the story. Media’s continual need for money and its connects to advertising means that it becomes difficult for media to be reporting against people who give them advertisements and money.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 1 On Equality

September 5, 2024September 4, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 1 On Equality

JAC Class 7th Civics On Equality InText Questions and Answers

Page 6

Question 1.
Do you think Kanta has enough reason to doubt whether she really is equal? List three reasons from the story above that might make her feel like this.
Answer:
Yes, Kanta has enough reason to doubt whether she really is equal. The three reasons from the story above that might make her feel like this are as follows : Kanta cannot take a leave from work when she needs to as she required money to take her daughter to the doctor. She cannot attend a private hospital but has to attend a government hospital. She needs to stand in a queue and wait for her turn to come to show her daughter to the doctor who was very ill. She lives in a slum area which is never cleaned.

Page 7

Question 2.
Circle the reference to caste in the matrimonial advertisements given below.

Answer:
The references are Caste no bar. SC/ST excuse Gupta boy Tamil Brahmin

Page 8

Question 3.
Why do you think Omprakash Valmiki was being treated unequally by his teacher and his classmates? Imagine yourself as Omprakash Valmiki and write four lines about how you would feel if you were in the same situation as him.
Answer:
Omprakash Valmiki was being treated unequally by his teacher and his classmates because he was from lower caste or we can say a dalit boy.If I were in the same situation as him, I would have : Felt very humiliated and sad. As every human beings have the right to live a life with dignity, there my dignity would have been violated. Felt very disappointed and questioned my identity. Since we are dalits, they made us feel that we have no access to education.

Question 4.
Why do you think the Ansaris were being treated unequally? What would you do if you were in the Ansaris’ position and could not find a place to live because some people did not want to live next to you because of the religion you practice?
Answer:
The Ansaris were being treated unequally because they were of different religion. If I were in the Ansari’s position then I would have stood for my religion and make them understand the ethics and values. Would have made them understand that all religions lead to one God only.

Page 9

Question 5.
If you were one of the Ansaris how would you have responded to the suggestion that you change your name?
Answer:
If I were one of the Ansaris then I would have decided not to change the name. The decision to change the name would hurt my self respect and its very insulting as well.

Question 6.
Can you think of an incident in your life in which your dignity was violated? How did this make you feel?
Answer:
Students need to answer on their own.

Page 11

Question 7.
What is the midday meal programme? Can you list three benefits of the programme? How do you think this programme might help promote greater equality?
Answer:
The midday meal programme is a scheme made by the government and launched on 15th August, 1995. This programme has been introduced in all government elementary schools to provide children with cooked lunch. Three benefits of the programme :

The scheme helped to improve the attendance of children. Their mothers who earlier had to come back to home from their work to feed their children now no longer need to do so.
More underprivileged children have begun to enrolling and regularly attending school.
This scheme has also helped reduce caste prejudices because both lower and upper caste children in the school eat this midday meal together.
I don’t think that this programme would be more effective. Huge differences can be seen between schools that the rich attend and those that the poor attends. Inequalities still exist. But then also, this programme proved to be a one step ahead in the direction of establishing equality in the country.

Question 8.
Find out about one government scheme in your area. What does this scheme do? Whom is this scheme set up to benefit?
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own

JAC Class 7th Civics On Equality Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
In a democracy why is universal adult franchise important?
Answer:
In a democracy, Universal Adult Franchise is important because every citizen of a country is equal in democracy and Universal Adult Franchise is based on equality. Under Universal Adult Franchise every adult person is allowed to vote irrespective of caste, creed, religion, sex, etc.

Question 2.
Re-read the box on Article 15 and state two ways in which this Article addresses inequality.
Answer:
F.xcerpt from Article 15 of the N Indian Constitution Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.

(1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.
(2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to

(a) access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment;
or
(b) the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public. This article addresses inequality in terms of

Access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and place of public entertainment.
the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public.

Question 3.
In what ways was Omprakash Valmiki’s experience similar to that of the Ansaris?
Answer:
Omprakash Valmiki’s experience is similar to that of the Ansaris as both of them were discriminated and humiliated. Both of them faced violation of dignity. While Omprakash Valmiki has to clean and sweep the school since he was a dalit boy, Ansaris were denied the apartments on rent due to their religion.

Question 4.
What do you understand by the term “all persons are equal before the law”? Why do you think it is important in a democracy?
Answer:
The term “all persons are equal before the law” means that all person should be treated equally. Every person from President of the -country to a domestic servant has to obey the same law. No one can be discriminated or feel biased against on the basis of their caste, creed, sex, religion, etc. Every person has the access to all public places such as playgrounds, hotels, markets and shops.

Apart from these, every person can use publicly available roads, wells, bathing ghats, etc.In democracy, equality is the main ingredient. Democracy is a form of government which gives equal rights, importance and recognition to all. Democracy would never happen and flourish if inequalities continues to exist. It will perish soon.

Question 5.
According to the Rights of Person with Disabilities Act, 2016, persons with disabilities have equal rights, and that the government should make possible their full participation in society, The government has to provide free education and integrate children with disabilities into mainstream schools. This law also states that all public places including buildings, schools, etc., should be accessible and provided with ramps.

Look at the photograph and think about the boy who is being carried down the stairs. Do you think the above law is being implemented in his case? What needs to be done to make the building more accessible for him? How7 would his being carried down the stairs affect his dignity as well as his safety?

Answer:
We can see that the boy in the above photograph is disabled. The Disabilities Act in 1955 is not fully implemented. Apart from stairs, there should be ramp as well. He is being carried down by security people through stairs which is dangerous and risky7. The boy’s dignity is hurt and will feel inferior as well. He is recognized as unequal in front of others.

JAC Class 7thCivics On Equality Important Questions and Answers

Multipie Choice Questions

Question 1.
Omprakash Valmiki wrote
(a) Godan
(b) Joothan
(c) Geetanjali
(d) Gaban
Answer:
(b) Joothan

Question 2.
The first state to introduce the Midday Meal Scheme was
(a) Tamil Nadu
(b) Manipur
(c) Karnataka
(d) Maharashtra
Answer:
(a) Tamil Nadu

Question 3.
The Civil Rights Act w as passed in
(a) 1955
(b) 1962
(c) 1964
(d) 1978
Answer:
(c) 1964

Question 4.
The right to vote in India is called as
(a) Universal Adult Franchise
(b) One vote-one value
(c) Right to vote
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Universal Adult Franchise

Question 5.
We should not discriminate for the colour of the skin say, w hites or blacks on the basis of
(a) Gender
(b) Race
(c) Caste
(d) Both (b) and (c)
Answer:
(d) Both (b) and (c)

Question 6.
The midday meal scheme was first started in the year
(a) 1995
(b) 2001
(c) 2005
(d) 2009
Answer:
(a) 1995

Question 7.
The main feature of democracy influences all areas of the government’s work is
(a) Liberty7
(b) Equality7
(c) Discrimination
(d) none of these
Answer:
(b) Equality7

Question 8.
Based on the idea of Universal Adult Franchise, the number of time/s a person can vote in a general election is/ are
(a) 4
(b) 3
(c) 1
(d) as many times according to his wish
Answer:
(c) 1

Question 9.
The most common forms of inequality in most of the cities and villages are
(a) cultural discrimination
(b) food habits
(c) biased in the use of public places
(d) the caste system
Answer:
(d) the caste system

Question 10.
…… has been traditionally considered a lower or inferior caste by many in India.
(a) Dalits
(b) Rajputs
(c) Kshatriyas
(d) Vaishyas
Answer:
(a) Dalits

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which type of government does India have?
Answer:
India has a democratic type of government.

Question 2.
In which year the Supreme Court asked all the states to start the midday meal scheme in India?
Answer:
In 2001, the Supreme Court asked all the states to start the midday meal scheme in India.

Question 3.
Which people have been employed to cook the meal under the midday meal scheme?
Answer:
Dalit women have been employed to cook the meal under the midday meal scheme.

Question 4.
Name the African American w oman who has an important role in starting the Civil Rights Movement.
Answer:
Rosa Parks was the African American woman who has an important role in starting the Civil Rights Movement.

Question 5.
What is the minimum age to cast a vote in an election?
Answer:
The minimum age to cast a vote in an election is 18 years and above means they are considered as adult.

Question 6.
Whose autobiography is ‘Joothanf?
Answer:
Omprakash Valmiki’s autobiography is ‘joothan

Question 7.
What are the common form of inequalities that exist in India?
Answer:
The caste system and religion are the common forms of inequalities that exist in India.

Question 8.
What do you mean by Constitution?
Answer:
Constitution is a document that lays down the basic and important rules and regulations -for people and the government in the country to follow and abide by it.

Question 9.
Why Omprakash Valmiki was being treated unequally by his teacher and his classmates?
Answer:
Omprakash Valmiki is being treated unequally on the basis of differences of caste as he was from lower caste.

Question 10.
What is Civil Rights Movement?
Answer:
In the late 50s, a movement took place in the USA for equal rights for the Afro- American people. This movement later came to be known as the Civil Rights Movement.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Dalit people are not considered as equal even though the law says it. Why?
Answer:
Dalit people are not considered as equal even though the law says it because of attitudes change very slowly. It will happen only when people begin to believe that no one is inferior, lower and that every person deserves to be treated with dignity.

Question 2.
In which way does the government assures equality?
Answer:
Equality is assured through:

Government schemes and programmes for the disadvantaged communities or groups.
Laws specified in the Constitution.

Question 3.
What are the reasons for unequal treatment?
Answer:
The reasons for unequal treatment are:

Gender of a person (male or female)
The caste we have
The religion we practice and follow
The background of our class from where we come

Question 4.
What was the effect and outcome of Civil Rights Movement?
Answer:
The effect and outcome of Civil Rights Movement was:

It forbids andprohibits discrimination on the basis of religion, race and national origin.
It also stated that the schools would be open to the Afro-American children and that they would no longer have to attend the separate schools specially opened for them.

Question 5.
Briefly describe equality in Indian democracy.
Answer:
The Indian Constitution considers and recognises every person as equal. This means that every individual in the country including male and female persons irrespective of their castes, religions, tribes, educational and economic backgrounds are recognised as equal. Though inequality still exists in our society yet the principle of equality of all person is recognised. Earlier, law was not there to protect people from discrimination and bad behaviour but now a days there are many that actually work to see that people are treated with dignity.

Question 6.
What do you understand by the Disability7 Act which was passed in 1995?
Answer:
The Government of India passed the Disabilities Act in 1995. This law states that persons with disabilities have equal rights and that the government should make possible of their full participation in society7. The government has to provide free education and integrate children with disabilities into mainstream schools. This law also states that all public places including buildings, schools, etc., should be accessible and provided with ramps so that they can move around easily.

Question 7.
Explain the Civil Rights Movement.
Answer:
On 1st December 1955, an African American woman named Rosa Parks who was tired from a long day at work and refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man. Her refusal that day started a huge agitation against the unequal ways in which African-Americans were treated and which came to be known as the Civil Rights Movement.

Question 8.
Which formal documents recognises every person’s democratic right to equality in India? What is the place called where the elected leaders meet to discuss the problems and matters of national importance?
Answer:
The formal documents recognises eveiy person’s democratic right to equality in India in the Constitution. The place is called the Parliament where the elected leaders meet to discuss the problems and matters of national importance.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe in brief the provisions made in the Constitution for the recognition of equality.
Answer:
Provisions made in the Constitution for the recognition of equality are:

Every person from the President of the country to a domestic worker has to obey and abide by the same laws.
No person can be discriminated against on the basis of their religion, race, caste, place of birth or whether they are female or male.
Every person has access to all public places which consists of playgrounds, hotels, shops and markets. All persons can use publicly available wells, roads and bathing ghats.
Untouchability has been abolished.

Question 2.
What are the benefits of the midday meal programme?
Answer:
Benefits of the midday meal programme are:

More poor children have begun enrolling in the school and regularly attending school.
It has also helped to reduce caste prejudices because both lower and upper caste children in the school eat this meal together.
In few places, Dalit women have been employed to cook the meal.
The midday meal programme also helps reduce the hunger of poor students who often come to school and cannot concentrate because they are hungry as their stomachs are empty.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

September 5, 2024September 4, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The first clear expression of Nationalism in Europe came with:
(a) The American Revolution
(b) The French Revolution
(c) The Russian Revolution
(d) The Industrial Revolution
Answer:
(b) The French Revolution

Question 2.
Nationalism brought about in Europe the emergence of:
(a) The Nation-State
(b) The Modem State
(c) Multinational Dynastic State
(d) Alliances formed among many European states
Answer:
(a) The Nation-State

Question 3.
Frederic Sorrieu, a French artist, in his . series of four prints (1848) visualised his dream of a world as:
(a) A world made up of ‘democratic and social republics’
(b) A world made up of one nation, one world
(c) A world with one absolute ruler
(d) A world following one religion, one language
Answer:
(a) A world made up of ‘democratic and social republics’

Question 4.
The ideas of a United Community enjoying equal rights under a Constitution were expressed by the French as:
(a) La Patrie
(b) Le Citoyen
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Both (a) and (b)

Question 5.
The Civil Code of 1804, also known as the Napoleonic Code, established:
(a) Equality before the law
(b) Secured the right to property
(c) Did away with all the privileges based on birth
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Question 6.
What kind of political and constitu¬tional change was brought about by the French Revolution?
(a) It ended the absolute monarchy
(b) It transferred power to a body of the ‘ French citizens
(c) It proclaimed that henceforth people would constitute the nation and shape its destiny
(d) ALtthe above
Answer:
(d) ALtthe above

Question 7.
The three leaders who helped unification of Italy were:
(a) Giuseppe Mazzini, Victor Emmanuel II, Cavour
(b) Giuseppe Mazzini, Cavour, Giuseppe Garibaldi
(c) Victor Emmanuel, Bismarck, Cavour
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) Giuseppe Mazzini, Cavour, Giuseppe Garibaldi

Question 8.
Socially and politically dominant class in Europe during mid-eighteenth century was
(a) The Nobility
(b) The landed aristocracy
(c) The Church
(d) The absolute monarchs
Answer:
(a) The Nobility

Question 9.
The denial of universal suffrage in Europe, led to
(a) Revolutions
(b) Women and non-propertied men organising opposition movements, demanding equal rights throughout 19th and early 20th centuries
(c) Demand of equal political rights
(d) Return of monarchy
Answer:
(b) Women and non-propertied men organising opposition movements, demanding equal rights throughout 19th and early 20th centuries

Question 10.
In politics, liberalism emphasised
(a) End of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and a representative government through Parliament
(b) The inviolability of private property
(c) The right to vote
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Answer:
(d) Both (a) and (b)

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe in 1830-1848?
Answer:
The event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe in 1830-1848 was the Greek War ofIndependence.

Question 2.
What was the main aim of the revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815?
Answer:
The main aim of the revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815 was to oppose monarchical forms of government, that had been established after the Congress of Vienna and to fight for liberty and freedom.

Question 3.
Who was proclaimed the German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871?
Answer:
Kaiser William I of Prussia was proclaimed the German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871.

Question 4.
What is meant by Liberalism?
Answer:
The word ‘Liberalism’ derived from the Latin word ‘Liber’ meaning ‘free’. It stands for the end of aristocratic and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament.

Question 5.
What was the main aim of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815?
Answer:
The Treaty of Vienna of 1815 was signed with the aim of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars. It was signed to re-establish conservative regions in Europe.

Question 6.
What were the disadvantages of the administrative changes introduced by Napoleon?
Answer:
The disadvantages of the administrative changes introduced by Napoleon were outweighed by increased taxation, censorship and forced conscription into the French armies.

Question 7.
What were the immediate results of the Revolution of 1830 in France?
Ans.
As a result of Revolution of 1830, the Bourboh Kings who had been restored to power by the Congress of Vienna.

Question 8.
When was the Act of Union passed and with what results?
Answer:
The Act of Union between England and Scotland took place in 1701. It led to the formation of United Kingdom of Great Britain.

Question 9.
Name the leader and the states which gave leadership in Italian Unification.
Answer:
Victor Emmanuel II the king of Piedmont and Sardinia gave leadership in Italian Unification.

Question 10.
Who were the conservatives?
Answer:
The Conservatives supported the traditional institutions and norms. They believed that the institutions of monarchy, the church, social hierarchies, property and family should be preserved.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How did nationalism and the idea of the nation-state emerge?
Answer:
Socially and politically, aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent. The members of this class were united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions. They owned estates in the countryside and also town-houses. They spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and in high society.

Their families were often connected by ties of marriage. This powerful aristocracy was, however, numerically a small group. The majority of the population was made up of the peasantry. To the west, the bulk of the land was farmed by tenants and small owners, while in Eastern and Central Europe the pattern of landholding was characterised by vast estates which were cultivated by serfs.

Question 2.
What led to the spread of conservatism in Europe and what were its impacts?
Answer:
Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism. Conservatives believed that established, traditional institutions of state and society – like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family – should be preserved.

Most conservatives, however, did not propose a return to the society of pre-revolutionary days. Rather, they realised, from the changes initiated by Napoleon, that modernisation could in fact strengthen traditional institutions like the monarchy. It could make state power more effective and strong. A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe.

Question 3.
What was the reaction to the Napoleonic code?
Answer:
Initially many people welcomed French armies as harbingers of liberty. But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility, as it became clear that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom. Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies as required to conquer the rest of Europe, all seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes.

Question 4.
What were the highlights of the Treaty of Vienna, 1815?
Answer:
In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The main highlights were to how the nation could develop and what economic measures could help forge this nation together.

Question 5.
On what basis the female allegories were given names?
Answer:
Many female allegories were invented by artists in the nineteenth century to represent the nation. In France she was christened Marianne, a popular Christian name, which underlined the idea of a people’s nation. Her characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty and the Republic – the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade.

Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares to remind the public of the national symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it. Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps. Similarly, Germania became the allegory of the German nation. In visual representations, Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.

Question 6.
What was the Romantic Imagination about a nation?
Answer:
Romanticism was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science and focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings. Their effort was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation. The emphasis on vernacular language and the collection of local folklore was not just to recover an ancient national spirit, but also to carry the modem nationalist message to large audiences who were mostly illiterate.

Question 7.
What led to the rise of the revolutionaries?
Answer:
During the years following 1815, the fear of repression drove many liberal nationalists underground. Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. To be revolutionary at this time meant a commitment to oppose monarchical forms that had been established after the Vienna Congress and to fight for liberty and freedom. Most of these revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation-states as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom.

Question 8.
What views did Giuseppe Mazzini have about Italy?
Answer:
Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind.
So Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations. This unification from above could be the basis of Italian unity.

Question 9.
What was understood by the term ‘Liberalism’?
Answer.
The term liberalism derives from the Latin root liber meaning free. For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before law. Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent. Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges a constitution and representative government through parliament. Nineteenth century liberals also stressed the inviolability of private property.

Question 10.
What has made the Balkan a source of nationalist tension?
Answer:
The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the Balkans. The region had geographical and ethnical varieties. The Balkans included Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro. The inhabitants of the Balkan regions were called slavs. Most of the Balkan region was under Ottoman Rule. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What were the reforms made by Napoleon?
Answer:
Napoleon introduced many reforms that he had already introduced in France to all territories under his control. Through a return to monarchy Napoleon destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient.

(i) The Civil Code of 1804 – also known as the Napoleonic Code – did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property.

(ii) This Code was exported to the regions under French control. In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany, Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.

(iii) In the towns, guild restrictions were removed. Transport and communication systems were improved.

(iv) Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed a new-found freedom. Businessmen and small-scale producers of goods, began to realise that uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, and a common national currency would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.

(v) In the areas conquered, the reactions of the local populations to French rule were mixed. Initially, in Holland, Switzerland and cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty. But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility, as it became clear that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom.

(vi) Increased taxation, censorship, forced recruitment into the French armies required to conquer the rest of Europe, all seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes.

Question 2.
Describe the French Revolution.
Answer:
France was a full-fledged territorial state in 1789 under the rule of an absolute monarch. The political and constitutional changes that came in the wake of the French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. The revolution proclaimed that the people would constitute the nation and shape its destiny. The French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people:

(i) The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.

(ii) A .new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard.

(iii) The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.

(iv) New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation.

(v) A centralised administrative system of uniform laws for all citizens within its territory. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.

(vi) Regional dialects were discouraged and French, became the common language -of the nation.

(vii) The revolutionaries declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism, i.e.,
to help other peoples of Eqr&pe to become nations.

(viii) When the news of the events in France reached the different cities of Europe, students and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin clubs. Their activities and campaigns
prepared the way for the French armies which moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s.

(ix) With the outbreak of the revolutionary wars, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad.

Question 3.
What did Liberal Nationalism stand for?
Answer:
(i) Ideas of national unity in early nineteenth century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism. The term ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin word liber, meaning free.

(ii) For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.

(iii) Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent. Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament.

(iv) Nineteenth century liberals stressed the inviolability of private property. Yet, equality before the law did not necessarily stand for universal suffrage. Men without property and all women were excluded from political rights. Only for a brief period under the Jacobins did all adult males enjoy suffrage.

(v) The Napoleonic Code went back to limited suffrage and reduced women to the authority of fathers and husbands. Throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries women and non- propertied men organised opposition movements demanding equal political rights.

Question 4.
Why were the Middle class so named?
Answer:
(i) Socially and politically, a aristocracy was the dominant class. The members of this class were united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions.

(ii) They owned estates in the countryside and also town-houses. They spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and in high society. Their families were often connected by ties of marriage. This powerful aristocracy was, numerically a small group.

(iii) The majority of the population was made up of the peasantry. To the west, the bulk of the land was farmed by tenants and small owners, while in Eastern and Central Europe the landholdings were vast estates which were cultivated by serfs. In Western and parts of Central Europe the growth of industrial production and trade meant the growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes whose existence was based on production for the market.

(iv) Industrialisation began in England in the second half of the eighteenth century, but in France and parts of the German states it occurred only during the nineteenth century. In its wake, new social groups came into being: a working-class population, and middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, professionals.

(v) In Central and Eastern Europe these groups were smaller in number till late nineteenth century. It was among the educated, liberal middle classes that ideas of national unity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.

Activity Based Questions

Questioin 1.
On a political map of Europe, mark the following states which emerged in Europe after the Congress of Vienna in 1815.
(a) Sardinia
(b) Spain
(c) Portugal
(d) France
(e) Ottoman Empire
(f) Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
(g) Kingdom of the Papal Estate – Rome
(h) Austrian Empire – Austria, Hungary and Galicia
Answer:

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 5 Women Change the World

September 5, 2024September 4, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 5 Women Change the World

JAC Class 7th Civics Women Change the World InText Questions and Answers

Page 55

Question 1.
Fill in the table below. Add up the number of male and female images separately for each occupation.

Category	Male Image	Female Image
Teacher	15	35
Farmer	47	04
Factory Worker	50	20
Nurse	0	43
Scientist	38	08
Pilot	63	7

(a) Are there more images of men than women?
(b) In what kinds of jobs were there more images of men than women?
(c) Have all the nurses been drawn as females? Why?
(d) Are there fewer images of female farmers? If so, why?
Answer:
(a) Yes, there more images of men than women.

(b) Men are mostly employed more in all of the above works such as fanner, scientist, pilot, etc. than . women.

(c) Yes, all the nurses have been drawn as females. The women are more patient and take good care of people than men so the number of nurses is more as women.

(d) Yes, there are fewer images of female farmers. The reason is that farming is very tough and strenuous job. Physical work such as ploughing, sowing, harvesting, threshing etc. are very tough. They majorly assist their male partners but now a days we can see many women in the field doing this job.

Page 56

Question 2.
How does your class exercise compare with Rosie Ma’am’s class exercise?

Category	Male Image	Female Image
Teacher	5	25
Farmer	30	0
Factory Worker	25	5
Nurse	0	30
Scientist	25	5
Pilot	27	3

Answer:
The exercise done and that of Rosie Ma’am is same in the numbers of images in the categories, the male numbers are also more as ours. No comparison can be done.

Page 58

Question 3.
Read the story given in the book and answer the questions:

(a) If you were Xavier, what subject would you choose and why?
(b) In your experience, what are some of the other pressures that boys experience?

Answer:
(a) If I were Xavier then I would choose History because this helps us to know the past and about our culture as well. Apart from this, I am very much interested about past to learn.

(b) The other pressures that boys experience are that there parents want them to study mostly, science, maths, computers which can bring them excellent and high profile jobs. They are also pressurized to think about getting a good job that will pay them a lucrative salary. Even if they are interested. in History or Geography, then they won’t be able to study as there parents don’t want.

Page 62

Question 4. Study the table below and answer the following questions:

Level	AW	SC	ST
	Boy Girls Tbtal	Boy Girts Tntal	BOy Girls Total
Primary (Classes 1-5)	4.36 3.88 4.13	4.71 4.20 4.46	7.02 6.84 6.93
Lpper’Primary (( lasses 6-8) .	3.49 4.60 4.03	5.00 6.03 5.51	8.48 8.71 8.59
Secondary (Classes 9-10)	17.21 16.88 17.06	19.64 19.05 19.36	24.94 24.40 24.68

(a) What percentage of children leave school at the elementary level?
(b) At which level of education do you see the highest percentage of children leaving?
(c) Why do you think that the percentage of Adivasi girls and boys leaving school is higher than that of any other group?
Answer:
(a) The percentage of children leave school at the elementary level is 52%.

(b) At secondary level of education, we see the highest percentage of children leaving.

(c) The percentage of Adivasi girls and boys leaving school is higher than that of any other group because in rural and poor regions of our country, there are no proper schools. Hence, there are no teachers to teach them. They are sometimes discriminated by the teachers and the students. If the school is far from there home and transport facility is not available then they don’t send their children to school.

Question 5.
From the given table, convert the figures of primary class children who leave school into a bar diagram. Two percentages have already been converted for you in the bar diagram on the left.

Answer:
Students need to do it own their own.

JAC Class 7th Civics Women Change the World Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How do you think stereotypes, about what women can or cannot do, affect women’s right to equality?
Answer:
Most of the time women are considered lower in status to men. There is a belief that women lack the technical mind and hence, cannot be a scientist. Women are always considered that they are good in taking care of people and are patient. So, they can be teachers, nurses, etc. these stereotypes about women affect women’s right to equality very badly. Due to this rationale behaviour and cause women are paid less than men.

Question 2.
List one reason why learning the alphabet was so important to women like Rashsundari Devi, Ramabai and Rokeya.
Answer:
Learning the alphabet was so important to women like Rashsundari Devi, Ramabai and Rokeya because they were able to write only after that. The stories, autobiographies which explained and described their own experiences about inequality.

Question 3.
“Poor girls drop out of school because they are not interested in getting an education.” Re-read the last paragraph on page 62 and explain why this statement is not true.
Answer:
Poor girls do not leave school on then wish but they are compelled to do so because they are from those regions of the country where there is no school, no teacher. If they have school which is not near to their home, their parent won’t send them as they do not have transport facilities also.

Question 4.
Can you describe two methods of struggle that the women’s movement used to raise issues? If you had to organise a struggle against stereotypes, about what women can or cannot do, what method would you employ from the ones that you have read about? Why would you choose this particular method?
Answer:
Many methods of struggle have been used in women’s movement to raise their voice on different issues. Two methods are:

One of the important part of women’s movement is campaigning. It fights violence, discrimination against women. New laws have been passed due to campaigning.
The women’s movement led the Supreme Court to formulate rules and guidelines in 1997 to protect women against any type of harassment such as sexual harassment in workplace. Harassment at home in the form of dowry. Voices has been raised against it as well.
When violations against women happened, the women’s movement raised its voice. The powerful way of drawing attention are bringing out rallies and demonstrations against injustice.

I would like to employ the method of raising awareness if I had to organise a struggle against the stereotypes. Awareness can work effectively while pressurizing sometimes doesn’t work. Through street plays, nukkad natak, songs, public meetings, we can realize the common people about the injustice which is happening.

JAC Class 7thCivics Women Change the World Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
‘Amar Jiban ’ was written by
(a) Rashsundari Devi
(b) Ramabai
(c) Sarojini Naidu
(d) Rani Lakshmibai
Answer:
(a) Rashsundari Devi

Question 2.
The International Women’s Day is celebrated on
(a) 6th March
(b) 8th April
(c) 8th March
(d) 8th May
Answer:
(c) 8th March

Question 3.
The first women driver of Northern railways is
(a) Lakshmi Leela
(b) Laxmi Lakra
(c) Satundarya Devi
(d) Bachendri Pal
Answer:
(b) Laxmi Lakra

Question 4.
Female are engaged in as …… more than males.
(a) farming
(b) factory workers
(c) painting
(d) nursing
Answer:
(d) nursing

Question 5.
For spreading awareness amongst the common people are
(a) songs
(b) public meetings
(c) street plays
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

Question 6.
The National Commission on Women was established in India in
(a) 1975
(b) 1992
(c) 1986
(d) 1998
Answer:
(b) 1992

Question 7.
The title ‘Pandita’ was given to
(a) Ramabai
(b) Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain
(c) Laxmi Lakra
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) Ramabai

Question 8.
Scheduled Tribe is the official term for
(a) Dalit
(b) Adivasi
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) Either (a) or (b)
Answer:
(b) Adivasi

Question 9.
Ramabai set up a Mission in 0……… near Pune.
(a) khedgaon
(b) nasik
(c) lonavala
(d) mahabaleshwar
Answer:
(a) khedgaon

Question 10.
Satyarani was a
(a) first engine driver
(b) first commercial pilot
(c) active member of…… women’s Movement
(d) first woman lawyer
Answer:
(c) active member of…… women’s Movement

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who wrote Sultana’s Dream and in which year?
Answer:
Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain wrote Sultana’s Dream and in the year 1905.

Question 2.
Why was Satyarani’s daughter murdered?
Answer:
Satyarani’s daughter was murdered for dowry.

Question 3.
What type of agricultural work women do?
Answer:
The type of agricultural work women do are ploughing, planting, weeding, harvesting and threshing.

Question 4.
What is the percentage of women in India who are engaged in agricultural work?
Answer:
The percentage of women in India who are engaged in agricultural work is 83.6%.

Question 5.
What are the different means of raising awareness among the people?
Answer:
Message can be spread through street plays, songs and public meetings.

Question 6.
Why girls cannot continue their education mostly in rural areas?
Answer:
Girls cannot continue their education mostly in rural areas because of poverty and discrimination.

Question 7.
What reasons led some women to question the situation of women in society?
Answer:
The reasons which led some women to question the situation of women in society are learning to read and write.

Question 8.
In what ways did Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain learn to read and write Bangla and English?
Answer:
Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain learnt to read and write Bangla and English with the support of her elder brother and an elder sister.

Question 9.
What do you mean by woman entrepreneur?
Answer:
A woman who takes initiatives, organises and operates a business enterprise is called as woman entrepreneur.

Question 10.
Women’s economic work is underestimated ih different reports in India. Why?
Answer:
Women’s economic work is underestimated in different reports in India because they are mostly employed in unorganised sectors.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In what ways did Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain help the other girls?
Answer:
Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain’s education gave her the power not only to dream and write but also to do more such as to help other girls go to school and to build their own dreams. In 1910, she started a school for girls in Kolkata and till date the school is still functioning.

Question 2.
Government of India conduct census every 10 years. Why?
Answer:
Government of India conduct census every 10 years which counts the whole population of the country. It also gathers detailed information about the people living in India such as their age, schooling, what work they do, where do they live, how many members in the family and so on. This information is used to measure many things like the number of literate people and the ratio of men and women.

Question 3.
Who was Rashsundari Devi and what did she write in her autobiography?
Answer:
Rashsundari Devi was a housewife from a rich landlord’s family. At the age of 60, she wrote her autobiography in Bangla. Her book titled Amar Jiban is the first known autobiography written by an Indian woman. She wrote about her everyday life experiences in details in her autobiography which was written some 200 years ago.

Question 4.
Write a short note on Sultana’s Dream.
Answer:
The story imagined about a woman named Sultana who reaches a place called Ladyland. Ladyland is a place where women had the freedom to study, work, and create inventions and discoveries such as controlling rain V from the clouds and flying air cars etc. In this Ladyland, the men had been sent into seclusion, their aggressive guns and other weapons of war defeated by the brain-power of women. This book was written by Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain at the age of 25 years in 1905.

Question 5.
Who started a mission in Khedgaon near Pune in 1898? What was the mission about and how did it help the women?
Answer:
Ramabai started a Mission in Khedgaon near Pune in 1898 where widows and poor women were encouraged not only to become literate but to be independent. They were taught different skills from carpentry to running a printing press, the skills which are not usually taught to girls even today. Ramabai’s Mission is still active today.

Question 6.
Explain the terms Discrimination, Violation and Sexual harassments.
Answer:
Discrimination:
When we do not treat people equally or with respect, we are indulging in discrimination. It generally happens when people or organisations act on their prejudices. Discrimination usually takes place when we treat someone differently or make a distinction or biased with someone.

Violation:
When someone forcefully breaks the law or a mle or openly shows disrespect or doesn’t follow the law, we say that he or she has committed a violation.

Sexual harassment:
It refers to physical or verbal behaviour that is of a sexual nature and against the wishes of a woman. When women are abused as well, we say that she has been harassed.

Question 7.
Brief in short about Rashsundari Devi and her contribution in improving women situation in the society.
Answer:
Rashsundari Devi was bom in West Bengal some 200 years ago. At the age of 60, she wrote her autobiography in Bangla and Amar Jiban is the first known autobiography written by an Indian woman. Rashsundari Devi was a housewife from a rich landlord’s family. At that time, it was believed that if a woman learnt to read and write, she would bring bad luck to her husband and become a widow. Despite this, she taught herself how to read and write in secret, well after her marriage. She led the way that it was superstitions those held women back as not to make them educated.

Question 8.
What is the major reason of concern though the literacy rate have increased after independence.
Answer:
It is quite relevant that the literacy rate have increased after independence. According to the 1961 census, about 40 per cent of all boys and men were literate compared to just 15 per cent of all girls and women. In the census of 2001, these figures have grown to 76 per cent for boys and men, and 54 per cent for girls and women. It means that the ratio of both men and women who are now able to read and have at least some amount of schooling has increased. But the major concern is that the percentage of the male group is still higher than the female group. The gap has not gone away. Still there is discrimination between boys and girls in India.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Discuss in brief tbe life history of Laxmi Lakra.
Answer:
Laxmi Lakra :

Laxmi Lakra is from a poor tribal family in Jharkhand. She is the first woman engine driver for Northern Railways.
Laxmi studied in a government school. She studied hard and did well and then went on to get a diploma in electronics.
She then took the railway board exam and passed it on her first attempt. In this way she broke the stereotype that engine drivers could be men only.
Laxmi says, ‘I love challenges and the moment somebody says it is not for girls, I make sure I go ahead and do it.’
Laxmi has had to do this several times in her life as such instances came many a times ,when she wanted to take electronics; when she rode motorcycles at the polytechnic; when she decided to become an engine driver.

Question 2.
Explain the different ways which women apply to fight discrimination and seek justice.
Answer:
The different ways which women apply to fight discrimination and seek justice:

Raising Awareness :
women work hard to raise awareness on women’s rights issues. They do these through various means such as street plays or nukkad natak, songs, public meetings, etc.
Protesting :
women rise in protest whenever a law or policy acts against the betterment or interest of women by holding public rallies, demonstrations. These are the powerful and substantial methods of drawing attention to injustice which is happening.
Campaigning :
It has led to a new law which has been passed in 2006. This law gives protection to women against dowry solidarity with other women and for their causes and pains.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions and Answers in Hindi & English Jharkhand Board

September 5, 2024September 4, 2024 by Veer

JAC Jharkhand Board Class 10th Social Science Important Questions in Hindi & English Medium

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Important Questions in English Medium

Jharkhand Board Class 10th History Important Questions

Jharkhand Board Class 10th Geography Important Questions

Jharkhand Board Class 10th Civics Important Questions

Jharkhand Board Class 10th Economics Important Questions

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions in Hindi Medium

JAC Board Class 10th History Important Questions in Hindi

JAC Board Class 10th Geography Important Questions in Hindi

JAC Board Class 10th Civics Important Questions in Hindi

JAC Board Class 10th Economics Important Questions in Hindi

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 4 Growing up as Boys and Girls

September 5, 2024September 4, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 4 Growing up as Boys and Girls

JAC Class 7th Civics Growing up as Boys and Girls InText Questions and Answers

Page 45

Question 1.
In what ways do the experiences of Samoan children and teenagers differ from your own experiences of growing up? Is there anything in this experience that you wish was part of your growing up?
Answer:
The experiences of Samoan children and teenagers differ from us is that they did not go to school. They used to do household work and looked after there siblings who were younger to them. Another major activity of the Samoan children were fishing. We cannot think our life without school as a child. We go to school daily and learn many new things from our parents and. teachers. We don’t have much free time as we have to do homework after the school is over. We play in the evening after finishing our school work.

Page 46

Question 2.
Make a drawing of a street or a park in your neighbourhood. Show the different kinds of activities young boys and girls may be engaged in. You could do this individually or in groups.
Answer:
Students need to do it own their own.

Question 3.
Are there as many girls as boys in your drawing? Most probably you would have drawn fewer girls. Can you think of reasons why there are fewer women and girls in your neighbourhood streets, parks and markets in the late evenings or at night?
Answer:
Students need to do it own their own.

Question 4.
Are girls and boys doing different activities? Can you think of reasons why this might be so? What would happen if you replaced the girls with the boys and vice-versa?
Answer:
Students need to do it own their own.

Page 49

Question 5.
Were Harmeet and Shonali correct in saying that Harmeet’s mother did not ‘ work?
Answer:
No, they were not at all correct in saying that Harmeet’s mother did not work. Harmeet’s mother did a lot of work at home and her work was not paid. Hence, they thought that their mother is not working.

Question 6.
What do you think would happen if your mother or those involved in doing the work at home went on a strike for a day?

Answer:
My daily activities and routine will be disturbed. Instead of going to school, I will have to do all household works such as have to prepare lunch, clean the house, etc. Even my father will face the problem as without my mother’s assistance, he can’t do anything.

Question 7.
Why do you think that men and boys generally do not do housework? Do you think they should?
Answer:
Men and boys generally do not do housework because

they think that they are meant for outdoor work while females are meant for indoor works,
they sometimes also feel that it will be against the norms of the society if they get themselves involved in the household works.

Page 50

Question 8.
What are the total number of work hours spent by women in Haryana and Tamil Nadu each week?

State	Haryana	Tamil
Women Paid (work hours per week)	23	Nadu
Women Unpaid (housework hours per week)	30	19
Women (Total)	7	35
Men Paid (work hours per week)	38	?
Men unpaid (house work hours per week)	2	40
Men (Total)	?	4

Answer:
The total number of work hours spent by women in Haryana for each week is 53 hours and in Tamil Nadu, it is 54 horns.

Question 9.
How does this compare with the total number of work hours spent by men?
Answer:
In contrast to this, the total number of work hours spent by men is 40 hours in Haryana and 44 hours in Tamil Nadu.

JAC Class 7th Civics Growing up as Boys and Girls Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Are the statements given below are true or false. Support your answer with the use of an example
(a) All societies do not think similarly about the roles that boys and girls play.
(b) Our society does not make distinctions between boys and girls when they are growing up.
(c) Women who stay at home do not work.
(d) The work that women do is less valued than that of men.
Answer:
(a) True, in most of the societies, the boy’s work is given more importance than the girl’s work.

(b) False, in most of the societies, there is a discrimination among the boys and the girls. Even while at their . growing age, boys are given cars to . play and girls are given dolls. Boys are taught to be tough and serious while girls are taught to be soft and mild.

(c) False, women who stay at home do many household works. They cook food, clean the house, wash the clothes, take* care of the children and old people etc which are very strenuous.

(d) True, most of the women do all household works and care giving tasks which are in continuation and don’t get leave even. Yet, the work that women do are not recognized as work. It is presumed that it is something which comes naturally to women. Hence, they are not to be paid and the work that women do are less valued than that of men.

Question 2.
Housework is invisible and unpaid work. Housework is physically demanding. Housework is time consuming. Write in your own words what is meant by the terms ‘invisible’, ‘physically demanding’, and ‘time consuming’? Give one example of each based on the household tasks undertaken by women in your home.
Answer:
Invisible:
The work that is not seen with our eyes. As for example the women does the housework and care-giving task means looking after the children and old people, if. any member is sick than the women has to take care of that person. Apart from this they have to do other works such as cooking, washing, cleaning, etc., which are not recognized and remains invisible.

Physically demanding:
It means very tough and difficult work. As for example inside the home, women do many types of work which require physical strength as well. Fetching water from far-off places and carrying it on their head, head loads of firewood, washing clothes of every member of the house, etc., are very difficult and tough. Still without any complaints, women do it everyday.

Time-consuming:
It means various household work are time taking process. As for example from early morning, women starts their daily routine and it goes till late night. During this time, they are busy in doing different works and fulfilling everyone’s wishes. They also help there children to complete their homeworks and studies which is also very time consuming.

Question 3.
Make a list of toys and games that boys typically play and another for girls. If there is a difference between the two lists, can you think of some reasons why this is so? Does this have any relationship to the roles children have to play as adults?
Answer:
List of toys and games that

Boy

Girl

Cars, trucks,

buses, guns,

sword, lions,

tigers, horses,

cricket, football, kabaddi, etc.

Dolls, Barbie,

houses, kitchen

set, hide and

seek,pittho, etc.

Some of the games are also played by the boys. But, from the above list we can say that there is a difference between the toys with which the boys play and with which the girls play.

Reason:
Our society make a clear distinction between boys and girls from very early age. Boys are taught to be rough and tough and girls to soft and mild. Boys are expected to work in which they can show there manly features and girls to remain in their limits with feminine virtues. Later these factors affect a lot when they grow up as man and woman. It even affects their studies and career as well.

Question 4:
If you have someone working as a domestic help in your house or locality talk to her and find out a little bit more about her life Who are her family members? Where is her home? How many hours does she work? How much does she get paid? Write a small story based on these details.
Answer:
Jyotsna has been working in our house from many years as a domestic help. She is from Bihar. She lives in Delhi with her family comprising of her husband, father-in-law, mother-in-law, brother- in-law and her two kids. She works in six houses and comes very early in the morning. After completing the morning work in our society, she goes back to her home and then do her own household works and take care of her two kids as they are small.

In the evening, she again comes and the rest of her work in the society. She does her work skillfully and efficiently. She is very polite and hardworking. Due to this reason, she has developed good relations with all her owners where she works. In total, she earn about ? 14#00/- . Everyone helps her when she is in need of anything like doctors, medicines, clothing, etc. Her husband works as a mechanic who also earns well. Hence, Jyotsna leads a happy life with her family.

JAC Class 7thCivics Growing up as Boys and Girls Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The different roles assigned to the boys and girls lead to
(a) It makes them rude.
(b) It prepares them for the future roles as men and women
(c) It prepares them to be scared and afraid
(d) It makes them dull.
Answer:
(b) It prepares them for the future roles as men and women

Question 2.
In the Samoan island, the most important activity for the young people was
(a) fishing
(b) cultivation
(c) hunting
(d) studying
Answer:
(a) fishing

Question 3.
In the Samoan island, the boys joined the older boys as they attain the age of around 9 years for fishing and other activities. The girls at this age were
(a) going to the forest and hunt wild animals
(b) not doing anything
(c) going for fishing and earn money by selling them
(d) looking after small children and do work for the adults till they were the teenagers
Answer:
(d) looking after small children and do work for the adults till they were the teenagers

Question 4.
After the age of fourteen years, the girls were free to do
(a) Ashing trips
(b) learning weaving baskets
(c) plantations
(d) all of the above
Answer:
(d) all of the above

Question 5.
In Madhya Pradesh, the girl’s school were different from the boy’s school. The difference was
(a) girl’s school had shops near the playground
(b) girls school had big trees around the playground
(c) girl’s school had a central courtyard where they played in total isolation and safety from the outside world
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) girl’s school had a central courtyard where they played in total isolation and safety from the outside world

Question 6.
To play, boys are given cars, bikes and girls the dolls. This shows that
(a) different toys give them variety to play
(b) it becomes a way of telling children that they will have different futures as when they grow up
(c) this tells nothing
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) it becomes a way of telling children that they will have different futures as when they grow up

Question 7.
The child care centres in many villages are known as
(a) Anganwadis
(b) Naari Sudhar Samiti
(c) Bal ashrams
(d) Dharamshalas
Answer:
(a) Anganwadis

Question 8.
The work of men and women are
(a) equally valued
(b) women’s work is more valued than the men’s work
(c) not equally valued
(d) all of the above
Answer:
(c) not equally valued

Question 9.
The girls and boys go to separate school in Madhya Pradesh from
(a) class III onwards
(b) class IV onwards
(c) class V onwards
(d) class VI onwards
Answer:
(d) class VI onwards

Question 10.
Melani was a
(a) factory worker .
(b) domestic worker
(c) shopkepeer
(d) teacher
Answer:
(b) domestic worker

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why domestic worker’s wages are very low?
Answer:
Domestic worker’s wages are very low because there work are less valued as much as other works are valued.

Question 2.
Why do girls like to go to school in group?
Answer:
Girls like to go to school in groups because of fears of being teased or attacked.

Question 3.
What do we teach boys and girls from a very tender age?
Answer:
We teach boys to be tough and girls to talk softly.

Question 4.
Do you think Harmeet and Shonali was correct in saying that Harmeet’s mother did not work?
Answer:
No, Harmeet and Shonali were not correct in saying that Harmeet’s mother did not work.

Question 5.
What do you mean by the term Double-burden?
Answer:
The term Double-burden means a double load. This term is generally used to describe the women’s work situation. It has emerged from a recognition that women make great effort both inside the home means household works and outside as well.

Question 6.
What do you mean by the term Identity?
Answer:
I dentity is a sense of self-awareness of who one is. Generally, a person can have several identities. As for example, a person can be a girl, a sister and a musician.

Question 7.
What do you mean by the term Care-giving?
Answer:
Care-giving refers to a series of tasks related to looking after and nurturing. Besides physical tasks, they also involve in a strong emotional and sentimental aspect.

Question 8.
Name some of the social reformers who work in- the field of gender equality and empowerment of women.
Answer:
The social reformers who work in the field of gender equality and empowerment of women are:

Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Swami Dayanand Saraswati
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What measures to be taken to avoid gender discrimination?
Answer:
The measures to be taken to avoid gender discrimination are

awareness program on gender equality should be carried out.
the government should make out the reasons and find the solutions.
it has to be dealt with thorough actions not just at the individual level or by the family but by the community and the government as well.

Question 2.
Do you think .that men and boys generally do not do housework? Why?
Answer:
Men and boys generally do not do housework because it is assumed that this is something that comes naturally to women. Thus, across the world, the main responsibility for housework and care-giving tasks lies with women.

Question 3.
‘The work women do is strenuous and physically demanding.’ Why?
Answer:
Tasks like washing clothes, cleaning, sweeping and picking up loads require bending, lifting and carrying. Many household chores such as cooking, involve standing for long hours in front of hot stoves. Hence, the work women do is strenuous and physically demanding.

Question 4.
What do you mean by the term De-valued?
Answer:
A person feels de-valued when someone is not given due recognition for a task or job they have done. As for example, if a boy has put in a lot of effort into making a special birthday gift for his friend and this friend does not say anything about this, then the boy may feel de-valued.

Question 5.
Why Harmeet think that her mother did not work?
Answer:
The main responsibility for housework and care-giving tasks such as looking after the family,especially children, the elderly and sick members, lies with women. The work that women do within the home is not recognised as work, ft is also assumed that this is something that comes naturally to women. Hence, does not have to be paid for. And that is why Harmeet thinks that her mother did not work.

Question 6. What role was assigned to young boys and girls in the Samoan Islands?
Answer:
Roles assigned to young boys and girls in the Samoan Islands are:

Both boys and girls have to look after their younger siblings.
But by the time a boy attains the age of about nine years, he joined the older boys in learning outdoor jobs such as fishing and planting coconuts.
After the age of fourteen or so girls also went on fishing trips, worked in the plantations and leamt how to weave baskets.
Boys were supposed to do most of the work in cooking while girls helped with the preparations in special cooking houses.

Question 7.
Explain the initiatives taken by the gover’nment to promote equality between the male or female.
Answer:
Government recognises that burden of child-care and housework falls on women and girls. This naturally has an impact on whether girls can attend school or not. It determines whether women can work outside the house and what kind of jobs and careers they can have. The government has set up anganwadis or child-care centres in several villages in the country. The government has passed laws that make it mandatory for organisations that have more than 30 women employees to provide creche facilities. The provision of creches helps many women to take up employment outside the home. It also makes it possible for more girls to attend schools.

Question 8.
List any three major points of discrimination against girls and women in India.
Answer:
Three major points of discrimination against girls and women in India are:

Girls and women receive less health care facilities than men.
Women’s work is less valued though they work hard in society.
In rural regions, girls are given less education as compared to boys. They are forced to stay at home and help in household works.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Growing up in Samoa was different from other societies in the 1920s. How?
Answer:
Growing up in Samoa was different from other societies in the 1920s as:

In the 1920s, according to research reports on Samoan society, children did not go to school.
They leamt many things, such as how to take care of children or do household work from older children and from adults.

Fishing was a very important activity on the islands. Young people learnt to undertake long fishing expeditions. But they learnt these things at different points in their childhood. Both boys and girls looked after their younger siblings. But, by the time a boy attains the age of about nine years, he joined the older boys in learning outdoor jobs such as fishing and planting coconuts.

Girls had to continue looking after small children or do works for adults till they were teenagers. But once they became teenagers they had much more freedom. After the age of fourteen or so, girls also went on fishing trips, worked in the plantations and leamt how to weave baskets. Boys were supposed to do most of the work in cooking while girls helped with the preparations and it was done in special cooking-houses.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

September 5, 2024September 4, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

JAC Class 10th History The Rise of Nationalism in Europe InText Questions and Answers

Page 4

Question 1.
In what way do you think this print (Fig. 1) depicts a Utopian vision?

Answer:
‘Utopian Vision’ means that it is depicting something idealistic. The French artist F Sorrieu was visualizing a dream of a world made up of nations (all of them did not exist as nations at the time that these prints were made). He has showed the German people with a common flag, although actually they were a number of different states at that time. So it is an idealistic or Utopian vision.

Page 4

Question 2.
Summarise the attributes of a nation, as Renan understands them. Why, in his view, are nations important?
Answer:
Ernst Renan was a French philosopher who delivered a speech at the University of Sorbonne in 1882. In that speech, he outlined the idea of what makes a nation. According to Renan nations are formed by a common language, race, religion or territory. It is the culmination of a long past of endeavour, sacrifices and devotion. A nation does not take any interest in annexing or holding onto another Nation against its will. Nations are important because their existence guarantee Liberty. The liberty of individuals would be lost if they are no nations.

Page 8

Question 3.
How7 did nationalism and the idea of the nation-state emerge?
Answer:
Nationalism and the idea of the nation¬state emerged within the culturally and regionally diverse groups of Europe. Due to industrialization and transformation of society there emerged a middle class consisting of businessmen, working professionals, industrialists, labourers and working class people. Out of these, the educated people thought of uniting the culturally compatible sections of people in Europe. This led to nationalism and emergence of the idea of the nation-state.

Page 10

Question 4.
Describe the political ends that List hopes to achieve through economic measures.
Answer:
Professor Friedrich List hopes that economic liberalism and reforms would help in generating national sentiments. These sentiments would be as under:

Freedom for individual
Equality of all before law
Inviolability of private property
Concept of government by consent
End of aristocracy and clerical privileges
A constitution and representative government through parliament.
The economic reform, according to List would beget liberalism.

Page 11

Question 5.
Plot on a map of Europe the changes drawn up by the Vienna Congress.
Answer:
The Vienna Congress in 1815 changed the boundaries of Europe after the Napoleonic era. The boundaries were changed to make a strong France. Many countries opposed this, but it was remapped with Russia taking most parts of the Napoleonic under its control. The new states with new border were created although Europe with Switzerland being neutral territory. Although Napoleon escaped while in exile but was defeated in Waterloo.
Map of Europe after the changes drawn up by the Vienna Congress.

Question 6.
What is the caricaturist trying to depict?

Answer:
The caricaturist is depicting the club of liberal nationalists which dates back 1820.Conservative regimes were set up in 1815. These regimes were autocratic they were not ready to tolerate criticism and dissent. They curbed all the actions which put a question mark on the legitimacy of autocratic governments. Most of the regimes had imposed censorship law to have control over freedom of the press and over songs motivating the ideas of liberty

Page 15

Question 7.
Discuss the importance of language and popular traditions in the creation of national identity.
Answer:
The importance of language and popular traditions in the creation of national identity are as follows:

The language and popular traditions of a particular region or country give the feeling of shared past, collective and united living to the people.
They bind all the people by the thread of togetherness and pride.
They give them the feeling of being culturally one hence they perceive the sentiment of being nationally one and united. Therefore, language and traditions create national identity.

Page 16

Question 8.
Describe the causes of the Silesian weavers’ uprising. Comment on the viewpoint of the journalist.
Answer:
The causes of the Silesian weavers’ uprising were:

The cause of the Silesian weavers’ uprising was lower payments for finished Textiles.
Contractors gave raw materials and took away finished textiles from the weavers and paid very less money to the weavers.
In 1845, weavers of Silesia revolted and this led to the agitation and uprising by weavers against contractors.
The view point of the journalist that the misery of the workers is extreme and contractors took advantage is totally logical and acceptable.

Question 9.
Imagine you are a weaver who saw1 the events as they unfolded. Write a report on what you saw.
Answer:
I have worked very hard to supply the woven cloth in time, but received very less payment than what was agreed to by the contractor. Since other weavers had also got less payment, on the afternoon of June 4, 1 went along with my partner and other weavers to the contractor’s home for asking for better wages for our weaving. Our demands were scornfully refused and we were even threatened that no more work will be given to us if we did not work at the same rate as what was paid to us.

Some of my fellow weavers got angry at this and broke the window panes of the contractor’s house, barged inside and damaged his furniture and crockery. Some weavers also broke open his store of woven cloth and tore it all up. Seeing this, the contractor ran away from the – house with his family to a nearby village, but there also he did not get shelter. Next day, the contractor returned with soldiers from the army, who fired at our group of weavers, killing eleven of them. I was injured in the leg by a bullet and am now nursing my wounds as 1 write this.

Question 10.
Compare the positions on the question of women’s rights voiced by the three writers cited above. What do they reveal about liberal ideology?
Answer:
The three writers cited three different views about the women’s rights.

One of these writers is opposed any political right to women.
The second writer is criticizing the men who try to gain freedom and liberty only for men. At the same time, the second writer advocates that women should be given political rights.
The third writer is in favour of women’s rights. He cited a comparative study between position of men and women and is in favour of women rights.
First, second, and third writers wrote about big divisions in the liberal ideology.
The liberal thinkers and writers, were divided on the question of the women’s rights.

Page 20

Question 11.
Describe the caricature. How does it represent the relationship between Bismarck and the elected deputies of Parliament? What interpretation of democratic processes is the artist trying to convey?

Answer:
The caricature depicts Bismarck, Chancellor of Germany as holding a whip (signifying that he is a ruthless man ruling with an iron hand) while leading the Parliament. The deputies who were elected are afraid of him and so are hiding under their tables. The caricature depicts the dominance of Bismarck over the deputies and how he despised liberalism and parliamentary assemblies. The artist is trying to convey that the democratic process in Germany was very shallow and the roots of constitutionalism were poor.

Question 12.
Look at Fig. 14(a). Do you think that the people living in any of these regions thought of themselves as Italians? Examine Fig. 14(b). Which was the first region to become a part of unified Italy? Which was the last region to join? In which year did the largest number of states join?

Answer:
In 1858, Italy was divided into seven states, with the North being under the Austrian Habsburgs, the centre being ruled by the Pope and the Southern regions being under Spain’s domination. Only one state, Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. The Italian language also had not acquired a common form and had many regional and local variations. So people living in these regions, except Sardinia -Piedmont, would not have thought of themselves as Italians. The first regions to become a part of unified Italy in 1858 were Savoy Sardinia followed by the Northern states. The last region to join was the Papal State in 1870. The largest number of states joined in 1860.

Page 22

Question 13.
The artist has portrayed Garibaldi as holding on to the base of the boot, so that the King of Sardinia-Piedmont can enter it from the top. Look at the map of Italy once more. What statement is this caricature making?

Answer:
The base of the boot symbolizes the Kingdom of the Two Sicilians, which lay in the southernmost part of the Italian peninsula. Garibaldi had won this kingdom and handed it over to King Victor Emmanuel II. This cartoon signifies the unification of Italy and Garibaldi’s role in it.

Page 24

Question 14.
With the help of the chart in Box 3, identify the attributes of Veit’s Germania and interpret the symbolic meaning of the painting. In an earlier allegorical rendering of 1836, Veit had portrayed the Kaiser’s crown at the place where he has now located the broken chain. Explain the significance of this change. Box 3

Attribute	Significance
Broken chains	Being freed
Breastplate with eagle	Symbol of the German empire – strength
Crown of oak leaves	Heroism
Sword	Readiness to fight
Olive branch around the sword	Willingness to make peace
Black, red and gold tricolour	Flag of the liberal- nationalists in 1848, banned by the Dukes of the German states
Rays of the rising sun	Beginning of a new era

Answer:
The symbolic meaning of the painting is that the German nation has emerged. The female figure of Germania is an allegory of the German nation. All the attributes of the German nation can be “seen in the painting as given in Box 3. The replacement of the Kaiser’s crown with the broken chain signifies that the German nation is now free from autocratic monarchical rule.

Question 15.
Describe what you see in Fig. 18. What historical events could Hiibner be referring to in this allegorical vision of the nation?

Answer:
The painter depicted Germania as a fallen woman with the crown and standard thrown aside because German people’s hopes to be united under one monarch (King Friedrich Willhelm IV) were dashed as he rejected their demand in 1848. The artist, Julius Hubner, depicted Germania in a forlorn state due to this rejection by the king. It symbolized the loss of hope. The crown and standard are symbols of the monarchy, which have been cast aside.

Page 25

Question 16.
Look once more at Fig. 10. Imagine you were a citizen of Frankfurt in March 1848 and were present during the proceedings of the Parliament. How would you (a) as a man seated in the hall of deputies, and (b) as a woman observing from the galleries, relate to the banner of Germania hanging from the ceiling?

Answer:
(a) As a man seated in the hall of deputies, I would relate positively to the banner of Germania, as I would feel all that it symbolized was coming true.

(b) As a woman observing from the galleries, I would consider the banner to depict the truth only partially Women had participated with men equally in the struggle for constitutionalism with national unification, but they were denied suffrage rights during elections to the National Assembly, Women were only admitted to the assembly as passive citizens and observers.

JAC Class 10th History The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write a note on:
(a) Guiseppe Mazzini
(b) Count Camillo de Cavour
(c) The Greek war of independence
(d) Frankfurt parliament
(e) The role of women in nationalist struggles
Answer:
(a) Giuseppe Mazzini: Giuseppe Mazzini was an ItaliWan revolutionary born in Genoa in 1807, he became a member of the Secret Society of the Carbonari. As a young man of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He subsequently founded two more underground societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles, and then, Young Europe in Berne, whose members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German ‘ states.

Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. So Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations. This unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty.

(b) Count Camillo de Cavour led the movement to unify the regions of Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. Like many other wealthy and educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French much better than he did Italian. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.

(c) The Greek war of independence: An event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe was the Greek war of independence. Greece had been part of the,Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century. The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks which began in 1821. Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile -and also from many West Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation. ,

(d) FranKfurt parliament: The German middle class decided to vote for an all German National Assembly in 1848, and hence came to Frankfurt. Around 831 persons were elected. They comprised the’National Assembly. The assembly decided to organize Frankfurt parliament in the church of St. Paul. Thus on 18 May, 1848 the famous Frankfurt parliament was convened. The assembly decided that the German nation would be a monarchy controlled by parliament, and offered this term to the Prussian king, the latter rejected the terms and proposal of the assembly.

Also the middle classes were restored to the suppression of working class and artisans. This led to the division among the liberal-minded persons. The parliament got disrupted and people came to blows. In order to control the situation, military was called in the assembly hall. Thus, the monarchy and military combined together with autocracy won over the liberal nationalist middle class. The Frankfurt parliament is famous in history as failure of liberalism and victory of monarchy.

(e) The role of women in nationalist struggles: Women played a very significant role in the nationalist struggles all over the world. They led the movements, bore the blows of police and military men, stood by their male counterparts; spread the ideas of liberal nationalism in the urban and countryside areas of Europe. But women were dissatisfied a lot. They, inspite of their very active participation in nationalist struggles, did not get their share of cake, i.e., they could not secure the right to vote, or the political rights for themselves till the end of 19th century.

Question 2.
What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people?
Answer:
The French revolutionaries took follow¬ing steps to create a sense of collective identify among the French people:

They introduced the ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizens).
These ideas emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
Anew French flag, the tricolour, to replace the former royal standard was chosen.
They elected the Estates-General by active citizens and it was renamed as National Assembly.
They composed new hymns, took oaths and commemorated martyrs, all in the name of nation.
They established a centralized administrative system, which formulated uniform laws for all citizens.
They adopted a uniform system of weights and measures and abolished internal customs duties and dues.
They promoted French over the regional dialects.
They also declared that it was the mission and destiny of the French nation to liberate the people of Europe from despotism, i.e., to help other people of Europe to become nations.

Question 3.
Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed?
Answer:

Marianne was the allegory or symbol of French nation.
Germania was the allegory or symbol of German nation.
They were portrayed in a way to reflect the idea of nation-state.
They represented their respective country as if it w^ere a person. It sought to give an abstract idea of the nation in a concrete form.

Question 4.
Briefly trace the process of German unification.
Answer:

The liberal minded middle class of German confederacy met in the Frankfurt parliament in 1848, with an objective of establishing Germany as a nation. But they failed miserably.
The parliament ended with monarchical, military and aristocratic triumph.
Later on, the chief minister of Prussia, Otto von Bismark, architect of this process, led the movement of unity of the German confederacy.
He organised this process with the help of Prussian army and bureaucracy.
They fought three wars for over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France, which ended in Prussian victory. This completed the process of German unification.
In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I was proclaimed German emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.

Question 5.
What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him?
Answer:
Napoleon introduced following administrative reforms in the areas ruled by him:

He made administrative system more rational and effective.
The Civil Code of 1804 or Napoleonic code did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before law and secured the right to property.
He simplified administrative system, ended feudal system, and freed peasants from serfdom and monarchical dues.
In towns too, guild system were removed. Transport and communication systems were improved.
Peasants, artisans, businessmen and workers enjoyed the new found freedom.

NCERT ‘Discuss’ Questions

Question 1.
Explain what is meant by the 1848 revolution of the liberals. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals?
countries at that time, but leading to the unification of both countries eventually.
Answer:
The 1848 revolution of the liberals refers to the revolution led by the educated middle classes of Europe. Events of February 1848, in France brought about the abdication of the monarchy and a republic based on universal male franchise was formed.

Politically, they demanded constitutionalism with national unification a nation-state with a written constitution and parliamentary administration.
Socially, they wanted to rid society of its class-based partialities and birth rights. Serfdom and bonded labour had to be abolished.
Economically all they wanted freedom of markets and right to property.

Question 2.
Choose three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe.
Answer:
Three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe were:
(i) Romanticism was a European cultural movement aimed at developing national unity by creating a sense of shared heritage and common history. The Romantic artists’ emphasised on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings gave shape and expression to nationalist sentiments. The strength of art in promoting nationalism is well exemplified in the role played by European poets and artists in mobilising -public’opinion to support the Greeks in their struggle to establish their national identity.

(ii) Folk songs, dances and poetry popularised the spirit of nationalism and patriotic fervour in Europe. Collecting and recording the different forms of folk culture was important for building a national consciousness. Being a part of the lives of the common people, folk culture enabled nationalists to carry the message of nationalism to a large and diverse audience. The Polish composer Karol Kurpinski celebrated and popularised the Polish nationalist struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.

(iii) Language played a distinctive role in developing nationalist feelings in Europe. An example of this is how during Russian occupation, the use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against Russian dominance. During this period, Polish language was forced out of schools and Russian language was imposed everywhere.

Following the defeat of an armed rebellion against Russian rule in 1831, many members of the clergy in Poland began using language as a weapon of national resistance. They did so by refusing to preach in Russian, and by using Polish for Church gatherings and religious instruction. The emphasis on the use of vernacular language, the language of the masses, helped spread the message of national unity.

Question 3.
Through a focus on any two countries, explain how nations developed over the nineteenth century.
Answer:
Italy and Germany were two important European countries that developed during the nineteenth century. Both these countries were previously ruled by several princely states and were divided into many smaller independent segments, till the middle of 19th century.

As there were some mass revolutions in various parts of Europe in 19th century and people became more educated, the common people of all these states unified to form common governments.
In Germany, German National Assembly was formed in 1848 and in Italy, the revolutionists tried to form unified Italian Republic; though they failed in both

Question 4.
How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?
Answer:
(i) In Britain, the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution. It was the result of a long-drawn-out process.

(ii) There was no British nation prior to the eighteenth century. The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic – such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish. All these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions.

(iii) But as the English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power, it was able to extend its influence over the other nations of the islands.

(iv) The English parliament, seized power from the monarchy in 1688 at the end of a conflict, was an instrument through which a nation-state, with England at its centre, came to be forged.

(v) The Act ofUnion (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ meant, that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland. The.British parliament was dominated by its English members.

(vi) The growth of a British identity meant that Scotland’s distinctive culture and political institutions were suppressed. The Catholic clans that inhabited the Scottish Highlands suffered terrible repression whenever they attempted to assert their independence. The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland.

Question 5.
Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?
Answer:
(i) The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the Balkans. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs.

(ii) A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism with disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.

(iii) All through the nineteenth century the Ottoman Empire had sought to strengthen itself through modernisation and internal reforms but with very little success. One by one, its European subject nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence.

(iv) The Balkan people based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality and used history to prove that they had once been independent but had subsequently been subjugated by foreign powers.

(v) The rebellious nationalities in the Balkans thought of their struggles as attempts to win back their long-lost independence.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 8 Human Environment Interactions: The Tropical and the Subtropical Regions

September 6, 2024September 4, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 8 Human Environment Interactions: The Tropical and the Subtropical Regions

JAC Class 7th Geography Human Environment Interactions: The Tropical and the Subtropical Regions InText Questions and Answers

Page 56

Question 1.
Name the countries of the basin through which the equator passes.
Answer:
The countries of the basin through which the equator passes are Ecuador, Colombia and Brazil.

Question 2.
Some TV channels broadcast documentaries on the wildlife of the world. Try to watch some of the films and share your experience with the class.
Answer:
Students need to do it themselves.

Page 60

Question 3.
River Brahmaputra is known by different names in different places. Find the other names of the river.
Answer:
Padma in Bangladesh, Siang in Arunachal Pradesh, Tsangpo or Yarlung Zangbo in Tibet.

Question 4.
Collect some handicrafts made from jute, bamboo and silk. Display them in the class. Find out in which area they were made?
Answer:
Jute, bamboo and silk are made in Bihar, West Bengal and Assam.

JAC Class 7th Geography Human Environment Interactions: The Tropical and the Subtropical RegionsTextbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions.
(i) Name the continent in which the Amazon Basin is located.
Answer:
The continent in which the Amazon Basin is located is South America.

(ii) What are the crops grown by the people of the Amazon Basin?
Answer:
The crops grown by the people of the Amazon Basin are pineapple, tapioca and sweet potato. Maize, coffee and cocoa are also grown as cash crops.

(iii) Name the birds that you are likely to find in the rainforests of the Amazon.
Answer:
The birds that are likely to found in the rainforests of the Amazon are macaws, humming bird and toucans.

(iv) What are the major cities located on the River Ganga?
Answer:
The major cities located on the River Ganga are Kolkata, Patna, Varanasi, Kanpur and Prayagraj (Allahabad).

(v) Where is the one-horned rhinoceros found?
Answer:
In the Brahmaputra plain, the one-horned rhinoceros is found.

Tick (√) the correct answer.

Question 2.
(i) Toucans are a type of
(a) birds
(b) animals
(c) crops
Answer:
(a) birds

(ii) Manioc is the staple food of
(a) Ganga Basin
(b) Africa
(c) Amazon
Answer:
(c) Amazon

(iii) Kolkata is located on the river
(a) Orange
(b) Hooghly
(c) Bhagirathi
Answer:
(b) Hooghly

(iv) Deodars and firs are a type of
(a) Coniferous trees
(b) Deciduous trees
(c) Shrubs
Answer:
(a) Coniferous trees

(v) Bengal tiger is found in
(a) mountains
(b) delta area
(c) Amazon
Answer:
(b) delta area

Question 3.
Match the following.

(i) Cotton textile	(a) Assam
(ii) Maloca	(b) Terrace farming
(iii) Piranha	(c) Sericulture
(iv) Silk worm	(d) Slanting roof
(v) Kaziranga	(e) Ganga plain
	(f) Varanasi
	(g) Fish

Answer:

(i) Cotton textile	(e) Ganga plain
(ii) Maloca	(d) Slanting roof
(iii) Piranha	(g) Fish
(iv) Silkworm	(c) Sericulture
(v) Kaziranga	(a) Assam

Question 4.
Give reasons.
(i) The rainforests are depleting.
Answer:
The rainforests is depleting due to the developmental activities that are going at a fast speed. It is evaluated that a large region of the rainforest has been disappearing yearly in the basin. As a result, the top soils is washed away when the rain falls and the lush green forests turn into barren and empty landscape. Apart from this, setting up large scale industries after the clearing of forests.

(ii) Paddy is grown in the Ganga- Brahmaputra plains.
Answer:
Paddy cultivation needs sufficient water. The Ganga-Brahmaputra plains fulfills this condition hence paddy is grown in the Ganga- Brahmaputra plains.

Question 5.
Map Skills
(i) On an outline map of Indian Sub-continent, draw the rivers Ganga and Brahmaputra from the source to the mouth. Also show the important tributaries of both the rivers.
Answer:
Important tributaries of river Ganga: Yamuna, Gomti, Kosi, Damodar Important tributaries of river Brahmaputra: Teesta, Dibang,
Kolong, Lohit, Subansiri. Do it yourself.

(ii) On the political map of the South America, draw the equator. Mark the countries located on the equator.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

(For Fun)

Question 6.
Make a collage to show places of attractions in India. You can divide the class in different groups to show attractions based on mountain landscapes, coastal beaches, wildlife sanctuaries and places of historical importance.
Answer:
Students need to do it yourself.

Question 7.
Activity
Collect under mentioned material and observe how destruction of trees effect the soil cover.
Material

Three small flowerpots or food cans (e.g., cold drinks tin cans),
one big can with holes punched in the bottom (this will act as a sprinkling can),
twelve coins or bottle caps
soil.

Process:
Take three small cans or pots. Fill them with soil till the top. Press the soil to make it level with the top of the can. Now put four coins or bottle caps on the soil of each can. Take the big can that has been punched with holes and fill it with water. You can also take the sprinkling can from your garden. Now, sprinkle water on the three cans. On the first can sprinkle water very slowly so that no soil splashes out.

Let moderate amount of water be sprinkled on the second can. On the third can, sprinkle the water heavily. You will observe that unprotected soil splashes out. Where the ‘rain’ is heavy the amount of soil that splashes out is the maximum and least in case of the first can. The coins or caps represent the tree covers. It is clear that if the land is cleared completely of the vegetation, the soil cover will quickly disappear.
Answer:
Students need to do it by themselves under the guidance of teachers parents.

JAC Class 7th Geography Human Environment Interactions: The Tropical and the Subtropical Regions Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Through Delhi, the largest tributary of the Ganges passes. The city which join the river Ganga is
(a) Kanpur
(b) Patna
(c) Prayagraj
(d) Kolkata
Answer:
(c) Prayagraj

Question 2.
The major cities of India and Bangladesh which flank the Ganga- Brahmaputra delta are
(a) Patna and Dhaka
(b) Kolkata and Dhaka
(c) Patna and Faridpur
(d) Kolkata and Faridpur
Answer:
(b) Kolkata and Dhaka

Question 3.
The Ganges which joins the Brahmaputra in to form one of the largest river basins in the world.
(a) Nepal
(b) India
(c) China
(d) Bangladesh
Answer:
(d) Bangladesh

Question 4.
The most common food eaten by the Amazon people are
(a) Manioc
(b) Plum
(c) Passion fruit
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Manioc

Question 5.
The Amazon river basin encompasses the countries of Bolivia, Brazil, Columbia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.
river is not a tributary of the Amazon,
(a) Purus
(b) Songa
(c) Rio Negro
(d) Nile
Answer:
(b) Songa

Question 6.
……. is not situated on the banks of the river Ganga.
(a) Indore
(b) Kolkata
(c) Patna
(d) Varanasi
Answer:
(a) Indore

Question 7.
The animal which is not found in the rainforest is
(a) Sloth
(b) Jaguars
(c) Lions
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Lions

Question 8.
Climate found in the Amazon Basin is
(a) Hot and wet
(b) Extremely cold
(c) Hot and humid
(d) Extremely hot
Answer:
(a) Hot and wet

Question 9.
Piranha is a type of
(a) Bird
(b) Reptiles
(c) Insect
(d) Fish
Answer:
(d) Fish

Question 10.
Cash crops grown in the Ganga- Brahmaputra plain are
(a) Jute and sugarcane
(b) Sugarcane and maize
(c) Jute and maize
(d) Sugarcane and banana
Answer:
(a) Jute and sugarcane

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the cash crops that the rainforest people grow?
Answer:
The cash crops that the rainforest people grow are coffee, maize and cocoa.

Question 2.
What do you mean by bromeliads?
Answer:
The special plants that store water in their leaves are known as bromeliads. Animals such as frogs use these pockets of water for laying their eggs.

Question 3.
Name the crops which are grown in Ganga-Brahmaputra basin.
Answer:
The crops which are grown in Ganga- Brahmaputra basin are paddy, wheat, maize, sorghum, gram and millets. Cash crops like sugarcane and jute are also grown.

Question 4.
On which river, Taj Mahal is located?
Answer:
Taj Mahal is located on the banks of the river Yamuna.

Question 5.
What do you mean by population density?
Answer:
The number of persons that live in one sq. km. of area is known as population density.

Question 6.
What do you mean by ‘Maloca’?
Answer:
‘Maloca’ means large apartment-like houses with a steeply slanting roof.

Question 7.
Who discovered the Amazon River?
Answer:
A Spanish explorer named Francisco de Orellana discovered the Amazon River.

Question 8.
Define the river’s mouth.
Answer:
The river’s mouth is the place where a river flows into another body of water.

Question 9.
Where Ganga and Brahmaputra basin situated?
Answer:
The Ganga and Brahmaputra basin lies in the sub-tropical region that is situated between 10°N to 30°N latitudes.

Question 10.
Define tributaries.
Answer:
Tributaries are the small river that join the main river.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why the tropical region is called the equatorial region?
Answer:
The tropical region is called the equatorial region because this region lies very close to the equator between 10 degree north and 10 degree south.

Question 2.
Variety of fishes are found in the Amazon basin and Ganga- Brahmaputra basin. What are they?
Answer:
Variety of fishes are found, in the Amazon basin and Ganga-Brahmaputra basin. They are: Amazon Basin: Several species of fishes such as Pancake stingray, Electric eel, Blue shark, Armored catfish, flesh eating Piranha are found. Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin: The popular fishes are rohu, catla and hilsa. It is also the staple diet of the people residing there.

Question 3.
What are the main characteristics of Ganga-Brahmaputra basin?
Answer:
The Ganga and the Brahmaputra plains, the mountains and the foothills of the Himalayas and the Sundarbans delta are the main characteristics of the Ganga and the Brahmaputra basin.

Question 4.
In the Amazon Basin what type of natural vegetation is found?
Answer:
In the Amazon Basin region, it rains heavily and thick forests grow. The forests are so thick that the dense ‘roof’ created by leaves and branches does not allow the sunlight to reach the ground. Hence, the ground remains dark and damp. Only shade tolerant vegetation may grow here. Plant parasites grow such as orchids, bromeliads, etc.

Question 5.
What do people of the Amazon rainforest do?
Answer:
After clearing some trees in the forest, people grow most of their food in small regions. Men hunt and fish along the rivers and women take care of the crops. They mainly grow tapioca, pineapple and sweet potato. Due to uncertainty of hunting and fishing, so the women keep their families alive by feeding them the vegetables they grow. They practice ‘slash and bum agriculture’.

Question 6.
The life of the people of the Amazon basin is changing. How?
Answer:
Time is moving very fast and this has resulted in the change of the life style of the people everywhere around the world. The life of the people of the Amazon basin is also changing but not at a very fast speed. In the early days, it was difficult to reach the core of the forest. The Trans Amazon highway was made in 1970 where all parts of the rain forest accessible. Aircrafts and helicopters are also used for reaching various places and dense forests. The native people was pushed out from the area and forced to settle in new regions and places.

Question 7.
Explain the vegetation found in the Ganga-Brahtnaputra Basin.
Answer:
The vegetation of the Ganga- Brahmaputra Basin covers the area which varies according to the type of landforms. In the Ganga and Brahmaputra, plain tropical deciduous trees grow such as teak, sal and peepal. In the Brahmaputra plain, thick bamboo groves are very common. The delta region is covered with the mangrove forests. In some parts of Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh, coniferous trees like pine, deodar and fir can be found due to the climatic condition which is cool and the slopes are steep.

Question 8.
Explain in short the agricultural activities of the people in the Ganga- Brahmaputra Basin.
Answer:
The main occupation of the people in the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin is agriculture. The main crop cultivated is paddy. Apart from paddy the other crops which are grown are wheat, maize, sorghum, gram and millets. Cash crops such as sugarcane and jute are also grown. Banana plantations are found in some regions of the plain. In West Bengal and Assam, tea is grown in plantations. Silk is produced through the cultivation of silk worms in some parts of Bihar and Assam. In the mountains and hills, crops are grown on terraces where the slopes are gentle.

Question 9.
What is the indication and implication of devastation of rainforests?
Answer:
The indication of devastation of rainforests is that the top soil is washed away as the rain falls and the lush green forests turn into a barren and unproductive land.

Question 10.
Tourism is an important activity in the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin. How can we say that?
Answer:
Tourism is an important activity of the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin. Taj Mahal on the banks of River Yamuna in Agra, Prayagraj on the confluence of the Rivers Ganga and Yamuna and invisible Saraswati river, Buddhists stupas in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, Lucknow have its Imambara, Assam with Kaziranga and Manas wildlife sanctuaries and Arunachal Pradesh with a distinct tribal culture are few places worth a visit and to enjoy life.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Discuss in brief the wildlife living in the Ganga-Brahmaputra region or plain.
Answer:
There is a diversity and variety of wildlife found in the Ganga- Brahmaputra basin. The common animals which are found are elephants, monkeys, tigers, deers. Also, one- homed rhinoceros are found in the plain. In the delta region, crocodiles, alligators and Bengal tigers are found. Aquatic life flourish in the fresh river water, the lakes and the Bay of Bengal sea. The common and popular fish which are found are hilsa mainly in the fresh water of the river Ganga, rohu and catla and other fresh water fishes.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions