Prasanna

JAC Board Class 9th Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 3 Drainage

I. Objective Type Questions

1. The river system of an area is referred to as:
(a) Water flow
(b) Drainage
(c) Delta
(d) None of these,
Answer:
(b) Drainage

2. Indian river systems can be divided into how many groups?
(a) Three
(b) Four
(c) Six
(d) Two.
Answer:
(d) Two.

3. Most of the peninsular rivers discharge their water in:
(a) Indian Ocean
(b) Bay of Bengal
(c) Arabian Sea
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Bay of Bengal

4. Which of the following lakes in Rajasthan is a saltwater lake?
(a) Siliserh
(b) Jaisamand
(c) Pichola
(d) Sambhar.
Answer:
(d) Sambhar.

5. The Wular lake in Jammu and Kashmir is the result of which of the following activities?
(a) Rainfall
(b) Human activity
(c) Tectonic activity
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Tectonic activity

6. In which year was the Ganga Action Plan introduced?
(a) 1955
(b) 1947
(c) 1985
(d) 1995.
Answer:
(c) 1985

II. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is drainage?
Answer:
The term drainage describes the river system of an area.

Question 2.
What is a drainage basin?
Answer:
The area drained by a single river system is called a drainage basin.

Question 3.
Which river has the largest river basin in the world?
Answer:
The world’s largest drainage basin is that of the Amazon river.

Question 4.
Into how many categories are the Indian rivers divided?
Answer:
The Indian rivers are divided into two major groups:

1. The Himalayan rivers, and
2. The Peninsular rivers.

Question 5.
Name three major rivers, which originate beyond the Himalayas.
Answer:

1. Indus,
2. Satluj,
3. Brahmaputra river.

Question 6.
What do you understand by a river system?
Answer:
A group of a main river alongwith its tributaries is known as a river system.

Question 7.
From where the river Indus originates?
Answer:
The Indus rises in Tibet, near Lake Mansarovar.

Question 8.
What is the total length of the river Indus?
Answer:
2900 km.

Question 9.
Name the major rivers of the Indus river system.
Answer:
The Indus, the Satluj, the Jhelum, the Chenab, the Ravi and the Beas.

Question 10.
When was the Indus Water Treaty signed?
Answer:
In 1960.

Question 11.
How much percent of total Indus water can be used by India according to Indus Water Treaty?
Answer:
20 per cent.

Question 12.
Name the headwater of the Ganga.
Answer:
The Bhagirathi.

Question 13.
Where does the Bhagirathi join the Alaknanda?
Answer:
The Bhagirathi joins the Alaknanda at Devprayag in Uttarakhand.

Question 14.
Name the major tributaries of the Ganga.
Answer:
The Yamuna, the Ghaghara, the Gandak and the Kosi.

Question 15.
Which are the main tributaries of the Ganga that come from the Peninsular uplands?
Answer:
The Chambal, the Betwa and the Son.

Question 16.
Which river flows for the longest length in India?
Answer:
The Ganga river flows (2500 km) for the largest length in India.

Question 17.
Which is the northernmost point of the Ganga Delta?
Answer:
Farakka in West Bengal.

Question 18.
Name the largest delta of the world.
Answer:
Sunderban delta.

Question 19.
Which rivers form the Sunderban delta?
Answer:
The Ganga and the Brahmaputra.

Question 20.
By which name is the river Brahmaputra known in Tibet?
Answer:
Tsang Po.

Question 21.
What is the Sunderban famous for?
Answer:
Sunderban is famous for being the home of the Royal Bengal tiger.

Question 22.
Name four rivers rising in the Western Ghats.
Answer:

1. Godavari,
2. Krishna,
3. Kaveri,
4. Tungabhadra.

Question 23.
In which hills does the Narmada rise?
Or
From which place does the Narmada rises?
Answer:
The Narmada rises in the Amarkantak Hills in Madhya Pradesh.

Question 24.
Name the waterfall formed by the river Narmada.
Answer:
The Dhuadhar Falls.

Question 25.
Which is the largest river of the Peninsular India?
Or
Which river is also known as the ‘Dakshin Ganga’?
Answer:
The Godavari.

Question 26.
Name the main lagoon lakes of India.
Answer:
Chilika, Pulicat and Kolleru Lakes.

Question 28.
Which is the largest freshwater lake in India?
Answer:
The Wular lake (Jammu and Kashmir).

Question 29.
Which river s known as a perennial river?
Or
What are perennial rivers?
Answer:
perennial rivers are those which have water throughout the year.

Question 30.
The Satluj is a tributary of which river?
Answer:
The Satluj is a tributary of Indus River joining in Pakistan.

Question 31.
Where is the Sambhar Lake located? What is its use?
Sambhar Lake istuated near Jaipur in Rajasthan. Its water is used to produce salt.

Question 32.
From where does the Kaveri River originate?
Answer:
The Kaveri River originates from the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats.

III. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the drainage system of India through a line diagram.
Answer:

Question 2.
Mention any two features, of the Himalayan rivers.
Answer:
Two features of the Himalayan rivers are:

1. The Himalayan rivers have long courses from their source to the sea.
2. These rivers perform both erosional as well as depositional activities.

Question 3.
How do the Himalayan rivers perform erosional activities and form depositional features?
Answer:

1. In the upper course, rivers flow with great speed from higher to lower levels, causing erosion.
2. In the middle and the lower course, they carry lots of sediments like silt and sand. So, their speed slows down.
3. Besides, absence of slope in the lower course causes deposition and formation of various features.

Question 4.
Mention any two features of Peninsular rivers.
Answer:
Two features of Peninsular rivers are:

1. A large number of Peninsular rivers are seasonal, as their flow depends on rainfall.
2. Most of the Peninsular rivers originate in the Western Ghats and flow towards the Bay of Bengal.

Question 5.
Why do most of the Peninsular rivers drain into the Bay of Bengal?
Answer:
Most of the Peninsular rivers drain into the Bay of Bengal because:

1. The Eastern Ghats are lower than the Western Ghats. These are discontinuous, allowing the rivers easy passage to the Bay of Bengal.
2. The Deccan plateau has a gentle slope towards the East, which gives easier passage in that direction.

Question 6.
Distinguish between a tributary and a distributary.
Answer:
Difference between a tributary and a distributary:

Tributary	Distributary.
1. When a small stream joins a larger one, the smaller stream is known as the tributary of the larger one.	1. It is formed when a river is forced to break up into branches due to the deposition of sediments in its channel.
2. It can be found in any course of a river.	2. It is found in the lower course of a river.
3. It is useful for transportation and irrigation.	3. It provides a good network for transportation.
4. Example: Yamuna is a tributary of the Ganga.	4. Example: Padma is a distributary of the Ganga.

Question 7.
What do you know about Indus Water Treaty?
Answer:
Indus Water Treaty is a water-sharing treaty between India and Pakistan signed on 19th September, 1960. India can use only 20 percent of the total water carried by the Indus river system. This water is used for irrigation in Punjab, Haryana and Southern and the Western parts of Rajasthan.

Question 8.
Write a note on the Tapi basin.

1. The Tapi river originates from the sacred tank of Multai, in the Satpura ranges, in Betul district of Madhya Pradesh.
2. It is the second-largest, west-flowing river of Peninsular India.
3. The river flows in a rift valley parellel to the Narmada, but it is much shorter in length.
4. The Tapi forms an estuary before falling into the Gulf of Khambhat.
5. Its basin covers part of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra.

Question 9.
Write a short note on the Mahanadi basin.

1. The Mahanadi has its source in the highlands of Chhattisgarh.
2. The total length of the river is 860 kms.
3. It covers parts of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Odisha.
4. It drains into the Bay of Bengal.

Question 10.
Write a note on the Krishna basin.

1. The Krishna river rises near Mahabaleshwar in the Western Ghats.
2. It flows into the Bay of Bengal before forming a large delta.
3. Its length is about 1400 km.
4. The Bhima, the Tungabh ,fra, the Koyna and the Ghatprabha are its major tributanes.
5. It covers Maharashtr

Question 11.
What are the major causes of river pollution?
The major causes of river pollution are as follows:

1. The growing domestic, municipal, industrial and agricultural demand for water from rivers naturally affects the quality of water. As a result, more and more water is being drained out of the rivers, reducing their volume.
2. A heavy load of untreated sewage and industrial effluents are emptied into the rivers. This affects not only the quality of water, but also the self cleansing capacity of the river.
3. Increasing urbanisation and industrialisation is also responsible for increasing pollution level of many rivers.

Question 12.
Briefly explain the National-River Conservation Plan.
Answer:
The river cleaning programme in the country was initiated with the launching of the Ganga Action Plan in 1985. The Ganga Action Plan was expanded to cover other rivers, under the National River Conservation Plan launched in the year 1995. The objective of this programme is to improve the water quality of the rivers, which are the main water sources in the country, through the implementation of pollution control measures.

IV. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the Indus river system.

1. The Indus river system comprises of the Indus river and its five main tributaries The Jhelum, The Chenab, The Satluj, The Ravi and The Beas.
2. The Indus originates from the glaciers of the Kailash Range in Western Tibet near Mansarovar Lake.
3. It flows west and north-westwards and enters Indian territory in Ladakh.
4. It flows through Ladakh, Baltistan and Gilgit and emerges from the mountains at Attock. Here, it is joined by the Kabul river from Afghanistan.
5. With a total length of 2,900 kilometres, the Indus is considered as one of the longest rivers of the world.
6. The sharing of water by India and Pakistan is regulated by the Indus Water Treaty signed by both the countries.
7. It flows south-westwards across Pakistan to reach the Arabian Sea, east of Karachi.

Question 2.
Write a note on the Ganga river system.
Answer:
The Ganga river system includes the Ganga and its tributaries like the Yamuna, the Gomti, the Ghaghara, the Gandak, the Ramganga, the Mahaganga, the Son and the Kosi, etc.

1. The Ganga rises in Garhwal Himalayas in Uttarakhand at an altitude of about 6,000 metres.
2. The river acquires its name after its head-streams, Alaknanda and Bhagirathi
   which unite at Devaprayag.
3. Flowing south-westwards, the Ganga comes out of Himalayas near Haridwar and enters the plains.
4. The total length of the Ganga is 2,500 km.
5. Beyond Farakka, it flows south-eastwards into Bangladesh where it is known as Padma.
6. Before falling into Bay of Bengal, the Padma joins the Brahmaputra which is known as Jamuna and Meghna there. The delta formed by these rivers is known as the Sunderban delta.

Question 3.
Write the main characteristics of the Brahmaputra river system.
Answer:

1. The river Brahmaputra originates from Chenayungdung glacier near Mansarovar lake in the Kailash range of the Himalayas.
2. With a total length of 2900 km, it is one of the longest rivers of the world.
3. Throughout the whole journey, the river passes through Tibet, India and Bangladesh. The river is known as Tsang Po in Tibet.
4. Towards the end of its journey in Tibet, it takes a southwards turn near Namcha Barwa and enters Arunachal Pradesh as Dihang river. Traversing round the stairs of Garo hills, it bends southwards and enters Bangladesh near Dhubri. In Bangladesh, it is known as the Jamuna.
5. At Goalundo the Jamuna joins the Ganga and is jointly known as the Padma. About 100 km further downstream, the Padma is joined by the Meghna. The river Meghna forms a very broad estuary before pouring into the Bay of Bengal.
6. The Brahmaputra has a braided channel for most of its passage through Assam.
7. With its tributaries like the Dihang, the Lohit, etc. discharging enormous quantities of water and silt, the river causes disastrous floods in every monsoon.

Question 4.
Explain the main features of the Narmada basin.
Answer:
The main features of the Narmada basin are as follows:

1. This river originates from Amarkantak Hills in Madhya Pradesh and flows westwards through a rift valley between the Vindhya range to the North and the Satpura range to the South.
2. The total length of the river from source to mouth is about 1,312 km.
3. The Marble Rocks near Jabalpur where the Narmada flows through a deep gorge and the ‘Dhuadar falls’ where the river plunges over steep rocks are some of the picturesque locations formed by the Narmada.
4. During much of its journey, the Narmada flows through the troughs confined by precipitous hills which do not permit any large tributaries.
5. The river forms an estuary before entering the Gulf of Khambhat. There are several islands in the estuary of the Narmada.The Aliabet is the largest island of the river.
6. The Narmada basin covers parts of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat.

Question 5.
Explain the main features of the Godavari basin.
Answer:
The main features of the Godavari basin are as follows:

1. The Godavari is the longest river of the Peninsula.
2. It rises from the slopes of the Western Ghats in Nasik district of Maharashtra.
3. It is often referred as the Vridha Ganga or the Dakshin Ganga because of its large size and extent.
4. Its principal tributaries include the Parvara, the Purna, the Manjra, the Penganga, the Wainganga, the Wardha, the Pranhita, the Indravati, the Maner and the Sabari.
5. Its length is about 1500 km and the river drains into the Bay of Bengal.
6. The basin covers parts of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.

Question 6.
Write a note on the Kaveri basin.
Answer:

1. The Kaveri is the most reverred and sacred river of South India.
2. The source of this river lies at Talakaveri on the Brahmagiri range of hills in the Western Ghats.
3. Total length of the river is about 760 km.
4. It flows Eastwards and it reaches the Bay of Bengal south of Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu.
5. The river is unique because it receives rainfall during summer as well as winter.
6. Its main tributaries are Amravati, Bhavani, Hemavati and Kabini.
7. Its basin drains parts of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

Question 7.
Write a detailed note on the lakes of India.
Or
Lakes are of great value to human beings: Explain the statement with three examples.
Answer:
A lake is the depression filled with water on the Earth’s surface and is entirely surrounded by land. Even after being such a large country, India has comparatively fewer natural lakes. Following are the major types of lakes found in India:
1. Freshwater Lakes:
Most of the freshwater lakes are in the Himalayan region. They are of glacial origin. A glacier is one of the important agents of erosion. The erosive process of glaciers can create U-shaped valleys, and the irregular surface of a glaciated lowland in which water can accumulate. Dal lake, Bhimtal, Nainital, Loktak and Barapani are some of the important freshwater lakes of India.

2. Lakes of Tectonic Origin:
Folding and faulting produce hollows in the Earth’s crust. These hollows may contain either salt or fresh water. The Wular Lake in Jammu and Kashmir is the result of tectonic activity.

3. Saltwater Lake:
Any lake that has no natural drainage outlet, either as a surface stream or as a sustained sub-surface flow, will become saline. The Sambhar in the desert region of Rajasthan is a saltwater lake, and its water is used for producing salt.

4. Man-made Lakes or Artificial Lakes:
In order to harness water for generation of hydel power, to provide irrigation water to crops and to provide drinking water to urban places, a number of lakes have been constructed. Gobind Sagar and Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar are the two most important man-made lakes of India.

Importance of Lakes:

1. Lakes help to regulate the flow of river. During heavy rainfall, they prevent flooding, and during the dry season, they help to maintain an even flow of water.
2. Lakes can also be used for developing hydropower.
3. They moderate the climate of the surroundings, maintain the aquatic ecosystem and enhance natural beauty.
4. They help to develop tourism and provide recreation.

Question 8.
Describe the role of rivers in the national economy.
Or
Rivers have been of fundamental importance throughout human history. Justify the statement.
Answer:
1. Development of Civilisations:
Rivers have played a vital role in the development of civilisations. Most of the ancient civilisations like Indus, Aztec, etc. developed around the rivers. Rivers have been of fundamental importance throughout human history. The banks of the rivers have witnessed great cultural and economic progress since ancient times. Water is a basic natural resource, essential for all human activities,

2. Development of Agriculture:
Rivers and their associated alluvial soil provide the most productive agricultural lands of the country. The Ganga-Brahmaputra basin has been formed by the two great rivers. Irrigation from rivers has been the backbone of the development of Indian agriculture.

3. Settlement:
Their valleys contains dense and concentrated settlements. Most of the large cities are located on river banks. The rivers not only provide us essential water supplies, but they also receive, dilute and transport wastes from settlements.

4. Industrial Development:
Industrial development has flourished along rivers as many industrial processes rely on water as a raw material, as a coolant and for the generation of hydro electricity.

5. Means of Transportation:
Rivers provide primary channels of inland transportation, not only directly in the form of navigable waterways, but also indirectly through their valleys, where roads, railway lines and other routes are built.

Question 1.
On an outline map of India mark the rivers and lakes of India.
Answer:
(a) The Himalayan River System: The Indus, The Ganga and The Satluj.
(b) The Peninsular River: The Narmada, The Tapi, The Kaveri, The Krishna, The Godavri, The Mahanadi

1. Lakes: Wular, Pulicat, Sambhar, Chilika, Vembanad, Kolleru.
2. Mountain Peaks: K2, Kanchanjunga, Anai Mudi
3. Coastal Plains: Konkan, Malabar, Coromandel & Northern Circar (Location & Labelling)

JAC Class 9 Social Science Important Questions

JAC Board Class 9th Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 2 Physical Features of India

I. Objective Type Questions

1. Which of the following represents the loftiest and one of the most rugged mountain barriers of the world?
(a) Aravali range
(b) Hindukush
(c) Himalayan mountains
(d) Kunlun mountains.
Answer:
(c) Himalayan mountains

2. The Himalayan mountains form and cover a distance of:
(a) 2510 km
(b) 1750 km
(c) 2400 km
(d) 2100 km.
Answer:
(c) 2400 km

3. Which of the following parts of India is agriculturally a productive part of India:
(a) Indian desert
(b) Northern plains
(c) Peninsular plateau
(d) Coastal plains.
Answer:
(b) Northern plains

4. Which of the following in the Brahmaputra river is the largest inhabited riverine island in the world?
(a) Andamans
(b) Lakshadweep
(c) Majuli
(d) Nicobar
Answer:
(c) Majuli

5. The Indian Desert lies towards the western margins of the :
(a) Aravalli Hills
(b) Shiwalik Hills
(c) Garo Hills
(d) Jointia Hills
Answer:
(a) Aravalli Hills

II. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How many physiographic divisions can India be divided into?
Answer:
India can be divided into the following physiographic divisions—

1. The Himalayan Mountains,
2. The Northern Plains,
3. The Peninsular Plateau,
4. The Indian Desert,
5. The Coastal Plains,
6. The Islands.

Question 2.
Name the highest mountain range of the world.
Answer:
The Himalayas.

Question 3.
Write the expansion of the Himalayas.
Answer:
The Himalayas mountain ranges run in a West-East direction from the Indus to the Brahmaputra.

Question 4.
Which is the northern-most range of the Himalayas?
Answer:
The Himadri.

Question 5.
Which range of Himalayas is the most continuous range?
Answer:
The Northern-most range which is also known as Himadri or inner Himalayas is the most continuous range of Himalayas.

Question 6.
Name the most rugged range of the Himalayas.
Answer:
The Himachal.

Question 7.
Name the sub-ranges of the Himachal Himalayas.
Answer:
The sub-ranges are named as (i) Pir Panjal, (ii) Dhauladhar and (iii) Mahabharat.

Question 8.
What is the variation in height in the Shiwalik mountain range ? .
Answer:
The height of the Shiwalik mountain range varies from 900 to 1100 metres.

Question 9.
What are Shiwalik ranges made of?
Answer:
Shiwalik ranges are composed of unconsolidated sediments brought down by rivers from the main Himalayan ranges.

Question 10.
Name the longitudinal divisions of the Himalayas.
Answer:

1. Punjab Himalayas,
2. Kumaon Himalayas,
3. Nepal Himalayas,
4. Assam Himalayas.

Question 11.
By which rivers the northern-most boundary of the Himalayas formed?
Answer:
The Brahmaputra.

Question 12.
By which name are the mountains spread along the eastern boundary of India- known?
Answer:
Purvachal.

Question 13.
Name the hills running through the Purvachal.
Answer:

1. Patkai,
2. Naga,
3. Mizo,
4. Manipur Hills.

Question 14.
Name the river system that forms the northern plains.
Answer:
The Northern plains are formed by the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra river systems.

Question 15.
Which is the largest riverine island in the world?
Answer:
Majuli, in the Brahmaputra river, is the largest riverine island in the world.

Question 16.
What do you mean by the word ‘Doab’?
Answer:
‘Doab’ is made up of two words ‘do’, meaning ‘two’ and ‘ab’, meaning ‘water’. Thus, ‘Doab’ means a part between two rivers.

Question 17.
Into how many sections are the northern plains divided?
Answer:

1. The Punjab Plain,
2. The Ganga Plain,
3. The Brahmaputra Plain.

Question 18.
What is Bhabar?
Answer:
The plains formed by the rivers, after descending from the mountains deposit pebbles in a narrow belt lying parallel to the slopes of the Shiwaliks are known as Bhabar.

Question 19.
What is Terai?
To the south of Bhabar belt, the streams and rivers re-emerge and create a wet, swampy and marshy region known as Terai.

Question 20.
The peninsular plateau can be divided into how many divisions?
Answer:
The peninsular plateau can be divided into two divisions

1. The Central Highlands,
2. Deccan Plateau.

Question 21.
How are the Northern Plains and Peninsular Plateau formed?
Answer:
The Northern Plains are formed by the alluvial deposits, while the Peninsular Plateau is formed by igneous and metamorphic rocks.

Question 22.
Which is the ancient landmass of India?
Answer:
Peninsular region.

Question 23.
Name the North-East extensions of the Deccan Plateau.

1. Meghalaya,
2. Karbi-Anglong Plateau,
3. North Cachar hills.

Question 24.
Which is the highest peak in the Western Ghats?
Answer:
Anai Mudi is the highest peak in Western Ghats. Its height is 2695 metres.

Question 25.
Which is the highest peak in the Eastern Ghats?
Answer:
Mahendragiri is the highest peak in the Eastern Ghats. Its height is 1501 metres.

Question 26.
Name the hills that lie at the junction of Eastern and Western Ghats?
Answer:
The Nilgiri Hills in Tamil Nadu lie at the junction of Eastern and Western Ghats.

Question 27.
Which part of the plateau contains black soil of volcanic origin?
Answer:
The Western part of plateau known as the Deccan trap contains black soil of volcanic origin.

Question 28.
What is the Deccan Trap?
Answer:
The black soil area of the western peninsular plateau is known as Deccan Trap.

Question 29.
Where are the Aravali Hills located?
Answer:
The Aravali Hills lie on the Western and North-Western margins of the peninsular plateau.

Question 30.
Which desert is located on the western margin of the Aravali Hills?
Answer:
The Indian Desert (Thar Desert) lies towards the western margins of the Aravali Hills.

Question 31.
Which Indian coastal part is called Konkan?
Answer:
The nor’ hern part of the Indian Western Coast is known as Konkan.

Question 32.
What is the southern part of the Western Coastal Plains known as?
Answer:
The southern part of the Western Costal Plains is known as Malabar.

Question 33.
Name two sections of the eastern Coastal Strips.

1. The Northern Circar,
2. The Coromandel Coast.

Question 34.
Where is the Chilika Lake located? Why is it famous?
Answer:
The Chilika Lake lies in the state of Odisha, to the South of the Mahanadi delta. It is the largest salt-water lake in India.

Question 35.
By which name were the Lakshadweep islands known earlier?
Answer:
Earlier, the Lakshadweep islands were known as Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindive.

Question 36.
Where is the administrative headquarters of Lakshadeweep situated?
Answer:
Kavaratti island.

Question 37.
Where is India’s only active volcano located?
India’s only active volcano is found on Barren island in Andaman and Nicobar group of Islands.

Question 38.
What are Corals?
Answer:
Coral polyps are short-lived microscopic organisms which live in colonies in shallow, mudfree and warm water.

Question 39.
What makes up the habitat in which Coral polyps flourish?
Answer:
Coral polyps flourish in a habitat consisting of shallow warm water which does not have mud. This kind of habitat is found in Lakshadweep.

Question 40.
Where is the Great Barrier Reef located?
Answer:
Australia.

Question 41.
What are Barchans?
Answer:
Barchans are crescent-shaped dunes which cover larger area of deserts. They are found in the Indian desert, mainly in Jaisalmer and and near Indo-Pak boundary.

III. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write any four features of the Himalayan mountains.
Answer:
Following are the four features of the Himalayan mountains:

1. The Himalayas are a geologically young and structurally fold mountains.
2. The Himalayas act like a natural wall to keep the fertile Indo-Gangetic plains safe from the cold winds coming from Central Asia.
3. The Himalayas are source to perennial rivers like the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.
4. The Himalayas are lofty and impassable natural barriers on the Northern border of India.

Question 2.
Why are the Himalayas called young fold mountains?
Answer:
Himalayas are called young fold mountains because:

1. These are young in age compared to several other mountains.
2. They are made of at least three major folds or parallel ranges, e.g. Himadri, Himachal and Shiwaliks.
3. They are characterised by high peaks, gorges, I-shaped valleys, glaciers and steep slopes, which indicate that the mountains are still developing.

Question 3.
Describe the Himadri.
Answer:
The Himadri or the Great or the Inner Himalayas:

1. These are the Northern-most ranges of the Himalayas.
2. The average elevation of the Himadri is more than 6,000 m above the sea level.
3. They contain some of the world’s highest peaks, like, Mt. Everest (8,848 m) in Nepal “,nd Kanchenjunga (8,598 m) in India. Nanga Parbat (8,126 m) and Nanda Devi t ,817m) are the other two important Himalayan peaks in India.
4. The G igotri and the Yamunotri glaciers which gave birth to the Ganga and the Ya mna rivers respectively are located here.

Question 4.
Describe the Middle Himalayas.
Answer:
The Himachal or the Middle Himalayas:

1. Mountains lying to the South of the Himadri are known as Middle or lesser Himalayas or the Himachal.
2. They have an average height of 3,700 m to 4,500 m above the sea level and extend over a width of 50 km.
3. The ranges are mainly composed of highly compressed and altered rocks.
4. All the important hill stations such as Dalhousie, Dharmshala, Shimla Mussoorie, Nainital and Darjeeling lie in this range.
5. pir Panjal, Dhaula Dhar and Mahabharat ranges are its most important range:

Question 5.
Describe the Shiwaliks.
Answer:
The Shiwaliks or the Outer Himalayas:

1. It is the Southern-most range of the Himalayas.
2. The average altitude of Shiwalik-range varies between 900 m and 1,100 m above the sea level and extend over a width of 10-50 km.
3. This range is made of unconsolidated material such as mud, silt, and soft rocks and is prone to earthquake and landslides.
4. Some narrow valleys are found between Shiwaliks and Himachal. They are called ‘duns’. Example Dehradun.

Question 6.
Describe the divisions of the Himalayas from west to east along with Purvachal hills.
Answer:
On the basis of the location, Himalayas can be divided as follows:
1. Western Himalayas (Punjab Himalayas):
The Western section lying between the Indus and the Sutlej is known as the Punjab Himalayas. It covers a large part of Jammu and Kashmir and a part of Himachal Pradesh. They are made up of Ladakh, Zaskar and Pir Panjal ranges.

2. Central Himalayas (Kumaon Himalayas):
The section between the Sutlej and the Kali is known as Kumaon Himalayas. They extend through the state of Uttarakhand in India, and Nepal.

3. Eastern Himalayas (Nepal Himalayas):
The section between the Kali and the Teesta is known as the Nepal Himalayas.

4. Assam Himalayas (Purvachal):
The section between Teesta and Dihang (Tsang po) is known as the Assam Himalayas. They are made up of Patkai, Naga and Mizo Hills. These hills are mainly composed of strong sandstones.

Question 7.
State any three differences-between the Himadri range and Shiwalik range. The differences between Himadri and Shiwalik ranges are:

Features	Himadri Range	Shiwalik Range
1. Location	This is the Northern-most and inner most range of Himalayas.	This is the outermost range of Himalayas.
2. Composition	The core of this part of Himalayas is composed of granite.	This range is composed of uncon-solidated sediment brought down by rivers from the main Himalayan ranges.
3. Altitude	The average altitude of this range is 6000 metres.	The average altitude varies from 900 to 1100 metres.

Question 8.
Make a comparison between the Himachal Himalayas and the Shiwalik based on the following:

1. Composition,
2. Altitude.

Answer:
The comparison between the Himachal Himalayas and the Shiwaliks on the given basis is as follows:

Mountain Range	Composition	Altitude
1. Himachal Himalayas	It is the most rugged mountain system of the Himalayas. It is composed of highly compressed and altered rocks.	It lies south of the Himadri with height varying from 3700 to 4500 metres.
2. Shiwaliks	The composition of Shiwalik is of unconsolidated sediments i.e. thick gravel and alluvium brought down by the Himalayan rivers.	This is the outermost range of the Himalayas with height varying between 900 and 1100 metres.
Mountain Range	Composition	Altitude

Question 9.
Describe the formation of plains.
Answer:

1. To the south of the Himalayas, a basin or depression was formed.
2. It was gradually filled with the alluvium brought by the rivers from north and South.
3. The North Indian Plain was thus followed between the Himalayas and the Peninsular Plateau.

Question 10.
Describe three broad sections of the Northern Plains.
Answer:
1. Punjab Plains:
The Western part of the Northern Plains is referred to as the Punjab plains. It is formed by the river Indus and its tributaries. The larger part of this plain lies in Pakistan. This section of the plain is dominated by the doabs.

2. Ganga Plain:
The Ganga plain extends between Ghaggar and Teesta rivers. It spreads over the states of North India Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

3. Brahmaputra Plain:
This plain lies in Assam and partly in Jharkhand and West Bengal.

Question 11.
Describe the divisions of the Northern Plains on the basis of the differences in the relief.
Or
Explain the diverse relief features of the Northen Plains.
Answer:
On the basis of the differences in the relief, the plain is divided into four sections :
1. Bhabar:
It is a narrow belt covered with pebbles lying along the foot of the Shiwaliks from the Indus to the Teesta. They are laid down by numerous streams descending down the hills. This belt is about 8 to 16 km in width.

2. Terai:
It is wet and marshy. It has a thick forest and a variety of wildlife.

3. Bhangar:
It is composed of older alluvium. It is formed higher up in the plains at river terraces. It is less fertile as compared to Khadar.

4. Khadar:
It is composed of newer alluvium. It is formed in the lower levels in the Plains near the river. It is very fertile.

Question 12.
Discuss the importance of the Northern Plains.
Answer:
The importance of the Northern Plains:

1. With their fertile alluvial soils, flat surface, slow moving perennial rivers and favourable climate, the Great Plains of North India are of great economic and social significance.
2. The fertile soil and ample water resources have made these plains a rich agricultural land. These plains are known as the granaries of India.
3. The plains have a good network of roads and railways which has led to large scale industrialisation of the region.
4. As the region has sufficient employment opportunities, so the density of population is high. More than 50% of the total population of India lives in these plains.
5. The Northern plains is the site where the ancient civilization of Mohenjo da and Harappa developed

Question 13.
Write the main characteristics of the Central Highland.
Answer:
The Central Highlands of the Peninsular plateau lie to the north of the river Narmada.

1. These are flanked by the Aravallis in the north-west, and consists of Malwa plateau, Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand plateau and the Chhota Nagpur plateau bound by Rajmahal Hills in the North-East. Its southern boundary is formed by the Vindhyas.
2. The Central Highlands are made of hard, igneous and metamorphic rocks.
3. The Central Highlands are drained by the Southern tributaries of Ganga and

Question 14.
Write a short note on‘Corals’.
Or
What are the types of corals?
Or
How are coral reefs formed? Describe the main features of the islands group which are of coral origin.
Answer:
Corals are short-lived microscopic organisms which live in colonies. They flourish in shallow, mud-free and warm waters. They secrete calcium carbonate. The coral secretion and their skeletons form coral deposits as reefs.
These roofs are mainly of three kinds:

1. Barrier Reef,
2. Fringing Reef,
3. Atolls.

Atolls are circular or horse shoe-shaped coral reefs. In India, Lakshadweep Islands are of coral origin. They cover a small area of 32 sq. km. Karavatti is the administrative headquarters of Lakshadweep. This island group has great diversity of flora and fauna. The uninhabited Pitti island has a bird sanctuary.

IV. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the three longitudinal divisions of the Himalayas. Write the main features of each.
Or
Describe the major divisions of the Himalayas from North to South.
Or
Name the three parallel ranges of Himalayas. Write the major characteristics of each.
Answer:
The longitudinal divisions/parallel ranges/major divisions of the Himalayas are as follows:
1. Himadri

1. The northern most range is called the Great or Inner Himalayas.
2. It is the highest range with an average height of 6000 m.
3. It contains all the prominent Himalayan peaks.
4. The folds of Great Himalayas are assymetrical in nature. The core of this part of the Himalayas is composed of granite.

2. Himachal

1. It is known as the Lesser Himalayas.
2. It lies to the south of Himachal and forms the most rugges mountain system.
3. The altitude varies between 3700 and 4500 metres and width is 50 km.
4. This range consists of the famous valley of Kashmir and the Kangra Valley and Kullu Valley in Himanchal Pradesh.

3. Shiwaliks

1. The outermost range of the Himalayas is known as the Shiwaliks.
2. The Shiwaliks extend over a width of 10 to 50 km and have an altitude varying between 900 to 1100 m.
3. This range is composed of unconsolidated sediments brought down by rivers from the main Himalayan ranges located further North.
4. The valleys are covered with thick gravel and alluvium.

Question 2.
What are the uses of the Himalayas to India?
Answer:
Uses of the Himalayas to India: The Himalayas are beneficial for India in the following ways:

1. The Himalayas are a physical wall protecting the Indian sub-continent from the rest of Asia. In the past, they stood as indestructible barriers against the aggressors from the North. This helped India to maintain its identity.
2. The Himalayas act as a climatic barrier for the Indian sub-continent. They shield India from the cold, bleak winds coming from the Central Asia.
3. The Himalayas also compel rain-bearing monsoon winds to shed bulk of their moisture in the Northern mountains and Northern plains.
4. The Himalayas are snow-covered mountains having many glaciers also. These serve as a source of big perennnial rivers. These rivers have made the Indo-Gangetic plains very fertile. They are important for irrigation, navigation and generation of hydroelectric power.
5. The Himalayas are also home to rich and varied flora and fauna. They are also a storehouse of numerous medicinal herbs.

Question 3.
Describe the Deccan Plateau.
Answer:

1. The part of the Peninsular plateau extending to south of the Vindhyas is called the Deccan plateau.
2. It is triangular in shape. It is at its widest in the North and goes on tapering as we move towards the South.
3. The Satpura ranges and Mahadeo Hills form its northern edge.
4. It is flanked by the Western Ghats in the West and the Eastern Ghats on the east.
5. The Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats meet to form Nilgiri Mountains along the border of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
6. The North-Western part of the Deccan plateau is made up of volcanic lava and is known for its black or regur soil.
7. Unlike the Western Ghats, the Eastern Ghats are discontinuous and broken by long rivers.
8. This plateau is drained by east-flowing rivers – Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri.

Question 4.
Write the main characteristics of the Western and Eastern Coastal Plains.
Answer:
The main characteristics of the Eastern Coastal Plains are:

1. This plain is located between the Eastern Ghats and the coast of Bay of Bengal.
2. It is a comparatively broader plain with a average width of around 80-100 km.
3. In the Northern part, it is referred to as the Northern Gircar, while the Southern part is known as the Coromandel Coast.
4. Large rivers such as the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri have formed extensive deltas in this coast.
5. Lake Chilika is an important feature of this coast.
6. Tuticorin, Chennai, Paradweep, Vishakhapatnam are the major ports of this region.

Question 5.
Write a detailed note on the Lakshadweep and the Andaman and Nicobar islands of India.
The Island Groups of India: The Lakshadweep, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands are the main island groups of India.
The Lakshadweep Islands:

1. The Lakshadweep is located 300 km west coast of Kerala in the Arabian Sea.
2. The Lakshadweep Islands are a group of 36 islands.
3. The Lakshadweep Islands were formerly known as Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindive Islands. They were renamed as Lakshadweep in 1973.
4. The Lakshadweep is the smallest Union Territory in terms of area.
5. Kavaratti Island is the headquarters of Lakshadweep Islands.

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands:

1. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands group is located in the Bay of Bengal.
2. The Southernmost point of India, called the Indira Point, is located in the Great Nicobar Island.
3. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands consist of as many as 200 islands.
4. The Nicobar group consists of 19 islands which are fairly large and more in number than the Lakshadweep Islands.
5. India’s only active volcano erupted on Barren Island in the Andamans on 10th April, 1991.
   The Andaman and Nicobar alongwith the Lakshadweep Islands are known for their great diversity of flora and fauna.

Question 6.
“Physiographic divisions of India are complementary to each other”. Comment the above statement.
Answer:
The Indian sub-continent consists of three structural components:

1. The Great Mountain Wall of the North,
2. The Northern Plains and
3. The Great Peninsular Plateau.

The three geographical physical divisions of India are complementary to each other and have contributed to the growth of the Indian sub-continent as an independent economic entity. The Great Mountain Wall of the North in the form of Himalayas, has provided shelter to the sub-continent against aggression. The snow covering these lofty mountains are big reservoirs of water.

The Northern Plains are sea-level fertile plains. They are well-watered by rains and possess very good irrigation facilities. They are known as the granary of India and support a very large population of India. The Great Peninsular Plateau is the stable block. It is the storehouse of various minerals like iron ore, manganese, mica, bauxite and coal. Rice1 cotton and spices are also produced in large quantities in these regions. The partially-enclosed character of the sub-continent has helped it to evolve a culture of its own.

Question 1.
Physical Features of India
1. Mountain Ranges: The Karakoram, the Zaskar, the Shivalik, the Aravali, the Vindhya, the Satpura, Western & Eastern Ghats

2. Mountain Peaks: K2, Kanchanjunga, Anai Mudi

3. Coastal Plains: Konkan, Malabar, Coromandel & Northern Circar (Location & Labelling)
Answer:

JAC Class 9 Social Science Important Questions

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Shemushi Chapter 8 विचित्रः साक्षी Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

JAC Board Class 10th Sanskrit Solutions Shemushi Chapter 8 विचित्रः साक्षी

JAC Class 10th Sanskrit विचित्रः साक्षी Textbook Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
एकपदेन उत्तरं लिखत। (एक शब्द में उत्तर लिखिये)
(क) कीदृशे प्रदेशे पदयात्रा न सुखावहा?
(कैसे प्रदेश में पदयात्रा सुखद नहीं होती?)
(ख) अतिथिः केन प्रबुद्धः?
(अतिथि किससे जाग गया?)
(ग) कृशकायः कः आसीत्?
(कृशकाय कौन था?)
(घ) न्यायाधीश: कस्मै कारागार दण्डम् आदिष्टवान् ?
(न्यायाधीश ने किसके लिये कारागार दण्ड का आदेश दिया)
(ङ) कं निकषा मृत शरीरेण आसीत्?
(किसके निकट मृत शरीर था?)
उत्तराणि :
(क)विजने प्रदेश
(ख) चौरस्य पादध्वनिना
(ग) अभियुक्तः
(घ) आरक्षिणे
(ङ) राजमार्गम्।

प्रश्न 2.
अधोलिखितानां प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि संस्कृतभाषया लिखत –
(निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर संस्कृत भाषा में लिखिए)
(क) निर्धनः जनः कथं वित्तम् उपार्जितवान् ?
(निर्धन व्यक्ति ने कैसे धन कमाया?)
उत्तरम् :
निर्धनः जनः भूरि परिश्रम्य वित्तम् उपार्जितवान्।
(निर्धन व्यक्ति ने पर्याप्त परिश्रम करके धन अर्जित किया।)

(ख) जनः किमर्थं पदातिः गच्छति ?
(व्यक्ति किसलिए पैदल चलता है ?)
उत्तरम् :
जनः परमर्थकार्येन पीडितः बसयानं विहाय पदातिरेव गच्छति।
(व्यक्ति अत्यधिक.धनाभाव से पीड़ित हुआ बस को छोड़कर पैदल ही जाता है।)

(ग) प्रसते निशान्धकारे सः किम अचिन्तयत?
(रात का अँधेरा फैल जाने पर उसने क्या सोचा ?)
उत्तरम् :
सोऽचिन्तयत् यत् निशान्धकारे प्रसृते विजने प्रदेशे पदयात्रा न शुभावहा।
(उसने सोचा कि रात्रि का अन्धकार फैल जाने पर निर्जन प्रदेश में पैदल यात्रा कल्याणकारी नहीं होती।)

(घ) वस्तुतः चौरः कः आसीत् ?
(वास्तव में चोर कौन था ?)
उत्तरम् :
वस्तुतः चौरः आरक्षी आसीत्।
(वास्तव में चोर चौकीदार था।)

(ङ) जनस्य क्रन्दनं निशम्य आरक्षी किमुक्तवान् ?
(व्यक्ति के रुदन को सुनकर चौकीदार ने क्या कहा?)
उत्तरम् :
‘रे दुष्ट! तस्मिन् दिने त्वयाऽहम् चोरितायाः मञ्जूषायाः ग्रहणात् वारितः। इदानीं निज कृत्यस्य फलं भुव। अस्मिन् चौर्याभियोगे त्वं वर्षत्रयस्य कारादण्डं लप्स्यसे।’
(‘अरे दुष्ट! उस दिन तूने मुझे चुराई गई पेटी ले जाने से रोका था। अब अपने किये हुए का फल भोग। इस चोरी के आरोप में तीन वर्ष का कारावास भोगेगा।’)

(च) मतिवैभवशालिनः दुष्कराणि कार्याणि कथं साधयन्ति ?
(बुद्धिमान् लोग कठिन कार्यों को कैसे साधते हैं ?)
उत्तरम् :
मतिवैभवशालिनः दुष्कराणि कार्याणि नीतिं युक्तिं समालम्ब्य लीलयैव साधयन्ति।
(बुद्धिमान् लोग कठोर कर्मों को भी नीति और युक्ति का सहारा लेकर खेल ही खेल में साध लेते हैं।)

प्रश्न 3.
रेखांकितपदमाधृत्य प्रश्ननिर्माणं कुरुत –
(रेखांकित पदों के आधार पर प्रश्न-निर्माण कीजिए -)
(क) पुत्रं द्रष्टुं सः प्रस्थितः।
(पुत्र को देखने के लिए वह प्रस्थान कर गया।)
उत्तरम् :
कं द्रष्टुं सः प्रस्थितः ?
(किसको देखने के लिए वह प्रस्थान कर गया ?)

(ख) करुणापरो गृही तस्मै आश्रयं प्रायच्छत्।
(दया गृहस्वामी ने उसके लिए आश्रय प्रदान किया।)
उत्तरम् :
करुणापरो गृही कस्मै आश्रयं प्रायच्छत् ?
(दया गृहस्वामी ने किसके लिए आश्रय प्रदान किया ?)

(ग) चौरस्य पादध्वनिना अतिथिः प्रबुद्धः।
(चोर की पदचाप से अतिथि जागा।)
उत्तरम् :
कस्य पादध्वनिना अतिथिः प्रबुद्धः ?
(किसके पदचाप से अतिथि जागा ?)

(घ) न्यायाधीश: बंकिमचन्द्रः आसीत्।
(न्यायाधीश बंकिमचन्द्र था।)
उत्तरम् :
न्यायाधीशः कः आसीत् ?
(न्यायाधीश कौन था ?)

(ङ) सः भारवेदनया क्रन्दति स्म।
(वह वजन की पीड़ा से रोने लगा।)
उत्तरम् :
सः कया क्रन्दति स्म ?
(वह किससे रोने लगा ?)

(च) उभौ शवं चत्वरे स्थापितवन्तौ।
(दोनों ने शव चौराहे पर रख दिया।)
उत्तरम् :
उभौ शवं कुत्र स्थापितवन्तौ ?
(दोनों ने शव कहाँ रख दिया ?)

प्रश्न 4.
यथानिर्देशमुत्तरत –
(निर्देशानुसार उत्तर दीजिए)
(क) आदेशं प्राप्य उभौ अचलताम्’ अत्र किं कर्तृपदम्?
(यहाँ कर्तृपद क्या है?)
उत्तरम् :
उभौ (दोनों)।

(ख) एतेन आरक्षिणा अध्वनि यदुक्तं तदवर्णयामि? अत्र ‘मार्गे’ इत्यर्थे किं पदं प्रयुक्तम्?
उत्तरम् :
अध्वनि (मार्ग में)।

(ग) ‘करुणापरो गृही तस्मै आश्रय प्रायच्छत्’ अत्र ‘तस्मै ‘ इति सर्वनाम पदं कस्मै प्रयुक्तम्?
(यहाँ ‘तस्मै’ सर्वनाम किसके लिये प्रयोग किया गया है? यहाँ ‘मार्गे ‘अर्थ में किस पद का प्रयोग किया गया है?)
उत्तरम् :
अतिथये (अतिथि के लिए)।

(घ) ‘ततोऽसौ तौ अग्रिमे दिने उपस्थातुम् आदिष्टवान्’ अस्मिन् वाक्ये किं क्रियापदम्?
(इस वाक्य में क्रियापद क्या है?)
उत्तरम् :
आदिष्टवान् (आदेश दिया)।

(ङ) ‘दुष्कराण्यपि कर्माणि मतिवैभवशालिना?’ अत्र विशेष्य पदं किम्? (यहाँ विशेष्य पद क्या है?)
उत्तरम् :
कर्माणि (कर्म विशेष्य है)।

प्रश्न 5.
सन्धि/सन्धिविच्छेदं च कुरुत (सन्धि/सन्धि-विच्छेद कीजिए) –
(क) पदातिरेव = ………….. + ……………
(ख) निशान्धकारे = …………. + …………
(ग) अभि + आगतम् = ……………………
(घ) भोजन + अन्ते = ………………………
(ङ) चौरोऽयम् = …………….. + …………
(च) गृह + अभ्यन्तरे = ………………….
(छ) लीलयैव = ………….. + ………..
(ज) यदुक्तम् = ………….. + ………..
(झ) प्रबुद्धः + अतिथिः = …………………।
उत्तरम् :
(क) पदातिरेव = पदातिः + एव
(ख) निशान्धकारे = निशा + अन्धकारे
(ग) अभि + आगतम् = अभ्यागतम्
(घ) भोजन + अन्ते = भोजनान्ते
(ङ) चौरोऽयम् = चौरः + अयम्
(च) गृह + अभ्यन्तरे = गृहाभ्यन्तरे
(छ) लीलयैव = लीलया + एव
(ज) यदुक्तम् = यत् + उक्तम्
(झ) प्रबुद्धः + अतिथिः = प्रबुद्धोऽतिथिः।

प्रश्न 6.
अधोलिखितानि पदानि भिन्न-भिन्नप्रत्ययान्तानि सन्ति। तानि पृथक् कृत्वा निर्दिष्टानां प्रत्ययानामधः लिखत –
(निम्नलिखित पद भिन्न-भिन्न प्रत्ययान्त हैं, उन्हें अलग-अलग करके निर्दिष्ट प्रत्ययों के नीचे लिखिए-)
[परिश्रम्य, उपार्जितवान्, दापयितुम्, प्रस्थितः, द्रष्टुम्, विहाय, पृष्टवान्, प्रविष्टः, आदाय, क्रोशितुम्, नियुक्तः, नीतवान्, निर्णेतुम्, आदिष्टवान्, समागत्य, मुदितः।]
उत्तरम् :

प्रश्न 7.
(अ) अधोलिखितानि वाक्यानि बहुवचने परिवर्तयत –
(निम्नलिखित वाक्यों को बहुवचन में बदलिए)
(क) स बसयानं विहाय पदातिरेव गन्तुं निश्चयं कृतवान्।
(उसने बस छोड़कर पैदल ही जाने का निश्चय किया।)
उत्तरम् :
ते बसयानं विहाय पदातिरेव गन्तुं निश्चयं कृतवन्तः।
(उन्होंने बस छोड़कर पैदल ही जाने का निश्चय किया।)

(ख) चौरः ग्रामे नियुक्तः राजपुरुषः आसीत्।
(चोर गाँव में नियुक्त राजपुरुष था।)
उत्तरम् :
चौरा: ग्रामे नियुक्ताः राजपुरुषाः आसन्।
(चोर ग्राम में नियुक्त सिपाही थे।)

(ग) कश्चन चौरः गृहाभ्यन्तरं प्रविष्टः।
(कोई चोर घर के अन्दर घुस गया।)
उत्तरम् :
केचन चौराः गृहाभ्यन्तरं प्रविष्टाः।
(कुछ चोर घर के अन्दर घुस गए।)

(घ) अन्येयुः तौ न्यायालये स्व-स्व-पक्षं स्थापितवन्तौ।
(दूसरे दिन उन दोनों ने न्यायालय में अपने-अपने पक्ष को रखा।)
उत्तरम् :
अन्येयुः ते न्यायालये स्व-स्व-पक्षं स्थापितवन्तः।
(दूसरे दिन उन्होंने न्यायालय में अपने-अपने पक्ष को रखा।)

(आ) कोष्ठकेषु दत्तेषु पदेषु यथानिर्दिष्टां विभक्तिं प्रयुज्य रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत –
(कोष्ठक में दिए गए पदों में निर्देशानुसार विभक्ति का प्रयोग करके रिक्तस्थानों की पूर्ति कीजिए)

(क) सः …………. निष्क्रम्य बहिरगच्छत्। (गृहंशब्दे पंचमी)
(ख) गृहस्थः ……… आश्रयं प्रायच्छत्। (अतिथिशब्दे चतुर्थी)
(ग) तौ …………… प्रति प्रस्थितौ। (न्यायाधीशशब्दे द्वितीया)
(घ) ……………. चायाभियाग त्व वषत्रयस्य कारादण्ड लस्यय। (इदम् शब्दे सप्तमी)
चौरस्य ……………… प्रबुद्धः अतिथिः। (पादध्वनि शब्दे तृतीया)
उत्तरम् :
(क) सः गृहात् निष्क्रम्य बहिरगच्छत्।
(वह घर से निकलकर बाहर आ गया।)

(ख) गृहस्थः अतिथये आश्रयं प्रायच्छत्।
(गृहस्थ ने अतिथि के लिए सहारा दे दिया।)

(ग) तौ न्यायाधीशं प्रति प्रस्थितौ।
(वे दोनों न्यायाधीश की ओर प्रस्थान कर गए।)

(घ) अस्मिन् चौर्याभियोगे त्वं वर्षत्रयस्य कारादण्डं लप्स्यसे।
(इस चोरी के आरोप में तुम तीन वर्ष के कारावास का दण्ड भोगोगे।

(ङ) चौरस्य पादध्वनिना प्रबुद्धः अतिथिः।
(चौर के पैरों की ध्वनि से जागा हुआ अतिथि।)

भाषिकविस्तार:

उपार्जितवान् – उप +। ✓अर्ज + तवतु
दापयितुम् – ✓दा + णिच् + तुमुन्

अदस् (यह) पुँल्लिग सर्वनाम शब्द

अध्वन् (मार्ग) नकारान्त पुंल्लिङ्ग

JAC Class 10th Sanskrit विचित्रः साक्षी Important Questions and Answers

शब्दार्थ चयनम् –

अधोलिखित वाक्येषु रेखांकित पदानां प्रसङ्गानुकूलम् उचितार्थ चित्वा लिखत – 

प्रश्न 1.
कश्चन निर्धनो जनः भूरि परिश्रम्य किञ्चिद् वित्तमुपार्जितवान्।
(अ) महत्
(ब) निर्धनः
(स) किञ्चित्
(द) स्वपुत्रम्
चतुर्थी
उत्तरम् :
(अ) महत्

प्रश्न 2.
विजने प्रदेशे पदयात्रा न शुभावहा।
(अ) प्रवेशं
(ब) निर्जने
(स) तत्रैव
(द) निवसन्
उत्तरम् :
(ब) निर्जने

प्रश्न 3.
रात्रौ तस्मिन् गृहे कश्चन चौरः गृहाभ्यन्तरं प्रविष्ट:
(अ) तस्यामेव
(ब) निहिता
(स) भवने
(द) पलायितः
उत्तरम् :
(स) भवने

प्रश्न 4.
यद्यपि ग्रामस्य आरक्षी एव चौर आसीत्
(अ) ध्वनिना
(ब) धावत्
(स) आरभत
(द) रक्षापुरुषः
उत्तरम् :
(द) रक्षापुरुषः

प्रश्न 5.
अग्रिमे दिने स आरक्षी चौर्याभियोगे तं न्यायालयं नीतवान्।
(अ) अमुम्
(ब) अन्येधुः
(स) लयम्
(द) श्रुतवान्
उत्तरम् :
(अ) अमुम्

प्रश्न 6.
तस्य मृतशरीरं राजमार्ग निकषा वर्तते –
(अ) वृत्तमवगल्य
(ब) समया
(स) उपस्थातुम्
(द) समागत्य
उत्तरम् :
(ब) समया

प्रश्न 7.
आदेशं प्राप्य उभौ प्राचलताम् –
(अ) चलताम्
(ब) काष्ठपटले
(स) द्वावेव
(द) अभियुक्तश्च
उत्तरम् :
(स) द्वावेव

प्रश्न 8.
इदानीं निजकृत्यस्य फलं भुव –
(अ) आसीत्
(ब) चोरितायाः
(स) चौर्याभियोगे
(द) परिणामम्
उत्तरम् :
(द) परिणामम्

प्रश्न 9.
न्यायाधीशेन पुनस्तौ घटनायाः विषये वक्तुमादिष्टौ –
(अ) कथयितुम्
(ब) प्रस्तुतवति
(स) आश्चर्यमघटत्
(द) मान्यवर
उत्तरम् :
(अ) कथयितुम्

प्रश्न 10.
न्यायाधीशः आरक्षिणे कारादण्डमादिश्य तं जनं ससम्मानं मुक्तवान् –
(अ) अध्वनि
(ब) अत्यजत्
(स) रक्षिणे
(घ) अपमानं
उत्तरम् :
(ब) अत्यजत्

संस्कृतमाध्यमेन प्रश्नोत्तराणि –

एकपदेन उत्तरत (एक शब्द में उत्तर दीजिए)

प्रश्न 1.
उच्चैः क्रोशितुं कः आरभत ?
(जोर-जोर से कौन चीखने लगा ?)
उत्तरम् :
चौरः (चोर)।

प्रश्न 2.
स्वगृहात् निष्क्रम्य तत्र के आगच्छन् ?
(अपने घर से निकलकर वहाँ कौन आ नये ?)
उत्तरम् :
ग्रामवासिनः (ग्रामवासी)।

प्रश्न 3.
चौरः काम् आदाय पलायितः ?
(चोर किसको लेकर भागा ?)
उत्तरम् :
मञ्जूषाम्। (पेटी को)

प्रश्न 4.
न्यायाधीशः कं निर्दोषम् अमन्यत ?
(न्यायाधीश ने किसको निर्दोष माना ?)
उत्तरम् :
अतिथिम् (अतिथि को)।

प्रश्न 5.
शवं न्यायालये आनेतुं कः आदिष्टवान् ?
(शव को न्यायालय में लाने का आदेश किसने दिया ?)
उत्तरम् :
न्यायाधीशः (न्याय करने वाले अधिकारी ने)।

प्रश्न 6.
भारवेदनया कः क्रन्दति स्म ?
(भार के कष्ट से कौन चीखा ?)
उत्तरम् :
अभियुक्तः (अपराधी)।

प्रश्न 7.
उच्चैः कः अहसत् ?
(जोर से कौन हँसा ?)
उत्तरम् :
आरक्षी (चौकीदार)।

प्रश्न 8.
तम् अतिथिं ससम्मानं कः मुक्तवान् ?
(उस अतिथि को ससम्मान किसने मुक्त किया ?)
उत्तरम् :
न्यायाधीशः (न्यायाधिकारी ने)।

प्रश्न 9.
किं समालम्ब्य दुष्कराण्यपि कर्माणि कुर्वते ?
(किसका सहारा लेकर कठिन कार्य भी कर लेते हैं ?)
उत्तरम् :
नीतियुक्तिम् (नीति से पूर्ण)।

प्रश्न 10.
निशान्धकारे प्रसृते कुत्र पदयात्रा न शुभावहा ?
(रात का अँधेरा फैलने पर कहाँ पैदल यात्रा हितकारी नहीं ?)
उत्तरम् :
विजनेप्रदेशे (एकान्त प्रदेश में)।

प्रश्न 11.
भूरिपरिश्रम्य कः किञ्चिद् वित्तमुपार्जितवान् ?
(बहुत परिश्रम करके किसने कुछ धन कमाया ?)
उत्तरम् :
कश्चन निर्धनोजनः (किसी गरीब ने)।

प्रश्न 12.
रात्रौ तस्मिन् गृहे कः प्रविष्टः ?
(रात्रि में उस घर में कौन प्रविष्ट हो गया ?)
उत्तरम् :
चौरः (चोर)।

प्रश्न 13.
चौरस्य पादध्वनिना कः प्रबुद्धः ?
(चोर के पैरों की ध्वनि से कौन जाग गया ?)
उत्तरम् :
अतिथिः (आया हुआ व्यक्ति)।

प्रश्न 14.
चौर्याभियोगे तं न्यायालयं कः नीतवान् ?
(चोरी के मुकदमे में उसको न्यायालय कौन ले गया ?)
उत्तरम् :
आरक्षी (चौकीदार)।

प्रश्न 15.
न्यायाधीशो नाम किम् आसीत् ?
(न्यायाधीश का नाम क्या था ?)
उत्तरम् :
बंकिमचन्द्रः (बंकिमचन्द्र चटर्जी)।

प्रश्न 16.
आदेशं प्राप्य उभौ किम् अकुरुताम् ?
(आदेश पाकर दोनों ने क्या किया ?)
उत्तरम् :
प्राचलताम् (चल दिए)।

प्रश्न 17.
सुपुष्टदेह कः आसीत् ?
(हष्ट-पुष्ट शरीर वाला कौन था ?)
उत्तरम् :
आरक्षी (चौकीदार)।

प्रश्न 18.
न्यायाधीशेन पुनस्तौ कस्य विषये वक्तुमादिष्टौ?
(न्यायाधीश ने फिर से उन दोनों को किसके विषय में बोलने
का आदेश दिया ?)
उत्तरम् :
घटनायाः (घटना के)।

प्रश्न 19.
न्यायाधीशः कस्मै कारादण्डमादिष्टवान्।
(न्यायाधीश ने किसके लिए कारावास (कैद) के दण्ड का आदेश दिया ?)
उत्तरम् :
आरक्षिणे (चौकीदार के लिए)।
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर दीजिए)

प्रश्न 20.
पुत्रं द्रष्टुं कः प्रस्थितः ?
(पुत्र को देखने के लिए किसने प्रस्थान किया ?)
उत्तरम् :
निर्धन: पिता (गरीब पिता ने)।

प्रश्न 21.
कः तस्मै आश्रयं प्रायच्छत् ?
(किसने उसे आश्रय प्रदान किया ?)
उत्तरम् :
करुणापरो गृही तस्मै आश्रयं प्रायच्छत्।
(दयालु गृहस्थ ने उसे सहारा प्रदान किया।)

प्रश्न 22.
पिता कस्मात् व्याकुलोऽजायत ?
(पिता किसलिए व्याकुल हो गया ?)
उत्तरम् :
एकदा पिता तनूजस्य (पुत्रस्य) रुग्णावस्थाम् आकर्ण्य व्याकुलोऽजायत।
(एक दिन पिता पुत्र के बीमार होने की सूचना पाकर व्याकुल हो गया।)

प्रश्न 23.
सर्ववृत्तम् अवगम्य न्यायाधीशः किम् अमन्यत ?
(सारा वृत्तान्त जानकर न्यायाधीश ने क्या माना ?)
उत्तरम् :
सर्वं वृत्तम् अवगम्य न्यायाधीशः तम् अतिथिं निर्दोषम् अमन्यत आरक्षिणं च दोषभाजनम्।।
(सारा वृत्तान्त जानकर न्यायाधीश ने उस अतिथि को निर्दोष माना और चौकीदार को दोष का पात्र।)

प्रश्न 24.
अभियुक्तस्य कृते किं दुष्करम् आसीत् ?
(अभियुक्त के लिए क्या मुश्किल था ?)
उत्तरम् :
भारवतः शवस्य स्कन्धेन वहनम् अभियुक्तस्य कृते दुष्करम् आसीत्।।
(बोझिल लाश का कन्धे पर ढोना अभियुक्त के लिए मुश्किल था।)

प्रश्न 25.
शवः उत्थाय किमवदत् ?
(लाश ने उठकर क्या कहा ?)
उत्तरम् :
मान्यवर ! एतेन आरक्षिणा अध्वनि यदुक्तं तद् वर्णयामि – ‘त्वया अहं चोरितायाः मञ्जूषायाः ग्रहणात् वारितः, अतः निजकृत्यस्य फलं भुव’। (मान्यवर ! इस चौकीदार ने रास्ते में जो कहा उसका मैं वर्णन करता हूँ- ‘तुमने मुझे चुराई गई पेटी को ले जाने से रोका अतः अपने कृत्य का फल भोगो’।)

प्रश्न 26.
निर्धनजनस्य पुत्रः कुत्र निवसन् अध्ययने संलग्नः समभूत्।
(गरीब का बेटा कहाँ रहकर अध्ययन में लग गया?)
उत्तरम् :
निर्धनजनस्य पुत्रः छात्रावासे निवसन् अध्ययने संलग्नः समभूत्।
(गरीब का बेटा छात्रावास में रहते हुए अध्ययन में लग गया।)

प्रश्न 27.
चौरः उच्चैः क्रोशितुं किम् आरभत?
(चोर ने जोर-जोर से क्या चीखना प्रारंभ किया ?)
उत्तरम् :
चौरः उच्चैः क्रोशितुमारभत् “चौरोऽयं चौरोऽयम्” इति।
(चोर ने जोर से चीखना प्रारंभ किया-यह चोर है, यह चोर है।

प्रश्न 28.
अग्रिमे दिने स आरक्षी किम् अकरोत् ?
(अगले दिन चौकीदार ने क्या किया ?)
उत्तरम् :
अग्रिमे दिने स आरक्षी तं अतिथिं चौर्याभियोगे न्यायालयं नीतवान्।
(अगले दिन वह चौकीदार उस अतिथि को चोरी के मुकदमे में न्यायालय ले गया।)

प्रश्न 29.
आरक्षी अभियुक्तश्च कीदृशौ आस्ताम् ?
(चौकीदार और अभियुक्त कैसे थे ?)
उत्तरम् :
आरक्षी सुपुष्टदेहः आसीत् अभियुक्तश्च अतीव कृषकायः आसीत्।
(चौकीदार हृष्टपुष्ट था और अभियुक्त अत्यन्त दुबला-पतला था।)

प्रश्न 30.
न्यायालये किमाश्चर्यम् अघटत् ?
(न्यायालय में क्या आश्चर्य घटा ?)
उत्तरम् :
सः शवः प्रावारकमपसार्य उतिष्ठत् ?
(वह शव चादर हटाकर उठ खड़ा हुआ।)

अन्वय-लेखनम् –

अधोलिखितश्लोकस्यान्वयमाश्रित्य रिक्तस्थानानि मञ्जूषातः समुचितपदानि चित्वा पूरयत।
(नीचे लिखे श्लोक के अन्वय के आधार पर रिक्तस्थानों की पूर्ति मंजूषा से उचित पद चुनकर कीजिए।)

दुष्कराण्यपि कर्माणि ………………… लीलयैव प्रकुर्वते।।

मञ्जूषा – नीतियुक्तिम्, लीलया दुष्कराणि, अपि।

‘मति वैभवशालिनः (i) ……… समालम्ब्य (ii) ……… कर्माणि (iii) ………. (iv) ……… एव प्रकुर्वते।’ उत्तरम् : (i) नीतियुक्तिम् (ii) दुष्कराणि (ii) अपि (iv) लीलया।

प्रश्ननिर्माणम् –

अधोलिखित वाक्येषु स्थूलपदमाधृत्य प्रश्ननिर्माणं कुरुत –

1. निर्धनः भूरि परिश्रम्य किञ्चिद्वित्तमुपार्जितवान्।
(निर्धन ने बहुत परिश्रम करके कुछ धन उपार्जित किया।)

2. तस्य तनयः छात्रावासे निवसन् अध्ययने संलग्नः समभूत्।
(उसका बेटा छात्रावास में रहता हुआ अध्ययन में लग गया।)

3. व्याकुलो निर्धनः पत्रं द्रष्टुं प्रस्थितः।
(व्याकुल निर्धन पुत्र को देखने प्रस्थान कर गया।)

4. परमर्थकार्येन पीडितः सः बसयानं विहाय पदातिरेव प्राचलत्।
(अत्यधिक आर्थिक कमजोरी से पीड़ित वह बस को छोड़कर पैदल ही चल पड़ा।)

5. सायं समयेऽसौ गन्तव्याद् दूरे आसीत्।
(शाम के समय वह गन्तव्य से दूर था।)

6. करुणापरो गृही अतिथये आश्रयं प्रायच्छत्।
(दयालु गृहस्वामी ने अतिथि के लिए आश्रय दे दिया।)

7. विचित्रा दैवगतिः।
(भाग्य की गति विचित्र है।)

8. कश्चन चौरः गृहाभ्यन्तरं प्रविष्टः।
(कोई चोर घर के अन्दर घुस गया।)

9. अतिथिमेव चौरं मत्वाऽभर्त्सयन्।
(अतिथि को ही चोर मानकर निन्दा की।)

10. अग्रिमे दिने तौ न्यायालये उपस्थातुम् आदिष्टवान्। – (अगले दिन उन दोनों को न्यायालय में उपस्थित होने का आदेश दिया।)
उत्तराणि :
1. निर्धन: भूरि परिश्रम्य किम् उपार्जितवान् ?
2. तस्य तनयः छात्रावासे निवसन् कस्मिन् संलग्नः समभूत्?
3. व्याकुलो निर्धनः कं द्रष्टुं प्रस्थितः ?
4. केन पीडितः सः बसयानं विहाय पदातिरेव प्राचलत् ?
5. सायं समयेऽसौकस्मात् दूरे आसीत् ?
6. करुणापरो गृही कस्मै आश्रयं प्रायच्छत् ?
7. कीदृशा दैवगतिः ?
8. कश्चन चौरः कुत्र प्रविष्टः ?
9. कम् एव चौरं मत्वाऽभर्स्यन् ?
10. अग्रिमे दिने तौ किं कर्तुम् आदिष्टवान् ?

भावार्थ-लेखनम् –

अधोलिखित पद्यांश संस्कृते भावार्थं लिखत –
दुष्कराण्यपि ………………………… लीलयैव प्रकुर्वते।।

भावार्थ – बुद्धिमन्तः नीत्याः युक्तयाः च आश्रयं गृहीत्वा कष्टकराणि अपि करणीयानि कार्याणि कौतुकेन सुगमतया वा सम्पादयन्ति।

अधोलिखितानां सूक्तीनां भावबोधनं सरलसंस्कृतभाषया लिखत –
(निम्नलिखित सूक्तियों का भावार्थ सरल संस्कृत भाषा में लिखिए-)

(i) निशान्धकारे प्रसृते विजने प्रदेशे पदयात्रा न शुभावहा।
भावार्थः – रात्रिकाले विस्तृते अन्धकारे निर्जने भूभागे मार्गे वा पदयात्रा शोभनीया सुखदा वा न भवति यतः अन्धकारे किमपि अशोभनीयं घटितुं शक्नोति।
(रात के समय विस्तृत अँधेरे में सुनसान प्रदेश में अथवा मार्ग में पैदल यात्रा शोभनीय या सुखद नहीं होती क्योंकि अन्धकार में कुछ भी अशोभनीय घटना घट सकती है।)

(ii) विचित्रा दैवगतिः।
भावार्थ: – भाग्यस्य गतिः अद्भुत आश्चर्यकरा च भवति। दैवात् अकस्मात् एव शुभमशुभम् वा किमपि घटितुं शक्नोति। (भाग्य की गति अद्भुत और आश्चर्य करने वाली होती है। भाग्यवश अचानक ही शुभ या अशुभ कुछ भी घट सकता है।)

(iii) दुष्कराण्यपि कर्माणि मतिवैभवशालिनः।।
भावार्थ: – बुद्धिमन्तः जनाः नीतिगतां युक्तिम् आश्रित्य दुर्लभकार्याणि अपि सुगमतया सम्पादयन्ति।
(बुद्धिमान् लोग नीतियुक्त तरीके का सहारा लेकर कठिन कार्य को भी सम्पन्न कर सकते हैं।)

पाठ-सार –

प्रश्न – ‘विचित्र साक्षी’ इति पाठस्य सारांशः हिन्दी भाषायां।
उत्तर :
किसी धनहीन मनुष्य ने पर्याप्त मेहनत करके कुछ धन अर्जित किया। इससे वह अपने बेटे को महाविद्यालय में प्रवेश दिलाने के योग्य हो गया। एक दिन वह पिता पुत्र की अस्वस्थता के बारे में सुनकर उद्विग्न हो गया। बेटे को देखने के लिये उसने बस की सवारी छोड़कर पैदल ही चल दिया रात के अंधकार के फैलने पर समीप के गाँव में किसी दयालु गृहस्थ के यहाँ उसने आश्रय लिया। भाग्य की गति अनोखी होती है।

उसी रात उस घर में चोर घुस गया। उस घर में रखी हुई पेटी को लेकर भाग गया। आगन्तुक ने चोर को पकड़ लिया परन्तु वह चोर ही चिल्लाने लगा – “यह चोर है यह चोर है।” इस प्रकार चोर जो कि वहाँ का चौकीदार था, उसने उस आगन्तुक को चोर है, ऐसा प्रचार करके आगन्तुक को ही जेल में डाल दिया। आगामी दिन वह रक्षापुरुष उस (अतिथि) को न्यायालय ले गया। न्यायाधिकारी बंकिम चन्द्र ने अलग-अलग दोनों का स्पष्टीकरण सुना।

उसी समय कोई वहीं का निवासी कर्मचारी निवेदन करने लगा कि यहाँ से दो कोस दूर पर कोई मनुष्य किसी द्वारा मारा हुआ है। उसका शव सड़क के समीप है। आदेश दीजिये क्या किया जाये? न्यायाधिकारी ने रक्षापुरुष और अभियुक्त को उस शव को न्यायालय के अन्दर लाने का आदेश दिया। आज्ञा प्राप्त करके दोनों प्रस्थान कर गये। उस स्थान पर समीप ही एक काठ के तख्ते पर रखे हुये चादर से ढंके हुये शरीर को कंधे पर उठाकर न्यायालय की ओर प्रस्थान कर गये।

रक्षापुरुष (चौकीदार) हृष्ट-पुष्ट शरीर था और अभियोगी दुर्बल शरीर वाला था। भारयुक्त लाश को कंधे पर ढोना उसके लिये कष्टदायक था। वह वजन के कष्ट से चिल्ला उठा। उसकी चीख को सुनकर प्रसन्न हुआ चौकीदार उससे बोला “अरे दुष्ट! उस दिन मुझे तुमने चोरी की पेटी को ले जाने से रोका था, अब भोग अपने कर्म का फल। इस चोरी के मुकदमे में तुम तीन साल तक कारावास का दण्ड प्राप्त करोगे। ऐसा कहकर वह उच्च स्वर से हँसा। जैसे-तैसे दोनों ने लाश को लाकर एक चबूतरे पर रख दिया।

न्यायाधीश ने पुनः उन दोनों को घटना के विषय में कहने की आज्ञा दी। रक्षापुरुष द्वारा अपना बयान करने पर अर्थात् जब रक्षापुरुष अपना बयान कर रहा था तभी एक अनोखी घटना घटी, उस लाश ने (जो कि जीवित था) चादर को हटाकर न्यायाधीश महोदय को प्रणाम करके रास्ते का सारा वृत्तांत सुना दिया। न्यायाधीश ने रक्षापुरुष (चौकीदार) को अपराधी मानकर जेल में डालने की आज्ञा दी तथा उस व्यक्ति (अतिथि) को सम्मान सहित मुक्त कर दिया। अतएव कहा गया है-बुद्धिमान नीति का सहारा लेकर कठिनाई से किए जाने वाले कार्य को सरलता से अथवा खेल-खेल में पूरा करते हैं।

विचित्रः साक्षी Summary and Translation in Hindi

पाठ-परिचय – प्रस्तुत कथा बंगला के सुप्रसिद्ध साहित्यकार बंकिमचन्द्र चटर्जी द्वारा न्यायाधीश के रूप में दिये गये एक फैसले पर आधारित है। इसके रचयिता श्री ओमप्रकाश ठाकुर हैं। चटर्जी जितने महान् साहित्यकार थे, उतने ही प्रसिद्ध न्यायाधीश भी रहे। नीर-क्षीर विभागार्थ वे कभी-कभी ऐसी युक्तियों का प्रयोग करते थे कि गवाह के अभाव में भी न्याय हो सके। इस कथा में भी विद्वान न्यायाधीश ने एक ऐसी ही युक्ति का प्रयोग करके न्याय करने में सफलता पायी है।

मूलपाठः,शब्दार्थाः,सप्रसंग हिन्दी-अनुवादः

1 कश्चन निर्धनो जनः भूरि परिश्रम्य किञ्चिद् वित्तमुपार्जितवान्। तेन स्वपुत्रं एकस्मिन् महाविद्यालये प्रवेशं दापयितुं सफलो जातः। तत्तनयः तत्रैव छात्रावासे निवसन् अध्ययने संलग्नः समभूत्। एकदा स पिता तनूजस्य रुग्णतामाकर्ण्य व्याकुलो जातः पुत्रं द्रष्टुं च प्रस्थितः। परमर्थकार्येन पीडितः स बसयानं विहाय पदातिरेव प्राचलत्।

पदातिक्रमेण संचलन् सायं समयेऽप्यसौ गन्तव्याद् दूरे आसीत्। निशान्धकारे प्रसृते विजने प्रदेशे पदयात्रा न शुभावहा। एवं विचार्य स पावस्थिते ग्रामे रात्रिनिवासं कर्तुं कञ्चिद् गृहस्थमुपागतः। करुणापरो गृही तस्मै आश्रयं प्रायच्छत्।

शब्दार्थाः – कश्चन = कश्चित् (किसी), निर्धनः = धनहीनः, दरिद्रः (गरीब), जनः = मनुष्यः (व्यक्ति ने). भूरि = महत्, पर्याप्तम् (बहुत, पर्याप्त), परिश्रम्य = श्रमं कृत्वा (मेहनत करके), किञ्चित् = कतिपयं (कुछ), वित्तम् : धनम् (धन), उपार्जितवान् = अर्जितवान्, (कमाया), तेन = अमुना (उससे), [सः = वह], स्वपुत्रम् = स्वकीयम् आत्मजम्, सुतम् (अपने बेटे को), एकस्मिन् महाविद्यालये = (एक महाविद्यालय में), प्रवेशं दापयितुम् = प्रवेशं कारयितुम्, प्रापयितुम् (प्रवेश दिलाने में), सफलो जातः = समर्थः अभवत् (सफल हो गया), तत्तनयः = तस्य पुत्रः, आत्मजः (उसका बेटा),

तत्रैव = तस्मिन्नेव (उसी, वही), छात्रावासे = विद्यार्थिनिवासे (छात्रावास में), निवसन् = निवासं कुर्वन् (रहता हुआ), अध्ययने = पठने (अध्ययन करने में), संलग्नः = निरत (संलग्न हो गया) समभूत् = अजायत (हो गया), एकदा = एकस्मिन् दिवसे (एक दिन), स पिता = असौ जनकः (वह पिता), तनूजस्य = पुत्रस्य (बेटे की), रुग्णताम् = अस्वस्थताम् (बीमारी को), आकर्ण्य = श्रुत्वा (सुनकर), व्याकुलो = व्यग्रः, उद्विग्नः (व्याकुल), जातः = अजायत, अभवत् (हो गया, हुआ), पुत्रम् च = सुतम् च आत्मजम् (और बेटे को), द्रष्टुम् = ईक्षितुम्, अवलोकयितुम् (देखने के लिए), प्रस्थितः = प्रस्थानम् अकरोत् (प्रस्थान कर गया), परमर्थकार्येन = परञ्च धनस्य अत्यधिक अभावेन (परन्तु धन के अत्यधिक अभाव से), पीडितः = क्लेशयुक्तः, दुःखितः (खिन्न), स = असौ (वह), बसयानं (बस-गाड़ी को), विहाय = त्यक्त्वा (छोड़कर), पदातिरेव = पादाभ्याम् एव (पैदल ही), प्राचलत् = प्रस्थितः (चला गया)।

पदातिक्रमेण = पादाभ्याम् एव सतत् (पैदल ही लगातार), सञ्चलन् = चलन्नेव (चलते हुए), सायं समये अपि = संध्याकाले अपि (सायंकाल भी), असौ = सः (वह), गन्तव्याद् दूरे = गन्तव्यस्थानात् दूरे (गन्तव्य स्थान से दूर), आसीत् = अवर्तत (था), निशान्धकारे = रात्रेः तमसि (रात के अंधेरे के), प्रसृते = विस्तृते (फैलने पर), विजने प्रदेशे = निर्जन प्रदेशे (निर्जन प्रदेश में), पदयात्रा = पदातियात्रा, पादाभ्याम् प्रयाणम् (पदयात्रा), न शुभावहा = न. कल्याणकर: (कल्याणकारी नहीं), एवं विचार्य = इत्थं विचिन्त्य (इस प्रकार सोचकर), सः = असौ (वह),

पाशवस्थिते ग्रामे = समीपस्थे ग्रामे, समीपे विद्यमाने ग्रामे (पास में बसे गाँव में), रात्रिनिवासम् = निशावासम् (रैन बसेरा), कर्तुम् = विधातुम् (करने के लिए), कञ्चिद् = कञ्चन (किसी), गृहस्थमुपागतः = दम्पत्योः समीपम् आगच्छत् (दम्पती के पास आया), करुणापरो = करुणोपेतः, दयार्द्रः (करुणामय), गही = गृहस्वामी (घर के मालिक ने), तस्मै = अमुष्मै (उसके लिए), आश्रयम् = शरणम् (सहारा), प्रायच्छत् =प्राददात् (दे दिया)।

सन्दर्भ-प्रसङ्गश्च – यह गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्यपुस्तक शेमुषी के ‘विचित्र साक्षी’ पाठ से लिया गया है। यह पाठ मूलतः श्रीमान् ओम प्रकाश ठक्कुर द्वारा रचित कथा का सम्पादित अंश है। इस कथा में न्यायाधीश श्री वंकिम चन्द्र चटर्जी महोदय द्वारा एक ऐसी युक्ति का प्रयोग किया गया है जिसे बिना गवाह के भी न्याय किया जा सकता है। इस गद्यांश में कथानायककी आर्थिक स्थिति का चित्रण किया गया है, जिससे बाध्य होकर वह एक किसी गृहस्थ में आश्रय लेता है।

हिन्दी-अनुवादः – किसी गरीब व्यक्ति ने बहुत परिश्रम करके कुछ धन कमाया। उससे वह अपने बेटे को एक महाविद्यालय में प्रवेश दिलाने में समर्थ हो गया। उसका बेटा वहीं छात्रावास में रहता हुआ अध्ययन में संलग्न हो गया। एक दिन वह पिता बेटे की बीमारी (की बात) सुनकर व्याकुल हुआ और बेटे को देखने के लिए चल दिया, परन्तु धन के अत्यधिक अभाव के कारण खिन्न हुआ वह बस को छोड़कर पैदल ही चल पड़ा।

पैदल ही लगातार चलते हुए सायंकाल को भी वह अपने गन्तव्य से दूर रहा (था) रात का अँधेरा फैलने पर ‘एकान्त प्रदेश में पैदल यात्रा हितकारी (कल्याणकारी) नहीं’ इस प्रकार सोचकर वह पास में बसे गाँव में रैन-बसेरा करने के लिए किसी गृहस्थ के पास आया। करुणामय घर के मालिक ने उसे सहारा (आश्रय) प्रदान किया।

2 विचित्रा दैवगतिः। तस्यामेव रात्रौ तस्मिन् गृहे कश्चन चौरः गृहाभ्यन्तरं प्रविष्टः। तत्र निहितामेकां मञ्जूषाम् आदाय पलायितः। चौरस्य पादध्वनिना प्रबुद्धोऽतिथि: चौरशङ्कया तमन्वधावत् अगृह्णाच्च, परं विचित्रमघटत। शितुमारभत “चौरोऽयं चौरोऽयम्” इति। तस्य तारस्वरेण प्रबुद्धाः ग्रामवासिनः स्वगृहाद् निष्क्रम्य तत्रागच्छन् वराकमतिथिमेव च चौरं मत्वाऽभसंयन्। यद्यपि ग्रामस्य आरक्षी.एव चौर आसीत्। तत्क्षणमेव रक्षापुरुषः तम् अतिथिं चौरोऽयम् इति प्रख्याप्य कारागृहे प्राक्षिपत्।

शब्दार्थाः – दैवगतिः = दैवस्य भाग्यस्य, गतिः स्थितिः, विधेर्विधानम् (भाग्य की गति, लीला), विचित्रा = अद्भुता (अनोखी), [भवति = होती है], तस्यामेव रात्रौ = अमुष्याम् एव निशायाम् (उसी रात में), तस्मिन् गृहे = अमुष्मिन् भवने (उस घर में), कश्चन चौरः = कश्चित् तस्करः (कोई चोर), गृहाभ्यान्तरं प्रविष्टः = भवनस्य मध्ये प्रवेशमकरोत् (घर के अन्दर घुस गया), तत्र = तस्मिन् गृहे (वहाँ), निहितामेकाम् = विद्यमानां, स्थितामेकां (रखी हुई एक), मञ्जूषाम् = पेटिकाम् (पेटी को), आदाय = नीत्वा, गृहीत्वा (लेकर), पलायितः = अधावत्, (भाग गया), चौरस्य = तस्करस्य (चोर की), पादध्वनिना = चरणपातशब्देन (पदचाप से),

प्रबुद्धो = जागृतः (जागा हुआ), अतिथिः = आगन्तुकः, अभ्यागतः (अतिथि), चौरशङ्कया = तस्करस्य संशयेन (चोर की आशङ्का से), तमन्वधावत् = अमुमन्वसरत् अन्वगच्छत् (उसके पीछे दौड़ा), अगृहणाच्च = प्राप्तवान् च (और पकड़ लिया), परम् = परञ्च (लेकिन), विचित्रमघटत = अद्भुतमजायत घटितवान् (अनोखी घटना घटी), चौरः एव = तस्करः एव (चोर ही), उच्चैः = उच्चस्वरेण (जोर-जोर से), क्रोशितुम् = क्रन्दितुम्, चीत्कर्तुम् (चिल्लाना/चीखना), आरभत = आरम्भमकरोत्, आरब्धवान् (आरम्भ कर दिया), ‘चौरोऽयं चौरोऽयम्’ = एषः चौरः, एषः चौरः (यह चोर है, यह चोर है ), इति = एवं (इस प्रकार), तस्य = अमुष्य (उसके), तारस्वरेण = उच्चस्वरेण (उच्चस्वर से), प्रबुद्धाः = जागृताः (जागे हुए), ग्रामवासिनः = ग्राम्याः, ग्रामीणजनाः (गाँव में रहने वाले लोग),

स्वगृहाद् = स्व स्व भवनात् (अपने-अपने घर से), निष्क्रम्य = निर्गत्य (निकलकर), तत्रागच्छन् = तस्मिन् स्थाने आयाताः, आगतवन्तः (वहाँ आ गये), वराकमतिथिमेव च = दीनमागन्तुकमेक च (और उस बेचारे अतिथि को ही), चोरं मत्वा = तस्करं मत्वा (चोर मानकर), अभर्स्यन् = भर्त्सना, निन्दामकुर्वन् (निन्दा की), यद्यपि = वस्तुतः (वास्तव में), ग्रामस्य आरक्षी = ग्रामस्य रक्षापुरुषः (गाँव का पुलिस कर्मचारी, चौकीदार), एव चौरः आसीत् = एव तस्करोऽवर्तत (ही चोर था), तत्क्षणमेव = तत्कालमेव (तत्काल ही), रक्षापुरुषः = आरक्षी (रक्षापुरुष ने), तमतिथिम् = तमागन्तुकम् (उस अतिथि को), चौरोऽयम् = एषः तस्करः (यह चोर है), इति प्रख्याप्य = इति प्रचार्य (इस प्रकार प्रचार करके), (तम्) कारागारे = बन्दीगृहे (जेल में), प्राक्षिपत् = न्यगृणीत (डाल दिया)।

सन्दर्भ-प्रसङ्गश्च – यह गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक शेमुषी के ‘विचित्रः साक्षी’ पाठ से लिया गया है। मूलतः यह पाठ श्रीमान् ओम प्रकाश ठक्कुर महोदय रचित कथा का सम्पादित अंश है। इस अंश में कथा-नायक का दुर्भाग्य वर्णित है कि उसकी उपस्थिति में ही घर में कोई चोर प्रवेश करता है तथा अतिथि द्वारा किया गया हित भी अहित हो गया।

हिन्दी-अनुवादः – भाग्य की लीला बड़ी अनोखी होती है। उसी रात में उस घर में कोई चोर घर के अन्दर घुस गया। वहाँ रखी एक पेटी को लेकर वह भाग गया। चोर की पदचाप से जागा हुआ अतिथि चोर की आशंका से चोर के पीछे दौड़ा और पकड़ लिया। लेकिन एक अनोखी घटना घटी कि उस चोर ने ही जोर-जोर से चीखना आरम्भ कर दिया। ‘यह चोर है, यह चोर है’। उसके उच्च स्वर से जागे हुए गाँव में रहने वाले लोग अपने-अपने घर से निकलकर वहाँ आ गये और उस बेचारे अतिथि को ही चोर मानकर निन्दा करने लगे। वास्तव में गाँव का चौकीदार ही चोर था। तत्काल ही उस आरक्षी (रखवाले, पुलिसवाले) ने ‘यह चोर है’ ऐसा प्रचार करके उसे बंदीगृह अर्थात् जेल में डाल दिया।

3 अनिमे दिने स आरक्षी चौर्याभियोगे तं न्यायालयं नीतवान्। न्यायाधीशो बंकिमचन्द्रः उभाभ्यां पृथक्-पृथक् विवरणं श्रुतवान्। सर्वं वृत्तमवगत्य स तं निर्दोषम् अमन्यत आरक्षिणं च दोषभाजनम्। किन्तु प्रमाणाभावात् स निर्णेतुं नाशक्नोत्। ततोऽसौ तौ अग्रिमे दिने उपस्थातुम् आदिष्टवान्। अन्येद्यः तौ न्यायालये स्व-स्व-पक्षं पुनः स्थापितवन्तौ। तदैव कश्चिद् तत्रत्यः कर्मचारी समागत्य न्यवेदयत् यत् इतः क्रोशद्वयान्तराले कश्चिज्जनः केनापि हतः। तस्य मृतशरीरं राजमार्ग निकषा वर्तते। आदिश्यतां किं करणीयमिति। न्यायाधीशः आरक्षिणम् अभियुक्तं च तं शवं न्यायालये आनेतुमादिष्टवान्।

शब्दार्थाः – अग्रिमे दिने = आगामिदिवसे, अन्येधुः (अगले दिन), स आरक्षी = असौ रक्षापुरुषः (वह चौकीदार), चौर्याभियोगे = स्तेयस्यप्रकरणे (चोरी के मुकदमे में), तम् = अमुम् (उसको), न्यायालयम् = न्यायाधिकरणम् (न्यायालय को), नीतवान् = अनयत् (ले गया), न्यायाधीशः बंकिमचन्द्रः = न्यायाधिकारी बंकिमचन्द्रः (न्यायाधीश बंकिमचन्द्र ने), पृथक-पृथक् = भिन्नभिन्नम् (अलग-अलग), विवरणम् = स्पष्टीकरणम् (विवरण को), श्रुतवान् = अशृणोत् (सुना), सर्वम् = सम्पूर्णम् (पूरे), वृत्तमवगत्य = विवरणं, वृत्तान्तम् ज्ञात्वा (वृत्तान्त को जानकर),

स तं = असौ अमुम् (उसने उसे), निर्दोषम् = निरपराद्धम् (निरपराध), अमन्यत = मतघान् (माना), आरक्षिणं च = रक्षापुरुषं च सैनिकं (और रखवाले या चौकीदार को), दोषभाजनम् = अपराधस्य पात्रम् (दोष का भागीदार), किन्तु = परञ्च (लेकिन), प्रमाणाभावात् = प्रमाणस्य साक्षिणः अभावात् (गवाह के अभाव में, गवाह न होने के कारण), सः = असौ (वह), निर्णेतुम् नाशक्नोत् = निर्णयं कर्तुम् न अशक्नोत् (निर्णय नहीं कर सका), ततोऽसौ = ततः सः (तब उसने), तौ = अमू (उन दोनों को), अग्रिमे दिने = आगामिदिवसे, अपरेधुः (अगले दिन), उपस्थातुम् = उपस्थापयितुम् (उपस्थित होने के लिए), आदिष्टवान् = आज्ञप्तवान्, आज्ञां दत्तवान् (आदेश प्रदान किया), अन्येयुः = अपरे दिवसे (दूसरे दिन), तौ = अमू उभौ (उन दोनों ने),

न्यायालये = न्यायाधिकरणे (न्यायालय में), स्व- स्व-पक्षम् = आत्मनः कथनं, मन्तव्यम् (अपने-अपने पक्ष को), पुनः = द्वि-वारम् (फिर से), स्थापितवन्तौ = अस्थापयताम् (स्थापित किया), तदैव = तस्मिन्नेव काले (उसी समय, तभी), कश्चित् = कश्चन, कोऽपि (किसी), तत्रत्यः = तत्रभवः, तत्र निवसन् तत्रैव वास्तव्यः (वहाँ के निवासी), कर्मचारी = कर्मकारः, कार्यकर्ता, सेवकः, भृत्यः (कर्मचारी ने), समागत्य = प्राप्य, आगम्य (आकर), न्यवेदयत् = निवेदितवान् (निवेदन किया), यत् = कि, इतः = अत्रतः (यहाँ से), कोशद्वयान्तराले = द्वयोः क्रोशयोः मध्ये (दो कोस के मध्य, दो कोस की दूरी पर),

कश्चिज्जनः = कोऽपि मनुष्यः (कोई आदमी), केनापि = केनचित् (किसी के द्वारा), हतः = मारितः व्यापदितः (मारा गया), तस्य = अमुष्य (उसकी), मृतशरीरम् = शवः (लाश), राजमार्गम् = राज्ञः पथम्, जनपथस्य (राजमार्ग के, सड़क के), निकषा = समया, समीपं (समीप), वर्तते = अस्ति (है), आदिश्यताम् = आदेशं दीयताम् (आदेश दिया जाय, दीजिए), किं करणीयमिति = किं कर्त्तव्यमिति (क्या करना चाहिए), न्यायाधीशः = न्यायाधिकारी (न्यायाधीश ने), आरक्षिणम् = रक्षापुरुषम् (सैनिक को), अभियुक्तम् च = अपराधिनम् च अभियोगारोपितम् (और अभियुक्त को), तं शवम् = अमुम् मृतशरीरम् (उस लाश को), न्यायालये = न्यायाधिकरणे (न्यायालय में), आनेतुम् = आनयनाय (लाने के लिए), आदिष्टवान् = आज्ञां दत्तवान्, आज्ञप्तवान् (आदेश दिया)।।

सन्दर्भ-प्रसङ्गश्च – यह गद्यांश हमारी शेमुषी पाठ्यपुस्तक के विचित्र साक्षी’ पाठ से लिया गया है। यह पाठ मूलतः श्री ओम प्रकाश ठक्कुर रचित कथा का संपादित अंश है। इस गद्यांश में एक शव लाया जाता है, जो न्यायालय में साक्षी बनेगा।

हिन्दी-अनुवादः – अगले दिन वह चौकीदार (रक्षापुरुष) चोरी के मुकदमे में उस (अतिथि) को न्यायालय ले गया। न्यायाधीश बंकिमचन्द्र ने अलग-अलग विवरण (बयान) सुना। पूरे वृत्तान्त को जानकर उस (न्यायाधीश) ने उस (अतिथि) को निरपराध माना और रक्षापुरुष को अपराधी (माना) लेकिन प्रमाण के अभाव में वह (न्यायाधीश) निर्णय नहीं कर सका। तब उस (न्यायाधीश) ने उन दोनों (अतिथि एवं राजपुरुष) को अगले दिन उपस्थित होने के लिए आदेश प्रदान किया। दूसरे दिन उन दोनों ने न्यायालय में अपने-अपने पक्ष को फिर से स्थापित किया। तभी वहाँ के किसी रहने वाले ने आकर निवेदन किया कि यहाँ से दो कोस की दूरी पर कोई आदमी किसी के द्वारा मार दिया गया है, उसकी लाश सड़क के पास (समीप) है। आदेश दीजिए, क्या करना चाहिए। न्यायाधीश ने रक्षा पुरुष (सैनिक) और अभियुक्त को, उस शव को न्यायालय में लाने के लिए आदेश दिया।

4 आदेशं प्राप्य उभौ प्राचलताम्। तत्रोपेत्य काष्ठपटले निहितं पटाच्छादितं देहं स्कन्धेन वहन्तौ न्यायाधिकरणं प्रति प्रस्थितौ। आरक्षी सुपुष्टदेह आसीत्, अभियुक्तश्च अतीव कृशकायः। भारवतः शवस्य स्कन्धेन वहनं तत्कृते दुष्करम् आसीत्। स भारवेदनया क्रन्दति स्म। तस्य क्रन्दनं निशम्य मुदित आरक्षी तमुवाच- ‘रे दुष्ट ! तस्मिन् दिने त्वयाऽहं चोरिताया मञ्जूषाया ग्रहणाद्वारितः। इदानीं निजकृत्यस्य फलं भुक्ष्व। अस्मिन् चौर्याभियोगे त्वं वर्षत्रयस्य कारादण्डं लप्स्यसे’ इति प्रोच्य उच्चैः अहसत्। यथाकथञ्चिद् उभौ शवमानीय एकस्मिन् चत्वरे स्थापितवन्तौ।

शब्दार्थाः – आदेशम् = आज्ञाम् (आदेश को), प्राप्य = लब्ध्वा (पाकर), उभौ = द्वावेव (दोनों ही), प्राचलताम् = प्रस्थितौ (चल पड़े), तत्रोपेत्य = तस्मिन् स्थाने समीपं गत्वा (वहाँ पास जाकर), काष्ठपटले = काष्ठस्य पटले (लकड़ी के तख्ते पर), निहितं = स्थापितम् (रखे), पटाच्छादितम् = वस्त्रेण आवृतम् (कपड़े से ढके हुए), देहम् = शरीरम् (मृत शरीर को), स्कन्धेन = कन्धे से, वहन्तौ = वहनं कुर्वन्तौ, वहमानौ (ढोते हुए), न्यायाधिकरणम् प्रति + न्यायालयं प्रति (न्यायालय की ओर), प्रस्थितौ = प्रस्थानं कृतवन्तौ (प्रस्थान कर गये/किया), आरक्षी = रक्षापुरुषः (सैनिक, चौकीदार), सुपुष्टदेहः = सुपोषितशरीरः (हृष्ट-पुष्ट शरीर वाला), आसीत् = अवर्तत (था), अभियुक्तश्च = अभियोगोपेतः च (अपराधी), कृशकायः = दुर्बल शरीरः (कमजोर शरीर वाला), (आसीत् = था), भारवतः = भारयुक्तस्य भारवाहिनः (भारी),

शवस्य = मृतशरीरस्य (लाश को), (स्कन्धेन = कन्धे पर), वहनं = वोढुम् (ढोना), तत्कृते = तस्मै (उसके लिए), दुष्करम् = कष्टकरम् (मुश्किल), आसीत् = अवर्तत (था), सः = असौ (वह), भारवेदनया = भारस्य वेदनया, भारपीडया (वजन की पीड़ा से), क्रन्दति स्म = चीत्करोति स्म, रोदिति स्म (चीख रहा था), तस्य = अमुष्य (उसके), क्रन्दनं = चीत्कारं (चीत्कार को), निशम्य = श्रुत्वा (सुनकर), मुदितः = प्रसन्न, आरक्षी = रक्षापुरुषः (चौकीदार), तमुवाच = अमुम् अवदत् (उससे बोला), रे दुष्ट ! = अरे दुर्जन! (अरे दुष्ट !), तस्मिन् = अमुष्मिन् (उस), दिने = दिवसे (दिन), त्वयाऽहं = भवता अहम् त्वया (तुमने मुझे), चोरितायाः = चौर्यस्य (चोरी की), मञ्जूषायाः = पेटिकायाः (पेटी को), ग्रहणात् = नयनात् (ले जाने से),

वारितः = वारितवान् (रोका), इदानीम् = अधुना (अब), निजकृत्यस्य = स्वकर्मणः (अपने कर्म का, करनी का), फलम् = परिणामम् (परिणाम), भुक्ष्व = भवान् अनुभवतु (भोगो, अनुभव करो), अस्मिन् = एतस्मिन् (इस), चौर्याभियोगे = स्तेयाभियोगे, प्रकरणे (चोरी के मुकदमे में), त्वम् = भवान् (तुम), वर्षत्रयस्य = त्रयाणाम् अब्दानाम् (तीन वर्ष का), कारादण्डम् = कारावासस्य दण्डम् (कैद, जेल का दण्ड), लप्स्यसे = प्राप्स्यसि (पाओगे, भोगोगे), इति प्रोच्य = एवं उक्त्वा (ऐसा कहकर), उच्चैः = उच्चस्वरेण (जोर से), अहसत् = हसितवान् (हँसा), यथाकथंचित् = येन-केन-प्रकारेण (जैसे-तैसे), उभौ = द्वावेव (दोनों), शवमानीय = मृतशरीरम् नीत्वा (लाश को लेकर), एकस्मिन् चत्वरे = एकस्मिन् चतुर्मार्गे, चतुस्थे (एक चौराहे पर), स्थापितवन्तौ = अस्थापयताम् (रख दिया)।

सन्दर्भ-प्रसङ्गश्च – यह गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्यपुस्तक ‘शेमुषी’ के ‘विचित्र साक्षी’ पाठ से लिया गया है। मूलतः यह पाठ श्री ओम प्रकाश ठक्कुर रचित कथा का सम्पादित अंश है। इस गद्यांश में आरक्षी और अतिथि का संवाद प्रस्तुत किया गया है, जो संवाद न्यायालय में प्रमाण होगा।

हिन्दी-अनुवादः – आदेश पाकर दोनों (अभियुक्त और आरक्षी) ही चल पड़े। वहाँ पास जाकर लकड़ी के तख्ने पर रखे हुए कपड़े से ढके हुए (मृत) शरीर को कन्धे पर ढोते हुए न्यायालय की ओर प्रस्थान किया। चौकीदार हृष्ट-पुष्ट शरीर वाला था (और) अपराधी कमजोर (दुबले-पतले) शरीर वाला (था)। भारी लाश का कन्धे पर ढोना उसके लिए मुश्किल (कठिन कार्य) था। वह वजन की पीड़ा से चीख रहा था। उसके चीत्कार (रुदन) को सुनकर प्रसन्न हुआ चौकीदार उससे बोला -‘अरे दुष्ट! उस दिन तूने मुझे चोरी की पेटी को ले जाने से रोका था। अब अपनी करनी का फल भोग। इस चोरी के मुकदमे में तुम तीन वर्ष की कैद भोगोगे’ ऐसा कहकर वह जोर से हँसा। जैसे-तैसे दोनों ने लाश को लाकर चौराहे पर रख दिया।

5. न्यायाधीशेन पुनस्तौ घटनायाः विषये वक्तुमादिष्टौ। आरक्षिणि निजपक्षं प्रस्तुतवति आश्चर्यमघटत् स शवः प्रावारकमपसार्य न्यायाधीशमभिवाद्य निवेदितवान्- मान्यवर ! एतेन आरक्षिणा अध्वनि यदुक्तं तद् वर्णयामि ‘त्वयाऽहंचोरितायाः मञ्जूषायाः ग्रहणाद्वारितः, अतः निजकृत्यस्य फलं भुक्ष्व। अस्मिन् चौर्याभियोगे त्वं वर्षत्रयस्य
कारादण्ड लप्स्यसे’ इति।
न्यायाधीशः आरक्षिणे कारादण्डमादिश्य तं जनं ससम्मानं मुक्तवान्।
अतएवोच्यते-दुष्कराण्यपि कर्माणि मतिवैभवशालिनः।
नीतिं युक्ति समालम्ब्य लीलयैव प्रकुर्वते।।

शब्दार्थाः – न्यायाधीशेन = न्यायाधिकारिणा (न्यायाधीश ने), पुनस्तौ = पुनः अमू उभौ (फिर से उन दोनों को), घटनायाः विषये = घटितस्य विषये (घटना के विषय में), वक्तुमादिष्टौ = कथयितुम् आज्ञप्तौ (कहने/बोलने का आदेश दिया), आरक्षिणि = रक्षापुरुषे (रक्षापुरुष के), निजपक्षम् = आत्मकथ्यम् (अपने पक्ष को), प्रस्तुतवति = उक्तवति (कह देने पर), अर्थात् जब रक्षापुरुष (चौकीदार) अपना पक्ष प्रस्तुत कर रहा था (तब), आश्चर्यमघटत् = अद्भुतमजायत (आश्चर्यजनक घटना घटी), सः = असौ (वह), शवः = मृतकायः (लाश), प्रावारकम् = उत्तरीय वस्त्रम् (लबादे को), अपसार्य = अपवार्य (दूर करके), न्यायाधीशमभिवाद्य = न्यायाधिकारिणम् प्रणम्य अभिवादनं कृत्वा (जज को प्रणाम करके),

निवेदितवान् = न्यवेदयत् (निवेदन किया), मान्यवर ! = मान्येषु श्रेष्ठ ! (हे माननीय!), एतेन = अनेन (इस), आरक्षिणा = रक्षापुरुषेण (चौकीदार ने), अध्वनि = मार्गे (मार्ग में), यदुक्तम् = यत् कथितम् (जो कहा था), तद् वर्णयामि = तस्य वर्णनं करोमि, तत् वदामि (उसका वर्णन करता हूँ), त्वयाहम् = त्वं माम् (तुमने मुझे), चोरितायाः = चौर्यस्य (चोरी की), मञ्जूषायाः = पेटिकायाः (पेटी को), ग्रहणात् = नयनात् (ले जाने से), वारितः = अवरोधितः, निवारितः, न्यवारयः (रोका था), अत: निजकृत्यस्य = अतः स्वकर्मणः, कृतस्य (अपनी करनी का), फलम् = परिणाम (परिणाम), भुक्ष्व = अनुभव (भोगो), अस्मिन् = एतस्मिन् (इस),

चौर्याभियोगे = स्तेयप्रकरणे (चोरी के मुकदमे में, आरोप में), त्वं वर्षत्रयस्य = त्वं त्रयाणां अब्दानां (तीन वर्ष का), कारादण्डम् = कारागृह निग्रहस्य दण्डं (कैद/जेल का दण्ड), लप्स्यसे = प्राप्स्यसि (प्राप्त करोगे, पाओगे), न्यायाधीशः = न्यायाधिकारी (जज ने), आरक्षिणे = रक्षापुरुषाय (चौकीदार को), कारादण्डमादिश्य = कारागृहनिग्रहदण्डम् आज्ञाप्य (कैद के दण्ड की आज्ञा देकर), तम् जनं = अमुम् पुरुषम् (उस मनुष्य को), ससम्मानम् – सम्मानेन सहितम् (सम्मान/इज्जत के साथ), मुक्तवान् = अत्यजत् (छोड़ दिया), अत एवोच्यते = अतः एव कथ्यते (इसलिए कहा जाता है)।

दुष्कराण्यपि ……………………………………… प्रकुर्वते।।

अन्वयः – मतिवैभवशालिनः नीतिं युक्तिं समालम्ब्य दुष्कराणि कर्माणि अपि लीलया एव प्रकुर्वते।

शब्दार्थाः – मतिवैभवशालिनः = बुद्धिमन्तः (बुद्धिमान् लोग), नीतियुक्तिम् = नीतिगतयुक्तिम् (नैतिक तरीके का), समालम्ब्य = आश्रयं गृहीत्वा, आश्रित्य (सहारा लेकर), दुष्कराणि = कष्टेन करणीयानि (कठिनाई से किए जाने योग्य), कार्याणि अपि = कर्माणि अपि (कार्यों को भी), लीलयैव = कौतुकेन, सुगमतया (खेल ही खेल में, सरलता से), प्रकुर्वते = कुर्वन्ति, सम्पादयन्ति (कर लेते हैं )।

सन्दर्भ-प्रसङ्गश्च – यह गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्यपुस्तक शेमुषी के ‘विचित्र साक्षी’ पाठ से लिया गया है। यह पाठ मूलतः श्री ओम प्रकाश ठक्कुर रचित कथा का सम्पादित अंश है। इस गद्यांश में न्यायालय में शव को साक्षी के रूप में प्रस्तुत किया जाता है, क्योंकि वह जीवित था। उसने पूरे संवाद को सुना था। यही संवाद यहाँ प्रमाण है।

हिन्दी-अनुवादः – न्यायाधीश ने फिर से उन दोनों को घटना के विषय में बोलने का आदेश दिया। रक्षापुरुष (चौकीदार) के अपने पक्ष को प्रस्तुत करने पर अर्थात् जब चौकीदार अपना पक्ष प्रस्तुत कर रहा था, तब एक आश्चर्यजनक घटना घटी। वह लाश लबादे चादर को दूर करके (फेंककर) [उठ खडी हुई तथा] न्यायाधिकारी (जज) को अभिवादन करके (पुरुष रूप से) निवेदन करने लगी- “माननीय! इस चौकीदार ने मार्ग में जो कहा था (मैं) उसका वर्णन करता हूँ तुमने मुझे चोरी की पेटी को ले जाने से रोका था। अतः अब अपने किये हुए (करनी) का फल भोगो। इस चोरी के आरोप में तुम तीन वर्ष का कैद का दण्ड पाओगे।” न्यायाधीश ने चौकीदार सिपाही को कैद के दण्ड का आदेश (आज्ञा) देकर उस व्यक्ति (अतिथि) को ससम्मान (सम्मान के साथ) मुक्त कर दिया। इसलिए कहा जाता है बुद्धिमान् लोग नैतिक तरीके का सहारा लेकर कठिनाई से किये जाने योग्य कार्यों को भी खेल ही खेल में कर लेते हैं।

JAC Board Class 9th Social Science Notes  Geography Chapter 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

→ The Age of Social Change

• The French Revolution opened up the possibility of creating a dramatic change in the way in which society was structured.
• The social and political changes that took place all over the European continent can be traced to the French Revolution.
• But not everyone in Europe wanted a complete transformation of the society. Some were conservatives, while others were ‘liberals’, and ‘radicals’.
• Through the revolution in Russia, socialism became one of the most significant and powerful ideas to shape the society in the twentieth century.

→ Liberals, Radical sand Conservatives

• Liberals:
  • These leaders (group of people) wanted a nation which tolerated all religions,
  • Opposed the uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers,
  • Wanted to safeguard the rights of individuals against governments,
  • They argued for a representative, elected parliamentary government, subject to laws -interpreted by a well-trained judiciary that was independent of rulers and officials.
• Radicals:
  • They wanted a nation in which government was based on the majority of a country’s population,
  • They supported women suffragette movements,
  • They opposed the privileges of landowners and wealthy factory owners,
  • They disliked the concentration of property in the hands of a few people.
• Conservatives: They accepted that some changes were inevitable but believed that the past had to be respected and changes had to be brought through a gradual process.

→  Industrial Society and Social Change

• It was the beginning of the industrial revolution. Men, women and children were pushed into the factories for low wages.
• Liberals and radicals who were the factory owners felt that efforts must be encouraged so that benefits of industrialisation may be passed on to the workers.

→ The Coming of Socialism in Europe

• Some socialists believed in the ideas of cooperatives, while others demanded that governments encourage cooperatives.
• These cooperatives were to be the associations of people who produced goods together and divide the profits according to the work done by members. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels believed that a socialist society would free the workers from capitalism. This would be a communist society.

→ Support for Socialism

• Workers in Germany and England began forming associations to fight for better living conditions.
• They set up funds for members in distress. They wanted reduction of working hours and right to vote.
• By 1905, socialists and trade unionists formed ‘Labour Party’ in Britain and ‘Socialist Party’ in France.
• However, till 1914, socialists did not succeed in forming a government in Europe.

→ The Russian Revolution

• The government in Russia was taken over by the socialists through the October Revolution of 1917.
• The fall of monarchy in February 1917 in Russia and the events of the October Revolution are normally called the Russian Revolution.→ The Russian Tsars had built a vast empire which included part of Poland, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Ukraine and Belarus.

→ The Russian Empire in 1914

• The major religion of Russia was the orthodox Christianity which grew out the Greek Orthodox Church.
• The empire also included Catholics, Protestants, Muslims and Buddhists.
• At the beginning of the twentieth century, 85 per cent of the Russian population were agriculturists.

→ Economy and Society

• Russia was a major exporter of foodgrains. Russian cultivators produced for the market and for their own needs.
• In Russia, prominent industrial areas were St. Petersburg and Moscow.
• In 1890s, many factories started due to the expansion of the railway network and there was an increase in foreign investment in industries.
• Most industries were private property of industrialists.
• Government supervised large factories to ensure minimum wages and limited hours of work.
• Workers were divided as social groups or by skin. Workers were sometimes united to participate in strikes.
• In the countryside, peasants cultivated most of the land but the nobility, the crown and the orthodox church owned large properties.
• Russian peasants wanted the land of the nobles to be given to them. They refused to pay rent and even murdered the landlords.

→ Socialism in Russia

• All political parties were illegal in Russia before 1914.
• The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was founded in 1898 by socialists who respected Marx’s ideas.
• Socialists were active in the countryside through the late nineteenth century. They formed the Socialist Revolutionary Party in 1900.
• This party struggled for peasants’ rights and demanded that the property belonging to nobles be transferred to peasants.
• The Social Democratic Party was far divided into two wings, the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks.
• Vladimir Lenin led the Bolshevik group.

→ A Turbulent Time: The 1905 Revolution

• In the beginning of the 20th century, Russia was still an autocracy and the Tsar was not subject to parliament.
• The year 1904 was bad for Russian workers because of increase in prices of essential goods. Moreover, the real wages declined by 20 percent.
• In 1905, on one Sunday, the procession of workers led by Father Gapon reached the Winter Palace. It was attacked by the police and the Cossacks.
• Over 100 workers were killed and about 300 wounded. This incident, known as Bloody Sunday, started a series of events that came to known as the 1905 Revolution.
• Strike took place all over the country. During the 1905 Revolution, the Tsar allowed the creation of elected consultative parliament or Duma.
• The Tsar dismissed the first Duma within 75 days and the re-elected second Duma within 3 months.
• The Tsar did not want any questioning of his supreme authority.

→ The First World War and the Russian Empire

• In 1914, the First World War started between two European alliances—Germany, Austria and Turkey (the central powers) and France, Britain and Russia (later, Italy and Romania also).
• Russian armies lost badly in Germany and Austria between 1914 and 1916. There were over 7 million Russian casualties by 1917.
• The war had a severe impact on industry. Large supplies of grain were sent to feed the vast army. Food scarcity became common, which sometimes led to riots in bread shops.

→  The February Revolution in Petrograd

• In the winter of 1917, conditions in the capital, Petrograd, were grim.
• In February 1917, a lockout of a factory in Petrograd led to many strikes and demonstrations.
• The Duma was suspended, which ultimately lead to the resign of the Tsar.
• Soviet leaders and Duma leaders formed a provisional movement to-run the country.

→ After February

• In April 1917, the Bolshevik leader Lenin returned from exile and made three demands known as the ‘April Theses’.
• Throughout the summer, the workers’ movement spread.
• Peasants seized land between July and September 1917.

→ The Revolution of October 1917

• The conflict between the provisional government and the Bolsheviks grew.
• On 16 October, 1917, Lenin persuaded the petrograd Soviet and the Bolshevik party to agree to a socialist seizure of power.
• The uprising began on 24th October, 1917.
• There was he ivy fighting between pro-government troops and the Bolsheviks. By December 1917 the Bolsheviks controlled the Moscow-Petrograd area.

→ What changed after October

• The Bolsheviks nationalised banks and industries in November, 1917.
• They declared land as social property and allowed peasants to seize the land of nobles.
• The Bolshevik party was renamed as the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik).
• In November 1917, the Bolsheviks conducted the elections to the Constituent Assembly, but they failed to gain majority support.
• In January 1918, the Assembly rejected Bolshevik measures and Lenin dismissed the Assembly.
• The Bolsheviks became the only party to participate in the elections to the all Russian Congress of Soviets which was the parliament of the country.

→ The Civil War

• When the Bolsheviks ordered land redistribution, the Russian army began to break up. Soldiers, mostly peasants, wished to go home for the redistribution and deserted.
• The pro Tsarists (the whites) and the socialists (the greens) fought a civil war with the Bolsheviks (the reds) during 1918 and 1919.
• Most non-Russian nationalists were given political autonomy in the USSR created by the Bolsheviks in 1922.

→ Making a Socialist Society

• During the civil war, the Bolsheviks kept industries and banks nationalised.
• They permitted peasants to cultivate the seized land to show collective work.
• A process of centralised planning was introduced and officials made five year plans for the improvement of the economy.
• Rapid construction brought poor working conditions for workers.
• An extended schooling system was developed and arrangements were made for factory workers and peasants to enter universities.
• Creches were established in factories for the children of women workers.

→  Stalinism and Collectivisation

• The period of the early planned economy was linked to the disasters of the collectivisation of agriculture.
• By 1927-1928, the towns in Soviet Russia were facing an acute problem of grain supplies.
• Stalin, who headed the party after the death of Lenin, introduced firm emergency measures.
• He introduced collective farming to reduce the shortage of grains in the country. However, bad harvests during 1930-1933 led to famines with over 4 million people dying.
• Those who criticised Stalin’s policies were charged with conspiracy against socialism.
• By 1939, over 2 million people were imprisoned or sent to labour camps.

→ The Global Influence of Russian Revolution and the USSR

• The impact of the Russian Revolution was felt globally with communist parties being formed in many countries.
• By the time of the outbreak of the Second World War, the USSR had given socialism a global face and world stature. The USSR became a great power.
• Its industries and agriculture had developed and the poor were being fed, But it had denied the essential freedom to its citizens and adopted repressive policies for its developmental projects.
• By the end of the 20th century, the international reputation of the USSR as a socialist country had declined, though it was recognised that socialist ideals still enjoyed respect among its people.
• In each country, the ideas of socialism were re-thought in a variety of different ways.
• Many Indian writers like Jawaharlal Nehru and Rabindranath Tagore were impressed by the Russian Revolution and its ideals.

→ Important Dates and Related Events

• 1850-1880: Debates over socialism in Russia.
• 1898: Formation of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party.
• 1905: The Bloody Sunday incident and the Revolution of 1905. Formation of Labour Party in Britain and Socialist Party in France.
• 1914: The First World War started.
• 1917: Abdication of the Tsar on 2nd March; Bolshevik uprising in Petrograd on 24th October.
• 1918-20: The Civil War in Russia.
• 1919: Formation of Comintern.
• 1929 : Beginning of Collectivisation in farming.

→ Conservatives: Group of people who believed that the past had to be respected and change had to be brought through a slow process.

→ Liberals: Group of people who opposed the uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers.

→ Radicals: Those who favoured the formation of a government based on the majority of a country’s population.

→ Democrats: Group of people who believed in universal adult Franchise.

→ Suffragette movement: A movement to provide women the right to vote.

→ Jadidists: Muslim reformers within the Russian empire.

→ Real Wage: Reflects the quantities of goods which the wages will actually buy.

→ Duma: Russian Parliament which was created in 1905 for the first time.

→ April Theses: A set of three demands made by Vladimir Lenin in April 1917  War be brought to a close, land be transferred to the peasants and banks be nationalised.

→ Autonomy: The right of a person, an organization, a region etc. to govern his/her/ its own affairs.

→ Nomadism: Lifestyle of those who do not live at one place but move from one place to another to earn their living.

→ Kulaks: The name for well-to-do peasants.

→ Deported: Forcibly removed from one’s own country.

→ Exiled: Forced to live away from one’s own country.

→ Capitalism: It is an economic system under which the means of production are in the hands of private individual or individuals.

→ Socialism: It is an economic system under which the means of production are controlled by the society.

→ Bolsheviks: The majority group of Russian Social Democratic Workers Party
formed in 1898. This group led by Lenin was based on the ideology of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. They believed that party should be disciplined and should control the number and quality of its members.

→ Mensheviks: The minority group of Russian Social Democratic Workers Party formed in 1898. They thought that the party should be open to all.

→ Russian Steam Roller: The imperial Russian army came to be known as the Russian steam roller. It was the largest armed force in the world. When this army shifted its loyalty and began supporting the revolutionaries, Tsarist power collapsed.

→ Tsar: The title of the Emperor of Russia.

→ Giuseppe Mazzini: An Italian nationalist politician, journalist and activist who worked to set up a nation where all citizens would have equal rights. He was the spearhead of the Italian revolutionary movement.

→ Robert Owen: A leading English manufacturer, sought to build a co-operative community called New Harmony in Indiana (U.S.A.).

→ Karl Marx: Gave birth to the idea of socialism.

→ Friedrich Engels: Worked along with Karl Marx to give shape to the idea of Socialism.

→ Vladimir Lenin: Led the Bolshevik group to a successful revolution in Russia.

→ Father Gapon: Led the procession of workers that marched to the Winter Palace in 1904.

→ Tsarina Alexandra: Wife of Tsar Nicholas II.

→ Rasputin: Tsarina’s close confidant who had a strong influence on her.

→ Leon Trotskii: Headed the Military Revolutionary Committee appointed by the Soviet.

→ Kerenskii: Prime Minister of Russia in October, 1917.

→ Stalin: Headed the ruling party in Russia after the death of Lenin.

JAC Class 9 Social Science Notes

JAC Board Class 9th Social Science Notes History Chapter 1 The French Revolution

• The French Revolution started on 14th July, 1789 with the storming of the fortress prison- the Bastille, hated by everybody, because it stood for the despotic power of the King. The fortress was demolished.
• The beginning of chain of events started by the middle-class affected and shook the lower class and led to the execution of king in France followed by a revolt against monarchy.

→ Introduction

• The French revolution is a landmark in the history of European continent and the world.
• This revolution ended the monarchical system in France.
• The slogan of French Revolution “liberty, equality and fraternity” became important ideas of the new era.

→ French Society During the Late Eighteenth Century

• In 1774, Louis XVI of Bourbon family became the king of France.
• Due to long years of war and maintenance of an extravagant court of the palace of Versailles, he got an empty treasury.
• King Louis also helped thirteen American colonies to gain their indendence from Britain.
• This war added more than 1 billion livres (unit of currency in France) to the already
  existing debt of more than 2 billion livres. .
• To meet the expenses like maintaining army, court, running government offices or universities etc., the Franch government was forced to increase the taxes.
• French society in the 18th century was divided into three estates and only members of the third estate paid taxes.
• The three estates of France at that time were First Estate (the clergy), Second estate
  (the nobility), Third Estate (businessmen, merchants, court officials, lawyers, peasants, artisans, ladies, labour, servants etc.).

→ The Struggle to Survive

• During 1715-1789, the population of France increased rapidly which led to rapid increase in demand for foodgrains.
• Insufficient production increased the price of bread. But the wages of the workers did not keep pace with the rise in prices.
• Situation became worse when bad weather conditions reduced the harvest. This condition created subsistence crisis.

→ Emergence of Middle Class

• In the 18th century, a new social group emerged which was known as the middle class. They had become rich by expansion of overseas trade and manufacturing goods.
• This group believed that no group of society should be privileged by birth.
• Philosophers like John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau and Montesquieu considered that the middle class was solely responsible for the revolution.
• They spread the ideas of freedom, equal laws and opportunities for all.

→ The Outbreak of the Revolution

• On 5th May, 1789 Louis XVI called for an assembly of the Estates General to pass the proposals for new taxes.
• First, second and third estates sent their representatives.
• Peasants, artisans and women were denied entry to the assembly but they sent their demands and grievances through their representatives.
• The members of the third estate demanded that voting should be conducted by taking assembly as a whole. But King Louis XVI rejected this proposal and members of the third estate walked out of the assembly in protest.
• On 20th June, 1789, the representatives of the third estate assembled in the hall of an indoor tennis court in Versailles.
• They declared themselves a National Assembly.
• They also swore to draft a new constitution for France that would limit the powers of the monarch.
• The representatives of the third estate were led by Mirabeau and Abbe Sieyes.
• Due to severe winter, harvest was severely affected in France, which led to the increase in prices of essential commodities.
• After spending many hours in long queues at the bakery, crowds of angry women raided the shops.
• On 14th July, 1789, an agitated craud stormed and destroyeed the Bastille.
• Seeing the power of the revolt, King Louis XVI recognised the proposal of National Assembly that his powers would be checked by a constitution.
• On the night of 4th August, 1789. France passed the law for abolishing the feudal system of obligations and taxes.

→ France Becomes a Constitutional Monarchy

• The National Assembly completed the draft of the constitution in 1791. Its main objective was to limit the powers of the monarch.
• Under the new constitution, the laws were to be made by the National Assembly.
• The constitution began with a declaration of the right of man and citizen.

→  France Abolishes Moranchy and Becomes a Republic

• The National Assembly declared war against Prussia and Austria in April, 1792.
• While men were busy fighting at the front, women had to earn a living and look after their families.
• A large segment of the population was convinced to carry the revolution further, as the constitution of 1791 gave political rights only to the richer section.
• On 10th August, 1792, the Jacobins attacked the palace of the Tuileries with a large number of Parisians.
• They killed the King’s guards and held the king himself as hostage for several hours.
• New election were held and all the men above 21 years of age were allowed to vote.
• The newly elected assembly, the Convention, abolished monarchy on 21st September, 1792 and declared France as a‘Republic’.
• King Louis XVI was sentenced to death by a court on the charge of treason.

→ The Reign of Terror

• The period from 1793 to 1794 is reffered to as the ‘Reign of Terror’ in France.
• Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment.
• Due to his harsh policies, his supporters left him in the end. He was finally convicted by a court and guillotined in July 1794.

→ A Directory Rules France

• After the fall of the Jacobin government, the wealthier middle classes seized power.
• The new constitution was introduced which denied the right to vote to non-propertied society.
• It provided for two elected legislative councils. These councils appointed a Directory, an executive made up of five members.
• The political in stability of the Directory paved the way for the rise of a military dictator- Napoleon Bonaparte.

→  Did Women have a Revolution?

• Women played a very significant role in the French Revolution.
• Women in France were disappointed with the constitution of 1791, as it reduced them to passive citizens who had no
  political rights.
• They demanded political rights, viz., right to vote to be elected to the Assembly and to hold political office.
• Finally in 1946, French women won the right to vote.

→ The Abolition of Slavery

• The most important social reform made by the Jacobin government was to abolish slavery in French colonies.
• After long debates, the National Convention passed a law in 1794. It declared slavery illegal and freed all the slaves in French overseas colonies.
• After two years, Napoleon reintroduced slavery.
• Finally, slavery was abolished in the French colonies in 1848.

→ The Revolution arid Everyday Life

• After 1789, many changes took place in the lives of man, woman, and children in France.
• One important law that come into effect after the storming of the Bastille in the sum¬mer of 1789 was the abolition of censorship.
• With the abolition of censorship and the Declaration of the Right of man and citizen, freedom of speech and expression became a natural right of people.

→ Conclusion

• In 1804, Nepoleon Bonaparte crowned himself as the Emperor of France.
• He conquered the neighbouring European countries, dispossed dynasties and created kingdoms where he placed members of his family.
• He introduced many laws such as the protection of private property and a uniform system of weights and measures provided by the decimal system.
• Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.
• The ideas of liberty and democratic rights were the most important legacy of the French Revolution.
• Tipu Sultan and Raja Ram Mohan Roy are the two examples of Indian individuals who were inspired by the ideas of the French Revolution.

→ Important Dates and Related Events

• 1774: Louis XVI of the Bourbon family ascended the throne of France and faced empty treasury and growing discontent within the society of the Old Regime.
• 1789: Convocation of Estates General, Third Estate formed National Assembly, the Bastille was demolished, peasants revolted in the countryside, Assembly passed a decree abolishing the feudal system of obligations and taxes.
• 1719: Constitution framed to limit the powers of the king and to guarantee basic rights to all human beings.
• 1792- 93: France became a republic nation. Overthrow of the Jdcobin republic, a Directory which ruled France.
• 1804: Napoleon became the emperor of France, annexed a large part of Europe.
• 1815: Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo.
• 1848: Abolition of slavery in French colonies.
• 1945: Women in France won the right to vote.

→ Revolution: As a historial process, revolution refers to a movement, often violent, to overthrow an old regime and effect complete change in the fundamental institution of society.

→ Livre: Unit of currency in France, discontinued in 1794.

→ Feudal System: This system existed in the Middle Ages in Europe In this system, people received land and protection from a Lord for which they worked and fought.

→ Clergy: Group of persons invested with special functions in the Church.

→ Tithe: A tax levied by the Church, comprising one-tenth of the agricultural produce.

→ Taille: Tax to be paid directly to the state by the members of the Third Instate.

→ Subsistence Crisis: An extreme situation where the basic means of livelihood are endangered.

→ Anonymous: One whose name remains unknown.

→ Manor: An estate consisting of the Lord’s lands and his mansion.

→ Chateau: Castle or stately residence belonging to a king or a nobleman.

→ Marseillaise: The National Anthem of France.

→ Convent: Building belonging to a community devoted to a religious life.

→ Sans-culottes: Jacobins came to be known as the Sans-culottes, literally meaning ‘those without knee breeches’. Sans-culottes men wore in addition the red cap that symbolised liberty.

→ Convention: The newly elected assembly of France in 1792 was called the convention.

→ Republic: A form of government in which the people elect the government including the head of the government.

→ Aristocracy: The highest class in some societies.

→ Guillotine: A machine or a device consisting of two poles and a blade with which a person is beheaded. It was named after Dr. Guillotin who invented it.

→ Directory: It was an executive made up of five members.

→ Treason: Betrayal of one’s country or government.

→ Negroes: A term used for the indigenous people of Africa, south of the Sahara. It is a derogatory term, not in common use any longer.

→ Emancipation: The act of freeing.

→ Militia: An organization that operates like an army but whose members are not professional soldiers.

→ Bastille: A fort in the eastern part of Paris, used as a state prison.

→ Despot: Someone, such as a ruler, who uses power in a cruel and unfair way.

→ Sous: Subordinate (a French prefix).

→ Souvenir: A thing that is kept as a reminder of a person, place or event.

→ Jacobin: A political club of people which was formed to discuss the government policies and plan their own forms of action.

→ Louis XVI: He ascended the throne of France in 1774 and ruled over France during the French Revolution.

→ Rousseau: He was a great philosopher and writer of the book ‘The Social Contract’.

→ Montesquieu: A great philosopher. He wrote the book ‘The Spirit of the Laws’.

→ Abbe Sieyes: He was a priest who led National Assembly which was created in 1789. He wrote an influential pamphlet named “What is the Third Estate”.

→ Mirabeau: He also led the National Assembly. He was born in a noble family. He brought out a journal and delivered powerful speeches.

→ Maximilien Robespierre: Political leader of Jacobins who ruled over France from 1793 to 1794.

JAC Class 9 Social Science Notes

JAC Board Class 9th Social Science Important Questions Economics Chapter 4 Food Security in India

I. Objective Type Questions

1. What is meant by food security?
(a) Availability of food to poor people
(b) Availability of food to rich people
(c) Availability of food to all sections of people
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Availability of food to all sections of people

2. Which two food crops have been intensively cultivated in the Green Revolution in India,
(a) Wheat and maize
(b) Wheat and rice
(c) Wheat and mustard
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Wheat and rice

3. Buffer stock is created to:
(a) Maintain minimum support price
(b) Distribute food grains in the deficit areas
(c) Run the food-for-work programme
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(b) Distribute food grains in the deficit areas

4. Integrated child development service was introduced in:
(a) 1976
(b) 1978
(c) 1985
(d) 1975
Answer:
(d) 1975

5. In which state of India is the famous cooperative AMUL located:
(a) Rajasthan
(b) Gujarat
(c) Haryana
(d) Tamil Nadu
Answer:
(b) Gujarat

II. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by Food Security?
Answer:
Food security means availability, accessibility, and affordability of food to all people at all times.

Question 2.
Who are more vulnerable to food insecurity?
Answer:
The poor are more vulnerable to food insecurity.

Question 3.
What are the three dimensions of food security?
Answer:
The three dimensions of food security are:

1. Availability of food,
2. Accessibility of food,
3. Affordability of food.

Question 4.
When did the great famine of Bengal occur in India?
Answer:
1943.

Question 5.
Who were affected the most by the famine of Bengal:
Answer:

1. The agricultural labourers,
2. Fishermen,
3. Transport workers,
4. Casual labourers.

Question 6.
Name any two states of India that have faced acute food scarcity?
Answer:

1. Bihar
2. West Bengal.

Question 7.
Write two dimensions of hunger.
Answer:

1. Chronic hunger,
2. Seasonal hunger.

Question 8.
Who suffers from chronic hunger?
Answer:
Poor people suffer from chronic hunger.

Question 9.
Which type of hunger is prevalent in rural areas?
Answer:
Seasonal hunger is prevalent in rural areas.

Question 10.
What are the two components of food security System of India?
Answer:
The two components of food security system of India are:

1. Buffer Stock,
2.  Public Distribution System.

Question 11.
What is Buffer stock?
Answer:
Buffer stock is the stock of food grains (wheat and rice) procured by the government through the food corporation of India.

Question 12.
What is PDS?
Answer:
Public Distribution System refers to a system through which the food procured by the FCI is distributed among the poor through government-regulated ration shops by using ration cards.

Question 13.
FCI stands for what?
Answer:
FCI stands for Food Corporation of India.

Question 14.
Why are food-for-work schemes security implemented?
Answer:
To ensure food and nutritional to people living below poverty level.

Question 15.
What is the need of fair price shop?
Answer:
To ensure distribution of food grains to even the poorest of poor at lower than market price. ’

Question 16.
Why does the government give subsidy?
Answer:
To make sure that price of essential commodities should be within the reach of the poorest people.

Question 17.
Which social group is the target of the Annapurna Scheme?
Answer:
The Annapurna Scheme is for indigent senior citizens who are not financially sup-ported by anybody.

Question 18.
Name any two food cooperatives in India.
Answer:

1. Amul,
2. Mother Dairy.

III. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the three dimensions of food security?
Or
Explain the dimensions of food security?
Answer:
Food security has the following dimensions:
1. Availability of food:
It means food production within the country, food imports and the previous years stock stocked in government granaries.

2. Accessibility:
It means food is within reach of every person.

3. Affordability:
It means an individual has enough money to buy sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet his dietary need.

Question 2.
What was declared in World Food Summit, 1995?
Answer:
The World Food Summit, 1995 declared, “Food security at the individual, household, regional, national and global levels exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.”

Question 3.
How is food security affected during a calamity?
Answer:
Following are the ways in which food security gets affected dring a natural calamity.

1. Due to natural calamity, say drought, total product ion of food grains decreases.
2. Low food production leads to shortage of food in the affected areas.
3. Due to shortage of food, prices go up. At such high prices, many people cannot afford to buy food.
4. If such a calamity happens in a very widespread area or is stretched over a longer time period, it may cause a situation of starvation.
5. A massive starvation might take the turn of famine.

Question 4.
What is a famine? How are people affected by a famine?
Answer:
A famine is characterised by widespread deaths due to starvation and epidemics caused by forced use of contaminated water or decaying food and loss of body re-sistance due to weakening from starvation. This occurs due to a severe shortage of . food resulting from crop failure or other calamity, which increases the price of food, making it unaffordable to the weaker sections of the population.

Question 5.
Why is food security needed in India?
Answer:
The poorest section of the society might be food insecure most of the times while persons above the poverty line might also be food insecure when the country faces a national disaster like earthquake, drought, flood, tsunami, famine, etc. Even today, there are places like Kalahandi and Kashipur in Odisha where famine-like conditions have been existing for many years and where some starvation deaths have also been reported.

Starvation deaths have also been reported in Baran district of Rajasthan, Palamau district of Jharkhand and many other remote areas during the recent years.
Therefore, food security is needed in India to ensure food at all times.

Question 6.
Explain the impact of green revolution on food security in India.
Answer:
Following is the impact of green revolution on food security.

1. It made India self sufficient in food production.
2. After green revolution no food scarcity was felt even during adverse weather conditions.
3. With the increase in per hectare crop production as well as extension of agri-cultural activities in disadvantaged areas, it ensured regular food supply.

Question 7.
What is the need of maintaining buffer stock?
Answer:
Maintenance of Buffer stock is required for the following reasons:

1. It ensures continuous supply of commodities to fair-price shops.
2. It is the stock of country which can be used during any calamity.
3. It helps farmers to sell their surplus crop at a reasonable price.

Question 8.
Write a brief note on the national food security Act, 2013.
Answer:
The national food security Act, 2013 provides for food and nutritional security life at affordable prices and enables people to live their life with dignity. Under this act 75 percent of the rural population and 50 percent of the urban population have been categorised as eligible households for food security aid.

Question 9.
What are the three kinds of ration cards?
Answer:
The three kinds of ration cards are as follows:
1. Antyodaya Cards:
Antyodaya cards for the poorest of the poor.

2. BPL Cards:
Below Poverty Line (BPL) cards for those who are below poverty line.

3. APL Cards:
Above Poverty Line (APL) cards for all others.

Question 10.
Explain any two types of PDS.
Answer:
Two types of PDS are as follows:
1. Revamped Public Distribution System (RPDS):
It was introduced in 1992 in 1,700 blocks in the country. The launch of RPDS was to provide the benefits of PDS to remote and backward areas.

2. Targetted Public Distribution System (TPDS): TPDS was introduced in June 1997 to adopt the principle of targetting the “poor in all areas”. It was for the first time that a differential price policy was adopted for poors and non-poor.

Question 11.
List any three characteristics of public distribution system.
Answer:
Following are the three characteristics of public distribution system.

1. It procures grain from FCl and distributes it among the poorer sections of society.
2. There are almost 5.5 lakh shops under this system reaching the farthest comer of country.
3. It distributes food grains through ration card.

Question 12.
How do fair-price shops help food distribution in India?
Answer:
There are more than 5.5 lakh fair-price shops to help food distribution in India. They provide food stuff like wheat, rice, sugar, and kerosene oil on a monthly basis to ration card holders at lower than the market rates. These rates depend on the category of family, whether they are APL, BPL or Antyodaya families. This enables the poorer sections of society to have food security.

Question 13.
what is MSP? How does it help in food security?
Answer:
The Food Corporation of India (FCI) purchases wheat and rice for the government from the farmers of surplus states at pre-announced prices. This price is called minimum support price (MSP). It helps in ensuring food security in several ways:

1. For farmers it gives surety to their crop price and encourages them to grow certain crops.
2. For government, it ensures that they have enough crop to buy for their buffer stock and public welfare programmes.
3. For public, this ensures that prices of a commodity will be stable and within their reach.

IV. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the measures adopted by the government of India to achieve self-sufficiency in food grains;
Answer:
Following measures were adopted by government of India to achieve self-sufficiency in food grains.
1. India adopted a new strategy in agriculture, which resulted in green revolution especially in the production of wheat and rice.

2. The government of India has made the provision of buffer stock meant to dis-tribute food grains in the deficit areas and among the poorer strata of society at a price lower than the market price. This also helps to resolve the problem of shortage of food during adverse weather conditions or during the periods of calamity.

3. The government has made provision of Public Distribution System (PDS). This is meant for distribution of food grains trough government regulated ration shops (Fair price shops) among the poorer sections of the society.

4. The government has also initiated other food intervention programmes like Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), Food-for-Work programme (FFW), Mid-Day meals, Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) etc.

Question 2.
Explain two special schemes launched by the government in 2000.
Answer:
In 2000, two special schemes were launched viz. Antyodaya Anna Yojana and the Annapurna Scheme with special target groups of ‘poorest of the poor’ and ‘indigent senior citizens’, respectively. The functioning of these two schemes was linked with the existing network of the PDS.

1. Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY):
This scheme was launched in December 2000. Under the scheme one crore of the poorest among the BPL families covered under the Targetted Public Distribution System were identified. Poor families were identified by the respective state rural development departments through a Below Poverty Line (BPL) survey.

Twenty-five kilograms of food grains were made available to each eligible family at a highly subsidised rate of ₹ 2 per kg for wheat and ₹ 3 per kg for rice. This quantity has been enhanced from 25 to 35 kgs with effect from April 2002. The scheme has been further expanded twice to additional 50 lakh BPL families in June 2003 and in August 2004. With this increase, 2 crore families have been covered under the AAY.

2. Annapurna Scheme:
Annapurna Scheme (APS) was introduced in 2000 as Public Distribution Scheme to support indigent senior citizens with 10 kilograms of food grains free of cost.

JAC Class 9 Social Science Important Questions

JAC Board Class 9th Social Science Important Questions Economics Chapter 3 Poverty as a Challenge

I. Objective Type Questions

1. In India, approximately how many people live in poverty?
(a) 30 crore
(b) 27 crore
(c) 20.2 core
(d) 88.3 crore.
Answer:
(b) 27 crore

2. In rural areas, average calories required person per day are
(a) 2100 calories
(b) 3000 calories
(c) 2400 calories
(d) 1700 calories.
Answer:
(c) 2400 calories

3. The average number of calories required per person per day in urban areas of India are
(a) 3000 calories
(b) 2400 calories
(c) 2900 calories
(d) 2100 calories.
Answer:
(d) 2100 calories.

4. Which of the following states of India has the highest poverty ratio?
(a) Odisha
(b) Bihar
(c) Uttar Pradesh
(d) Assam
Answer:
(b) Bihar

5. When was the Rural Employment Generation programme (REGP) launched?
(a) In 1992
(b) In 2005
(c) In 1993
(d) In 1995
Answer:
(d) In 1995

II. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Poverty?
Answer:
Poverty refers to a situation in which a person is not able to get the minimum basic necessities of life, e.g. food, clothing, shelter, etc. for his or her sustenance.

Question 2.
What is one of the biggest challenges of independant India?
Answer:
One of the biggest challenges of independent India is to bring millions of its people out of abject poverty.

Question 3.
What did Mahatma Gandhi always emphasize?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi always emphasized that India would be truly independent only when the poorest of its people become free of human suffering.

Question 4.
Name some social indicators through which poverty is seen.
Answer:

1. Illiteracy,
2. Lack of general resistance due to malnutrition,
3. Lack of access to healthcare,
4. Lack of job opportunities,
5. Lack of access to safe drinking water, sanitation, etc.

Question 5.
Define vulnerability to poverty?
Answer:
Vulnerability to poverty is a measure which describes the greater probability of certain communities or individuals becoming or remaining poor in the coming years.

Question 6.
What is poverty line?
Answer:
Poverty line is an imaginary line used by any country to determine its poverty level.

Question 7.
When is a person considered poor?
Answer:
A person is considered poor if his or her income or consumption level falls below a given “minimum level” necessary to fulfil the basic needs.

Question 8.
What is considered when determining the poverty line in India?
Answer:
While determining the poverty line in India a minimum level of food requirement, clothing, footwear, fuel and light, educational and medical requirement, etc. are determined for subsistence.

Question 9.
Why is the calorie requirement of people higher in rural areas as compared to urban areas?
Answer:
The calorie requirement of people in rural areas in higher because the rural people are engaged in more physical labour than people in urban areas.

Question 10.
What is the accepted average calorie requirement in India?
Answer:
The accepted average calorie requirement in India is 2400 calories per person per day in rural areas and 2100 calories per person per day in urban areas.

Question 11.
Which agency conducts the periodical sample surveys for estimating the poverty line in India?
Or
Which organization in India carries the periodical survey for the estimation of poverty?
Answer:
Poverty line is estimated periodically by the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) by conducting sample surveys, generally after every 5 years.

Question 12.
What is the full form of NSSO?
Answer:
The full form of NSSO is National Sample Survey Organisation.

Question 13.
Which are the most Vulnerable groups of poverty?
Answer:
Scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, rural agricultural labour households and urban casual labour households are vulnerable to poverty.

Question 14.
What was the percentage of people living below the poverty line in 2011-12 in India.
Answer:
In 2011-12, 22 per cent of the population was living below the poverty line in India.

Question 15.
Name the two poorest states in India.
Answer:

1. Bihar
2. Odisha.

Question 16.
Name five states having the highest percentage of people below poverty line.
Answer:

1. Bihar,
2. Odisha,
3. Assam,
4. Madhya Pradesh,
5. Uttar Pradesh.

Question 17.
Name five states having the least percentage of people below poverty line.
Answer:

1. Kerala,
2. Himachal Pradesh,
3. Punjab,
4. Andhra Pradesh,
5. Haryana.

Question 18.
How have states like Punjab and Haryana been successful in reducing poverty?
Answer:
States like Punjab and Haryama have been successful in reducing poverty with high agricultural growth rates.

Question 19.
By what method has the state of West Bergal reduced poverty?
Answer:
Proper implementation of land reforms have helped to reduce poverty in West Bengal.

Question 20.
Why has Kerala succeeded in reducing poverty?
Answer:
By focusing more on human resource development.

Question 21.
Which standard is used by the World Bank for the estimation of poverty line?
Answer:
The World Bank uses a uniform standard for poverty line, which is the minimum income of the equivalent of $ 1.90 per person per day.

Question 22.
Why is World Bank important in estimating poverty line?
Answer:
Different countries have different poverty lines as per their existing level of devel¬opment. The World Bank compares countries by presenting a uniform standard for poverty line which is acceptable to all countries.

Question 23.
List some countries having the highest percentage of people below poverty line.
Answer:

1. Nigeria,
2. Bangladesh,
3. India,
4. Pakistan,
5. China.

Question 24.
Name any two causes of poverty in India.
Answer:

1. Low level of economic development during British rule,
2. Inefficient administration.

Question 25.
The current anti-poverty strategy of the government is based broadly on two planks Mention these.
Or
The present anti-poverty strategy of the Government of India is broadly based on what factors?
Answer:
The present anti-poverty strategy of the Government of India is broadly based on two planks :

1. Promotion of economic growth
2. targetted anti-poverty programmes.

Question 26.
Name any two anti-poverty programs.
Answer:

1. Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana (PMRY)
2. Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY).

Question 27.
Write the full form of MNREGA.
Answer:
Full form of MNREGA is Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act.

Question 28.
Which act guarantees minimum 100 days employment per person per year in rural areas?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act.

Question 29.
When was MNREGA passed?
Answer:
MNREGA was passed in September 2005.

Question 30.
Which scheme has been started to create self-employment opportunities for educated unemployed youth in rural areas?
Answer:
Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana (PMRY).

III. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How is poverty seen by social scientists?
Answer:
Poverty as seen by social scientists in the following way:

1. Poverty relates to the level of income and consumption.
2. Apart from this, poverty is looked at through other social indicators like illiteracy level, lack of general resistance due to malnutrition, lack of access to healthcare, lack of job opportunities, lack of access to safe drinking weather, sanitation, etc.

Question 2.
What is social exclusion? Explain with an example.
Answer:
Social exclusion is a process through which individuals or groups are excluded from facilities, benefits and opportunities that others enjoy.
Example: The caste system in India in which people belonging to certain castes are” excluded from equal opportunities.

Question 3.
Does poverty line vary with time and place?
Answer:
Yes, poverty line may vary with time and place. A person is considered poor, if his or her income or consumption level falls below a given minimum level that is necessary to satisfy basic needs. What is necessary to satisfy basic needs is different at different times and in different countries. Therefore, poverty line may vary with time and place.

Example: A person not having a car in the USA may be considered poor but in India owning a car is still considered a luxury.

Question 4.
What are the calories and rupees fixed for rural and urban areas for measuring the poverty line?
Answer:
The poverty line fixed for the rural and urban areas in India in the year 2012 was ₹ 186 and ₹ 100 per person per day for urban and rural areas, respectively. It is higher in urban areas because of higher prices of many essential commodities in urban centres. The accepted average calories requirement in India is 2400 calories in rural areas and 2100 in urban areas. It is high in the rural areas because of more physical work done by the rural people.

Question 5.
Briefly explain the principle measures taken in Punjab, Haryana, Kerala and West Bengal to reduce poverty.
Answer:
1. Punjab and Haryana:
These states have succeeded in reducing poverty due to high agricultural growth.

2. Kerala:
It has succeeded in reducing poverty by investing on human resource development. Kerala has the highest literacy rate in the country.

3. West Bengal:
In West Bengal land reform measures have helped in reducing poverty.

Question 6.
How are sociocultural and economic factors responsible for poverty in India?
Answer:
1. Sociocultural causes of poverty: In order to fulfil social obligations and observe religious ceremonies, most people in India including the very poor spend a lot of money. This takes them back to poverty.

2. Economic Causes of Poverty: Small farmers need money to buy agricultural inputs like seeds, fertilizer, pesticides etc. Since poor people hardly have any savings, they borrow money and when there is crop failure they become indebted. This takes pusher them into poverty.

Question 7.
Which circumstances compelled the government to start targetted anti-poverty programmes?
Answer:
Following circumstances compelled the government to start targetted anti-poverty programmes:

1. Since the poor are not able of take advantage of the opportunities created for them, the growth in the agriculture sector is much below expectations.
2. In agriculture sector, a large number of poor people are unemployed for most part of the year, therefore, the need for targetted anti-poverty programmes was felt.

Question 8.
Give the main feature of Rural Employment Generation Programme.
Answer:
Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP) was launched in 1995. The main features of REGP are:

1. Creation of self-employment opportunities in rural areas and towns.
2. Creation of 25 lakh near Jobs under the tenth five-year plan.

Question 9.
Why were the poverty alleviation programmes not successful in most parts of India?
Answer:
The poverty alleviation programmes were not successful in most parts of India for these reasons:

1. Lack of proper implementation and right targetting.
2. There has been a lot of overlapping of schemes.
3. Every year a huge number is added to the population pool of the country. This makes schemes ineffective.
4. Despite good intentions, the benefits of these schemes do not fully reach to the deserving poor.

IV. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Analyse poverty on the basis of social exclusion and vulnerability.
Answer:
The analysis of poverty is based on social exclusion and vulnerability as follows:
1. Social exclusion:
Social exclusion means living in a poor surroundings with poor people, excluded from enjoying social equality of better off people in better surrounding. In India, Caste system is based on social exclusion. People belonging to certain castes were prevented from enjoying equal facilities, benefits and opportunities. This caused more poverty than that caused by lower income.

2. Vulnerability:
Vulnerability to poverty is a measure, which describes the greater probability of certain communities becoming or remaining poor in the coming years, e.g. members of a backward caste or individuals like widows, physically handicapped persons and so on. Vulnerability is determined by various options available to different communities in terms of assets, education, job, healthcare, etc. and analyses their ability to face various risks like natural disasters.

Question 2.
Explain the main features of the global poverty scenario.
Answer:
Following are the main features of global poverty scenario:

1. The priducortion of people in developing countries living in extreme economic poverty defined by the World Bank as living on less than $ 1.90 per day has come down from from 36 per cent in 1990 to 10 per cent in 2015.
2. Poverty J.eclined substantially in China and South-East Asian countries as a result ox rapid economic growth and massive investment in human resource development.
3. In the countries of South Asia: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, the decline has also been rapid-34 per cent in 2005 to 16.2 per cent in 2013.
4. In sub-Saharan Africa, poverty in fact declined from 51 per cent in 2005 to 41 per cent in 2005.
5. In Latin America, the ratio of poverty has also declined from 10 per cent in 2005 to 4 per cent in 2015.
6. Poverty has also resurfaced in some of the former socialist countries like Russia, where officially it was non-existent earlier.

Question 3.
“There is a strong link between economic growth and poverty reduction” Explain the statement.
Answer:
It is clear that there is a strong link between economic growth and poverty reduction. The higher growth rates have helped significantly in the reduction of poverty. In the 1980s, India’s economic growth was one of the fastest in the world. The growth rate rose from the average of about 3.5% a year in the 1970s to about 6 percent during the 1980s and 1990s.

Economic growth widens opportunities and provides the resources needed to invest in human development. This also encourages people to send their children, including the girl child, to schools in the hope of getting better economic returns from investing in education. Thus, it can be concluded that there is a strong link between economic growth and poverty reduction.

Question 4.
Describe any four poverty alleviation programmes currently being implemented in India.
Or
Describe any four anti-poverty programmes.
Answer:
Following are the four major poverty alleviation programmes implemented by the
Government of India.
1. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA)

1. This act was passed in September 2005.
2. This act provides 100 days assured employment every year to every rural household.
3. It also aims at sustainable development by addressing the cause of drought, deforestation and soil erosion.
4. One-third of the proposed jobs have been reserved for women.
5. The scheme provided employment to 220 crore mandays of employment to 4.78 crore households.
6. The range of wage rate for different states and union territories lies in between ₹ 281 per day to ₹ 168 per day.

2. Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) .

1. This programme was launched in 1993.
2. It is aimed at providing self-employment opportunities to educated unemployed youth in the rural and small towns.
3. Under this programme, scheduled banks provide loans at a lower interest rate to start small businesses and set up industries.

3. Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP)

1. This programme was launched in 1995.
2. The aim of the programme is to provide self-employment opportunities to educated unemployed youth in the rural areas and small towns.
3. A target for creating 25 Lakh new Jobs has been set for this programme under the Tenth five-year plan.

4. Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY)

1. This programme was launched in 2000.
2. Under this programme, the Central Government provides additional assistance to the State Government for improving basic services in the village.
3. The major basic services covered under this programme are primary health, primary education, rural shelter, rural drinking water and rural electrification.

Question 5.
Review the future challenges in the context of poverty in India.
Answer:
Despite many plans to reduce poverty in India, the main reason for its partial success is lack of proper implementation and proper targetting. The benefits of these schemes could not be passed on to the poor, even after a good deal of sincere efforts have been made. Poverty has come down due to the implementation of many schemes, but the biggest problem of completely eradicating poverty is still standing before us.

Wide disparities in poverty are visible between rural and urban areas and among . different states. Certain social and economic groups are more vulnerable to poverty. Further, poverty should include not only the factor of adequate amount of food, but also other factors like education, healthcare, shelter, job security, gender equality, dignity and so on. These give as the true concept of human poverty.Poverty reduction is expected to be more effective in next 10-15 years.

In addition to anti-poverty measures, government should focus on the following to reduce poverty:

1. Higher economic growth
2. Universal free elementary education,
3. Decrease in population
4. Empowerment of women and weaker sections.

The official definition of poverty, however, captures only a limited part of what poverty really means to people. It is about a “minimum subsistence level of living rather than a “reasonable” level of living. Many scholars advocate that we must broaden the concept into human poverty. A large number of people many have been able to feed themselves.

But do they have education? or shelter? or healthcare? or job security? or self confidence? Are they free from caste and gender discrimination? Is the practice of child labour still common? World wide experience shows that with development, the definition of poverty is always a moving target.

Hopefully, we will be able to provide the minimum “necessary” in terms of only income to all people by the end of the next decade. But the target will move on for many of the bigger challenges that still remain: Providing healthcare, education and job security for all, and achieving gender equality, and dignity for the poor.

JAC Class 9 Social Science Important Questions

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Shemushi Chapter 3 व्यायामः सर्वदा पथ्यः Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

JAC Board Class 10th Sanskrit Solutions Shemushi Chapter 3 व्यायामः सर्वदा पथ्यः

JAC Class 10th Sanskrit व्यायामः सर्वदा पथ्यः Textbook Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
एकपदेन उत्तरं लिखत- (एक शब्द में उत्तर लिखिए-)
(क) परमम् आरोग्यं कस्मात् उपजायते ? (परमारोग्य किससे होता है?)
(ख) कस्य मासं स्थिरीभवति? (किसका मांस स्थिर होता है?)
(ग) सदा कः पथ्य? (सदा क्या अनुकूल है?)
(घ) कै पुभिः सर्वेषु ऋतुषु व्यायामः कर्त्तव्यः? (किन लोगों को सभी ऋतुओं में व्यायाम करना चाहिए?)
(ङ) व्यायामस्विन्नगात्रस्य समीपं के न उपसर्पन्ति? (व्यायाम से उत्पन्न पसीना वाले शरीर के समीप कौन नहीं आते?)
उत्तरम्म् :
(क) व्यायामात् (व्यायाम से)।
(ख) व्यायामाभिरतस्य (व्यायाम में लगे हुए का)
(ग) व्यायामः (कसरत)।
(घ) पुम्भिरात्महितैषिभिः (अपना हित चाहने वालों को)।
(ङ) व्याधयः (रोग)।

प्रश्न 2.
अधोलिखितानां प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि संस्कृतभाषया लिखत –
(निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर संस्कृत भाषा में लिखिए)
(क) कीदृशं कर्म व्यायामसंज्ञितं कथ्यते ?
(कैसा कर्म व्यायाम नाम से पुकारा जाता है ?)
उत्तरम् :
शरीरायासजननं कर्म व्यायामसंज्ञितं कथ्यते।
(शरीर को थकाने वाला कर्म व्यायाम कहलाता है।)

(ख) व्यायामात् किं किमुपजायते ?
(व्यायाम से क्या पैदा होता है ?)
उत्तरम् :
शरीरोपचयः, कान्तिः, गात्राणां सुविभक्तता, दीप्ताग्नित्वम्, अनालस्यं, स्थिरत्वं, लाघवं, मृजा, श्रमक्लमपिपासा, उष्ण-शीतादीनां सहिष्णुता परमं च आरोग्यम् व्यायामात् उपजायते।
(शरीर की वृद्धि, चमक, सुडौलता, दीप्ति, पाचनशक्ति की वृद्धि, आलस्यहीनता, स्थिरता, फुर्ती, स्वच्छता, परिश्रम, थकान, प्यास, गर्मी-सर्दी आदि को सहन करने की क्षमता और महान स्वस्थता व्यायाम से उत्पन्न होती है। )

(ग) जरा कस्य सकाशं सहसा न समधिरोहति ?
(बुढ़ापा अचानक किस पर हावी नहीं होता ?)
उत्तरम् :
व्यायामाभिरतस्य सकाशं जरा सहसा न समधिरोहति।
(व्यायाम में संलग्न के पास बुढ़ापा अचानक नहीं आता।)

(घ) कस्य विरुद्धमपि भोजनं परिपच्यते?
(किसका विरुद्ध भोजन भी पचता है?)
उत्तरम् :
व्यायामम् कुर्वतः नित्यं विरुद्धमपि भोजनं परिपच्यते।
(व्यायाम करते हुए का विरुद्ध भोजन भी पचता है।)

(ङ) कियता बलेन व्यायामः कर्त्तव्यः ?
(कितने बल से व्यायाम करना चाहिए ?)
उत्तरम् :
अर्धनबलेन व्यायामः कर्त्तव्यः।
(आधे बल से व्यायाम करना चाहिए।)

(च) अर्धबलस्य लक्षणं किम् ?
(आधे बल का लक्षण क्या है ?)
उत्तरम् :
यदा व्यायामं कुर्वतः हृदिस्थानस्थितो वायुः वक्त्रं प्रपद्यते, तद् बलार्धस्य लक्षणम्।
(जब व्यायाम करने वाले के हृदय में स्थित वायु मुख की ओर प्रवृत्त हो जाती है वह आधे बल का लक्षण है।)

प्रश्न 3.
उदाहरणमनुसृत्य कोष्ठकगतेषु पदेषु तृतीयाविभक्तिं प्रयुज्य रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत –
(उदाहरण के अनुसार कोष्ठक में दिए शब्दों में तृतीया विभक्ति लगाकर प्रयोग कीजिए)
यथा – व्यायामः ……….. हीनमपि सुदर्शनं करोति। (गुण)
व्यायामः गुणैः हीनमपि सुदर्शनं करोति।

(क) ……….. व्यायामः कर्त्तव्यः। (बलस्यार्ध)
उत्तरम् :
बलस्यार्धेन व्यायामः कर्त्तव्यः।
(आधे बल से व्यायाम करना चाहिए।)

(ख) ……….. सदृशं किञ्चित् स्थौल्यापकर्षणं नास्ति। (व्यायाम)।
उत्तरम् :
व्यायामेन सदृशं किञ्चित् स्थौल्यापकर्षणं नास्ति।
(व्यायाम के समान कुछ भी मोटापा दूर करने वाला नहीं है।)

(ग) ……….. विना जीवनं नास्ति। (विद्या)
उत्तरम् :
विद्यया विना जीवनं नास्ति।
(विद्या के बिना जीवन नहीं है।)

(घ) सः ……….. खञ्जः अस्ति। (चरण)
उत्तरम् :
सः चरणेन खञ्जः अस्ति।
(वह पैर से लँगडा है।)

(ङ) सूपकारः ……….. भोजनं जिघ्रति। (नासिका)
उत्तरम् :
सूपकारः नासिकया भोजनं जिघ्रति।
(रसोइया नाक से भोजन सूंघता है।)

प्रश्न 4.
(अ) स्थूलपदमाधृत्य प्रश्ननिर्माणं कुरुत (मोटे शब्दों के आधार पर प्रश्नों का निर्माण कीजिए)
(क) शरीरस्य आयासजननं कर्म व्यायामः इति कथ्यते। (शरीर को थकाने वाला कर्म व्यायाम कहलाता है।)
(ख) अरयः व्यायामिनं न अर्दयन्ति। (शत्रु व्यायामी को नहीं कुचलते।)
(ग) आत्महितैषिभिः सर्वदा व्यायामः कर्त्तव्यः। (आत्महितैषियों द्वारा हमेशा व्यायाम करना चाहिए।)
(घ) व्यायाम कुर्वतः विरुद्धं भोजनम् अपि परिपच्यते। (व्यायाम करने वाले को विपरीत भोजन भी पच जाता है।)
(ङ) गात्राणां सुविभक्तता व्यायामेन संभवति। (अंगों का अच्छा विभाजन व्यायाम से संभव होता है।)
उत्तरम् :
(क) कस्य आयासजननं कर्म व्यायाम इति कथ्यते ? (किसको थकाने वाला कर्म व्यायाम कहलाता है ?)
(ख) के व्यायामिनं न अर्दयन्ति ? (कौन व्यायामी को नहीं कुचलते ?)
(ग) कैः सर्वदा व्यायामः कर्त्तव्यः ? (किन्हें हमेशा व्यायाम करना चाहिए ?)
(घ) व्यायाम कुर्वतः कीदृशं भोजनम् अपि परिपच्यते ? (व्यायाम करने वाले को कैसा भोजन भी पच जाता है ?)
(ङ) केषां सुविभक्तता व्यायामेन सम्भवति ? (किनकी सुविभक्तता व्यायाम से सम्भव होती है ?)

(आ) षष्ठश्लोकस्य भावमाश्रित्य रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत – (छठे श्लोक के भाव पर आश्रित रिक्तस्थानों की पूर्ति कीजिए)
यथा : ………. समीपे उरगाः न ………. एवमेव व्यायामिनः जनस्य समीपं ……………………. न गच्छन्ति। व्यायामः वयोरूपगुणहीनम् अपि जनम् ………. करोति।
उत्तरम् :
यथा – वैनतेयसमीपे उरगाः न उपसर्पन्ति एवमेव व्यायामिनः जनस्य समीपे व्याधयो न गच्छन्ति। व्यायामः वयोरूपगुणहीनम् अपि जनम् सुदर्शनम् करोति। (जैसे गरुड़ के समीप साँप नहीं आते वैसे ही व्यायामी व्यक्ति के समीप रोग नहीं आते हैं। व्यायाम उम्र, रूप और गुणहीन को भी सुन्दर कर (बना) देता है।)

प्रश्न 5.
(अ) ‘व्यायामस्य लाभाः’ इति विषयम् अधिकृत्य पञ्चवाक्येषु ‘संस्कृतभाषया’ एकम् अनुच्छेदं लिखत।
(‘व्यायाम के लाभ’ इस विषय पर पाँच वाक्यों में संस्कृत भाषा में एक अनुच्छेद लिखिए।)
उत्तरम् :
व्यायामात् शरीरोपचयः, कान्तिः, अङ्गानां सुविभाजनं, दीप्तिः, जठराग्निवृद्धिः, आलस्यहीनता, स्थिरता, स्फूर्तिः, स्वच्छता, पिपासा, उष्ण-शीतादीनां सहिष्णुता आरोग्यं च उपजायते। व्यायामः मनुष्यस्य पीनत्वं दूरं करोति, जरागमनं अवरोधयति। व्यायामिनः व्याधयो नोपसर्पन्ति। तस्य गरिष्ठभोजनमपि पचति। व्यायामेन मनुष्यः गुणहीनः अपि सुदर्शनः भवति। (व्यायाम से शरीर की वृद्धि, चमक, अंग-विभाजन, भूख-वृद्धि, आलस्यहीनता, स्थिरता, फुर्ती, स्वच्छता, प्यास, सर्दी-गर्मी को सहन करने की सामर्थ्य और नीरोगता होती है। व्यायाम मनुष्य के मोटापे को दूर करता है, बुढ़ापे को आने से रोकता है। व्यायाम करने वाले के पास रोग नहीं आते। उसको गरिष्ठ भोजन भी पचता है। व्यायाम से मनुष्य गुणहीन होते हुए भी सुन्दर होता है।)

(आ) यथा निर्देशमुत्तरत (निर्देशानुसार उत्तर दीजिए)
(क) ‘तत्कृत्वा तु सुखं देहम्’ अत्र विशेषण पदं किम्?
(‘उसे करके सुखी शरीर होता है’ यहाँ विशेषण पद क्या है?)
(ख) ‘व्याधयोः नोपसर्पन्ति वैनतेयमिवोरगाः।’ अस्मिन् वाक्ये क्रियापदं किम्?’
(‘रोग ऐसे समीप नहीं आते जैसे गरुड़ के पास सर्प’ इस वाक्य में क्रियापद क्या है?)
(ग) ‘पुम्भिरात्महितैषिभिः’ अत्र ‘पुरुषैः’ इत्यर्थे किं पदं प्रयुक्तम्?
(‘हित चाहने वाले पुरुषों द्वारा’ यहाँ ‘पुरुषैः’ अर्थ में कौन-सा पद प्रयोग हुआ है?)
(घ) ‘दीप्ताग्नित्वमनालस्यं स्थिरत्वं लाघं मृजा’ इति वाक्यात् ‘गौरवम्’ इति पदस्य विपरीतार्थकं पदं चित्वा लिखत।’
(जठराग्निदीपन, अनालस्य, स्थिरता, हलकापन, सफाई इस वाक्य से गौरवम् पद का विलोम चुनकर लिखिए)
(ङ) ‘न चास्ति सदृशं तेन किञ्चित् स्थौल्यापकर्षणम्’ अस्मिन् वाक्ये ‘तेन’ इति सर्वनाम पदं कस्मै प्रयुक्तम्?
(‘उसके समान मुटापे को दूर करने वाला और कुछ नहीं’ इस वाक्य में ‘तेन’ सर्वनाम पद किसके लिए प्रयोग हुआ है?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) सुखम् (देहं का विशेषण)
(ख) उपसर्पन्ति (पास आती है)
(ग) पुम्भिः (पुमान् शब्द का तृतीया विभक्ति बहुवचन)
(घ) लाघवम् (हल्कापन)
(ङ) व्यायामेन (व्यायाम के समान)।

प्रश्न 6.
(अ) निम्नलिखितानाम् अव्ययानां रिक्तस्थानेषु प्रयोगं कुरुत – (निम्नलिखित अव्ययों को रिक्तस्थानों में प्रयोग कीजिए)
सहसा, अपि, सदृशं, सर्वदा, यदा, सदा, अन्यथा।
(क) …………. व्यायामः कर्त्तव्यः।
(ख) ………….. मनुष्यः सम्यक्पे ण व्यायामं करोति तदा सः ………. स्वस्थः तिष्ठति।
(ग) व्यायामेन असुन्दराः ………. सुन्दराः भवन्ति।
(घ) व्यायामिनः जनस्य सकाशं वार्धक्यं ………. नायाति।
(ङ) व्यायामेन ………. किञ्चित् स्थौल्यापकर्षणं नास्ति।
(च) व्यायाम समीक्ष्य एव कर्तव्यम् ………. व्याधयः आयान्ति।
उत्तरम् :
(क) सदा
(ख) यदा, सर्वदा
(ग) अपि
(घ) सहसा
(ङ) सदृशम्
(च) अन्यथा।

(आ) उदाहरणमनुसृत्य वाच्यपरिवर्तनं कुरुत (उदाहरण के अनुसार वाच्य परिवर्तन कीजिए)

प्रश्न 7.
अधोलिखितेषु तद्धितपदेषु प्रकृति/प्रत्ययं च पृथक् कृत्वा लिखत –
(निम्नलिखित तद्धित पदों में प्रकृति/प्रत्यय अलग-अलग करके लिखिए) –
उत्तरम् :

योग्यताविस्तार यह पाठ आयुर्वेद के प्रसिद्ध ग्रन्थ ‘सुश्रुतसंहिता’ के चिकित्सा स्थान में वर्णित 24वें अध्याय से संकलित है। इसमें आचार्य सुश्रुत ने व्यायाम की परिभाषा बताते हुए उससे होने वाले लाभों की चर्चा की है। शरीर में सुगठन, कान्ति, स्फूर्ति, सहिष्णुता, नीरोगता आदि व्यायाम के प्रमुख लाभ है।

(क) सुश्रुत: आयुर्वेदस्य, सुश्रुतसंहिताश इत्याख्यस्य ग्रन्थस्य रचयिता। अस्मिन् ग्रन्थे शल्यचिकित्सायाः प्राधान्यमस्ति। सुश्रुतः शल्याशास्त्रज्ञय दिवोदासस्य शिष्यः आसीत्। दिवोदासः सुश्रुतं वाराणस्याम् आयुर्वेदम् अपाठयत्। सुश्रुतः दिवोदासस्य उपदेशान् स्वग्रन्थेऽलिखत्।

(ख) उपलब्धासु आयुर्वेदीय-संहितासु ‘सुश्रुतसंहिता’ सर्वश्रेष्ठः शल्यचिकित्साप्रधानो ग्रन्थः। अस्मिन् ग्रन्थे 120 अध्यायेषु क्रमेण सुत्रस्थाने मौलिकसिद्धान्तानां शल्यकर्मोपयोगि-यन्त्रादीनां, निदानस्थाने प्रमुखाणां रोगाणां, शरीरस्थाने शरीरशास्त्रस्य चिकित्सास्थाने, शल्यचिकित्साया: कल्पस्थाने च विषाणां प्रकरणानि वर्णितानि। अस्य उत्तरमतंत्रे 66 अध्यायाः सन्ति।

(ग) वैनतेयमिवोरगा: – कश्यप ऋषि की दो पत्नियाँ थीं-कट्ठ और विनता। विनता का पुत्र गरुड़ और कट्ठ का पुत्र सर्प थे। विनता का पुत्र होने के कारण गरुड़ को वैनतेय कहा जाता है। (विनतायाः अयम् वैनतेयः ढक (एय) प्रत्यये कृते)। गरुड़ सर्प से अधिक ताकतवर होता है, भयवश साँप गरुड़ के पास जाने का साहस नहीं करता। यहाँ व्यायाम करने वाले मनुष्य की तुलना गरुड़ से तथा व्याधियों की तुलना साँप से की गई है। जिस प्रकार गरुड़ के समक्ष साँप नहीं जाते। उसी प्रकार व्यायाम करने वाले व्यक्ति के पास रोग नहीं फटकते।

भाषिकविस्तार: गुणवाचक शब्दों से भाव अर्थ में ष्यज् अर्थात् य प्रत्यय लगाकर भाववाची पदों का निर्माण किया जाता है। शब्द के प्रथम स्वर में वृद्धि होती है और अन्तिम अ का लोप होता है।

(क) शूरस्य भावः शौर्यम् – शूर + ष्यज्
(ख) सुन्दरस्य भावः सौन्दर्यम् – सुन्दर + ष्यज्
(ग) सुखंस्य भावः सौख्यम् – सुख + ष्य
(घ) विदुषः भावः वैदुष्यम् – विद्वस् + ष्यज्
(ड) मधुरस्य भावः माधुर्यम् – मधुर + ष्यज्
(च) स्थूलस्य भावः स्थौल्यम् – स्थूल + ष्यज्
(छ) अरोगस्य भावः आरोग्यम् – अरोग + ष्यज्
(ज) सहितस्य भावः साहित्यम् – सहित + ष्यज्

थाल्-प्रत्यय – ‘प्रकार’ अर्थ में थाल प्रत्यय का प्रयोग होता है।
जैसे – तेन प्रकारेण – तथा
येन प्रकारेण – यथा
अन्येन प्रकारेण – अन्यथा
सर्वप्रकारेण – सर्वथा
उभयकारेण – उभयथा

भावविस्तार:

(क) शरीरमाद्यं खलु धर्मसाधनम्।
(ख) लाघवं कर्मसामर्थ्य स्थैर्य क्लेशसहिष्णुता।
दोषक्षयोऽग्निवृद्धिश्च व्यायामदुपजायते।

(ग) यथा शरीरस्य रक्षायै उचितं भोजनम्, उचितश्च व्यवहारः आवश्यकोऽस्ति तथैव शरीरस्य स्वास्थाय व्यायामः अपि आवश्यक।

(घ) युक्ताहारविहारस्य युक्तचेष्टस्य कर्मसु।
युक्तस्वप्नावबोधस्य योगो भवति दुःखहा।

(ड) पक्षिण: आकाशे उड्डीयन्तं तेषाम् उड़यनमेव तेषां व्यायामः। पशवोऽपि इतस्तत: पलायन्ते पलायनमेव तेषां व्यायामः।
शैशवे शिशुः स्वहस्तपादौ चालयति, अयमेव तस्य व्यामामः।
वि + आ + यम् धातोः घञ् प्रत्ययात् निष्पन्नः ‘व्यायाम’ शब्दः विस्तारस्य विकासस्य च वाचकः। यतो हि व्यायामेन अङ्गानां विकासः भवति। अतः सुखपूर्वकं जीवनं यापयितुं मनुष्यैः नित्यं व्यायामः करणीयः।

JAC Class 10th Sanskrit व्यायामः सर्वदा पथ्यः Important Questions and Answers

शब्दार्थ चयनम् –

अधोलिखित वाक्येषु रेखांकित पदानां प्रसङ्गानुकूलम् उचितार्थ चित्वा लिखत –

प्रश्न 1.
शरीरायासजननं कर्म व्यायामसंज्ञितम्।
(अ) कार्यम्
(ब) व्यायाम
(स) संज्ञितम्
(द) सुखम्
उत्तर :
(अ) कार्यम्

प्रश्न 2.
शरीरोपचयः कान्तिर्गात्राणां सुविभक्तता –
(अ) सुविभक्तता
(ब) दीप्ताग्नित्वम्
(स) अङ्गगानाम्
(द) लाघवं
उत्तर :
(स) अङ्गगानाम्

प्रश्न 3.
श्रमक्लमपिपासोष्ण-शीतादीनां सहिष्णुता –
(अ) सहत्वं
(ब) श्रमक्लमः
(स) सहिष्णुता
(द) उपजायते
उत्तर :
(अ) सहत्वं

प्रश्न 4.
न चास्ति सदृशं तेन किञ्चित्स्थौल्यापकर्षणम् –
(अ) सदृशं
(ब) तुल्यं
(स) व्यायामिनम्
(द) मर्त्यम्
उत्तर :
(ब) तुल्यं

प्रश्न 5.
व्याधयो नोपसर्पन्ति वैनतेयमिवोरगा: –
(अ) च पद्भ्याम्
(ब) वैनतेयम्
(स) कुर्यात्
(द) समीपं न आयान्ति
उत्तर :
(द) समीपं न आयान्ति

प्रश्न 6.
व्यायामं कुर्वतो नित्यं विरुद्धमपि भोजनम् –
(अ) अशनम्
(ब) कुर्वतः
(स) विरुद्धम्
(द) परिपच्यते
उत्तर :
(अ) अशनम्

प्रश्न 7.
व्यायामो हि सदा पथ्यो बलिनां स्निग्धभोजिनाम् –
(अ) बलिनाम्
(ब) बलवतां
(स) व्यायामो हि
(द) स्मृतः
उत्तर :
(ब) बलवतां

प्रश्न 8.
बलस्यार्धन कर्त्तव्यो व्यायामो हन्त्यतोऽन्यथा –
(अ) ऋतुषु
(ब) नाशयति
(स) पुम्भिः
(द) अतोऽन्यथाः
उत्तर :
(ब) नाशयति

प्रश्न 9.
व्यायामं कुर्वतो जन्तोस्तबलार्धस्य लक्षणम् –
(अ) प्रपद्यते
(ब) वक्त्रम्
(स) संकेतम्
(द) लक्षणम्
उत्तर :
(स) संकेतम्

प्रश्न 10.
समीक्ष्य कुर्याद् व्यायाममन्यथा रोगमाप्नुयात्
(अ) च देश
(ब) अशनानि
(स) परीक्ष्य
(घ) कुर्यात्
उत्तर :
(स) परीक्ष्य

संस्कृतमाध्यमेन प्रश्नोत्तराणि –

एकपदेन उत्तरत (एक शब्द में उत्तर दीजिए)

प्रश्न 1.
देहं कथं विमृद्नीयात्?
(देह की कैसे मालिश करनी चाहिए ?)
उत्तरम् :
सुखम् (सुखपूर्वक)।

प्रश्न 2.
कीदृशं कर्म व्यायामसंज्ञितम् ?
(कैसा कर्म व्यायाम संज्ञक है ?)
उत्तरम् :
शरीरायासजननम् (शरीर को थकाने वाला)।

प्रश्न 3.
व्यायामेन गात्राणां का स्थितिः भवति ?
(व्यायाम से अंगों की क्या स्थिति होती है ?)
उत्तरम् :
सुविभक्तता (सम्यक् विभाजन)।

प्रश्न 4.
अग्नि: केन प्रदीप्तः भवति ?
(जठराग्नि किससे प्रदीप्त होती है ?)
उत्तरम् :
व्यायामेन (व्यायाम से)।

प्रश्न 5.
लाघवं केन भवति ?
(हलकापन किससे होता है ?)
उत्तरम् :
व्यायामेन (व्यायाम से)।

प्रश्न 6.
शीतोष्णसहिष्णुता कस्मात् उपजायते?
(सर्दी-गर्मी की सहन-क्षमता किससे होती है ?)
उत्तरम् :
व्यायामेन (व्यायाम से)।

प्रश्न 7.
व्यायामात् कीदृशम् आरोग्यम् उपजायते ?
(व्यायाम से कैसा आरोग्य पैदा होता है ?)
उत्तरम् :
परमम् (महान्)।

प्रश्न 8.
व्यायामेन शरीरे का परिणतिः भवति ?
(व्यायाम से शरीर में क्या परिवर्तन होता है ?)
उत्तरम् :
स्थौल्यापकर्षणम्
(मोटापा कम करना)।

प्रश्न 9.
व्यायामिनं केन अर्दयन्ति ?
(व्यायाम करने वाले को कौन नहीं पीड़ित करते ?)
उत्तरम् :
अरयः (शत्रु)।

प्रश्न 10.
उरगाः कस्मात् बिभ्यति ?
(साँप किससे डरते हैं ?)
उत्तरम् :
गरुडात् (गरुड़ से)।

प्रश्न 11.
बलिनां सदा पथ्यः कः ?
(बलवानों के लिए सदा पथ्य क्या है ?)
उत्तरम् :
व्यायामः।

प्रश्न 12.
पूर्णबलेन कृतः व्यायामः किं करोति?
(पूर्ण बल से किया व्यायाम क्या करता है ?)
उत्तरम् :
हन्ति (नष्ट कर देता है)।

प्रश्न 13.
हृदिस्थानं स्थितः वायुः कदा वक्त्रं प्रपद्यते ?
(हृदय में स्थित वायु कब मुँह तक पहुँचती है ?)
उत्तरम् :
बलार्द्धप्रयोगेन
(आधे बल के प्रयोग में)।

प्रश्न 14.
शरीरायासजननं किं कुर्यात् ?
(शरीर को थकाने के लिए क्या करना चाहिए?).
उत्तरम् :
व्यायामः (व्यायाम)।

प्रश्न 15.
देहं समन्ततः किं कुर्यात् ?
(शरीर का चारों ओर से क्या करना चाहिए ?)
उत्तरम् :
विमर्दनम् (मालिश)।

प्रश्न 16.
व्यायामेन कस्योपचयः भवति ?
(व्यायाम से किसकी वृद्धि होती है?)
उत्तरम् :
शरीरस्य (शरीर की)

प्रश्न 17.
व्यायामेन केषां सुविभक्तता भवति ?
(व्यायाम से किनका सुविभाजन होता है ?)
उत्तरम् :
गात्राणाम् (अंगों का)।

प्रश्न 18.
आरोग्य केनोपजायते ?
(आरोग्य किससे पैदा होता है ?)
उत्तरम् :
व्यायामेन (व्यायाम से)।

प्रश्न 19.
शीतादीनां व्यायामात् का उपजायते ?
(शीत आदि का व्यायाम से क्या पैदा होता है ?)
उत्तरम् :
सहिष्णुता (सहनशीलता)।

प्रश्न 20.
स्थौल्यापकर्षणं केन भवति ?
(मोटापा किससे दूर होता है ?)
उत्तरम् :
व्यायामेन (व्यायाम से)।

प्रश्न 21.
कं मनुष्यम् अरयः न अर्दयन्ति ?
(किस मनुष्य को शत्रु पीड़ित नहीं करते ?)
उत्तरम् :
व्यायामिनम्
(व्यायाम करने वाले को)।

प्रश्न 22.
जरा कं न समधिरोहति ?
(बुढ़ापा किसे नहीं घेरता ?)
उत्तरम् :
व्यायामिनम् (व्यायाम करने वाले को)।

प्रश्न 23.
व्यायामरतस्य किं स्थिरी भवति ?
(व्यायामरत का क्या स्थिर होता है ?)
उत्तरम् :
मासम्।

प्रश्न 24.
उगाः कं नोपसर्पन्ति ?
(साँप किसके पास नहीं जाते ?)
उत्तरम् :
वैनतेयस्य (गरुड़ के)।

प्रश्न 25.
व्यायामः वयोरूपगुणैीनमपि किं करोति ?
(व्यायाम आयु, रूप और गुणहीन को भी क्या करता है?)
उत्तरम् :
सुदर्शनम् (सुन्दर)।

प्रश्न 26.
किं कुर्वतः नित्यं विरुद्धमपि भोजनं परिपच्यते ?
(क्या करते हुए का विरुद्ध भोजन भी पचता है।)
उत्तरम् :
व्यायामम् (व्यायाम को)।

प्रश्न 27.
विरुद्धम् अपि भोजनं कस्य पचति ?
(विरुद्ध भोजन भी किसका पच जाता है ?)
उत्तरम् :
व्यायामिनः
(व्यायाम करने वाले का)।

प्रश्न 28.
कीदृशां बलिनां व्यायामः सदा पथ्यः ?
(कैसे बलवानों का व्यायाम सदा पथ्य है ?)
उत्तरम् :
स्निग्धभोजिनाम् (चिकना खाने वाले का)।

प्रश्न 29.
शीते वसन्ते च बलिनां व्यायामः कीदृशः स्मृतः ?।
(सर्दी और वसन्त में बलवानों का व्यायाम कैसा कहा गया है ?)
उत्तरम् :
पथ्यतमः (अधिक हितकर)।

प्रश्न 30.
कीदृशैः पुरुषैः व्यायामः करणीयः?
(कैसे मनुष्यों को व्यायाम करना चाहिए ?)
उत्तरम् :
आत्महितैषिभिः (अपना हित चाहने वालों को)।

प्रश्न 31.
कियत् बलेन व्यायामः करणीयः ?
(कितनी शक्ति से व्यायाम करना चाहिए ?)
उत्तरम् :
बलस्यार्द्धन (आधे बल से)।

प्रश्न 32.
वायुः कुत्र स्थितः भवति ?
(वायु कहाँ स्थित होती है ?)
उत्तरम् :
हृदिस्थाने (हृदय में)।

प्रश्न 33.
श्लोके कस्य लक्षणं कृतम् ?
(श्लोक में किसका लक्षण किया है ?)
उत्तरम् :
बलार्धस्य (आधे बल का)।

प्रश्न 34.
यः असमीक्ष्य व्यायामं करोति सः किं प्राप्नोति ?
(जो बिना सोचे-समझे व्यायाम करता है वह क्या प्राप्त करता
उत्तरम् :
रोगम् (बीमारी)।

प्रश्न 35.
अशनानि समीक्ष्य किं कुर्यात् ?
(भोजन की परख करके क्या करना चाहिए ?)
उत्तरम् :
व्यायामम्।

पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत –
(पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर दीजिए)

प्रश्न 36.
कीदृशं कर्म व्यायाम इति कथ्यते ?
(कैसा कर्म व्यायाम कहलाता है ?)
उत्तरम् :
शरीरायासजननं कर्म व्यायाम इति कथ्यते।
(शरीर थकाने वाला कर्म व्यायाम कहलाता है।)

प्रश्न 37.
व्यायामात् किम् उपजायते ?
(व्यायाम से क्या पैदा होता है?)
उत्तरम् :
व्यायामात् परमारोग्यमुपजायते।
(व्यायाम से महान् आरोग्य पैदा होता है।)

प्रश्न 38.
व्याधयः कमिव नोपसर्पन्ति व्यायामिनम् ?
(रोग किसकी तरह व्यायामी के पास नहीं आते ?)
उत्तरम् :
व्याघयः उरगाः इव नोपसर्पन्ति व्यायामिनम्।
(साँप की तरह रोग व्यायामी के पास नहीं आते)।

प्रश्न 39.
व्यायामः कं सुदर्शनं करोति ?
(व्यायाम किसको सुन्दर बनाता है ?)
उत्तरम् :
व्यायामः वयौरूपगुणै नमपि सुदर्शनं करोति।।
(व्यायाम आयु, रूप और गुणों से हीन व्यक्ति को भी सुन्दर बनाता है।)

प्रश्न 40.
केषां व्यायामः पथ्यः ?
(कैसों का व्यायाम पथ्य है ?)
उत्तरम् :
व्यायामः सदा बलिनां स्निग्धभोजिनां च पथ्यः।
(व्यायाम शक्तिशालियों और स्निग्ध भोजन करने वालों के लिए पथ्य है।)

प्रश्न 41.
व्यायामः कदा कं हन्ति ?
(व्यायाम कब और किसे मारता है ?)
उत्तरम् :
यः मनुष्यः पूर्णबलेन व्यायामं करोति तदा व्यायामः तं हन्ति।
(जो मनुष्य पूर्ण बल से जब व्यायाम करता है तब व्यायाम उसे नष्ट करता है।)

प्रश्न 42.
कस्य जन्तोः हृदि स्थितः वायुः वक्त्रं प्रवर्तते ?
(किस प्राणी के हृदय में स्थित वायु मुँह की ओर बढ़ती है ?)
उत्तरम् :
व्यायाम कुर्वतो जन्तोः हृदिस्थित: वायुः वक्त्रं प्रवर्तते।
(व्यायाम करते हुए प्राणी के हृदय में स्थित वायु मुख की ओर बढ़ती है।)

प्रश्न 43.
कति वस्तूनि समीक्ष्य व्यायाम कुर्यात् ?
(कितनी वस्तुओं को परखकर व्यायाम करना चाहिए ?)
उत्तरम् :
षड् वस्तूनि समीक्ष्य व्यायाम कुर्यात्।
(छः वस्तुएँ को परखकर व्यायाम करना चाहिए।)

प्रश्न 44.
पुरुषः रोगं कथं प्राप्नोति ? (मनुष्य रोग क्यों प्राप्त करता है ?)
उत्तरम् :
यः पुरुषः वयः आदि असमीक्ष्य व्यायामं करोति सः रोगम् आप्नोति।
(जो मनुष्य उम्र आदि का विचार किए बिना व्यायाम करता है वह रोग प्राप्त करता है।)

प्रश्न 45.
व्यायामं कृत्वा किं कुर्यात् ?
(व्यायाम करके क्या करना चाहिए ?)
उत्तरम् :
व्यायामं कृत्वा समन्ततः देहं सुखं विमृदूनीयात्।
(व्यायाम करके सभी ओर से शरीर की सुखपूर्वक मालिश करनी चाहिए।)

प्रश्न 46.
लाघवं केनोपजायते ?
(फुर्ती किससे होती है ?)
उत्तरम् :
व्यायामेन लाघवं जायते।
(व्यायाम से फुर्ती पैदा होती है।)

प्रश्न 47.
व्यायामेन केषां सहिष्णुतोपजायते ?
(व्यायाम से किसकी सहने की क्षमता होती है ?)
उत्तरम् :
व्यायामेन श्रमक्लमपिपासोष्ण-शीतादीनां सहिष्णुतोपजायते।
(व्यायाम से श्रम, थकावट, प्यास, गर्मी और सर्दी आदि की सहन क्षमता पैदा होती है।)

प्रश्न 48.
व्यायामेन सदृशं किञ्चित् अन्यत् कस्मात् न भवति ?
(व्यायाम के समान और कुछ क्यों नहीं होता ?)
उत्तरम् :
यत: व्यायामेन स्थौल्यापकर्षणं भवति।
(क्योंकि व्यायाम से मोटापा कम होता है।)

प्रश्न 49.
व्यायामिनं जरा कथं न समधिरोहति ?
(व्यायामी को बुढ़ापा कैसे नहीं घेरता ?)
उत्तरम् :
व्यायामिनं जरा सहसा आक्रम्य न समधिगच्छति।।
(व्यायामी को बुढ़ापा अचानक आक्रमण करके नहीं घेरता है।)

प्रश्न 50.
व्याधयः कस्य समीपं नोपसर्पन्ति ?
(व्याधियाँ किसके समीप नहीं आती ?)
उत्तरम् :
व्याधयः व्यायामस्विन्नगात्रस्य पद्भ्यामुवर्तितस्य च नोपसर्पन्ति।
(व्याधियाँ व्यायाम के कारण पसीने से भीगे और पैरों से मर्दित के पास नहीं आती।)

प्रश्न 51.
व्यायाम कुर्वतः भोजनं कथं परिपच्यते ?
(व्यायाम करते हुए का भोजन कैसे पचता है ?)
उत्तरम् :
व्यायाम कुर्वतः भोजनं निर्दोषं परिपच्यते।
(व्यायाम करने वाले का भोजन बिना दोष के पच जाता है।)

प्रश्न 52.
बलिनां व्यायामः कदा पथ्यतमः स्मृतः ?
(बलियों का व्यायाम कब हितकर अथवा लाभकारी कहा गया
उत्तरम् :
बलिनां व्यायामः शीते वसन्ते च पथ्यतमः स्मृतः।
(बलियों का व्यायाम सर्दी और वसन्त में पथ्यतम होता है।)

प्रश्न 53.
आत्महितैषिभिः व्यायामः कदा करणीयः ?
(अपना हित चाहने वालों को व्यायाम कब करना चाहिए ?)
उत्तरम् :
आत्महितैषिभिः पुरुषैः सर्वेषु ऋतुषु प्रतिदिनं व्यायामः करणीयः।
(अपना हित चाहने वाले पुरुषों को सभी ऋतुओं में प्रतिदिन व्यायाम करना चाहिए।)

प्रश्न 54.
कानि समीक्ष्य व्यायाम कुर्यात् ? (क्या परखकर व्यायाम करना चाहिए ?)
उत्तरम् :
वयोबलशरीराणि देशकाल-अशनानि च समीक्ष्य व्यायाम कुर्यात्।।
(आयु-बल-शरीर-देश-काल और भोजन की समीक्षा करके व्यायाम करना चाहिए।)

अन्वय-लेखनम –

अधोलिखितश्लोकस्यान्वयमाश्रित्य रिक्तस्थानानि मञ्जूषातः समुचितपदानि चित्वा पूरयत।
(नीचे लिखे श्लोक के अन्वय के आधार पर रिक्तस्थानों की उचित पद चुनकर कीजिए।)

1. शरीरायासजननं …………………………… विमृद्नीयात् समन्ततः।।
मञ्जूषा – समन्ततः, संज्ञितम्, कर्म, देहं।
शरीर-आयास-जननं (i) …………. व्यायाम-(i) ……………., तत् कृत्वा तु (iii) …………… सुखं (iv) ………….. विमृद्नीयात्।
उत्तरम् :
(i) कर्म (ii) संज्ञितम् (iii) देहं (iv) समन्ततः।

2. शरीरोपचयः कान्तिर्गात्राणां ………………………. स्थिरत्वं लाघवं मृजा।।
मञ्जूषा – अनालस्यं, कान्तिः, शरीरोपचयः, लाघवं।

सुविभक्तता (i) ……………… गात्राणां (ii) ……………… दीप्ताग्नित्वम् (iii) ………………. स्थिरत्वं (iv) …………….. मृजा।
उत्तरम् :
(i) शरीरोपचयः (ii) कान्तिः (iii) अनालस्यं (iv) लाघवं।

3. श्रमक्लमपिपासोष्ण-शीतादीनां ……………………. व्यायामादुपजायते।।
मञ्जूषा – अपि, शीतादीनां, क्लम, परमं।

श्रम (i) …………………, पिपासा, उष्ण, (ii) ………………. सहिष्णुता (iii) ……………… च आरोग्यम् (iv) ……………… व्यायामादुपजायते।
उत्तरम् :
(i) क्लम (ii) शीतादीनां (iii) परमं (iv) अपि।

4. न चास्ति सदृशं तेन …………………………….. मर्त्यमर्दयन्त्यरयो बलात्।।
मञ्जूषा – मर्त्यम्, सदृशं, अर्दयन्ति, अपकर्षम्।

तेन च (i) ……………….. किञ्चित् स्थौल्य-(ii) …………… नास्ति व्यायामिनं (iii) ……………… अरयः बलात् न (iv) ……………… च।
उत्तरम् :
(i) सदृशं (ii) अपकर्षम् (iii) मर्त्यम् (iv) अर्दयन्ति।

5. न चैनं सहसाक्रम्य ………………… व्यायामाभिरतस्य च।।
मञ्जूषा – सहसा, स्थिरी, च, समधिरोहति।

च एनं (i) ………………. आक्रम्य जरा न (ii) ……………….. व्यायामाभिरतस्य (iii) ……………… मांसं (iv) ………….. भवति।
उत्तरम् :
(i) सहसा (ii) समधिरोहति (iii) च (iv) स्थिरी।

6. व्यायामस्विन्नगात्रस्य ……………………… कुर्यात्सुदर्शनम्।।
मञ्जूषा – सुदर्शनं, इव, पद्भ्यामुवर्तितस्य, नोपसर्पन्ति।

व्यायामस्विन्नगात्रस्य च (i) ………………. वैनतेयम् उरगाः (ii) ……………….. व्याधयो (iii) …………………। वयोरूपगुणहीनमपि (iv) ………………… कुर्यात्।
उत्तरम् :
(i) पद्भ्यामुवर्तितस्य (ii) इव (iii) नोपसर्पन्ति (iv) सुदर्शन।

7. व्यायाम कुर्वता …………………………… निर्दोषं परिपच्यते।।
मञ्जूषा – व्यायाम, निर्दोष, अविदग्धम्, विरुद्धम्।

नित्यं (i) ……………….. कुर्वतो भोजनं (ii) ……………… अपि विदग्धम् (iii) ……………….. वा (iii)……. परिपच्यते।
उत्तरम् :
(i) व्यायाम (ii) विरुद्धम् (iii) अविदग्धम् (iv) निर्दोषं।

8. व्यायामो हि सदा ……………………………………………. पथ्यतमः स्मृतः।।
मञ्जूषा – पथ्यतमः पथ्यः, बलिनां, शीते।

स्निग्धभोजिनाम् (i)……. व्यायामो हि सदा (ii)……. सः च तेषां (iii)……. वसन्ते च (iv)……. स्मृतः।
उत्तरम् :
(i) बलिनां (ii) पथ्यः (iii) शीते (iv) पथ्यतमः

9. सर्वेष्वृतुष्वहरहः ………………………………………………. हन्त्यतोऽन्यथा।।
मञ्जूषा-कर्त्तव्यः, बलस्यार्थेन, अहरहः, अन्यथा।

सर्वेषु ऋतुषु (i)…… पुम्भिः आत्महितैषिभिः, (ii)….. व्यायामः (i)….. अत: (iii)……, (व्यायाम:) हन्ति।
उत्तरम् :
(i) अहरहः (ii) बलस्यार्धेन (iii) कर्त्तव्यः (iv) अन्यथा।

10. हृदिस्थानास्थितो वायुर्यदा ……………………………………… लक्षणम्।।
मञ्जूषा – व्यायामकुर्वतः, प्रपद्यते, बलार्धस्य, हृदिस्थानास्थितो। यदा (i)……. वायुः वक्त्रं (ii)……. तद् (iii)……. जन्तोः (iii)……. लक्षणम्।
उत्तरम् :
(i) हृदिस्थानास्थितो (ii) प्रपद्यते (iii) व्यायामकुर्वतः (iv) बलार्धस्य।

11. वयोबलशरीराणि ……………………………. रोगमाप्नुयात्।।
मञ्जूषा – शरीराणि, अन्यथा, व्यायाम, अशनानि।

वय:-बल-(i)……. च देश-काल-(ii)……. समीक्ष्य (iii)……. कुर्यात् (iii)…….रोगमाप्नुयात्।
उत्तरम् :
(i) शरीराणि (ii) अशनानि (iii) व्यायाम (iv) अन्यथा।

प्रश्ननिर्माणम् –

अधोलिखित वाक्येषु स्थूलपदमाधृत्य प्रश्ननिर्माणं कुरुत –

1. शरीरायासजननं कर्म व्यायामसंज्ञितम्।
(शरीर के श्रम से उत्पन्न कर्म व्यायाम संज्ञक है।)
2. व्यायामं कृत्वा सुखेन देहं समन्ततः विमृद्नीयात्।।
(व्यायाम करके सुखपूर्वक देह का सभी ओर से मर्दन करना चाहिए।)
3. व्यायामिनं मर्त्यम् अरयः बलात् न अर्दयन्ति।
(व्यायामी मनुष्य को शत्रु बलपूर्वक नहीं कुचल डालते हैं।)
4. व्यायामिनं सहसाक्रम्य जरा न समधिरोहति।
(व्यायामी व्यक्ति को अचानक आक्रमण करके बुढ़ापा आरूढ़ नहीं होता।)
5. व्यायामरतस्य मांसं स्थिरीभवति।
(व्यायामरत (मनुष्य) का मांस स्थिर रहता है।)
6. व्यायामस्विन्नगात्रस्य व्याधयो नोपसर्पन्ति।
(व्यायाम के कारण पसीने से लथपथ शरीर वालों के व्याधियाँ पास नहीं आती।)
7. वैनतेयम् उरगाः नोपसर्पन्ति ?
(गरुड़ के पास सर्प नहीं आते हैं।)
8. व्यायाम कुर्वतः विरुद्धमपि भोजनं निर्दोषं परिपच्यते।
(व्यायाम करते हुए व्यक्ति को विरुद्ध भोजन भी निर्दोष पचता है।)
9. व्यायामो हि सदा पथ्यो बलिनां स्निग्धभोजिनाम्।
(बलवान् और स्नेहयुक्त भोजन करने वालों के लिए व्यायाम सदा पथ्य होता है।)
10. आरोग्यम् चापि व्यायामाद् उजायते।
(आरोग्य आदि व्यायाम से प्राप्त होते है।)
उत्तराणि :
1. कीदृशं कर्म व्यायामसंज्ञितम् ?
2. किं कृत्वा सुखं देहं समन्ततः विमृद्नीयात् ?
3. कं मर्त्यम् अरयः बलात् न अर्दयन्ति ?
4. व्यायामिनं सहसाक्रम्य का न समधिरोहति ?
5. कस्य मांसं स्थिरी भवति ?
6. कस्य व्याधयः नोपसर्पन्ति ?
7. कम् उरगाः नोपसर्पन्ति ?
8. कस्य विरुद्धमपि भोजनं निर्दोषं परिपच्यते ?
9. व्यायामो हि सदा कस्य पथ्यः ?
10. आरोग्यम् चापि कस्मात् उपजायते?

भावार्थ-लेखनम् –

अधोलिखित पद्यांशानां संस्कृते भावार्थं लिखत –

1. शरीरायासजननं कर्म ………………………….. विमृद्नीयात् समन्ततः ॥

भावार्थ – वपुसः उद्यमेन या श्रान्ति भवति तत् कर्म व्यायाम इति नाम्ना ज्ञायते। तत्कर्म व्यायाम वा विधाय तु मानवस्य शरीरं सुखी भवति। व्यायामं कृत्वा सर्वतः शरीरस्य अभ्यजनं कुर्यात्।

2. शरीरोपचयः ……………………. लाघवं मृजा ॥

भावार्थ – अनेन व्यायामेन मानवशरीरस्य सुविभक्तता शारीरिक सौष्ठवम् वा, अङ्गानां विकास: जठराग्ने: प्रवर्धने, आलस्य प्रमाद हीनता वा स्थैर्यम् शरीरे स्फूर्तिः स्वच्छीकरणं च भवति।

3. श्रमक्लमपिपासोष्ण-शीतादीनां …………………….. व्यायामादुपजायते ॥

भावार्थ – श्रमजनित शैथिल्यं, जलपातुमिच्छा, तापः, शैत्यादीनां सो, क्षमता सामर्थ्य वा अत्यधिकं नैरोग्यं अपि व्यायामात् सम्भवति।

4. न चास्ति सदृशं तेन ………………………… मर्त्यमर्दयन्त्यरयो बलात् ॥

भावार्थ – अमुना (व्यायामेन) तुल्यं किमपि नास्ति यः स्थूलतां पीवरतां वा दूरीकर्तुं शक्नोति। अर्थात् व्यायामात् पीनत्वं दूरीकरणं तनुता सम्भवति। श्रमरतं मानवं शत्रवोऽपि बलपूर्वकं न पीडयन्ति।

5. न चैनं सहसाक्रम्य …………………….. व्यायामाभिरतस्य च ॥

भावार्थ – च इमं व्यायामिनं अकस्मादेव वार्धक्यमपि आरूढं न भवति। परिश्रमे संलग्नस्य पिशितमपि शान्तं जायते।

6. व्यायामस्विन्नगात्रस्य ……………………………………. कुर्यात्सुदर्शनम् ॥

भावार्थ – परिश्रमजनित श्रम जलेन क्लिन्न शरीरस्य पादाभ्यां च उन्नमितस्य समीपे व्याधय रोगाः वा न आयान्ति। यथा गरुडस्य समीपे सर्पाः न आयान्ति। सौन्दर्यरहितं गुणविशेष रहितमपि व्यायामः सुदर्शनीयं करोति।

7. व्यायाम कुर्वतो नित्यं …………………………………. निर्दोषं परिपच्यते ॥

भावार्थ – यः मनुष्य सदैव प्रतिदिनं उद्यमं करोति तस्य प्रतिकूलम् अपि, सुपक्वम् अपक्वम् वापि भोजनं दोषं विनैव पचति।

8. व्यायामो हि सदा पथ्यो …………………….. तेषां पथ्यतमः स्मृतः ॥

भावार्थ-तैलघृतादि स्नेहयुक्त अशनानि भुञ्जानानां शक्तिशालिनां परिश्रमः सर्वदा सर्वाधिक हितकरः कथ्यते।

शेमुषी-द्वितीयो भागः

9. सर्वेष्वृतुष्वहरहः ………………………………………. व्यायामो हन्त्यतोऽन्यथा ॥

संस्कृत व्याख्या: – अखिलेषु कालेषु प्रतिदिनं स्वकीयं हिताभिलाषुकैः पुरुषैः आत्मनः शरीरस्य शक्तेः अर्धांशेन एव परिश्रमः करणीयः। अस्मात् अधिक: व्यायामः मानवं नाशयति। पूर्ण सामर्थ्येन विहितः व्यायामः व्याधिमामन्ययति।

10. हृदिस्थानास्थितो …………………………………………. लक्षणम् ॥

भावार्थ – यस्मिन् काले हृदयस्थले विद्यमानः वातः मुखं प्रवर्तते तत् व्यायामिनः प्राणिनः अर्ध बलस्य सङ्केत भवति।

11. वयोबलशरीराणि ……………………………… रोगमाप्नुयात् ॥

भावार्थ – आयुः बलं (शक्ति) गात्राणि, स्थानं समयं भोजनं च सम्यक् परीक्ष्य एव परिश्रमं (व्यायाम) कुर्वीत् नोचेत् रुग्णताम् आप्नोति।

अधोलिखितसूक्तीनां भावबोधं हिन्दी-अंग्रेजी-संस्कृतभाषया वा लिखत।
(निम्नलिखित सूक्तियों का भावार्थ हिन्दी, अंग्रेजी अथवा संस्कृत भाषा में लिखिए।)

(i) शरीरायासजननं कर्म व्यायामसंज्ञितम्।
भावार्थ – येन कार्येण श्रान्तिः श्रमं वा भवति तत् कर्म व्यायाम इति नाम्ना ज्ञायते।
(जिस कार्य से थकावट अथवा श्रम होता है वह काम व्यायाम के नाम से जाना जाता है।)

(ii) आरोग्यं चापि परमं व्यायामादुपजायते।
भावार्थ – व्यायामः तु नीरोगतां स्वस्थतां वा अपि करोति।
(व्यायाम तो रोगरहित अथवा स्वस्थ भी करता है।)

(iii) न चास्ति सदृशं तेन किञ्चित्स्थौल्यापकर्षणम्।
भावार्थ – अतः व्यायामेन तुल्यः न अन्यत् किञ्चित् कार्यं यत् शरीरस्य स्थूलतां गुरुतां वा अपकर्षेत्।
(अतः व्यायाम के समान अन्य कोई कार्य नहीं जो शरीर का मोटापा दूर करे।)

(iv) व्यायामो हि सदा पथ्यः।
भावार्थ – व्यायामः श्रमः वा सदैव मानवस्य हितकारकः भवति।
(व्यायाम अथवा श्रम सदैव मानव का हितकारक होता है।)

(v) बलस्यार्धन कर्तव्यो व्यायामः।
भावार्थ – मानवेन स्वस्य अर्द्धसामर्थ्येन व्यायामः करणीयः न तु पूर्ण बलेन।
(मनुष्य को अपनी आधी क्षमता से ही व्यायाम करना चाहिए न कि पूरे बल से।)

व्यायामः सर्वदा पथ्यः Summary and Translation in Hindi

पाठ-परिचय – संस्कृत में आयुर्विज्ञान विषय पर प्रभूत साहित्य की रचना हुई है। इसी क्रम में तीसरी शताब्दी में आचार्य सुश्रुत ने ‘सुश्रुतसंहिता’ की रचना की। ‘सुश्रुतसंहिता’ में शल्य-चिकित्सा की प्रधानता है। इस ग्रन्थ में रोगों की चिकित्सा के साथ-साथ उनके पथ्यों का भी उल्लेख किया गया है। ‘सुश्रुतसंहिता’ छः खण्डों में विभक्त है, जिन्हें ‘स्थान’ कहा गया है।

प्रस्तुत पाठ आयुर्वेद के इसी प्रसिद्ध ग्रन्थ के चिकित्सास्थान के 24वें अध्याय से संकलित है। इसमें आचार्य सुश्रुत ने व्यायाम की परिभाषा बताते हुए उससे होने वाले लाभों की चर्चा की है। शरीर में सुगठन, कान्ति, स्फूर्ति, सहिष्णुता, नीरोगता आदि व्यायाम के प्रमुख लाभ हैं।

मूलपाठः, अन्वयः, शब्दार्थाः, सप्रसंग हिन्दी-अनुवादः

1. शरीरायासजननं कर्म व्यायामसंज्ञितम्।
तत्कृत्वा तु सुखं देहं विमृद्नीयात् समन्ततः ।।1।।

अन्वयः – शरीर-आयास-जननं कर्म व्यायाम-संज्ञितम्, तत् कृत्वा तु देहं सुखं समन्ततः विमृद्नीयात्।

शब्दार्थाः – शरीर = गात्रे (शरीर में), आयास = श्रमम् (थकावट), जननम् = उत्पादकम् (पैदा करने वाला), कर्म = कार्यम् (कार्य), व्यायाम = (कसरत), संज्ञितम् = नामधेयम् (नामवाला है), तत् = तं व्यायामम् (उस व्यायाम को), कृत्वा = सम्पाद्य, विधाय (करके), तु = तदा (तब), देहम् = गात्रम् (शरीर को), सखम् = सुखपूर्वकम, सहजभावेन (सुखपूर्वक), समन्ततः = सर्वतः (पूरी तरह से, सभी ओर से), विमृदुनीयात् = मर्दयेत् (मालिश करनी चाहिए।

सन्दर्भ-प्रसङ्गश्च – यह श्लोक हमारी शेमुषी पाठ्यपुस्तक के ‘व्यायामः सर्वदा पथ्यः’ पाठ से उद्धृत है। यह पाठ आचार्य सुश्रुत रचित ‘सुश्रुत-संहिता’ से सङ्कलित है। इस श्लोक में आचार्य व्यायाम की परिभाषा प्रस्तुत करते हैं। वे कहते हैं –

हिन्दी-अनुवादः – शरीर में थकावट पैदा करने वाला कार्य व्यायाम नाम वाला है अर्थात् व्यायाम कहलाता है। उस व्यायाम को करके तो (तब) सुखपूर्वक (सहज रूप से) पूरी तरह (सभी ओर से शरीर के अंगों की) मालिश करनी चाहिए।

2. शरीरोपचयः कान्तिर्गात्राणां सुविभक्तता।
दीप्ताग्नित्वमनालस्यं स्थिरत्वं लाघवं मृजा ।।2।।

अन्वयः – सुविभक्तता शरीरोपचयः गात्राणां कान्तिः दीप्ताग्नित्वम् अनालस्यं स्थिरत्वं लाघवं मृजा।

शब्दार्थाः – (व्यायामेन) सुविभक्तता = शारीरिकं सौष्ठवम् (शारीरिक सौन्दर्य), (सम्यक विभक्तस्य) शरीरोपचयः = गात्रस्य अभिवृद्धिः, अंगानां विकासः (शरीर की वृद्धि), गात्राणाम् = अङ्गानाम् (अंगों की), कान्तिः = आभा (चमक), दीप्ताग्नित्वम् = जठराग्नेः प्रवर्धनम् (जठराग्नि का प्रदीप्त होना अर्थात् भूख लगना), अनालस्यम् = आलस्यहीनता (आलस्यहीनता), स्थिरत्वम् = स्थिरता (स्थिरता), लाघवं = स्फूर्तिः (फुर्ती), मृजा = स्वच्छीकरणम् (स्वच्छता), (भवन्ति = होती हैं)।।

सन्दर्भ – प्रसङ्गश्च – यह श्लोक हमारी ‘शेमुषी’ पाठ्य पुस्तक के ‘व्यायामः सर्वदा पथ्यः’ पाठ से लिया गया है। यह पाठ आचार्य सुश्रुत द्वारा रचे गये ग्रन्थ ‘सुश्रुत संहिता’ से संकलित है। इस श्लोक में आचार्य व्यायाम के लाभों को बताकर उसका महत्व प्रदर्शित करते हैं।

हिन्दी-अनुवादः – (व्यायाम से) शारीरिक सौन्दर्य, शरीर की वृद्धि, अंगों की चमक, जठराग्नि का प्रदीप्त होना अर्थात् भूख लगना, आलस्यहीनता, स्थिरता, फुर्ती एवं स्वच्छता (होती हैं)।

3. श्रमक्लमपिपासोष्ण-शीतादीनां सहिष्णुता।।
आरोग्यं चापि परमं व्यायामादुपजायते ।।3।।

अन्वयः – श्रम क्लम, पिपासा, उष्ण, शीतादीनां सहिष्णुता परमं च आरोग्यम् अपि व्यायामादुपजायते।

शब्दार्थाः – श्रमक्लमः = श्रमजनितं शैथिल्यम् (थकान), पिपासा = पातुम् इच्छा (प्यास), उष्णः = तापः (गर्मी), शीतादीनाम् = शैत्यादीनाम् (ठण्ड आदि की), सहिष्णुता = सहत्वं/सोढुं क्षमता (सहन करने की शक्ति/सामर्थ्य), च = (और), परमम् = अत्यधिकम् (महान्), आरोग्यम् अपि = स्वस्थता/नीरोगिता अपि (रोगहीनता भी), व्यायामाद् = श्रमाद् (कसरत करने से), उपजायते = सम्भवति (होता है)।

सन्दर्भ-प्रसङ्गश्च – यह श्लोक हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक शेमुषी के ‘व्यायाम सर्वदा पथ्यः’ पाठ से उद्धृत है। यह पाठ आचार्य सुश्रुत रचित ‘सुश्रुत संहिता’ ग्रन्थ से संकलित है। इस श्लोक में आचार्य व्यायाम से होने वाले गुणों का प्रतिपादन करते हुए कहते हैं।

हिन्दी-अनुवादः – थकान, प्यास, गर्मी, ठण्ड आदि को सहन करने की शक्ति और महान् स्वस्थता (नीरोगता) अर्थात् रोग-हीनता व्यायाम से होती है।

4. न चास्ति सदृशं तेन किञ्चित्स्थौल्यापकर्षणम्।
न च व्यायामिनं मर्त्यमर्दयन्त्यरयो बलात् ।।4।।

अन्वयः – तेन च सदशं किञ्चित स्थौल्य-अपकर्षम नास्ति व्यायामिनं मर्त्यम अरयः बलात न अर्दयन्ति च।

शब्दार्थाः – तेन च = अमुना च (और इसके), सदृशं = समानं, तुल्यम् (समान), किञ्चित् = (कुछ), स्थौल्यापकर्षणम् = अतिमांसलत्वम्, पीनताम् दूरीकरणम् (मोटापा दूर करना, कम करना), नास्ति = न वर्तते (नहीं है), व्यायामिनम् = श्रमरतं, व्यायामनिरतम् (व्यायाम करने वाले व्यक्ति को), मर्त्यम् = मनुष्यम् (मानव को), अरयः = शत्रवः (शत्रुगण), बलात् = बलपूर्वकम् (जबरदस्ती), न अर्दयन्ति = अर्दनं न कुर्वन्ति, न पीडयन्ति (नहीं कुचल डालते हैं)।

सन्दर्भ-प्रसङ्गश्च – प्रस्तुत श्लोक हमारी संस्कृत की पाठ्यपुस्तक ‘शेमुषी’ (द्वितीयो भागः) के ‘व्यायामः सर्वदा पथ्यः’ शीर्षक पाठ से उद्धृत किया गया है। मूलतः यह पाठ आचार्य सुश्रुत द्वारा विरचित आयुर्वेद के सुप्रसिद्ध ग्रन्थ ‘सुश्रुतसंहिता’ के चिकित्सास्थान में वर्णन किये गये 24वें अध्याय से संकलित किया गया है। इस श्लोक में व्यायाम करने से मोटापा दूर किये जाने का लाभ वर्णित करते हुए कहा गया है कि व्यायाम करने वाले को शत्रु भी पराजित नहीं कर पाते हैं।

हिन्दी-अनुवादः – और उस व्यायाम के समान मोटापा दूर (कम) करने वाला कोई (साधन) नहीं है। व्यायाम करने वाले व्यक्ति को शत्रुगण जबर्दस्ती नहीं कुचल सकते हैं। (या पीड़ा नहीं देते।)

5. न चैनं सहसाक्रम्य जरा समधिरोहति।
स्थिरीभवति मांसं च व्यायामाभिरतस्य च।। 5।।

अन्वयः – च एनं सहसा आक्रम्य जरा न समधिरोहति व्यायामाभिरतस्य च मांसं स्थिरी भवति।

शब्दार्थाः – च एनम् = च इमं व्यायामिनम् (और इस व्यायाम करने वाले को), सहसा = अकस्मात् (अचानक), जरा = वृद्धत्वं, वार्धक्यम् (बुढ़ापा), न समधिरोहति = न आरूढं भवति (सवार नहीं होता है, नहीं दबोचता), व्यायामाभिरतस्य च = व्यायामे/परिश्रमे संलग्नस्य च (और व्यायाम/परिश्रम में संलग्न/लगे हुए व्यक्ति का), मांसं = आमिषम्, पिशितम् (मांस), स्थिरी = शान्तः (स्थिर), भवति = जायते (होता है)।

सन्दर्भ-प्रसङ्गश्च – यह श्लोक हमारी शेमुषी पाठ्य पुस्तक के ‘व्यायाम सर्वदा पथ्यः’ पाठ से लिया गया है। यह पाठ आचार्य सुश्रुत-विरचित ‘सुश्रुत संहिता’ आयुर्वेद ग्रन्थ से सङ्कलित है। इस श्लोक में आचार्य सुश्रुत कहते हैं कि व्यायाम करने वाले व्यक्ति का मांस स्थिर हो जाता है तथा उसे अकस्मात् बुढ़ापा भी नहीं घेरता है।

हिन्दी-अनुवादः- और इस व्यायाम (परिश्रम) करने वाले को बुढ़ापा अचानक नहीं दबोचता (आरूढ़ होता) है। व्यायाम (परिश्रम) में संलग्न (लगे हुए) व्यक्ति का मांस स्थिर (शान्त) रहता है।

6. व्यायामस्विन्नगात्रस्य पद्भ्यामुवर्तितस्य च।
व्याधयो नोपसर्पन्ति वैनतेयमिवोरगाः
वयोरूपगुणैीनमपि कुर्यात्सुदर्शनम्।।6।।

अन्वयः – व्यायामस्विन्नगात्रस्य च पद्भ्यामुवर्तितस्य वैनतेयम् उरगाः इव व्याधयो नोपसर्पन्ति। वयोरूपगुणहीनमपि सुदर्शनं कुर्यात्।

शब्दार्थाः – व्यायाम = व्यायामेन, परिश्रमेण (व्यायाम या परिश्रम से), स्विन्नगात्रस्य = श्रमजलेन, स्वेदेन सिक्तस्य शरीरस्य (पसीने से लथपथ शरीर वाले का), च पद्भ्याम् = च पादाभ्याम् (और पैरों से), उद्वर्तितस्य = उन्नमितस्य (ऊपर उठने वाले, पैरों से रौंधने वाले, व्यायाम करने वाले के), वैनतेयम् = गरुड़ (गरुड़ के), उरगाः इव = सर्पाः इव (साँपों के समान) व्याधयः = रोगाः (बीमारियाँ), नोपसर्पन्ति = समीपं न आयान्ति (पास नहीं आती हैं), वयो = आयुसं (आयु), रूप = सौन्दर्य (सुन्दर रूप), गुण = गुण विशेष (गुण विशेष), हीनम् अपि = रहितमपि (रहित को भी). सुदर्शनम् = शोभनीयं (सुन्दर दिखाई देने वाला), कुर्यात् = करोति (बना देता है)।

सन्दर्भ-प्रसङ्गश्च – प्रस्तुत श्लोक हमारी संस्कृत की पाठ्यपुस्तक ‘शेमुषी’ के ‘व्यायामः सर्वदा पथ्यः’ शीर्षक पाठ से उद्धृत किया गया है। मूलतः यह पाठ आचार्य सुश्रुत द्वारा विरचित आयुर्वेद के सुप्रसिद्ध ग्रन्थ ‘सुश्रुतसंहिता’ के चिकित्सास्थान में वर्णन किये गये 24वें अध्याय से संकलित किया गया है। इस श्लोक में व्यायाम के महत्त्व को प्रदर्शित करते हुए कहा गया है कि व्यायाम करने वाला कभी रोगी नहीं बनता है।

हिन्दी-अनुवादः- व्यायाम या परिश्रम के कारण पसीने से लथपथ शरीर वाले तथा पैरों से रौंधे हुए शरीर वाले व्यक्ति के पास व्याधियाँ गरुड़ के पास साँपों की तरह नहीं आती हैं। (व्यायाम) आयु, रूप और गुणरहित व्यक्ति को भी दर्शनीय बना देता है।

7 व्यायाम कुर्वतो नित्यं विरुद्धमपि भोजनम्।
विदग्धमविदग्धं वा निर्दोषं परिपच्यते ।।7।।

अन्वयः – नित्यं व्यायामं कुर्वतो भोजनं विरुद्धम् अपि विदग्धम् अविदग्धम् वा निर्दोषं परिपच्यते।।

शब्दार्थाः – नित्यम् = सदैव, प्रतिदिनम् (हमेशा, रोजाना), व्यायामम् = श्रमम् (व्यायाम), कुर्वतः = कुर्वाणस्य (करने वाले के), भोजनम् = खाद्यम्, अशनम् (भोजन के), विरुद्धम् = प्रतिकूलम् (विपरीत होने पर भी), वा = अथवा (भोजनम् = खाना), विदग्धम् = सुपक्वम् (भली-भाँति पका हुआ), अविदग्धम् = अपक्वम् (न पका हुआ), निर्दोषं = दोषं विना (बिना किसी दोष के), परिपच्यते = जीर्यते (आसानी से पच जाता है)।

सन्दर्भ-प्रसङ्गश्च – यह श्लोक हमारी शेमुषी पाठ्य पुस्तक के व्यायामः सर्वदा पथ्यः पाठ से लिया गया है। यह पाठ आचार्य सुश्रुत-रचित सुश्रुत-संहिता आयुर्वेद ग्रन्थ से सङ्कलित है। इस श्लोक में आचार्य प्रतिपादित करते हैं कि व्यायाम से सब प्रकार का भोजन अच्छी तरह पचता है।

हिन्दी-अनुवादः – रोजाना व्यायाम करने वाले मनुष्य को विपरीत होते हुए भी भली-भाँति पके हुए तथा कम पके हुए भोजन आसानी से बिना परेशानी के पच जाते हैं।

8 व्यायामो हि सदा पथ्यो बलिनां स्निग्धभोजिनाम्।
स च शीते वसन्ते च तेषां पथ्यतमः स्मृतः।।8।।

अन्वयः – स्निग्धभोजिनाम् बलिनां व्यायामो हि सदा पथ्यः सः च तेषां शीते वसन्ते च पथ्यतमः स्मृतः।

शब्दार्थाः – स्निग्धभोजिनाम् = स्नेहयुक्त अशनानि खादताम् (चिकना भोजन खाने वालों), बलिनाम् = बलवताम्, शक्तिशालिनाम् (बलवान् व्यक्तियों के लिए), व्यायामो हि = व्यायामः, परिश्रमः (व्यायाम), सदा = सर्वदा (हमेशा), पथ्यतमः = सर्वाधिकः हितकरः (सबसे अधिक हितकर), स्मृतः = कथ्यते (कहा जाता है)। . सन्दर्भ-प्रसङ्गश्च-यह श्लोक हमारी शेमुषी पाठ्यपुस्तक के व्यायामः सर्वदा पथ्यः पाठ से लिया गया है। यह पाठ आचार्य सुश्रुत-रचित सुश्रुत-संहिता आयुर्वेद ग्रन्थ से सङ्कलित है। इस श्लोक में आचार्य व्यायाम का उचित काल बताते हैं। शीतकाल और बसन्त काल में व्यायाम करना सबसे अधिक लाभदायक होता है।

हिन्दी-अनुवादः – चिकना भोजन खाने वालों और बलवान् व्यक्तियों का व्यायाम शीत और वसंत में सदैव सबसे . अधिक हितकर कहलाता है।

9. सर्वेष्वृतुष्वहरहः पुम्भिरात्महितैषिभिः।
बलस्यार्धेन कर्त्तव्यो व्यायामो हन्त्यतोऽन्यथा।।9।।

अन्वयः – सर्वेषु ऋतुषु अहरहः पुम्भिः आत्महितैषिभिः, बलस्यार्धेन व्यायामः कर्त्तव्यः अतः अन्यथा, (व्यायामः) हन्ति।

शब्दार्थाः – सर्वेषु = अखिलेषु (सभी), ऋतुषु = कालेषु (ऋतुओं में), अहरहः = प्रतिदिनम् (हर रोज), पुम्भिः = पुरुषैः (मनुष्यों द्वारा, मनुष्यों को), आत्महितैषिभिः = स्वकीयं हितं आत्मनः हितं अभिलाषुकैः (अपना हित चाहने वालों द्वारा, या अपना हित चाहने वालों को), (आत्मनः शरीरस्य = अपने शरीर के), बलस्यार्धेन = अर्द्ध बलेन, शक्तेः अर्धांशेन (आधे बल से ही), व्यायामः कर्तव्यः = परिश्रमः करणीयः (व्यायाम करना चाहिए), अतोऽन्यथा = अस्मात् अधिकतरः व्यायामः (इससे अधिक व्यायाम मनुष्य को), हन्ति = मारयति, नाशयति (मार देता है)।

सन्दर्भ-प्रसङ्गश्च – यह श्लोक हमारी शेमुषी पाठ्य पुस्तक के ‘व्यायामः सर्वदा पथ्यः’ पाठ से लिया गया है। यह पाठ आचार्य सुश्रुत-रचित सुश्रुत-संहिता आयुर्वेद ग्रन्थ से सङ्कलित है। इस श्लोक में आचार्य व्यायाम की मात्रा का वर्णन करते। कहते हैं कि अपना भला चाहने वालों द्वारा व्यायाम आधे बल से ही करना चाहिए अन्यथा हानिकारक होता है।

हिन्दी-अनुवादः – सभी ऋतुओं में हर रोज अपने हित के अभिलाषी (चाहने वाले) मनुष्यों को अपने शरीर के आधे बल से व्यायाम करना चाहिए। इससे अधिक व्यायाम मनुष्य को मार देता है।

10. हृदिस्थानास्थितो वायुर्यदा वक्त्रं प्रपद्यते।
व्यायाम कुर्वतो जन्तोस्तबलार्धस्य लक्षणम् ।।10।।

अन्वयः – यदा हृदिस्थानास्थितो वायुः वक्त्रं प्रपद्यते तद् व्यायामकुर्वतः जन्तोः बलार्धस्य लक्षणम्।

शब्दार्थाः – यदा = यस्मिन् काले (जिस समय), हृदिस्थानास्थितः = हृदयस्थले विद्यमानः (हृदय स्थल में विद्यमान), वायुः = वातः (हवा, वात), वकाम् = मुखम् (मुँह पर), प्रपद्यते = प्रवर्तते (प्रवर्तित होती है), तद् = असौ (वह), व्यायामकुर्वतः = व्यायामिनः (व्यायाम करने वाले का), जन्तोः = प्राणिनः (प्राणी के), बलार्धस्य = अर्धबलस्य, शक्तेः अर्धांशस्य (आधे सामर्थ्य, बल), लक्षणम् = सङ्केतम्, लक्षणस्य प्रतीतिः (लक्षण की प्रतीति है)।

सन्दर्भ-प्रसङ्गश्च – यह श्लोक हमारी शेमुषी पाठ्य पुस्तक के ‘व्यायामः सर्वदा पथ्यः’ पाठ से लिया गया है। यह पाठ आचार्य सुश्रुत-रचित सुश्रुत-संहिता आयुर्वेद ग्रन्थ से सङ्कलित है। इस श्लोक में आचार्य अर्धबल का लक्षण कहते हैं।

हिन्दी-अनुवादः – जिस समय (जब) हृदयस्थल में विद्यमान वात (हवा) मुख की ओर प्रवृत्त होती है तब व्यायाम करने वाले प्राणी के आधे बल (सामर्थ्य) का लक्षण (संकेत) प्रतीत होता है।

11. वयोबलशरीराणि देशकालाशनानि च।
समीक्ष्य कुर्याद् व्यायाममन्यथा रोगमाप्नुयात् ।।11।।

अन्वयः – वयः-बल-शरीराणि च देश-काल-अशनानि समीक्ष्य व्यायाम कुर्यात् अन्यथा रोगमाप्नुयात्।

शब्दार्थाः – वयः = आयुः, अवस्थाम् (उम्र), बल = शक्ति (ताकत), शरीराणि = गात्राणि (शरीर), च देश = स्थानम् (स्थान), काल = समय (समय), अशनानि = आहाराः, भोजनानि (भोजन को), समीक्ष्य = परीक्ष्य (परीक्षण करके/परख करके), व्यायाम = परिश्रमं (कसरत), कुर्यात् = कुर्वीत (करना चाहिए), अन्यथा = नोचेत् (नहीं तो, अन्यथा), रोगम् = रुग्णताम् (रोग), आप्नुयात् = लभते (प्राप्त करता है)।

सन्दर्भ-प्रसङ्गश्च-यह श्लोक हमारी शेमुषी पाठ्य पुस्तक के व्यायामः सर्वदा पथ्यः पाठ से लिया गया है। मूलतः यह पाठ आचार्य सुश्रुत-रचित ‘सुश्रुत-संहिता’ आयुर्वेद ग्रन्थ से संकलित है। इसमें आचार्य कहते हैं कि मनुष्य को व्यायाम अपनी आयु, बल, शारीरिक क्षमता, स्थान व उचित समय देख कर ही करना चाहिए।

हिन्दी-अनुवादः- (मनुष्य) आयु, बल, शरीर, स्थान, समय और भोजन का परीक्षण करके व्यायाम करे अन्यथा (नहीं तो) रुग्णता को प्राप्त होता है अर्थात् बीमार हो जाता है।

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 12 Areas Related to Circles Ex 12.1 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

JAC Board Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 12 Areas Related to Circles Ex 12.1

Unless stated otherwise, use π = \(\frac{22}{7}\)

Question 1.
The radii of two circles are 19 cm and 9 cm respectively. Find the radius of the circle which has circumference equal to the sum of the circumferences of the two circles.
Solution :
Circumference of circle 1 = 2πr
= 2 × π × 19 cm = 2π × 19
Circumference of circle 2 = 2 × π × 9 cm = 2π × 9
Sum of the circumferences = (2π × 19) + (2π × 9)
= 2π(19 + 9)
= 2π 28
= 56 π.
Circumference of circle 3 = 56π.
2πr = 56π
r = \(\frac{56π}{2π}\)
= 28 cm.

Alternative Method:
r₁ = 19 cm, r₂ = 9 cm, R = ?
2πr₁ + 2πr₂ = 2πR (given)
2π(г₁ + r₂) = 2πR
(19 + 9) = R
∴ R = 28 cm.

Question 2.
The radii of two circles are 8 cm and 6 cm respectively. Find the radius of the circle having area equal to the sum of the areas of the two circles.
Solution :
Area of circle 1 = π × 8² cm²
Area of circle 2 = π × r² = π × 6²
Sum of the areas = π(8² + 6²)
= π(64 + 36)
= 100π
Area of circle 3 = 100 π
πr² = 100 π
r² = \(\frac{100π}{π}\) = 100
∴ r = 10 cm.

Alternative Method:
πr₁² + πr₂² = πR²
π(r₁² + r₂²) = πR²
8² + 6² = R²
64 + 36 = R²
\(\sqrt{100}\) = R
∴ R = 10 cm.

Question 3.
The figure depicts an archery target marked with its five scoring regions from the centre outwards as Gold, Red, Blue, Black and White. The diameter of the region representing Gold score is 21 cm and each of the other bands is 10.5 cm wide. Find the area of each of the five scoring regions.
Solution :

KG = GE = EC = CA = AO = OB = 10.5 cm
Area of the gold band = πr²
= \(\frac{22}{7} \times \frac{21}{2} \times \frac{21}{2}\)
r = \(\frac{AB}{2 }=\frac{21}{2}\) = 10.5
= \(\frac{33 \times 21}{2}=\frac{693}{2}\)
= 346.5 cm².

Area of the red band d = 21 + 10.5 + 10.5 = 42 cm.
= (\(\frac{22}{7} \times \frac{42}{2} \times \frac{42}{2}\)) – 346.5(area of the gold circle)
= (66 × 21) – 346.5
= 1386 – 346.5 = 1039.5 cm².

Area of the blue band d = 6 × 10.5 = 63
= (\(\frac{22}{7} \times \frac{63}{2} \times \frac{63}{2}\)) – area of the red circle
= \(\frac{99 \times 63}{2}\) – (66 × 21)
= \(\frac{6237}{2}\) – 1386
= 3118.5 – 1386.0 = 1732.5 cm²

Area of the black band = d = GH = 8 × 10.5 = 84
= (\(\frac{22}{7} \times \frac{84}{2} \times \frac{84}{2}\)) – area of the blue circle
= \(\frac{22}{7} \times \frac{84}{2} \times \frac{84}{2}\) – (\(\frac{22}{7} \times \frac{63}{2} \times \frac{63}{2}\))
= (132 × 42) – \(\frac{99 \times 63}{2}\)
= 5544.0 – 3118.5 = 2425.5 cm²

Area of the white band = d = KL = 10 × 10.5 = 105
= (\(\frac{22}{7} \times \frac{105}{2} \times \frac{105}{2}\)) – (132 × 42) (area of black circle)
= \(\frac{165 \times 105}{2}\) – (132 × 42)
= \(\frac{17325}{2}\) – 5544
= 8662.5 – 5544.0 = 3118.5 cm².

Question 4.
The wheels of a car are of diameter 80 cm each. How many complete revolutions does each wheel make in 10 minutes when the car is travelling at a speed of 66 km per hour?
Solution :
Distance travelled in one revolution = Circumference of the wheel
= 2πr d = 80
= 2 × \(\frac{22}{7} \times \frac{80}{2}=\frac{22 \times 80}{7}\) cm
Distance travelled by the car in 10 min — ?
Speed of the car = 66 km/hr.
Speed of the car = \(\frac{66}{60}\) × 10 = 11 km/min.
= 11 × 1000 mts./min.

Question 5.
Tick the correct answer in the following and justify your choice: If the perimeter and the area of a circle are numerically equal, then the radius of the circle is
(A) 2 units
(B) π units
(C) 4 units
(D) 7 units.
Solution :
2πr = πr²
2r = r²
Solution :
(A). r = 2 units.

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Introduction to Trigonometry Ex 8.3 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

JAC Board Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Introduction to Trigonometry Exercise 8.3

Question 1.
Evaluate:
(i) \(\frac{\sin 18^{\circ}}{\cos 72^{\circ}}\)
(ii) \(\frac{\tan 26^{\circ}}{\cot 64^{\circ}}\)
(iii) cos 48° – sin 42°
(iv) cosec 31° – sec 59°.
Solution :
\(\frac{\sin 18^{\circ}}{\cos 72^{\circ}}\) sin θ = cos (90° – θ)
sin 18° = cos (90° – 18°) = cos 72°
∴ \(\frac{sin 18}{cos 72}\) = \(\frac{cos 72°}{cos 72°}\) = 1

(ii) \(\frac{\tan 26^{\circ}}{\cot 64^{\circ}}\) tan θ = cot (90 – θ)
tan 26 = cot (90 – 26) = cot 64°.
∴ \(\frac{tan 26°}{cot 64°}\) = \(\frac{cot 64}{cot 64}\) = 1

(iii) cos 48° – sin 42° = cos (90° – 42°) – sin 42°
= sin 42° – sin 42° = 0.

(iv) cosec 31° – sec 59° . cosec θ = sec (90 – θ)
cosec 31 = sec (90 – 31) = sec 59°.
cosec 31° – sec 59° = sec 59° – sec 59° = 0.

Question 2.
Show that:
(i) tan 48° tan 23° tan 42° tan 67° = 1.
(ii) cos 38° cos 52° – sin 38° sin 52° = 0.
Solution :
(i) tan 48° tan 23° tan 42° tan 67° = 1.
LHS = tan 48° tan 23° tan 42° tan 67°
= tan 48° . tan 23° tan (90° – 48°) . tan (90° – 23°)
= tan 48° . tan 23° . cot 48° . cot 23° [∵ tan (90° – θ) = cot θ]
= tan 48° . tan 23° . \(\frac{1}{tan 48°}\) . \(\frac{1}{tan 23°}\) [∵ cot θ = \(\frac{1}{tan θ}\)]
= 1 = RHS.

(ii) cos 38° cos 52° – sin 38° sin 52° = 0.
LHS = cos 38° . cos 52° – sin 38° sin 52°
= cos (90° – 52°) cos (90° – 38°) – sin 38°. sin 52°
= sin 52° . sin 38° – sin 38° . sin 52° [∵ cos (90° – θ) = sin θ]
= 0 = RHS.

Question 3.
If tan 2A = cot (A – 18°), where 2A is an acute angle, find the value of A.
Solution :
tan θ = cot (90° – θ)
tan 2A = cot (90° – 2A)
tan 2A = cot (A – 18°) ∵ cot (90° – 2A) = cot (A – 18°)
90° – 2A = A – 18
– 2A – A = – 18 – 90
– 3A = – 108
A = \(\frac{-108}{-3}\) = 36°.

Question 4.
If tan A = cot B, prove that A + B = 90°.
Solution :
tan A = cot B (90° – A)
tan A = cot B
∴ cot (90° – A) = cot B
∴ 90° – A = B
90° = B + A
A + B = 90°.

Question 5.
If sec 4A = cosec (A – 20°), where 4A is an acute angle, find the value of A.
Solution :
sec 4A = cosec (A – 20°)
cosec (90° – 4A) = cosec (A – 20°)
90° – 4A = A – 20°
– 4A – A = – 110°
– 5A = – 110°
A = 22°.

Question 6.
If A, B and C are interior angles of a triangle ABC, then show that
Solution :
sin (\(\frac{B+C}{2}\)) = cos \(\frac{A}{2}\)
sin θ = cos (90° – θ)

Question 7.
Express sin 67° + cos 75° in terms of trigonometric ratios of angles between 0° and 45°.
Solution :
sin 67° + cos 75°
= sin (90° – 23°) + cos (90° – 15°)
= cos 23° + sin 15°. (Since cos (90° – θ) = sin θ and sin (90° – θ) = cos θ)

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 10 Circles Ex 10.2 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

JAC Board Class 10 Maths Solutions Chapter 10 Circles Exercise 10.2

Question 1.
From a point Q, the length of the tangent to a circle is 24 cm and the distance of Q from the centre is 25 cm. The radius of the circle is
(A) 7 cm
(B) 12 cm
(C) 15 cm
(D) 24.5 cm
Solution :

OQ² = TO² – TQ²
= 25² – 24²
= (25 + 24) (25 – 24)
= 49 × 1 = 49
OQ = \(\sqrt{49}\) = 7 cm.

Question 2.
In the figure, if TP and TQ are the two tangents to a circle with centre O so that ∠POQ = 110°, then ∠PTQ is equal to
(A) 60°
(B) 70°
(C) 80°
(D) 90°
Solution :

POQT is a cyclic quadrilateral because \(\hat{\mathbf{P}}\) + \(\hat{\mathbf{O}}\) = 180°.
∴ \(\hat{\mathbf{O}}\) + \(\hat{\mathbf{T}}\) = 180°
latex]\hat{\mathbf{O}}[/latex] = 110°.
latex]\hat{\mathbf{T}}[/latex] = 180° – 110° = 70°.

Question 3.
If tangents PA and PB from a point P to a circle with centre O are inclined to each other at an angle of 80°, then ∠POA is equal to

A) 50°
B) 60°
C) 70°
D) 80°
Solution :
In ΔPAO, P\(\hat{A}\)O = 90° A\(\hat{P}\)O = 40°
∴ A\(\hat{O}\)P = 180° – 90° – 40° = 50°.

Question 4.
Prove that the tangents drawn at the ends of a diameter of a circle are parallel.
Solution :

Data: O is the centre of the circle.
AB is a diameter. CD and EF are tangents drawn at A and B.
To prove: CD || EF.
Proof: O\(\hat{A}\)C = 90°
O\(\hat{B}\)E = 90°
B\(\hat{A}\)C + A\(\hat{B}\)E = 180°
These are co-interior angles.
Radius is ⊥ to the tangent at the point of contact

Question 5.
Prove that the perpendicular at the point of contact to the tangent to a circle passes through the centre.
Solution :

Let us consider a circle with centre O.
Let AB be a tangent which touches the circle at P.
We have to prove that the line perpendicular to AB at P passes through the centre O.
We shall prove this by contradiction method.
Let us assume that the perpendicular to AB at P does not pass through centre O.
Let it pass through another point O’. Join OP and O’P.
As the perpendicular to AB at P passes through O’, therefore,
∠O’PB = 90° ……..(1)
O is the centre of the circle and P is the point of contact. We know that the line joining the centre and the point of contact to the tangent of the circle are perpendicular to each other.
∴ ∠OPB = 90° ……..(2)
Comparing equations (1) and (2), we obtain
∠O’PB = ∠OPB ….(3)
From the figure, it can be observed that,
∠O’PB < ∠OPB ………..(4)
Therefore, ∠O’PB = ∠OPB is not possible. It is only possible when the line O’P coincides with OP. Therefore, the perpendicular to AB at P passes through the centre O.

Question 6.
The length of a tangent from a point A at a distance 5 cm from the centre of the circle is 4 cm. Find the radius of the circle.

Solution :
A\(\hat{B}\)O = 90° (The radius is perpendicular to the tangent at the point of contact)
BO² + AB² = AO²
BO² = AO² – AB²
= 5² – 4²
= 25 – 16 = 9
BO = \(\sqrt{9}\) = 3 cm.
Hence, radius of the circle is 3 cm.

Question 7.
Two concentric circles are of radii 5 cm and 3 cm. Find the length of the chord of the larger circle which touches the smaller circle.
Solution :

O is the centre of the concentric circles C₁ and C₂.
AB is a chord of the bigger circle C₁.
AB is a tangent to circle C₂.
OC = 3 cm, OB = 5 cm.
To find AB.
Proof: In ΔOCB,
O\(\hat{C}\)B = 90° (The tangent AB to C₂ is ⊥ to the radius CO drawn from the point of contact C)
In ΔOCB, O\(\hat{C}\)B = 90°
OC² + CB² = OB²
3² + CB² = 5²
CB² = 5² – 3²
= 25 – 9 = 16
CB = 4 cm.
In circle C₁ AB is a chord. OC ⊥ AB.
∴ AC = CB = 4 cm. The ⊥ drawn to a chord from the centre bisects the chord.
AB = AC + CB
= 4 + 4 = 8 cm.

Question 8.
A quadrilateral ABCD is drawn to circumscribe a circle. Prove that AB + CD = AD + BC.
Solution :

A, B, C and D are external points. Tangents drawn to the circle from these points are equal.
AP = AS ….(1) (Tangents from A)
BP = BQ ….(2) (Tangents from B)
CR = CQ ….(3) (Tangents from C)
DR = DS ….(4) (Tangents from D)
Adding the results
AP + BP + CR + DR = AS + BQ+CQ + DS
AB + CD = AS + DS + BQ +CQ
∴ AB + CD = AD + BC.

Question 9.
In the figure, XY and X’Y’ are two parallel tangents to a circle with centre O and another tangent AB with point of contact C intersecting XY at A and X’Y’ at B. Prove that ∠AOB = 90°.
Solution :

Given: XY || X’Y’.
XPA, X’QY’ and AB are the tangents.
To prove: ∠AOB = 90°
Construction: Join OC.
Proof: In ΔOAP and ΔOAC
AP = AC (Theorem 4.2)
OA = OA (Common)
OP = OC (Radii of circle)
AOAP AOAC (S.S.S. congruency)
Since XY || X’Y’
∠PAB + ∠QBA = 180° (Co-interior angles)
\(\frac{1}{2}\)∠PAB + \(\frac{1}{2}\)∠QBA = 90°
∴ ∠OAB + ∠OBA = 90°
In ΔAOB, ∠AOB = 180° – (∠OAB + ∠OBA)
= 180° – 90° = 90°
∴ ∠AOB = 90°.
The line joining the external point to the centre, bisects the angle between the tangents.

Question 10.
Prove that the angle between the two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle is supplementary to the angle subtended by the line-segment joining the points of contact at the centre.
Solution :

Data: O is the centre of the circle.
AB and AC are tangents drawn from A.
To prove: B\(\hat{\mathbf{A}}\)C + B\(\hat{\mathbf{O}}\)C = 180°.
Proof: AB is a tangent. BO is the radius drawn from the point of contact B.
∴ O\(\hat{\mathbf{B}}\)A = 90°
AC is a tangent. CO is the radius drawn from the point of contact C.
∴ O\(\hat{\mathbf{C}}\)A = 90°
∴ O\(\hat{\mathbf{B}}\)A + O\(\hat{\mathbf{C}}\)A = 90°.
∴ B\(\hat{\mathbf{O}}\)C + B\(\hat{\mathbf{A}}\)C = 180° [Sum of angles of a quadrilateral is 360°]

Question 11.
Prove that the parallelogram circumscribing a circle is a rhombus.
Solution :

Data: ABCD is a circumscribed parallelogram.
AB = CD, AD = BC
To prove: ABCD is a rhombus.
AB = BC – CD – DA
Proof: ABCD is a circumscribed quadrilateral.
∴ AB + CD = AD + BC (Proved in problem 8)
AB = DC, AD = BC (Opposite sides of the parallelogram)
AB + AB = AD + AD
2AB = 2AD
AB = AD
AB = CD, AD = BC
AB = BC = CD = DA. [Since adjacent sides of a parallelogram are equal]
∴ ABCD is a rhombus.

Question 12.
A triangle ABC is drawn to circumscribe a circle of radius 4 cm such that the segments BD and DC into which BC is divided by the point of contact D are of lengths 8 cm and 6 cm respectively. Find the sides AB and AC.

Solution :

In the adjoining figure, the circle touches AB at F, BC at D, CA at E.
AE = AF = x. (Tangents to the circle from A)
Tangent BF = Tangent BD = 8 cm
Tangent CE = Tangent CD = 6 cm
AB = AF + FB = (x + 8) cm
AC = AE + EC = (x + 6) cm
CB = CD + DB = 6 + 8 = 14 cm.
2S(perimeter of AABC) = AB + BC + CA
= (x + 8) + (6 + 8) + (x + 6).
= 2x + 28
S = x + 14

Area of ΔABC = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × base × altitude
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 14 × 4 = 28 cm².
Area of ΔOAB = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 4(x + 8) = 2(x + 8)
Area of ΔOAC = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 4(x + 6) = 2(x + 6)
Area of ΔOBC = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 4 × 14 = 28 cm.
Total area = Area of ΔOBC + Area of ΔOAB + Area of ΔOAC
= 28 + 2x + 12 + 2x + 16
∴ 4x + 56 = 4(x + 14)
∴ 4\(\sqrt{3 x^2+42 x}\) = 4(x + 14)
\(\sqrt{3 x^2+42 x}\) = x + 14
Squaring both sides 3x² + 42x = (x + 14)² = x² + 28x + 196
= 2x² + 145 – 196 = 0 x² + 7x – 98 = 0
∴ (x + 14) (x – 7) = 0 x = – 14 or x = 7
AC = x + 8
= 7 + 8
= 15 cm.

AC = x + 6
= 7 + 6
= 13 cm.

BC = 6 + 8
= 14 cm.

Question 13.
Prove that opposite sides of a quadrilateral circumscribing a circle subtend supplementary angles at the centre of the circle.
Solution :

Construction: Join OP, OQ, OR and OS.
Proof: The two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle subtend equal angles at the centre.
∴ ∠1 = ∠2, ∠3 = ∠4, ∠5 = ∠6 and ∠7 = ∠8.
Now, ∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3 + ∠4 + ∠5 + ∠6 + ∠7 + ∠8 = 360° (Sum of angles subtended at a point)
2(∠2 + ∠3 + ∠6 + ∠7) = 360° and
2(∠1 + ∠8 + ∠4 + ∠5) = 360°
⇒ (∠2 + ∠3) + (∠6 + ∠7) = 180°
(∠1 + ∠8) + (∠4 + ∠5) = 180°
∴ ∠AOB + ∠COD = 180° and ∠AOD + ∠BOC = 180°.