JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf.

JAC Board Class 9th Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

परिचय – ‘अपठित’ शब्द का निर्माण ‘पठित’ शब्द में ‘अ’ उपसर्ग लगने से हुआ है, जिसका अर्थ है-‘जो पढ़ा हुआ नहीं है। ‘अवबोधन’ शब्द का निर्माण ‘बोधन’ शब्द में ‘अव’ उपसर्ग लगने से हुआ है, जिसका अर्थ है-‘जानना’ या ‘समझना’। अपठितस्य = न पढ़े हुए (संस्कृत-गद्यांशों) का, अवबोधनम् = जानना। इस प्रकार के अनुच्छेदों का उद्देश्य विद्यार्थियों का बुद्धि-परीक्षण करना है।
अनच्छेद किसी कथा. घटना, निबन्ध या महान व्यक्ति के ऊपर लिखे जाते हैं।
अनुच्छेद के नीचे उससे सम्बन्धित प्रश्न दिये होते हैं, जिनके उत्तर संस्कृत भाषा में ही देने होते हैं।
अनुच्छेद पर निम्नलिखित प्रकार के प्रश्न पूछे जाते हैं –

अनुच्छेद पर प्रश्न –

  1. अनुच्छेद का शीर्षक देना।
  2. एक शब्द में व पूर्ण वाक्य में प्रश्नों के उत्तर देना।
  3. अनुच्छेद पर आधारित भाषिक कार्य।

नोट – भाषिक कार्य के अन्तर्गत निम्न प्रकार के प्रश्न होंगे –

  1. वाक्य.में कर्त्ता और क्रिया पदों का चयन।
  2. कर्ता और क्रिया की अन्विति (क्रम में होना)।
  3. विशेषण और विशेष्य की अन्विति (क्रम में होना)।
  4. संज्ञा के स्थान पर सर्वनाम का प्रयोग अथवा सर्वनाम के स्थान पर संज्ञा का प्रयोग।
  5. कोई शब्द देकर अनुच्छेद में से उसके पर्याय अथवा विलोम शब्द का चयन।

अनुच्छेदाः

निर्देश:-अधोलिखितान् अनुच्छेदान् पठित्वा अनुच्छेदाधारितानां प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि स्व-उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत (नीचे लिखे अनुच्छेदों को पढ़कर (उन) अनुच्छेदों पर आधारित प्रश्नों के उत्तर अपनी उत्तर-पुस्तिका में लिखिए-)

1. संस्कृतसाहित्ये महाकवेः बाणभट्टस्य स्थानं सर्वोपरि अस्ति। अयं स्वकीयायाः सर्वप्रथमायाः गद्यकृतेः ‘हर्षचरितस्य’ प्रारम्भिके उच्छ्वासत्रये स्वकीयं परिचयं दत्तवान्। अस्य जन्म वत्स गोत्रे अभवत्। कविः बाणभट्टः सारस्वतः ब्राह्मणः आसीत्। अस्य एकः पूर्वजः ‘कुबेरः’ इति नामा आसीत्, यः संस्कृतभाषायाः प्रकाण्डविद्वान् आसीत्। कुबेरस्य पौत्र: अर्थपतिः, बाणस्य पितामहः आसीत्। बाणस्य पितुः नाम चित्रभानुः आसीत्। महाकविः बाणभट्ट: बाल्यकाले अभिभावकविहीनः जातः। अयं भ्रमणशीलः आसीत्, येन कारणात् तेन अनेकविधानां जनानां सम्पर्कः प्राप्तः। एकदा सः महाराज हर्षस्य राजसभां प्राप्तवान्। हर्षस्य राज्ये कतिषुचित् दिनेषु एव अस्य चरित्रस्य पाण्डित्यस्य च प्रभावः रूढः जातः, फलतश्च महाराजेन हर्षेण अयम् ‘वश्यवाणी कविचक्रवर्ती’ इति उपाधिना विभूषितः। महाकविबाणस्य प्रमुखाः तिम्रः रचनाः सन्ति-‘हर्षचरितम्, ‘कादम्बरी’ चण्डीशतकम् च।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

हिन्दी-अनुवाद – संस्कृत साहित्य में महाकवि बाणभट्ट का स्थान सर्वोपरि है। इन्होंने स्वयं रचित प्रथम गद्यरचना ‘हर्षचरित’ के प्रारम्भिक तीन उच्छ्वासों में अपना परिचय दिया है। इनका जन्म वत्स गोत्र में हुआ था। कवि बाणभट्ट सारस्वत ब्राह्मण थे। इनके एक पूर्वज का नाम ‘कुबेर’ था, जो संस्कृत भाषा के प्रकाण्ड विद्वान् थे। कुबेर के पौत्र अर्थपति बाण के पितामह थे। बाण के पिता का नाम चित्रभानु था। महाकवि बाणभट्ट बचपन में ही माता-पिता से रहित हो गए। ये भ्रमणशील थे, जिसके कारण वे अनेक प्रकार के लोगों के सम्पर्क में आये। एक बार वे महाराज हर्ष की राजसभा में पहुँचे। हर्ष के राज्य में कुछ दिनों में ही इनके चरित्र एवं पाण्डित्य का प्रभाव जम गया, परिणामस्वरूप महाराज हर्ष ने इन्हें ‘वश्यवाणी कविचक्रवर्ती’ उपाधि से विभूषित किया। महाकवि बाण की प्रमुख तीन रचनाएँ हैं-‘हर्षचरितम्’, ‘कादम्बरी’ और ‘चण्डीशतकम्।

प्रश्न: 1.
एतस्य अनुच्छेदस्य समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत। (इस अनुच्छेद का उपयुक्त शीर्षक लिखिए।)
उत्तरम् :
महाकविः बाणभट्टः (महाकवि बाणभट्ट।)

प्रश्न: 2.
अधोलिखितानां प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि एकपदेन देयानि- (नीचे लिखे प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक शब्द में दीजिए-)
(क) महाकवेः बाणभट्टस्य प्रथमरचना किम् अस्ति? (महाकवि बाणभट्ट की प्रथम रचना क्या है?)
बाणस्य जन्म कस्मिन् गोत्रे अभवत् ? (बाण का जन्म किस गोत्र में हुआ?)
(ग) ‘कविः बाणभट्टः कः ब्राह्मणः आसीत्? (कवि बाणभट्ट कौनसे ब्राह्मण थे ?)
(घ) बाणस्य जनकस्य नाम किम् आसीत् ? (बाण के पिता का नाम क्या था?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) हर्षचरितम्
(ख) वत्सगोत्रे
(ग) सारस्वतः
(घ) चित्रभानुः।

प्रश्न: 3.
अधोलिखितानां प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि पूर्णवाक्येन देयानि- (नीचे लिखे प्रश्नों के उत्तर पूर्ण वाक्य में दीजिए-)
(क) कुबेरः कः आसीत् ? (कुबेर कौन थे?)
(ख) बाणेन अनेकविधानां जनानां सम्पर्कः कथं प्राप्त:? (बाण ने अनेक प्रकार के लोगों का सम्पर्क कैसे प्राप्त किया?)
(ग) महाराजेन हर्षेण बाण: केन उपाधिना विभूषितः? (महाराज हर्ष ने बाण को किस उपाधि से विभूषित किया?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) कुबेर: बाणस्य पूर्वजः आसीत्, य: संस्कृतभाषायाः प्रकाण्डविद्वान् आसीत्।
(कुबेर बाण के पूर्वज थे, जो संस्कृत भाषा के प्रकाण्ड विद्वान् थे।)
(ख) बाणः भ्रमणशीलः आसीत्, येन कारणात् तेन अनेकविधानां जनानां सम्पर्कः प्राप्तः।
(बाण भ्रमणशील थे, इसी कारण उन्होंने अनेक प्रकार के लोगों का सम्पर्क प्राप्त किया।)
(ग) महाराजेन हर्षेण बाणः ‘वश्यवाणी कविचक्रवर्ती’ इति उपाधिना विभूषितः।
(महाराज हर्ष ने बाण को ‘वश्यवाणी कविचक्रवर्ती’ उपाधि से विभूषित किया।)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

प्रश्न: 4.
निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरं देयम्- (निर्देशानुसार उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) “कुबेरस्य पौत्रः अर्थपतिः, बाणस्य पितामहः आसीत्”, वाक्यस्य कर्ता कः?
(“कुबेर का नाती अर्थपति, बाण का बाबा था” वाक्य का कर्ता कौन है?)
(ख) “अभवत् वत्सगोत्रे अस्य जन्म”, वाक्ये कर्तृ-क्रिया-अन्वितिः कार्या।
(“इनका जन्म वत्स गोत्र में हुआ था,” वाक्य में कर्ता और क्रिया का अन्वय कीजिए।)
(ग) “अयं भ्रमणशीलः आसीत्” अत्र अयम् इति सर्वनामपदं कस्य संज्ञा स्थाने प्रयुक्त?
(“अयं भ्रमणशीलः आसीत्” यहाँ ‘अयम्’ सर्वनाम पद किस संज्ञा के स्थान पर प्रयोग किया गया है?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) अर्थपतिः (अर्थपति)
(ख) अस्य जन्म वत्सगोत्रे अभवत्। (इनका जन्म वत्स गोत्र में हुआ था।)
(ग) बाणस्य स्थाने।

2. प्रत्येकस्मिन् धर्मे कतिपयाः सम्प्रदायाः भवन्ति। हिन्दूनां शैवशाक्तवैष्णवादयः सम्प्रदायाः प्रसिद्धाः। मुस्लिमाः शिया-सुन्नी-बहावी-सम्प्रदायेषु विभक्ताः। ख्रीष्टानुयायिनः कैथोलिकप्रोटेस्टैण्ट इति सम्प्रदायद्वये वर्गीकृताः। सर्वेषां सम्प्रदायानां ‘सत्याराधनम्’ इति एकमेव लक्ष्यम् अस्ति। किन्तु केचित् दुष्टाः काल्पनिक मतभेदं विभाव्य परस्परं द्वेषम् उद्भावयन्ति। एक: सम्प्रदायः अपरं स्वशत्रुः मन्यते। जनाः वृथैव परस्परं युध्यन्ते। युद्धम् एव तेषां लक्ष्य सञ्जायते। ईशाराधनं तत्र गौणी भवति। भीषणं रक्तपातं धन-जनहानिश्च भवतः। अस्माकं राष्ट्रे तु विविधसम्प्रदायानां समवायः विद्यते। अत्र साम्प्रदायिक सौमनस्यं तु अत्यावश्यकम्। वयं भ्रातरः भगिन्यश्च परस्परं युद्धरताः चेत् तर्हि राष्ट्रिया एकता कुतः स्यात् ? एकतां विना सुख-समृद्धि-कल्पना निराधारा एव। अतः अस्माभिः साम्प्रदायिक सौमनस्यम् स्थिरीकर्तव्यम्।

हिन्दी-अनुवाद – प्रत्येक धर्म में कुछ सम्प्रदाय होते हैं। हिन्दुओं के शैव, शाक्त, वैष्णव आदि सम्प्रदाय प्रसिद्ध हैं। मुस्लिम-शिया, सुन्नी, बहावी सम्प्रदायों में विभक्त हैं। ईशा के अनुयायी कैथोलिक और प्रोटेस्टैण्ट इन दो सम्प्रदायों में वर्गीकृत हैं। सभी सम्प्रदायों का ‘सत्य की आराधना’ यही एक लक्ष्य है। किन्तु कुछ दुष्ट लोग काल्पनिक मतभेद को सोचकर परस्परं द्वेष पैदा करते हैं। एक सम्प्रदाय दूसरे सम्प्रदाय को अपना शत्रु मानता है। लोग बेकार ही परस्पर युद्ध करते हैं। युद्ध ही उनका लक्ष्य हो जाता है। भगवान की आराधना वहाँ गौण होती है। भीषण रक्तपात, धन है। हमारे राष्ट्र में तो विविध सम्प्रदायों का एकत्रीकरण है। यहाँ साम्प्रदायिक सौहार्द्र अत्यावश्यक है। हम भाई और बहिन यदि परस्पर युद्ध में संलग्न हों तो राष्ट्रीय एकता कहाँ से होगी ? एकता के बिना सुख-समृद्धि की कल्पना ही निराधार है। इसलिए हमें साम्प्रदायिक सौहार्द्र स्थिर करना चाहिए।

प्रश्न: 1.
अस्य वाद्यांशस्य समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत। (इस गद्यांश का समुचित शीर्षक लिखिए।)
उत्तरम् :
साम्प्रदायिक सौमनस्यम्। (साम्प्रदायिक सौहार्द्र।)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

प्रश्न: 2.
एकपदेन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत – (एक शब्द में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) प्रत्येकस्य धर्मस्य कतिपयाः के भवन्ति? (प्रत्येक के धर्म के कुछ क्या होते हैं?)
(ख) सर्वेषां सम्प्रदायानां किम एकमेव लक्ष्यम् अस्ति? (सभी सम्प्रदायों का एक ही लक्ष्य क्या है?)
(ग) के काल्पनिक मतभेदं विभाव्य परस्परं द्वेषम् उद्भवन्ति? (कौन काल्पनिक मतभेद को सोचकर परस्पर द्वेष पैदा करते हैं?)
(घ) एकः सम्प्रदायः अपरं कः मन्यते? (एक सम्प्रदाय दूसरे को क्या मानता है?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) सम्प्रदायाः
(ख) सत्याराधनम्
(ग) केचित् दुष्टाः
(घ) स्वशत्रुः।

प्रश्न: 3.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (पूर्ण वाक्य में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) हिन्दूनां के सम्प्रदायाः प्रसिद्धाः? (हिन्दुओं के कौन से सम्प्रदाय प्रसिद्ध हैं?)
(ख) मुस्लिमानां के सम्प्रदायाः सन्ति ? (मुस्लिमों के कौन से सम्प्रदाय हैं?)
(ग) राष्ट्रिया एकता कदा न स्यात्? (राष्ट्रीय एकता कब नहीं होगी?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) हिन्दूनां शैवशाक्तवैष्णवादयः सम्प्रदायाः प्रसिद्धाः। (हिन्दुओं के शैव-शाक्त-वैष्णव आदि सम्प्रदाय प्रसिद्ध हैं।)
(ख) मुस्लिमानां शिया-सुन्नी-बहाव्यादयः सम्प्रदायाः सन्ति। (मुस्लिमों के शिया, सुन्नी, बहावी आदि सम्प्रदाय हैं।)
(ग) यदि वयं परस्परं युद्धरताः भविष्यामः तर्हि राष्ट्रिया एकता न स्यात्। (यदि हम परस्पर युद्ध में लग जाएँगे तो राष्ट्रीय एकता नहीं होगी।)

प्रश्न 4.
निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरं देयम्- (निर्देशानुसार उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) “अस्माकं सौमनस्यं साम्प्रदायिक स्थिरीकर्तव्यम्”, ” वाक्ये विशेषण-विशेष्य-अन्वितिः कार्या।
(“हमारा साम्प्रदायिक सौहार्द्र स्थिर करना चाहिए”, वाक्य में विशेषण और विशेष्य का अन्वय कीजिए।)
(ख) “जनाः परस्परं युध्यन्ते”, वाक्ये ‘जनाः’ इति संज्ञायाः स्थाने सर्वनामप्रयोगः कर्तव्य।
(“लोग आपस में युद्ध करते हैं” वाक्य में ‘जनाः’ संज्ञा के स्थान पर सर्वनाम का प्रयोग कीजिए।)
(ग) ‘उद्देश्यम्’ इति पदस्य पर्यायवाचि पदं अनुच्छेदात् चित्वा लिखत।
(‘उद्देश्य’ इस पद का पर्यायवाची शब्द अनुच्छेद से चुनकर लिखिए।)
उत्तरम् :
(क) अस्माकं साम्प्रदायिक सौमनस्यं स्थिरीकर्तव्यम्। (हमारा साम्प्रदायिक सौहार्द्र स्थिर करना चाहिए।)
(ख) ते (वे सब)
(ग) लक्ष्यम्।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

3. अस्माकं देशस्य नाम ‘भारतवर्षम्’ इति अस्ति। पुरा अस्माकं देशे भरतनामा दुष्यन्तपुत्रः महाप्रतापी राजा बभूव। तस्य एव सम्बन्धात् अस्य देशस्य नाम अपि ‘भारतम्’ इति प्रसिद्धम्। अस्मदीयः देशः प्रकृति-सम्पन्नः अस्ति। अत्र षड् ऋतवः यथासमयम् आगत्य भारतं विविधाभिः सुषमाभिः भूषयन्ति। अस्य चरणौ रत्नाकरः दिवानक्तं प्रक्षालयति। नगाधिराजः हिमालयः अस्य मुकुट-माधुरीम् आधत्ते। गङ्गा-यमुनाद्यनेकाः नद्यः विविधेभ्यः स्थानेभ्यः निर्गत्य अस्य पावनत्वम् आपादयन्ति। अस्य भूमिः उर्वरा अस्ति। सर्वविधम् अन्नम् अत्र उत्पद्यते। अस्माकं देश: विश्वगुरुः अस्ति। अवं सभ्यतायाः प्रकाशम् अन्येभ्यः देशेभ्यः दत्तवान्। ‘भारतवर्षम्’ अनेकेषां भाषा-वेश-धर्म-संस्कृति-परम्पराणां देशः अस्ति। अयं वस्तुतः एकः महान् देशः अस्ति। अयम् अस्मभ्यम् अस्माकं प्राणेभ्यः अपि प्रियतरः अस्ति।

हिन्दी-अनुवाद – हमारे देश का नाम ‘भारतवर्ष है। पहले हमारे देश में दुष्यन्त का पुत्र भरत नाम का महाप्रतापी राजा हुआ। उसी के सम्बन्ध से इस देश का ‘भारत’ भी नाम प्रसिद्ध है। हमारा देश-प्रकृति-सम्पन्न है। यहाँ छः ऋतुएँ यथासमय 1942 संस्कृत प्रभा, कक्षा आकर भारत को विविध प्रकार के सौन्दर्य से भूषित करती हैं। सागर इसके चरण रात-दिन धोता है। पर्वतराज हिमालय इसका सुन्दर मुकुट है। गंगा-यमुना आदि अनेक नदियाँ विविध स्थानों से निकलकर इसको पवित्रता प्रदान करती हैं। इसकी भूमि उपजाऊ है। यहाँ सभी प्रकार के अन्न उत्पन्न होते हैं। हमारा देश विश्वगुरु है। इसने अन्य देशों को सभ्यता का प्रकाश दिया है। भारतवर्ष अनेक भाषा-वेश-धर्म-संस्कृति-परम्पराओं का देश है। वस्तुतः यह एक महान् देश है। यह हमें हमारे * प्राणों से भी अधिक प्रिय है।

प्रश्न: 1.
अस्य गद्यांशस्य समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत। (इस गद्यांश का समुचित शीर्षक लिखिए।)
उत्तरम् :
‘भारतवर्षम्’। (भारतवर्ष)

प्रश्न: 2.
एकपदेन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (एक शब्द में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) अस्माकं देशस्य नाम किम् अस्ति? (हमारे देश का नाम क्या है?)
(ख) दुष्यन्तस्य पुत्रस्य नाम किम् आसीत् ? (दुष्यन्त के पुत्र का नाम क्या था?)
(ग) भारतस्य चरणौ कः दिवानक्तं प्रक्षालयति? (भारत के चरणों को कौन दिन-रात धोता है?)
(घ) नगाधिराजः हिमालयः भारतवर्षस्य किम् अस्ति? (पर्वतराज हिमालय भारतवर्ष का क्या है?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) ‘भारतवर्षम्’
(ख) भरतः
(ग) रत्नाकरः
(घ) मुकुटम्।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

प्रश्न: 3.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (पूर्ण वाक्य में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) कस्य सम्बन्धाद् अस्य देशस्य नाम ‘भारतम्’ प्रसिद्धम् अभवत् ?
(किसके सम्बन्ध से इस देश का नाम ‘भारत’ प्रसिद्ध हुआ?)
(ख) भारतस्य पावनत्वं का: आपादयन्ति? (भारत को पवित्रता कौन प्रदान करती हैं ?)
(ग) विश्वगुरुः कः अस्ति? (विश्वगुरु कौन है?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) दुष्यन्तपुत्रभरतस्य सम्बन्धाद् अस्य देशस्य नाम ‘भारतम्’ प्रसिद्धम् अभवत्।
(दुष्यन्त-पुत्र भरत के सम्बन्ध से इस देश का नाम ‘भारत’ प्रसिद्ध हुआ।)
(ख) गंगायमुनाद्यनेकाः नद्यः भारतस्य पावनत्वम् आपादयन्ति।
(गंगा-यमुना आदि अनेक नदियाँ भारत को पवित्रता प्रदान करती हैं।)
अस्माकं देशः ‘भारतवर्षम्’ विश्वगुरुः अस्ति। (हमारा देश ‘भारतवर्ष’ विश्वगुरु है।)

प्रश्न: 4.
निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (निर्देशानुसार उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) “अस्माकं देशस्य नाम भारतवर्षम् अस्ति” वाक्ये कर्ता क:?
(“हमारे देश का नाम भारतवर्ष है” वाक्य में कर्ता कौन है?)
(ख) ‘समुद्रः’ इति शब्दस्य पर्यायम् अनुच्छेदात् चित्वा लिखत।
(‘समुद्र’ शब्द का पर्याय अनुच्छेद से चुनकर लिखिए।)
(ग) ‘गत्वा’ इति पदस्य विलोमार्थकं पदं अनुच्छेदात् अन्विष्य लिखत।
(‘गत्वा’ शब्द का विलोम शब्द अनुच्छेद से खोजकर लिखिए।)
उत्तरम् :
(क) भारतवर्षम् (भारतवर्ष)
(ख) रत्नाकरः (रत्नाकर)
(ग) आगत्य।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

4. शासनं मुख्यतः द्विविधं भवति-राजतन्त्रं प्रजातन्त्रं च। प्रजातन्त्रम् एव लोकतन्त्रं जनतन्त्रं वा कथ्यते। राजतन्त्रे एकः पुरुषः बुद्धिबलेन, शरीरबलेन परम्परया वा राजा भवति। सः पूर्णतः स्वेच्छाचारी भवति। तस्मै यद् यद् रोचते तत् तत् करोति प्रजाभिः कारयति च। लोकतन्त्र प्रजानां प्रतिनिधयः लोकहितं दृष्ट्वा संविधान निर्माणं कृत्वा तदनुसारं शासन परिचालयन्ति। प्रतिनिधीनां निर्वाचनं निश्चितकालानन्तरं पुनः भवति। प्रजातन्त्रं बहुजनहिताय बहुजनसुखाय च भवति। अस्यां शासन-प्रणाल्यां शासने कस्यापि एकस्य एव पुरुषस्य अधिकारः न भवति। प्रजातन्त्रप्रणाल्यां प्रजाभिः निर्वाचिताः जनाः एव अधिकारिणः भवन्ति। प्रजाजनैः निर्वाचितं मन्त्रिमण्डलं सर्वदा जनता-हितम् एव चिन्तयति।

हिन्दी-अनुवाद – शासन मुख्यतः दो प्रकार का होता है-राजतन्त्र और प्रजातन्त्र। प्रजातन्त्र को ही लोकतन्त्र अथवा जनतन्त्र कहा जाता है। राजतन्त्र में एक पुरुष बुद्धि बल से, शारीरिक बल से अथवा परम्परा से राजा होता है। वह पूर्णत: स्वेच्छाचारी होता है। उसे जो-जो अच्छा लगता है वही-वही करता है और प्रजा से कराता है। लोकतन्त्र में प्रजा के प्रतिनिधि लोग लोकहित को देखकर संविधान निर्माण करके उसके अनसार शासन चलाते हैं। प्रतिनिधियों का निर्वाचन निश्चित अवधि के बाद पुनः होता है। प्रजातन्त्र बहुजन के हित के लिए और बहुजन के सुख के लिए होता है। इस शासन प्रणाली में शासन पर किसी एक पुरुष का ही अधिकार नहीं होता है। प्रजातन्त्र प्रणाली में प्रजा के द्वारा चुने हुए लोग हो अधिकारी होते हैं। प्रजा के लोगों द्वारा चुना हुआ मन्त्रिमण्डल हमेशा जनता के हित की ही सोचता है।

प्रश्न: 1.
अस्य गद्यांशस्य चतं शीर्षकं लिखत। (इस गद्यांश का समुचित शीर्षक लिखिए।)
उत्तरम् :
प्रजातन्त्रम्। (प्रजातन्त्र)

प्रश्न: 2.
एकपदेन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत – (एक शब्द में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) शासनं कति विधं भवति? (शासन कितने प्रकार का होता है?)
(ख) लोकतन्त्रं जनतन्त्रं वा किं कथ्यते? (लोकतन्त्र अथवा जनतन्त्र किसे कहते हैं?)।
(ग) प्रजातन्त्रं कस्य हिताय भवति? (प्रजातन्त्र किसके हित के लिए होता है?)
(घ) प्रजातन्त्रप्रणाल्यां प्रजाभिः निर्वाचिताः जनाः एव के भवन्ति?
(प्रजातन्त्र प्रणाली में प्रजा के द्वारा चुने हुए लोग ही कौन होते हैं?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) द्विविधम् (दो प्रकार का)
(ख) प्रजातन्त्रम् (प्रजातन्त्र को)
(ग) बहुजनस्य (बहुत से लोगों के)
(घ) अधिकारिणः (अधिकारी लोग)।

प्रश्न: 3.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (पूर्ण वाक्य में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) राजतन्त्रे एकः पुरुषः राजा कथं भवति? (राजतन्त्र में एक पुरुष राजा कैसे होता है?)
(ख) लोकतन्त्रे प्रजानां प्रतिनिधयः शासनं कथं परिचालयन्ति?
(लोकतन्त्र में प्रजा के प्रतिनिधि शासन कैसे चलाते हैं?)
(ग) प्रजातन्त्रं किमर्थं भवति? (प्रजातन्त्र किसलिए होता है?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) राजतन्त्रे एकः पुरुषः बुद्धिबलेन, शरीरबलेन परम्परया वा राजा भवति।
(राजतन्त्र में एक पुरुष बुद्धि के बल से, शरीर के बल से अथबा परम्परा से राजा होता है।)
(ख) लोकतन्त्रे प्रजानां प्रतिनिधयः लोकहितं दृष्ट्वा संविधाननिर्माणं कृत्वा तदनुसारं शासनं परिचालयन्ति।
(लोकतन्त्र में प्रजा के प्रतिनिधि लोग लोकहित को देखकर संविधान निर्माण उसके अनुसार शासन चलाते हैं।)
(ग) प्रजातन्त्रं बहुजनहिताय बहुजनसुखाय च भवति।
(प्रजातन्त्र बहुजन के हित के लिए और बहुजन के सुख के लिए होता है।)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

प्रश्न: 4.
निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (निर्देशानुसार उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क)’प्रजातन्त्रम्’, ‘लोकतन्त्रम्’ शब्दयोः पर्यायः अत्र किम्? (प्रजातन्त्र, लोकतन्त्र शब्दों का पर्याय यहाँ क्या है?)
(ख)”प्रजातन्त्रम् एव लोकतन्त्रम् कथ्यते” वाक्ये क्रिया का? (“प्रजातन्त्र ही लोकतन्त्र कहा जाता है” वाक्य में क्रिया क्या है?)
(ग) ‘शासनं मुख्यतः द्विविधं भवति’ इति वाक्ये ‘शासनं’ पदस्य विशेषणपदं अनुच्छेदात् चित्वा लिखत।
(‘शासन मुख्यतः दो प्रकार का होता है’ इस वाक्य में ‘शासन’ पद का विशेषण अनुच्छेद से चुनकर लिखो।)
उत्तरम् :
(क) जनतन्त्रम् (जनतन्त्र)
(ख) कथ्यते (कहा जाता है)
(ग) द्विविधं ।

5. संसारे अनेकाः संस्कृतयः उदिताः अस्तंगताश्च। परं भारतीया संस्कृतिः इदानीमपि अक्षुण्णा वर्तते। अस्याः जीवनरसमूले आध्यात्मिकी भावना विद्यते। भारतीया संस्कृतिः कर्मसिद्धान्ते विश्वसिति, पुनर्जन्म खल ध्रुवं मन्ते। मनुष्येण सदा उच्चस्तरीयचिन्तनेन सह सरलजीवनं यापनीयम्। एषा धर्मप्रधानत्वेन ‘आचारः परमो धर्मः’ इति स्वीकृत्य धर्मभावनाम्, औदार्य सहिष्णुतां, भ्रातृत्वं च इमान् गुणान् सदाचारं च परिपालयितुमुपदिशति। धर्मस्य पालनेन भौतिकी उन्नतिर्भवति, अलौकिकं सुखं या संस्कृतिः आध्यात्मिकभावनया सर्वभूतेषु आत्मनः सत्तामवलोकयति। भारतीयजीवनमूल्यम् ‘वसुधैव कुटुम्बकम् एषा जीवने आचरति। भारतीया संस्कृतिः उत्कृष्टानां विचाराणामाचाराणां च समवायो विद्यते। लोकमंगलभावना अस्याः मूलसिद्धान्तः।

हिन्दी-अनुवाद – संसार में अनेक संस्कृतियाँ उदित हुईं और अस्त हो गईं। लेकिन भारतीय संस्कृति अब भी जीवित (1964 संस्कृत पभा, कक्षा…) है। इसके जीवन रूपी रस (सार) के मूल में आध्यात्मिकता की भावना है। भारतीय संस्कृति कर्म के सिद्धान्त में विश्वास करती है, पुनर्जन्म को निश्चय ही अटल मानती है। मनुष्य को सदा उच्चस्तरीय चिन्तन के साथ सादा जीवन जीना चाहिए। यह धर्म प्रधान होने के कारण ‘सदाचार ही श्रेष्ठ धर्म है’ इस प्रकार स्वीकार कर धर्म की भावना का, उदारता का, सहिष्णुता का और भाईचारे के गुण का तथा सदाचार का पालन करने का उपदेश देती है। धर्म का पालन करने से भौतिक उन्नति होती क सख प्राप्त होता है। भारतीय संस्कृति आध्यात्मिक भावना से सभी प्राणियों में आत्मा के अस्तित्व को देखती है। भारतीय जीवन के नैतिक सिद्धान्त (जीवनमूल्य) ‘वसुधैव कुटुम्बकम्’ (‘सम्पूर्ण पृथ्वी ही परिवार है’) का यह जीवन में आचरण करती है। भारतीय संस्कृति उत्कृष्ट विचारों और आचरणों का संकलन है। संसार के कल्याण की भावना इसका मूल सिद्धान्त है।

प्रश्न: 1.
अस्य गद्यांशस्य समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत। (इस गद्यांश का समुचित शीर्षक लिखिए।)
उत्तरम् :
भारतीया संस्कृतिः (भारतीय संस्कृति)।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

प्रश्न: 2.
एकपदेन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (एक शब्द में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) संसारे अनेकाः काः उदिताः अस्तंगताश्च? (संसार में अनेक कौन उदित हुईं और अस्त हो गई?)
(ख) भारतीयसंस्कृतेः मूले का भावना विद्यते? (भारतीय संस्कृति के मूल में कौन-सी भावना विद्यमान है?)
(ग) इदानीम् अपि का अक्षुण्णा वर्तते? (अब भी कौन जीवित है?)
(घ) भारतीया संस्कृतिः किं खलु ध्रुवं मन्यते? (भारतीय संस्कृति क्या निश्चय ही अटल मानती है?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) संस्कृतयः (संस्कृतियाँ)
(ख) आध्यात्मिकी (आध्यात्मिक)
(ग) भारतीया संस्कृतिः (भारतीय संस्कृति)
(घ) पुनर्जन्म (पुनर्जन्म को)।

प्रश्न: 3.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) भारतीया संस्कृतिः किं मनुते? (भारतीय संस्कृति क्या मानती है?)
(ख) मनुष्येण सदा कीदृशं जीवन यापनीयम्? (मनुष्य को सदा कैसा जीवन जीना चाहिए?)
(ग) धर्मस्य पालनेन किं भवति? (धर्म का पालन करने से क्या होता है?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) भारतीया संस्कृतिः कर्मसिद्धान्ते विश्वसिति, पुनर्जन्म खलु ध्रुवं मनुते च।
(भारतीय संस्कृति कर्म के सिद्धान्त में विश्वास करती है और पुनर्जन्म को निश्चय ही अटल मानती है।)
(ख) मनुष्येण सदा उच्चस्तरीयचिन्तनेन सह सरलजीवनं यापनीयम्।
(मनुष्य को सदा उच्चस्तरीय चिन्तन के साथ सादा जीवन जीना चाहिए।)
(ग) धर्मस्य पालनेन भौतिकी उन्नतिर्भवति, अलौकिकं सुखं च प्राप्यते।
(धर्म का पालन करने से भौतिक उन्नति होती है और अलौकिक सुख प्राप्त होता है।)

प्रश्न: 4.
निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत – (निर्देशानुसार उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) ‘उदिताः’ एतस्य विपरीतार्थकः शब्दः अत्र किम्? (‘उदित हुई’ का विलोम शब्द यहाँ क्या है?)
(ख) धर्मस्य पालनेन अलौकिकं सुखं प्राप्यते” वाक्ये कर्ता कः? (“धर्म का पालन करने से अलौकिक सुख प्राप्त होता है” वाक्य में कर्ता कौन है?)
(ग) ‘एषा धर्म प्रधानत्वेन’ इति वाक्ये ‘एषा’ सर्वनाम् पदं कस्मै प्रयुक्तः? (‘एषा धर्म प्रधानत्वेन’ इस वाक्य में ‘एषा’ सर्वनाम पद किसके लिए प्रयोग हुआ है?)
उत्तरम् :
(क) अस्तंगताः (अस्त हुईं)।
(ख) अलौकिकं सुखम् (अलौकिक सुख)
(ग) भारतीया संस्कृतिः।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

6. समाजस्य प्रगतिः नारीप्रगत्यधीना वर्तते। यतः नरः नारी च इति जीवनरथस्य द्वे चक्रे। यथा च एकं चक्रं रथस्य कारणं न तथा नारी विना पुरुषस्य गतिः न अस्ति। जीवनस्य सर्वेषु क्षेत्रेषु सुशिक्षिताः नार्यः पुंवत् सर्वकार्यसक्षमा वर्तन्ते। समानाधिकारस्य युगेऽस्मिन् ताः राजनीती, राजकीयसेवासु, अन्यक्षेत्रेषु वा यथेच्छं साफल्येन कर्म कर्तुं समर्थाः वर्तन्ते। स्वतन्त्रताप्राप्त्यनन्तरं तु राष्ट्रियशासनं नारीशिक्षायाः महत्त्वं सम्यगनुभवति। मध्यकालस्य अवगुण्ठनवत्यः अशिक्षिताः नार्यः सम्प्रति यथेच्छं शिक्षा प्राप्य सक्रियराजनीती, प्रशासकीयपदेषु अन्येषु च विविधेषु क्षेत्रेषु प्रतिष्ठिताः सन्ति। इत्थं नारीपूजा महिलाजनसमादरः वा समाजस्य श्रेयसे, तस्य अवहेलना तु राष्ट्रस्य विधाताय। यदा यदा नारीणाम् अवहेलना कृता, राष्ट्रस्य पतनं संजातम् । यत्र नार्याः सम्मानं, तत्रैव सनातनं सुखम् अखण्डा च शान्तिः सम्भाव्यते।

हिन्दी-अनुवाद – समाज की प्रगति नारी की प्रगति के अधीन है। क्योंकि नर और नारी जीवनरूपी रथ के दो पहिये हैं। जिस प्रकार एक पहिया रथ का कारण नहीं होता, उसी तरह नारी के बिना पुरुष की गति नहीं है। जीवन के सभी क्षेत्रों में ष के समान सभी कार्य करने में सक्षम हैं। वे समान अधिकार के इस युग में राजनीति में, राजकीय सेवाओं में अथवा अन्य क्षेत्रों में इच्छानुसार सफलतापूर्वक कर्म करने के लिए समर्थ हैं।

स्वतन्त्रता प्राप्ति के बाद तो राष्ट्रीय शासन नारी शिक्षा के महत्त्व को भली प्रकार से अनुभव करता है। मध्यकालीन पर्दा करने वाली अशिक्षित नारियाँ अब इच्छानुसार शिक्षा प्राप्त कर सक्रिय राजनीति में, प्रशासकीय पदों पर और दूसरे विविध क्षेत्रों में प्रतिष्ठित हैं। इस प्रकार नारी पूजा अथवा महिला का उचित सम्मान समाज के कल्याण के लिए है, उसकी अवहेलना तो राष्ट्र की हानि है। जब-जब नारियों की अवहेलना की गई है, राष्ट्र का पतन हुआ है। जहाँ नारी का सम्मान होता है, वहीं सनातन सुख और अखण्ड शान्ति की सम्भावना होती है।

प्रश्न: 1.
अस्य गद्यांशस्य समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत। (इस गद्यांश का समुचित शीर्षक लिखिए।)
उत्तरम् :
नारीमहिमा (नारी की महिमा)।

प्रश्नः 2.
एकपदेन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (एक शब्द में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) समाजस्य किं नारी प्रगत्यधीना वर्तते? (समाज की क्या नारी की प्रगति के अधीन है?)
(ख) सुशिक्षिताः नार्यः किंवत् सर्वकार्यसक्षमा वर्तन्ते? (सुशिक्षित नारियाँ किसके समान सभी कार्य करने में सक्षम हैं?)
(ग) कस्याः अवहेलना राष्ट्रस्य विघाताय? (किसकी अवहेलना राष्ट्र की हानि है?)
(घ) नारीणाम् अवहेलनया कस्य पतनं संजातम्? (नारी की अवहेलना से किसका पतन हुआ है?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) प्रगतिः (उन्नति)
(ख) पंवत् (पुरुष के समान)
(ग) नार्याः (नारी की)
(घ) राष्ट्रस्य (राष्ट्र की)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

प्रश्न: 3.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत। (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए।)
(क) अस्मिन् युगे नार्यः केषु क्षेत्रेषु कर्म कर्तुं समर्थाः वर्तन्ते?
(इस युग में नारियाँ किन क्षेत्रों में कार्य करने में समर्थ हैं?)
(ख) स्वतन्त्रताप्राप्त्यनन्तरं राष्ट्रियशासनं किम् अनुभवति?
(स्वतन्त्रता प्राप्ति के बाद राष्ट्रीय शासन क्या अनुभव करता है?)
(ग) राष्ट्रस्य पतनं कदा संजातम्? (राष्ट्र का पतन कब हुआ है?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) अस्मिन् युगे नार्यः राजनीती, राजकीयसेवासु अन्यक्षेत्रेषु वा कर्म कर्तुं समर्थाः वर्तन्ते ।
(इस युग में नारियाँ राजनीति में, राजकीय सेवाओं में अथवा अन्य क्षेत्रों में काम करने में समर्थ हैं।)
(ख) स्वतन्त्रताप्राप्त्यनन्तरं राष्ट्रियशासनं नारीशिक्षायाः महत्त्वं सम्यगनुभवति।
(स्वतन्त्रता प्राप्ति के बाद राष्ट्रीय शासन नारी शिक्षा के महत्त्व को भली-भाँति अनुभव करता है।)
(ग) यदा-यदा नारीणाम् अवहेलना कृता, राष्ट्रस्य पतनं संजातम्।
(जब-जब नारियों की अवहेलना की गई है, राष्ट्र का पतन हुआ है।)

प्रश्न: 4.
निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (निर्देशानुसार उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) “श्रेयसे समाजस्य नारीपूजा” वाक्ये कर्त-क्रिया-अन्वितिः कार्या।
(“नारी पूजा समाज के कल्याण के लिए” वाक्य में कर्ता और क्रिया का अन्वय कीजिए।)
(ख) ‘अपमानम्’ इत्यस्य शब्दस्य विलोमपदम् अनुच्छेदात् चिनुत। (अनुच्छेद से ‘अपमान’ शब्द का विलोम चुनिए।)
(ग) ‘जीवनस्य सर्वेषु क्षेत्रेषु’ वाक्यात् विशेषणपदं चिनुत। (‘जीवनस्य सर्वेषु क्षेत्रेषु’ वाक्य से विशेषण पद चुनिये।)
उत्तरम् :
(क) नारीपूजा समाजस्य श्रेयसे (नारी पूजा समाज के कल्याण के लिए)।
(ख) समादरः (सम्मान)
(ग) सर्वेषु (सभी)।

7. ‘स्वातन्त्र्यमेव जीवनम्’ इति ऊरीकृत्य ये केचन पुरुषाः अस्मिन् जगति समजायन्त, तेषु नेतृवरः सुभाषः एकतमः। यस्य प्रात:वन्दनीयस्य पावननामस्मरणेन जीवनं धन्यं भवति। जीवनचरितस्य यस्य प्रेरकसंस्मरणानि स्मृत्वा न केवलं चेतः समुल्लसति अपितु तस्य जीवनस्य प्रशस्तपथमनुसृत्य देशकृते मनसा वचसा कर्मणा सर्वमेव समर्पणस्य भावना समुद्जायते।। बाल्यकाले सुभाषः एंग्लोभारतीयानामेकस्मिन् विद्यालये शिक्षार्थं प्रवेशितः। अधीयानः सुभाषः सपद्येव आंग्लभाषायां प्रावीण्यमधिगतवान् । विद्यालये तस्मिन् अध्ययनरतेषु एंग्लोइंडियनबालकेषु भारतीयबालकेषु च समव्यवहारः नासीत्। तत्र अधीयानाः प्रावीण्यं च प्रकटयन्तः भारतीयाः बालकाः छात्रवृत्तिं प्राप्तुं नाधिकृताः आसन्। वर्गभेदेन इमे बालकाः प्रायः कलहायमानाः एव निवसन्ति स्म। स्वात्मकथायां सुभाषः खिन्नमनसा सर्वान् भारतीयछात्रान् विद्यालयेऽस्मिन् प्रवेशात् न्यवारयत्।

हिन्दी-अनुवाद – ‘स्वतन्त्रता ही जीवन है’ इस प्रकार स्वीकार कर जो कुछ पुरुष इस संसार में पैदा हुए हैं, उनमें से नेताजी सुभाषचन्द्र एक थे। जिनका प्रातः वन्दनीय पावन नाम का स्मरण करने से जीवन धन्य हो जाता है। जिनके जीवन-चरित्र के प्रेरक संस्मरणों को स्मरण कर न केवल मन प्रसन्न होता है, अपितु उनके जीवन के प्रशंसनीय मार्ग का अनुसरण करके देश के लिए मन, वाणी और कर्म से सब कुछ समर्पण की भावना उत्पन्न होती है। बचपन में सुभाष को एंग्लो-भारतीयों के एक विद्यालय में पढ़ने के लिए प्रवेश दिलाया गया। पढ़ते हुए सुभाष ने शीघ्र ही अंग्रेजी भाषा में दक्षता प्राप्त की। उस विद्यालय में पढ़ने वाले एंग्लो-इंडियन बालकों में और भारतीय बालकों में समान व्यवहार नहीं था। वहाँ पढ़ते हुए दक्षता को प्रकट करने वाले भारतीय बालक छात्रवृत्ति प्राप्त करने के अधिकारी नहीं थे। वर्गभेद के कारण ये बालक प्रायः झगड़ते ही रहते थे। अपनी आत्मकथा में सुभाष ने खिन्न मन से सभी भारतीय छात्रों को इस विद्यालय में प्रवेश लेने से रोका।

प्रश्न: 1.
अस्य गद्यांशस्य समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत। (इस गद्यांश का समुचित शीर्षक लिखिए।)
उत्तरम् :
नेतृवरसुभाषस्य संस्मरणानि (नेताजी सुभाष के संस्मरण)।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

प्रश्न: 2.
एकपदेन उत्तरम उत्तरपस्तिकायां लिखत- (एक शब्द में उत्तर उत्तरपस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) कस्य पावननामस्मरणेन जीवनं धन्यं भवति ?
(किसके पावन नाम का स्मरण करने से जीवन धन्य हो जाता है?)
(ख) बाल्यकाले सुभाष: कस्मिन् विद्यालये शिक्षार्थं प्रवेशितः?
(बचपन में सुभाष को किस विद्यालय में पढ़ने के लिए प्रवेश दिलाया गया?)
(ग) सुभाषः कस्यां भाषायां प्रावीण्यमधिगतवान् ?
(सुभाष ने किस भाषा में प्रवीणता प्राप्त की?)
(घ) सुभाषः भारतीयछात्रान् विद्यालयेऽस्मिन् कस्मात् न्यवारयत्?
(सुभाष ने भारतीय छात्रों को इस विद्यालय में किससे रोका?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) सुभाषस्य (सुभाष के)
(ख) एंग्लोभारतीयानाम् (एंग्लो-भारतीयों के)
(ग) आंग्लभाषायाम् (अंग्रेजी भाषा में)
(घ) प्रवेशात् (प्रवेश लेने से)।

प्रश्न: 3.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) किम् ऊरीकृत्य केचन पुरुषाः अस्मिन् जगति समजायन्त?
(क्या स्वीकार कर कुछ पुरुष इस संसार में पैदा हुए हैं?)
(ख) अधीयान: सुभाषः किम् अधिगतवान्? (पढ़ते हुए सुभाष ने क्या प्राप्त कर लिया?)
(ग) एंग्लोभारतीयानां विद्यालये भारतीयबालकैः सह कीदृशं व्यवहारम् आसीत्?
(एंग्लो-भारतीयों के विद्यालय में भारतीय बालकों के साथ कैसा व्यवहार था?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) ‘स्वातन्त्र्यमेव जीवनम्’ इति ऊरीकृत्य केचन पुरुषाः अस्मिन् जगति समजायन्त।
(‘स्वतन्त्रता ही जीवन है’ यह स्वीकार कर कुछ पुरुष इस संसार में पैदा हुए हैं।)
(ख) अधीयानः सुभाषः सपद्येव आंग्लभाषायां प्रावीण्यमधिगतवान्।।
(पढ़ते हुए सुभाष ने शीघ्र ही अंग्रेजी भाषा में प्रवीणता प्राप्त कर ली।)
(ग) एंग्लोभारतीयानां विद्यालये भारतीयबालकैः सह पक्षपातपूर्णव्यवहारः आसीत्।
(एंग्लो-भारतीयों के विद्यालय में भारतीय बालकों के साथ पक्षपातपूर्ण व्यवहार था।)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

प्रश्न: 4.
निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत – (निर्देशानुसार उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) ‘पावननाम’ इति कस्य नाम्नः विशेषणः अस्ति? (‘पावन नाम’ यह किसके नाम का विशेषण है?)
(ख) “ते छात्रवृत्तिं प्राप्तुं नाधिकृताः आसन्” वाक्ये ‘ते’ इति सर्वनाम्नः स्थाने संज्ञाप्रयोगः कर्तव्यः।
(“वे छात्रवृत्ति प्राप्त करने के अधिकारी नहीं थे” वाक्य में ‘ते’ सर्वनाम के स्थान पर संज्ञा का प्रयोग कीजिए।)
(ग) ‘जीवनं धन्यं भवति’ इति वाक्ये ‘भवति’ क्रियापदस्य कर्ता कः?
(‘जीवनं धन्यं भवति’ वाक्य में ‘भवति’ क्रिया का कर्ता कौन है?)
उत्तरम् :
(क) सुभाषस्य (सुभाष के),
(ख) भारतीयाः बालकाः (भारतीय बालक)
(ग) जीवनम्।

8. पृथ्वीजलाकाशवनस्पतयः जीवाश्च पर्यावरणसर्जकाः सन्ति। प्रकृत्याः समग्रं रूपमेव पर्यावरणमिति कथ्यते। पर्यावरणेन अस्माकं शरीरं मनः स्वास्थ्यं च प्रभावितानि भवन्ति। वर्तमानकाले प्राकृतिकसंसाधनानाम् असन्तुलितदोहनेन औद्योगिकविस्तारेण चास्माकं मृद्वायुजलानि दूषितानि। अनेन न केवलं वयम् अपितु वृक्षलता-गुल्मवायुजलजीवाः सर्वेऽपि प्रभाविताः सन्ति । वृक्षवनस्पतीनां पशुपक्षिणां चानेकाः दुर्लभाः प्रजातयः विलुप्यन्ते। सघनवनानि नश्यन्ति। अस्माभिः प्रतिश्वासं विषपानं क्रियते। सततं क्रियमाणेन औद्योगिकीकरणेन पैट्रोलचालितवाहनैः च प्राणवायुः न्यूनतां प्राप्नोति, विषयुक्तः कार्बनडाइऑक्साइडवायुः वृद्धिम् आप्नोति। वायुप्रदूषणम् अम्लीयवर्षारूपेण परिणमति। विषयुक्तेन वायुना पृथिव्याम् ऊष्मा वृद्धिम् आप्नोति।

वायुप्रदूषणनिवारणाय वनस्पतीनां वनानां च संरक्षणं परमावश्यकम्। पर्यावरणविशेषज्ञमतानुसारेण भूभागस्य तृतीयांशः वनाच्छादितः भवेत्। – हिन्दी-अनुवाद-पृथ्वी, जल, आकाश, वनस्पति और जीव पर्यावरण के सर्जक हैं। प्रकृति का सम्पूर्ण रूप ही पर्यावरण कहा जाता है। पर्यावरण से हमारे शरीर, मन और स्वास्थ्य प्रभावित होते हैं। वर्तमान काल में प्राकृतिक संसाधनों के असन्तुलित दोहन से और औद्योगिक विस्तार से हमारे मृदा, वायु, जल दूषित हो रहे हैं। इससे न केवल हम अपितु वृक्ष, लता, पौधे, वायु, जल, जीव सभी प्रभावित हैं। वृक्षों की, वनस्पतियों की और पशु-पक्षियों की अनेक दुर्लभ प्रजातियाँ लुप्त हो रही हैं।

सघन वन नष्ट किये जा रहे हैं। हम प्रत्येक श्वास के साथ विषपान कर रहे हैं। सतत (निरन्तर) किये जाने वाले औद्योगिकीकरण से और पेट्रोल से चलने वाले वाहनों से प्राणवायु (ऑक्सीजन) न्यून हो रही है (न्यूनता को प्राप्त कर रही है।)। विषयुक्त कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड वायु वृद्धि को प्राप्त हो रही है। वायु प्रदूषण अम्लीय वर्षा के रूप में परिणित हो रहा है। विषयुक्त वायु से पृथ्वी पर गर्मी वृद्धि को प्राप्त हो रही है। वायु प्रदूषण निवारण के लिए वनस्पति और वनों का संरक्षण परम आवश्यक है। पर्यावरण विशेषज्ञों के मतानुसार पृथ्वी का एक-तिहाई भाग वनों से आच्छादित (घिरा हुआ) होना चाहिए।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

प्रश्न: 1.
एतस्य गद्यखण्डस्य समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत। (इस गद्यांश का समुचित शीर्षक लिखिए।)
उत्तरम् :
पर्यावरणप्रदूषणम् (पर्यावरण प्रदूषण)।

प्रश्न: 2.
एकपदेन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (एक शब्द में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) प्रकृत्याः समग्रं रूपमेव किम् कथ्यते? (प्रकृति का समग्र रूप ही क्या कहा जाता है?) ।
(ख) वयम् अपि प्रतिश्वासेन सह किं पिबामः? (हम सब भी प्रत्येक श्वास के साथ क्या पी रहे हैं?)
(ग) कस्य निवारणाय वनानां संरक्षणं परमावश्यकम्?
(किसके निवारण के लिए वनों का संरक्षण परम आवश्यक है?)
(घ) पर्यावरणविशेषज्ञमतानुसारेण भूभागस्य कियान अंशः वनाच्छादितः भवेत् ?
(पर्यावरण विशेषज्ञों के मतानुसार पृथ्वी का कितना भाग वनों से आच्छादित होना चाहिए?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) पर्यावरणम् (पर्यावरण)
(ख) विषम् (विष)
(ग) वायुप्रदूषणस्य (वायु प्रदूषण के)
(घ) तृतीयांशः (एक-तिहाई भाग)।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

प्रश्न: 3.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत – (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) पर्यावरणसर्जकाः के सन्ति ? (पर्यावरण के सर्जक कौन हैं?)
(ख) पर्यावरणेन अस्माकं कानि प्रभावितानि भवन्ति? (पर्यावरण से हमारे क्या प्रभावित होते हैं?)
(ग) वर्तमानकाले केन कारणेन मृद्वायुजलानि दूषितानि?
(वर्तमान काल में किस कारण से मृदा, वायु और जल दूषित हो रहे हैं?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) पृथ्वीजलाकाशवनस्पतयः जीवाश्च पर्यावरणसर्जकाः सन्ति।
(पृथ्वी, जल, आकाश, वनस्पति और जीव पर्यावरण के सर्जक हैं।)
(ख) पर्यावरणेन अस्माकं शरीरं, मनः स्वास्थ्यं च प्रभावितानि भवन्ति।
(पर्यावरण से हमारे शरीर, मन और स्वास्थ्य प्रभावित होते हैं।)
(ग) वर्तमानकाले प्राकृतिकसंसाधनानाम् असन्तुलितदोहनेन औद्योगिकविस्तारेण चास्माकं मृद्वायुजलानि दूषितानि।
(वर्तमान काल में प्राकृतिक संसाधनों के असन्तुलित दोहन से और औद्योगिक विस्तार से हमारे मृदा, वायु और जल दूषित हो रहे हैं।)

प्रश्न: 4.
निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (निर्देशानुसार उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) “तस्याः समग्ररूपमेव पर्यावरणमिति कथ्यते” वाक्ये ‘तस्याः’ सर्वनाम्नः स्थाने संज्ञाप्रयोग: कार्यः।
(“उसका सम्पूर्ण रूप ही पर्यावरण कहा जाता है”-वाक्य में ‘उसका’ सर्वनाम के स्थान पर संज्ञा का प्रयोग कीजिए।)
(ख) ‘भाष्यते’ इत्यस्य पर्यायम् अनुच्छेदात् चिनुत । (‘भाष्यते’ शब्द का पर्याय अनुच्छेद से चुनिए।)
(ग) अनुच्छेदात् ‘सुलभाः’ इति पदस्य विलोमार्थकं पदं चिनुत।
(अनुच्छेद से ‘सुलभाः’ पद का विलोमार्थक का पद चुनिये।)
उत्तरम् :
(क) प्रकृत्याः (प्रकृति का)
(ख) कथ्यते (कहा जाता है)
(ग) दुर्लभाः।

9. लालबहादुरशास्त्रिमहोदयस्य नाम को न जानाति। पण्डित जवाहरलालनेहरूमहोदयस्य निधनान्तेऽयमेव भारतस्य प्रधानमन्त्री अभवत्। लालबहादुरशास्त्रिणो जन्म 1904 ख्रिस्ताब्दे अक्टूबरमासस्य द्वितीयदिनांके वाराणसीमण्डलान्तर्गते मुगलसरायनाम्नि नगरे निर्धनतमे परिवारे अभवत् । शास्त्रिण: शैशवकालः निर्धनतायामेव व्यतीतोऽभूत्। स्वावलम्बी शास्त्रिमहोदयः स्वीयानि वस्त्राणि स्वयमेव क्षालयति स्म, सर्वाणि कार्याणि स्वयमेव करोति स्म पदसञ्चलनेन अध्येतुं विद्यालयं गच्छति स्म च। अन्ये छात्राः नौकामारुह्य गंगां पारयन्ति स्म किञ्च निर्धनोऽयं स्वयमेव तीत्वा विद्यालयं गच्छति स्म। देशस्य स्वतन्त्रतायाः समर्थकोऽयं सत्वरमेव अध्ययनं परित्यज्य महात्मागान्धिमहाभागैः प्रायोजिते असहयोगान्दोलने सम्मिलितोऽभवत्। अनन्तरं स्वकीयमध्ययनं पूर्ण कर्तुं काशीविद्यापीठमगच्छत्। काशीविद्यापीठादेव ‘शास्त्री’ इति उपाधिं लब्धवान्।

हिन्दी-अनुवाद – लालबहादुर शास्त्री महोदय का नाम कौन नहीं जानता। पं. जवाहरलाल नेहरू महोदय की मृत्यु के बाद यही भारत के प्रधानमन्त्री बने। लालबहादुर शास्त्री का जन्म सन् 1904 ई. में अक्टूबर मास की 2 तारीख को, वाराणसी मण्डल के अन्तर्गत मुगलसराय नामक नगर में अत्यन्त निर्धन परिवार में हुआ था। शास्त्रीजी का बचपन निर्धनता में ही व्यतीत हुआ। स्वावलम्बी शास्त्री महोदय अपने वस्त्र स्वयं ही धोते थे, सभी कार्य स्वयं ही करते थे और पैदल चलकर पढ़ने के लिए विद्यालय जाते थे। अन्य छात्र नाव पर चढ़कर गंगा पार करते थे, किन्तु यह निर्धन स्वयं ही तैरकर विद्यालय जाते थे। देश की स्वतन्त्रता का समर्थन करने वाले यह (शास्त्रीजी) शीघ्र ही अध्ययन छोड़कर महात्मा गाँधी महोदय द्वारा चलाए गए असहयोग आन्दोलन में सम्मिलित हो गए। बाद में अपना अध्ययन पूर्ण करने के लिए काशी विद्यापीठ गए। काशी विद्यापीठ से ही ‘शास्त्री’ यह उपाधि प्राप्त की।

प्रश्न: 1.
एतस्य गद्यखण्डस्य समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत। (इस गद्यांश का समुचित शीर्षक लिखिए।)
उत्तरम् :
श्रीलालबहादुरशास्त्री। (श्री लालबहादुर शास्त्री)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

प्रश्न: 2.
एकपदेन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (एक शब्द में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) पं. जवाहरलालनेहरूमहोदयस्य निधनान्ते भारतस्य प्रधानमन्त्री कः अभवत् ?
(पं. जवाहरलाल नेहरू महोदय के निधन के बाद भारत का प्रधानमन्त्री कौन हुआ?)
(ख) शास्त्रिण: कः कालः निर्धनतायामेव व्यतीतोऽभूत् ?
(शास्त्री जी का कौन-सा समय निर्धनता में ही व्यतीत हुआ?)
(ग) लालबहादुरशास्त्रिमहोदयस्य ग्रामः कः आसीत् ?
(लालबहादुर शास्त्री महोदय का गाँव कौन-सा था?)
(घ) शास्त्री: देशस्य कस्याः समर्थकः आसीत् ?
(शास्त्री जी देश की किसके समर्थक थे?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) श्रीलालबहादरशास्त्री (श्री लालबहादुर शास्त्री)
(ख) शैशवकालः (बचपन)
(ग) मुगलसरायः (मुगलसराय)
(घ) स्वतन्त्रतायाः (स्वतन्त्रता के)।

प्रश्न: 3.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) लालबहादुरशास्त्रिणो जन्म कदा अभवत् ? (लालबहादुर शास्त्री का जन्म कब हुआ?)
(ख) लालबहादुरः स्वयमेव किं करोति स्म? (लालबहादुर स्वयं ही क्या करते थे?)
(ग) अध्ययनं परित्यज्य लालबहादुरः कुत्र सम्मिलितोऽभवत् ? (अध्ययन त्यागकर लालबहादुर कहाँ सम्मिलित हो गए?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) लालबहादुरशास्त्रिणो जन्म 1904 ख्रिस्ताब्दे अक्टूबरमासस्य द्वितीयदिनांके अभवत्।
(लालबहादुर शास्त्री का जन्म सन् 1904 ई. में अक्टूबर मास की दो तारीख को हुआ।)
(ख) लालबहादुरः स्वयमेव स्वीयानि वस्त्राणि क्षालयति स्म सर्वाणि कार्याणि च स्वयमेव करोति स्म।
(लालबहादुर स्वयं ही अपने वस्त्र धोते थे और सभी कार्य स्वयं ही करते थे।)
(ग) अध्ययनं परित्यज्य लालबहादुरः गान्धिमहाभागैः प्रायोजिते असहयोगान्दोलने सम्मिलितोऽभवत्।
(अध्ययन त्यागकर लालबहादुर गान्धी महोदय द्वारा चलाये गए असहयोग आन्दोलन में सम्मिलित हो गए।)

प्रश्न: 4.
निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत – (निर्देशानुसार उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) “क्षालयति स्म अयं स्वकीयानि वस्त्राणि” वाक्ये कर्तृ-क्रिया-अन्वितिः कार्या।
(“ये अपने वस्त्रों को धोते थे” वाक्य में कर्ता और क्रिया का अन्वय कीजिए।)
(ख) “अस्य जन्म परिवारे निर्धनतमे अभवत्” वाक्ये विशेषण-विशेष्य-अन्वितिः कार्या।
(“इनका जन्म अत्यन्त निर्धन परिवार में हुआ था” वाक्य में विशेषण और विशेष्य का अन्वय कीजिए।)
(ग) ‘मरणान्ते’ इति पदस्य अनुच्छेदात् चित्वा पर्याय पदं लिखत।
(‘मरणान्ते’ पद का पर्याय अनुच्छेद से चुनकर लिखिए।
उत्तराणि :
(क) अयं स्वकीयानि वस्त्राणि क्षालयति स्म। (ये अपने वस्त्रों को धोते थे।)
(ख) अस्य जन्म निर्धनतमे परिवारे अभवत्। (इनका जन्म अत्यन्त निर्धन परिवार में हुआ था।)
(ग) निधनान्ते (निधन के बाद)।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

10. अस्माकं राजस्थान वीराणां जनको वर्तते। त्यागेन बलिदानेन च पूता अस्य भूमिः प्रणम्या। कवयः अपि काव्येषु अस्य गौरव-गीतानि गायन्ति। राजस्थानस्य वीराणां देशरक्षायै, स्वाभिमानं रक्षयितुञ्च कृतमात्मोसर्ग सगर्वं वदन्ति इतिहासविदः । राजस्थानस्य सभ्यतायाः उद्भवः विकासश्च अतिप्राचीनो वर्तते। कालीबंगा आहड़ादि स्थानेषु कृतेन उत्खननेन अस्याः सभ्यतायाः अस्तित्वं मोहनजोदड़ो-हड़प्पादिसभ्यतानां समकालिकं सिध्यति। पुरातात्विकसाक्ष्यैः सिध्यति यत् लक्षवर्षेभ्यः प्राक् राजस्थानस्य दक्षिणभागे बनासगम्भीरी बेड़चादिनदीनां च तटेषु निवासिनो मानवाः प्रस्तरयुगस्य आयुधैः मृगयां कुर्वन्ति स्म। प्रस्तरसभ्यतायाः चिह्नानि चर्मण्वत्यादिनदीनां समीये समुपलब्धानि। ऋग्वेदानुसारं राजस्थानीयस्य गंगानगरमण्डलस्य पूर्वस्यां सीमायां दृषद्वती सरित वहति स्म प्रतीच्यां च सरस्वती नदी अवहत। तस्मिन् समये अयं भू-भागः ब्रह्मावर्तनाम्ना कथ्यते स्म।

हिन्दी-अनुवाद – हमारा राजस्थान वीरों का जनक (उत्पन्न करने वाला) है। त्याग और बलिदान से पवित्र इसकी भूमि प्रणाम करने योग्य है। कवि भी काव्यों में इसके गौरव के गीत गाते हैं। देश की रक्षा के लिए और स्वाभिमान की रक्षा के लिए राजस्थान के वीरों द्वारा किए गए आत्मबलिदान को इतिहास के ज्ञाता गर्वपूर्वक बतलाते हैं। राजस्थान की सभ्यता का उद्भव और विकास अत्यन्त प्राचीन है। कालीबंगा, आहड़ आदि स्थानों पर की गई खुदाई से इस सभ्यता का अस्तित्व मोहनजोदड़ो, हड़प्पा आदि सभ्यताओं के समकालीन सिद्ध होता है। पुरातत्वविषयक प्रमाणों से सिद्ध होता है कि लाखों वर्ष पहले राजस्थान के दक्षिण भाग में बनास, गम्भीरी, बेड़च आदि नदियों के तटों पर निवास करने वाले मनुष्य पाषाणयुग के हथियारों से शिकार करते थे। पाषाण सभ्यता के चिह्न चम्बल आदि नदियों के समीप प्राप्त होते हैं। ऋग्वेद के अनुसार राजस्थान के गंगानगर मण्डल की पूर्वी सीमा में दृषद्वती नदी बहती थी और पश्चिम दिशा में सरस्वती नदी बहती थी। उस समय यह भू-भाग ब्रह्मावर्त नाम से कहा जाता था।

प्रश्न: 1.
एतस्य गद्यखण्डस्य समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत। (इस गद्यांश का समुचित शीर्षक लिखिए।)
उत्तरम् :
अस्माकं राजस्थानम् (हमारा राजस्थान)।

प्रश्न: 2.
एकपदेन उत्तरम उत्तरपस्तिकायां लिखत – (एक शब्द में उत्तर उत्तरपस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) अस्माकं राजस्थानं केषां जनकः वर्तते ? (हमारा राजस्थान किनका जनक है?)
(ख) के काव्येषु राजस्थानस्य गौरव-गीतानि गायन्ति? (कौन काव्यों में राजस्थान के गौरव-गीत गाते हैं?)
(ग) कस्य सभ्यतायाः उद्भवः विकासश्च अतिप्राचीनो वर्तते?
(किस सभ्यता का उद्भव और विकास अत्यन्त प्राचीन है?)
(घ) गंगानगरमण्डलस्य पूर्वस्यां सीमायां का सरित् वहति स्म?
(गंगानगरमण्डल की पूर्वी सीमा में कौन-सी नदी बहती थी?)
उत्तराणि-
(क) वीराणाम् (वीरों का)
(ख) कवयः (कवि लोग)
(ग) राजस्थानस्य (राजस्थान के)
(घ) दृषद्वती (दृषद्वती)।

प्रश्न: 3.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) राजस्थानस्य विषये इतिहासविदः सगर्वं किं वदन्ति?
(राजस्थान के विषय में इतिहास के ज्ञाता गर्वपूर्वक क्या बतलाते हैं ?)
(ख) राजस्थानस्य सभ्यता कस्याः सभ्यतायाः समकालिकी सिध्यति?
(राजस्थान की सभ्यता किस सभ्यता के समकालीन सिद्ध होती है?)
(ग) लक्षवर्षेभ्यः प्राक् राजस्थानस्य दक्षिणभागे का: नद्यः वहन्ति स्म?
(लाखों वर्ष पहले राजस्थान के दक्षिण भाग में कौन-सी नदियाँ बहती थीं?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) राजस्थानस्य वीराणाम् आत्मोत्सर्गम् इतिहासविदः सगर्वं वदन्ति।
(राजस्थान के वीरों के आत्मबलिदान को इतिहास के ज्ञाता गर्व के साथ बतलाते हैं।)
(ख) राजस्थानस्य सभ्यता मोहनजोदड़ोहड़प्पादिसभ्यतानां समकालिकी सिध्यति।
(राजस्थान की सभ्यता मोहनजोदड़ो, हड़प्पा आदि सभ्यताओं के समकालीन सिद्ध होती है।)
(ग) लक्षवर्षेभ्यः प्राक् राजस्थानस्य दक्षिणभागे बनासगम्भीरीबेड़चादयः नद्यः वहन्ति स्म।
(लाखों वर्ष पहले राजस्थान के दक्षिण भाग में बनास-गम्भीरी-बेड़च आदि नदियाँ बहती थीं।)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

प्रश्न: 4.
निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (निर्देशानुसार उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) “कवयः अस्य गौरवगीतानि गायन्ति” वाक्ये क्रिया का?
(“कवि इसके गौरव के गीत गाते हैं” वाक्य में क्रिया क्या है?)
(ख) ‘प्राप्तानि’ इत्यस्य शब्दस्य पर्यायम् अनुच्छेदात् चिनुत। (‘प्राप्त होते हैं’ शब्द का पर्याय अनुच्छेद से चुनिए।)
(ग) ‘काव्येषु अस्य गौरव-गीतानि गायन्ति।’ अस्य पदं कस्मै प्रयुक्तम्? – (‘काव्येषु अस्य गौरव-गीतानि गायन्ति।’ इस पद का प्रयोग किसलिए किया गया है?)
उत्तरम् :
(क) गायन्ति (गाते हैं)।
(ख) समुपलब्धानि (उपलब्ध होते हैं)
(ग) राजस्थानस्य।

11. भारतीयसंस्कृतौ मानवजीवनं चतुर्धा विभक्तं ब्रह्मचर्य, गृहस्थः, वानप्रस्थः संन्यासश्चेति। अनेन विभागेन ब्रह्मचर्य, गार्हस्थ्य, वानप्रस्थः, संन्यासश्चेति चत्वारः आश्रमाः सन्ति। ब्रह्मचर्याश्रमे बालकाः गुरोः समीपं गत्वा विद्यायाः अध्ययन कुर्वन्ति स्म। स एव कालः विद्यार्थिजीवनं कथ्यते। आधुनिकयुगे अपि छात्राः विद्यालयं गच्छन्ति तत्र पठन्ति च। विद्यार्थिनां जीवनाधारः अयमेव कालः।

विद्यार्थिजीवनम् अतिरमणीयम् अस्ति। मानवजीवनस्य कोऽपि भागः तादृशो नास्ति, यो विद्यार्थिजीवनस्य साम्यं कुर्यात् । एतस्मिन् बाल्यजीवने लवणतैलयोः चिन्ता न भवति नापि स्वपालनपोषणयोः। अस्मिन् काले बाल: चिन्तारहितः भवति। अधुना विद्यार्थिन: शुल्क दत्वा पठन्ति, परन्तु प्राचीनकाले विद्यार्थिनः गुरोः सेवां कृत्वा एव पठन्ति स्म। वर्तमानकालस्य विद्यार्थिजीवनं बाह्याडम्बरपूर्णमस्ति।

हिन्दी-अनुवाद – भारतीय संस्कृति में मानव जीवन चार भागों में विभाजित है- ब्रह्मचर्य, गृहस्थ, वानप्रस्थ और संन्यास। इस विभाग से ब्रह्मचर्य, गृहस्थ, वानप्रस्थ और संन्यास चार आश्रम हैं। ब्रह्मचर्य आश्रम में बालक गुरु के समीप जाकर विद्या का अध्ययन करते थे। वही समय विद्यार्थी जीवन कहलाता है। आधुनिक युग में भी छात्र विद्यालय जाते हैं और वहाँ पढ़ते हैं। विद्यार्थियों के जीवन का आधार यही समय है।

विद्यार्थी जीवन अति सुन्दर है। मानव जीवन का कोई भी भाग वैसा नहीं है जो विद्यार्थी जीवन की समानता कर सके। इस बाल जीवन में न नमक-तेल की चिन्ता होती है और न अपने पालन-पोषण क . स समय बालक चिन्तारहित होता है। आजकल विद्यार्थी शुल्क देकर पढ़ते हैं परन्तु प्राचीन समय में विद्यार्थी गुरु की सेवा करके ही पढ़ते थे। वर्तमान समय का विद्यार्थी जीवन बाहरी आडम्बरों से पूर्ण है।

प्रश्न: 1.
एतस्य गद्यखण्डस्य समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत। (इस गद्यांश का समुचित शीर्षक लिखिए।)
उत्तरम् :
विद्यार्थिजीवनम् (विद्यार्थी जीवन)।

प्रश्न: 2.
एकपदेन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (एक शब्द में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(को भारतीयसंस्कतौ कति आश्रमाः सन्ति? (भारतीय संस्कति में कितने आश्रम हैं?)
(ख) विद्यार्थिनां जीवनाधारः कः कालः अस्ति? (विद्यार्थियों के जीवन का आधार कौन-सा समय है।)
(ग) किं जीवनं चिन्तारहितं भवति? (कौन-सा जीवन चिन्तारहित होता है?)
(घ) अधुना विद्यार्थिनः किं दत्वा पठन्ति? (आजकल विद्यार्थी क्या देकर पढ़ते हैं?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) चत्वारः (चार),
(ख) ब्रह्मचर्यम् (ब्रह्मचर्य),
(ग) विद्यार्थिजीवनम् (विद्यार्थी जीवन),
(घ) शुल्कम् (शुल्क)।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

प्रश्न: 3.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) चत्वारः आश्रमाः के सन्ति? (चार आश्रम कौन-से हैं?)
(ख) ब्रह्मचर्याश्रमे बालकाः किं कुर्वन्ति? (ब्रह्मचर्य आश्रम में बालक क्या करते हैं?)
(ग) बाल्यजीवने का चिन्ता न भवति? (बालजीवन में किसकी चिन्ता नहीं होती है?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) ब्रह्मचर्य, गार्हस्थ्यंः, वानप्रस्थः संन्यासश्चेति चत्वारः आश्रमाः सन्ति।
(ब्रह्मचर्य, गृहस्थ, वानप्रस्थ और संन्यास ये चार आश्रम हैं।)
(ख) ब्रह्मचर्याश्रमे बालकाः गुरोः समीपं गत्वा विद्यायाः अध्ययनं कुर्वन्ति।
(ब्रह्मचर्य आश्रम में बालक गुरु के समीप जाकर विद्या का अध्ययन करते हैं।)
(ग) बाल्यजीवने लवणतैलयोः स्वपालनपोषणयोः च चिन्ता न भवति।
(बालजीवन में नमक-तेल की और अपने पालन-पोषण की चिन्ता नहीं होती है।)

प्रश्न: 4.
निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (निर्देशानुसार उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-).
(क) “अस्ति जीवनाधारः अयमेव कालः” वाक्ये कर्तृ-क्रिया-अन्वितिः कार्या।
(“जीवन का आधार यही समय है” वाक्य में कर्ता और क्रिया का अन्वय कीजिए।)
(ख) ‘सरलम्’ इत्यस्य शब्दस्य विलोमपदम् अनुच्छेदात् चिनुत। ..
(‘सरल’ शब्द का विलोम शब्द अनुच्छेद से चुनिए।)
(ग) ‘प्राचीन काले’ इति पदयोः किं विशेषणपदम्?
(‘प्राचीन काले’ इन दोनों पदों में विशेषण पद क्या है?)
उत्तरम् :
(क) अयमेव काल: जीवनाधारः अस्ति (यही समय जीवन का आधार है)।
(ख) बाह्याडम्बरपूर्णम् (बाहरी. आडम्बरों से पूर्ण)।
(ग) प्राचीनः।

12. हिन्दी भाषायामस्माकं राष्ट्रस्य गौरवं सन्निहितं विद्यते। कोऽपि देशः यदा स्वभाषया व्यवहरति, तदैव तस्य गौरवं महत्त्वञ्च सुरक्षितं भवति। किन्तु यदा देश: मातृसमां स्वभाषाम् अनादृत्य अन्यदेशस्य भाषया व्यवहारं करोति तदा मानसिक दास्यमेव स्वीक्रियते स्वातन्त्र्यप्रेमिभिः। अत: भारतीयैः स्वराष्ट्रभाषायै एव महत्त्वं देयम्। अद्य भारते कथ्यते कैश्चित् जनैः यद् हिन्दीभाषा अन्तर्राष्ट्रीयव्यवहाराय समर्था नास्ति। परं तैः स्मर्तव्यं यदियं भाषा अन्तर्राष्ट्रीयव्यवहाराय समर्थाऽस्ति सर्वभावेन। हिन्दीभाषायाः विद्वांसः सर्वेषु एव देशेषु विद्यन्ते। महद्दुःखमद्य तु इदं यत् भारतीयाः आंग्लभाषायाः ज्ञानद्वारा आत्मानं ख्यापयन्ति, कृतकृत्यतामनुभवन्ति। बुद्धौ भ्रमपूर्णः अयं विचारः रूढः सज्जातोऽस्ति यद् हिन्दीभाषया जीवने कापि उन्नतिः प्राप्तुं न शक्यते। अस्मिन् विषये अस्माभिः अन्ये: देशाः अवलोकनीयाः यैः ईदृशाः हीनाः विचाराः सर्वथा परित्याज्याः।

हिन्दी-अनुवाद – हिन्दी भाषा में हमारे राष्ट्र का गौरव टिका हुआ है। कोई भी देश जब अपनी भाषा में व्यवहार करता है तभी उसका गौरव और महत्त्व सुरक्षित होता है। किन्तु जब देश माता के समान अपनी भाषा का अनादर कर अन्य देश की भाषा में व्यवहार करता है तब स्वतन्त्रता के प्रेमियों के द्वारा मानसिक दासता ही स्वीकार की जाती है। इसलिए भारतीय लोगों को अपनी राष्ट्रभाषा को ही महत्त्व देना चाहिए। आज भारत में कुछ लोग कहते हैं कि हिन्दी भाषा अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय व्यवहार के लिए योग्य नहीं है। परन्तु उन्हें यह याद रखना चाहिए कि हिन्दी भाषा अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय व्यवहार के लिए सब प्रकार से समर्थ है।

हिन्दी भाषा के विद्वान लोग सब देशों में विद्यमान हैं। आज बड़ा दुःख तो यह है कि भारतीय लोग अंग्रेजी भाषा के ज्ञान द्वारा स्वयं को बखानते हैं और कृतकृत्य अनुभव करते हैं। उनकी बुद्धि में यह भ्रमपूर्ण विचार घर कर गया है कि हिन्दी भाषा से जीवन में कोई भी उन्नति प्राप्त नहीं की जा सकती। इस विषय में हमारे द्वारा अन्य देश देखने योग्य हैं जिनके द्वारा ऐसे हीन विचार को सदैव त्यागने योग्य हैं।

प्रश्न: 1.
एतस्य गद्यखण्डस्य समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत। (इस गद्यांश का समुचित शीर्षक लिखिए।)
उत्तरम् :
राष्ट्रभाषा हिन्दी (राष्ट्रभाषा हिन्दी)।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

प्रश्न: 2.
एकपदेन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (एक शब्द में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) अस्माकं राष्ट्रस्य गौरवं कुत्र सन्निहितं विद्यते? (हमारे राष्ट्र का गौरव किसमें टिका हुआ है?).
(ख) भारतीयैः कस्यै महत्त्वं देयम् ? (भारतीयों को किसके लिए महत्त्व देना चाहिए?)
(ग) भारतीया: कां भाषां विना जीवने उन्नतिं प्राप्तुं न शक्नुवन्ति?
(भारतीय किस भाषा के बिना जीवन में उन्नति प्राप्त नहीं कर सकते हैं?)
(घ) मानसिकदास्यं कैः स्वीक्रियते? (मानसिक दासता किनके द्वारा स्वीकार की जाती है?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) हिन्दी भाषायाम् (हिन्दी भाषा में),
(ख) स्वराष्ट्रभाषायै (अपनी राष्ट्रभाषा के लिए),
(ग) हिन्दीभाषाम् (हिन्दी भाषा के)
(घ) स्वातन्त्र्यप्रेमिभिः (स्वतन्त्रता के प्रेमियों के द्वारा)।
प्रश्न: 3. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) कस्यापि देशस्य गौरवं कदा सुरक्षितं भवति? (किसी भी देश का गौरव कब सुरक्षित होता है?)
(ख) अद्य केचन भारतीयाः किं कथयन्ति? (आज कुछ भारतीय लोग क्या कहते हैं?) ।
(ग) अद्य हिन्दीभाषायाः विद्वांसः कुत्र विद्यन्ते? (आज हिन्दी भाषा के विद्वान लोग कहाँ विद्यमान हैं?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) कोऽपि देशः यदा स्वभाषया व्यवहरति तदैव तस्य गौरवं सुरक्षितं भवति।
(कोई भी देश जब अपनी भाषा में व्यवहार करता है तभी उसका गौरव सुरक्षित होता है।)
(ख) अधः केचन भारतीयाः कथयन्ति यत् हिन्दीभाषा अन्तर्राष्ट्रीयव्यवहारार्थं नैव क्षमा।
(आज कुछ भारतीय लोग कहते हैं कि हिन्दी भाषा अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय व्यवहार के लिए योग्य नहीं है।)
(ग) अद्य हिन्दीभाषायाः विद्वांसः सर्वेषु एव देशेषु विद्यन्ते।
(आज हिन्दी भाषा के विद्वान् लोग सब देशों में ही विद्यमान हैं।)

प्रश्न: 4.
निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (निर्देशानुसार उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) “अस्यां भारतवर्षस्य गौरवं सन्निहितम्” वाक्ये ‘अस्यां’ सर्वनाम्नः स्थाने संज्ञाप्रयोगः कर्तव्यः।
(“इसमें भारतवर्ष का गौरव टिका हुआ है” वाक्य में ‘इसमें सर्वनाम के स्थान पर संज्ञा का प्रयोग कीजिए।)
(ख) ‘आदृत्य’ इत्यस्य शब्दस्य विलोमपदम् अनुच्छेदात् चिनुत ।
(‘आदर करके’ शब्द का विलोम शब्द अनुच्छेद से चुनिए।)
(ग) ‘राष्ट्रस्य गौरवं सन्निहितं विद्यते’ अत्र ‘विद्यते’ इति क्रियापदस्य कर्तृपदं लिखत।
(‘राष्ट्रस्य गौरवं सन्निहितं विद्यते’ यहाँ विद्यते क्रिया पद का कर्ता पद लिखिए।)
उत्तरम् :
(क) हिन्दीभाषायाम् (हिन्दी भाषा में)।
(ख) अनादृत्य (अनादर करके)
(ग) गौरवम्।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

13. रामायणं मम अभीष्टतमः ग्रन्थः। अस्य लौकिककाव्यस्य प्रादुर्भावः वैदिकवाङ्मयानन्तरम् अभवत् । रामायण लौकिकं संस्कृतभाषानिबद्धमयम् आदिकाव्यम् इति कथ्यते। अस्य ग्रन्थस्य रचना आदिकविना वाल्मीकिना कृता। अस्मिन् महाकाव्ये भगवतो रामचन्द्रस्य चरितं. वर्णितं वर्तते। अस्मिन् काव्ये सप्तकाण्डानि सन्ति। दशरथनन्दनो रामो मानवतायाः
आदर्शभूतः।

त्रेतायुगे जातस्य परमादर्शभूतस्य रघुवंशस्य विविधाः कथाः जनैः सावधानतया कथ्यन्ते श्रूयन्ते च। महर्षिणा वाल्मीकिना रघुवंशचूडामणे: श्रीरामभद्रस्य सर्वा कथा रामायणे विलिखिता। बालकाण्डत: उत्तरकाण्डावधिः श्रीरामचन्द्रस्य कथा मुनिना रामायणे विलिखिता। रसस्य परिपाकः, अलङ्काराणां विन्यासः लौकिकछन्दांसि च रामायणे सर्वोत्कृष्टत्वं प्राप्नुवन्ति।

हिन्दी-अनुवाद – रामायण मेरा सबसे प्रिय ग्रन्थ है। इस लौकिक काव्य का उदय वैदिक भाषा के बाद हुआ। रामायण लौकिक संस्कृत भाषा में लिखा गया आदिकाव्य है, ऐसा कहा जाता है। इस ग्रन्थ की रचना आदिकवि वाल्मीकि जी के द्वारा की गई। इस महाकाव्य में भगवान् रामचन्द्र का चरित्र वर्णन किया गया है। इस काव्य में सात काण्ड हैं। दशरथ के पुत्र राम मानवता के आदर्श थे।

त्रेता युग में हुए परमादर्श स्वरूप रघुवंश की विभिन्न कथाएँ लोगों द्वारा सावधानी से कही जाती हैं और सुनी जाती हैं। महर्षि वाल्मीकि जी के द्वारा रघुवंश के शोभा स्वरूप श्री रामचन्द्र की सम्पूर्ण कथा रामायण में लिखी गई है। बालकाण्ड से उत्तरकाण्ड तक श्री रामचन्द्र की कथा मुनि के द्वारा रामायण में लिखी गई है। रस परिपाक, अलंकारों का विन्यास और लौकिक छन्द रामायण में सर्वश्रेष्ठता को प्राप्त करते हैं।

प्रश्न: 1.
एतस्य गद्यखण्डस्य समुचितं शीर्षकं देयम्। (इस गद्यांश का समुचित शीर्षक दीजिए।
उत्तरम् :
रामायणम् (रामायण)।

प्रश्न: 2.
एकपदेन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (एक शब्द में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए।)
(क) लेखकस्य अभीष्टतमः ग्रन्थः किम्? (लेखक का सबसे प्रिय ग्रन्थ क्या है?)
(ख) आदिकाव्यं किम् अस्ति? (आदिकाव्य क्या है?)
(ग) रामायणस्य रचना केन कृता? (रामायण की रचना किसके द्वारा की गई?)
(घ) रामायणे कति काण्डानि सन्ति? (रामायण में कितने काण्ड हैं?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) रामायणम् (रामायण)
(ख) रामायणम् (रामायण है),
(ग) वाल्मीकिना (वाल्मीकि जी के द्वारा),
(घ) सप्त (सात)।

प्रश्न: 3. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत – (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) रामायणस्य प्रादुर्भाव: कदा अभवत् ? (रामायण का उदय कब हुआ?)
(ख) रामायणे कस्य चरितं वर्णितम् अस्ति? (रामायण में किसका चरित्र वर्णन किया गया है?)
(ग) काः कथाः जनैः सावधानतया श्रूयन्ते? (कौन-सी कथाएँ लोगों द्वारा सावधानी से सुनी जाती हैं?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) रामायणस्य प्रादुर्भावः वैदिकवाङ्मयानन्तरम् अभवत्। (रामायण का उदय वैदिक भाषा के बाद हुआ।)
(ख) रामायणे भगवतो रामचन्द्रस्य चरितं वर्णितम् अस्ति। (रामायण में भगवान् रामचन्द्र का चरित्र वर्णन किया गया है।)
(ग) त्रेतायुगे जातः रघुवंशस्य विविधाः कथाः जनैः सावधानतया श्रूयन्ते। .
(त्रेतायुग में हए रघवंश की विभिन्न कथाएँ लोगों द्वारा सावधानी से सनी जाती हैं।)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

प्रश्न: 4.
निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (निर्देशानुसार उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) “रामायणम् आदिकाव्यं कथ्यते” वाक्ये क्रिया का?
(“रामायण आदिकाव्य कहा जाता है” वाक्य में क्रिया क्या है?)
(ख) “ग्रन्थः अस्ति मम अभीष्टतमः रामायणम्” वाक्ये कर्तृ-क्रिया-अन्वितिः कार्या।
(“ग्रंथ है मेरा सबसे प्रिय रामायण” वाक्य में कर्ता और क्रिया का अन्वय कीजिए।)
(ग) ‘रामायणं मम अभीष्टतमः ग्रन्थः’ इति वाक्ये ग्रंथस्य विशेषण पदं किम्?
(‘रामायणं मम अभीष्टतमः ग्रन्थः’ वाक्य में ग्रन्थ का विशेषण पद क्या है?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) कथ्यते (कहा जाता है)।
(ख) रामायणं मम अभीष्टतमः ग्रन्थः अस्ति (रामायण मेरा सबसे प्रिय ग्रन्थ है)।
(ग) अभीष्टतमः (सर्वोत्तम)

14. संसारे अनेकाः ऋतवः भवन्ति, किन्तु भारतवर्षे षड्ऋतवः प्रमुखाः सन्ति। तासां नामानि वसन्तः, ग्रीष्मः, वर्षा, शरद्, हेमन्तः, शिशिरः सन्ति। एतासु ऋतुषु वर्षाः अति महत्वम् अस्ति यतो हि भारतदेशः एकः कृषिप्रधानदेशः अस्ति। भारतवर्षस्य कृषकाः ग्रामेषु एव वसन्ति। ते वर्षायाम् एव निर्भराः भवन्ति। ग्रीष्मतापेन सन्तप्तोऽयं लोकः वर्षासमये सुखानुभवं करोति। कृषका: बलीवर्दान् संयोज्य क्षेत्रकर्षणमारभन्ते। क्षेत्रेषु एव भूरि शस्यं प्रजायते। सुवृष्ट्या मानवस्य जीवनं निर्विघ्नं प्रचलति। फल-पुष्प-लता-पादपादयः वनस्पतयः प्रसन्नतामभिव्यञ्जयन्ति। सायसमये गावः वनात् प्रतिनिवृत्य गोष्ठमुपगच्छन्ति। युवतयः वृक्षशाखासु दोलानन्दम् अनुभवन्ति। ब्रजस्थमन्दिरेषु ‘घटाच्छटादर्शनम्’ सज्जा प्रारभ्यते। वृन्दावने तु सर्वत्र रासलीलादर्शनं भवति।

हिन्दी-अनुवाद – संसार में अनेक ऋतुएँ होती हैं लेकिन भारतवर्ष में छः ऋतुएँ प्रमुख हैं। उनके नाम हैं-वसन्त, ग्रीष्म, वर्षा, शरद, हेमन्त और शिशिर। इन ऋतुओं में वर्षा का अति महत्त्व है क्योंकि भारतदेश एक कृषि प्रधान देश है। भारत के किसान गाँवों में ही रहते हैं। वे वर्षा पर ही निर्भर होते हैं। गर्मी के ताप से तपा हुआ यह संसार वर्षा के समय में सुख का अनुभव करता है। किसान बैलों को जोड़कर खेत जोतना प्रारम्भ करते हैं। खेतों में खूब अन्न उत्पन्न होता है। अच्छी वर्षा से मनुष्य का जीवन निर्विघ्न चलता है। फल-फूल-बेल-पौधे आदि वनस्पतियाँ प्रसन्नता व्यक्त करती हैं। सन्ध्या के समय गायें वन से लौटकर गौशाला में जाती हैं। युवतियाँ वृक्षों की शाखाओं पर झूले के आनन्द का अनुभव करती हैं। ब्रज के मन्दिरों में ‘घटाच्छटादर्शन’ (‘अनेक रंगों की घटाओं के प्रदर्शन की शोभा’) की सजावट प्रारम्भ हो जाती है। वृन्दावन धाम में तो ‘सब जगह रासलीला के दर्शन होते हैं।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

प्रश्न: 1.
एतस्य गद्यखण्डस्य समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत। (इस गद्यांश का समुचित शीर्षक लिखिए।)
उत्तरम् :
वर्षाकालः (वर्षा ऋतु का समय)।

प्रश्नः 2.
एकपदेन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत – (एक शब्द में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) भारतवर्षे कति ऋतवः प्रमुखाः सन्ति? (भारतवर्ष में कितनी ऋतुएँ प्रमुख हैं?)
(ख) भारतदेशः कीदृशः देशोऽस्ति? (भारत देश कैसा देश है?)
(ग) भारतदेशस्य कृषकाः कुत्र निवसन्ति? (भारत देश के किसान कहाँ रहते हैं?)
(घ) रासलीलायाः दर्शनं कुत्र भवति? (रासलीला के दर्शन कहाँ होते हैं ?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) षड्ऋतवः (छः ऋतुएँ),
(ख) कृषिप्रधानः (कृषि की प्रधानता वाला),
(ग) ग्रामेषु (गाँवों में),
(घ) वृन्दावने (वृन्दावन धाम में)।

प्रश्न: 2.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) षड्ऋतवः काः सन्ति? (छः ऋतुएँ कौन-सी हैं?)
(ख) अयं लोकः कदा सुखानुभवं करोति? (यह लोक कब सुख का अनुभव करता है?)
(ग) वर्षाकाले कृषकाः किं कुर्वन्ति ? (वर्षा के समय में किसान क्या करते हैं?)
उत्तराणि :
वसन्तः, ग्रीष्मः, वर्षा, शरद्, हेमन्तः शिशिरः च षड्ऋतवः सन्ति।
(वसन्त, ग्रीष्म, वर्षा, शरद, हेमन्त और शिशिर छः ऋतुएँ हैं।)

(ख) ग्रीष्मतापेन सन्तप्तोऽयं लोकः वर्षासमये सुखानुभवं करोति।
(गर्मी के ताप से तपा हुआ यह संसार वर्षा के समय में सुख का अनुभव करता है।)

(ग) वर्षाकाले कृषकाः बलीवर्दान् संयोज्य क्षेत्रेषु कर्षणमारभन्ते।
(वर्षा के समय में किसान बैलों को जोड़कर खेत जोतना प्रारम्भ करते हैं।)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

प्रश्न: 4.
निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (निर्देशानुसार उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) ‘ग्रीष्मः’ शब्दस्य विपरीतार्थकः शब्दः अत्र कः? (‘ग्रीष्म ऋतु’ शब्द का विलोम शब्द यहाँ क्या है?)
(ख) “कषकाः वर्षायामेव निर्भराः भवन्ति” वाक्ये ‘कषकाः’ इति संजाया म
(‘किसान लोग वर्षा पर ही निर्भर होते हैं’ वाक्य में ‘किसान लोग’ संज्ञा के स्थान पर सर्वनाम का प्रयोग कीजिए।)
(ग) ‘संसारे अनेकाः ऋतवः भवन्ति’ एतेषु पदेषु किं विशेष्यपदम?
(‘संसारे अनेकाः ऋतवः भवन्ति’ इन पदों में विशेष्य पद क्या है?)
उत्तरम् :
(क) शिशिरः (जाड़ा ऋतु)।
(ख) ते (वे सब)
(ग) ऋतवः (ऋतुएँ)।

15. अस्माकं देशः कृषिप्रधान: देशोऽस्ति। ग्रामेषु एव कृषिकर्म भवति यतोहि अत्र देशस्य बहुसंख्यकाः मनुष्याः ग्रामेषु एव वसन्ति। ग्रामवासिनां जीवन सुखमयं भवति । प्रकृत्याः मनोरमरूपं ग्रामवासिनेभ्यः प्रसन्नतां ददाति। कुत्रचित् हरितशस्यमयी स्थली शोभते, क्वचित् च हरितानि क्षेत्राणि राजन्ते। वृक्षाः शोभया, पवनः स्वसुगंधिना पुष्पाणि च रूपेण ग्रामवासिनां मनोरञ्जनं कुर्वन्ति। पक्षिणां मधुरः कलरवः कर्णयोः मधुधारां सिञ्चति। उपवनानां शोभा ग्रामवासिनां जीवने सरसतायाः मधुरतायाः च संचारं करोति । क्वचित् पुष्पाणि विकसन्ति तु क्वचित् गुञ्जन्तो भ्रमराः पुष्पेषु भ्रमन्ति तेषां मधु च पिबन्ति । ग्राम परितः क्षेत्राणि पीतपुष्पैः ग्रामवासिनां मनांसि मोहयन्ति। ग्रामीणजनाः प्रकृतेः क्रोडे वर्धन्ते। स्वच्छ: पवनः, दिनकरस्य रश्मय, . पवित्रं स्वच्छं च जलं ग्रामीणजनानां स्वास्थ्यं वर्धयन्ति।

हिन्दी-अनुवाद – हमारा देश कृषि प्रधान देश है। गाँवों में ही खेती का कार्य होता है, क्योंकि यहाँ देश के अधिकांश मनुष्य गाँवों में ही रहते हैं। ग्रामवासियों का जीवन सुखमय होता है। प्रकृति का मनोरम रूप ग्रामवासियों को प्रसन्नता देता है। कहीं हरी-अन्नमय धरती सुशोभित होती है और कहीं हरे खेत विराजमान हैं। वृक्ष शोभा के द्वारा, हवा अपनी सुगन्ध के द्वारा और फूल रूप के द्वारा ग्रामीणों का मनोरंजन करते हैं। पक्षी मधुर कलरव से कानों को मधु की धारा से सींचते हैं। उपवनों की शोभा ग्रामवासियों के जीवन में सरसता और मधुरता का सञ्चार करती है। कहीं फूल खिलते हैं तो कहीं गूंजते हुए भौरे फूलों पर घूमते हैं और उनका मधु पीते हैं। गाँव के चारों ओर खेतों में पीले पुष्प ग्रामवासियों के मन को मोहते हैं। ग्रामीणजन प्रकृति की गोद में बढ़ते हैं। स्वच्छ वायु, सूर्य की किरणें, पवित्र और स्वच्छ जल ग्रामीणजनों के स्वास्थ्य को बढ़ाते हैं।

प्रश्न: 1.
एतस्य गद्यखण्डस्य समचितं शीर्षकं लिखत। (इस गद्यांश का समचित शीर्षक लिखिए।)
उत्तरम् :
ग्राम्यजीवनम् (गाँवों का जीवन)।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

प्रश्न: 2.
एकपदेन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत – (एक शब्द में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) अस्माकं देशः कीदृशो देशोऽस्ति? (हमारा देश कैसा देश है?)
(ख) कृषिकर्म कुत्र भवति? (कृषिकार्य कहाँ होता है?)
(ग) पुष्पेषु के भ्रमन्ति? (फूलों पर कौन घूमते हैं?)
(घ) ग्रामवासिनां जीवनं कीदृशं भवति? (ग्रामवासियों का जीवन कैसा होता है?)
उत्तराणि-(क) कृषिप्रधानः (कृषि की प्रधानता वाला),
(ख) ग्रामेषु (गाँवों में),
(ग) भ्रमराः (भौंरे),
(घ) सुखमयम् (सुख से युक्त)।

प्रश्न: 3.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) ग्रामेषु क्षेत्रेषु के राजन्ते? (गाँवों में खेतों में क्या सुशोभित होते हैं?)
(ख) ग्रामवासिनां मनोरञ्जनं के कुर्वन्ति? (ग्रामवासियों का मनोरंजन कौन करते हैं?)
(ग) उपवनानां शोभा किं करोति? (उपवनों की शोभा क्या करती है?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) ग्रामेषु क्षेत्रेषु हरितशस्यमयी स्थली हरितानि क्षेत्राणि च राजन्ते।
(गाँवों में खेतों में हरी अन्नमय धरती और हरे खेत सुशोभित होते हैं।)
(ख) वृक्षाः शोभया, पवनः स्वसुगन्धिना पुष्पाणि च रूपेण ग्रामवासिना मनोरंजनं कुर्वन्ति।
(वृक्ष शोभा के द्वारा, हवा अपनी सुगन्ध के द्वारा और फूल रूप के द्वारा ग्रामवासियों का मनोरंजन करते हैं।)
(ग) उपवनानां शोभा ग्रामवासिनां जीवने सरसतायाः मधुरतायाश्च संचारं करोति।
(उपवनों की शोभा ग्रामवासियों के जीवन में सरसता और मधरता का संचार करती है।)

प्रश्न: 4.
निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (निर्देशानुसार उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) ‘अंके’ इत्यस्य शब्दस्य पर्यायम् अनुच्छेदात् चिनुत। (अनुच्छेद से ‘गोद में’ शब्द का पर्याय चुनिए।)
(ख) “अस्माकं देश: कृषिप्रधानः देशोऽस्ति” वाक्ये कर्ता कः?
(‘हमारा देश कृषि प्रधान देश है’ वाक्य में कर्ता कौन है?)
(ग) ‘हरितानि क्षेत्राणि राजन्ते’ इत्यस्मिन् वाक्ये किं विशेषणं पदम्?
(‘हरितानि क्षेत्राणि राजन्ते’ इस वाक्य में विशेषण पद क्या है?)
उत्तरम् :
(क) क्रोडे (गोद में)।
(ख) अस्माकं देशः (हमारा देश)
(ग) हरितानि (हरे-भरे)।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

16. एकः चञ्चलः काकः अस्ति। पर्यटने तस्य महती रुचिः अस्ति। कदाचित् सः वृक्षाग्रे तिष्ठति, कदाचित् विद्युत्स्तम्भाग्रे, कदाचित् गृहपृष्ठे च। यथारुचि खादन् जलं च पिबन् सः भ्रमति। रात्रौ निम्बवृक्षे स्थितं स्वनीडम् आगत्य विश्रामं करोति। एकदा ग्रीष्मे सः स्वनिवासस्थानात् सुदूरं निर्गच्छति। सुदूरम् उड्डयनात् पिपासया व्याकुलः सः इतस्ततः भ्रमति। जलम् अन्वेषयति किन्तु कुत्रापि जलंन प्राप्नोति। एकस्य वृक्षस्य अधः निक्षिप्तम् एकं घटं पश्यति।

घटं दृष्ट्वा तस्य उत्साहः जायते। घटसमीपम् आगत्य सः चञ्च्वा जलं प्राप्तुं प्रयतते, किन्तु हन्त! घटे अल्पं जलम् अस्ति। चञ्च्चा तत् पातुं न शक्यते। पिपासया व्याकुलः अपि सः धैर्य न मुञ्चति। इतस्ततः पश्यन् सः लघुशिलाखण्डानाम् एकं स्तूपं पश्यति। किंचिद् विचार्य चञ्च्चा कानिचित् लघुशिलाखण्डानि आदाय सः घटे शनैः शनैः निक्षिपति। जलम् उपरि आगच्छति। आतृप्तिं जलं पीत्वा सः अभिमतदिशं गच्छति।

हिन्दी-अनुवाद – एक चञ्चल कौआ था। भ्रमण में उसकी बहुत रुचि है। कभी वह वृक्ष के अग्रभाग पर बैठता है, कभी बिजली के खम्भे के अग्रभाग पर और कभी घर की छत पर। इच्छानुसार खाता हुआ और पानी पीता हुआ वह भ्रमण करता है। रात में नीम के पेड़ पर स्थित अपने घोंसले में आकर विश्राम करता है। एक दिन गर्मी में वह अपने निवास स्थान से अत्यधिक दूर निकल जाता है। अत्यधिक दूर उड़ने से प्यास से व्याकुल हुआ वह इधर-उधर घूमता है। जल ढूँढ़ता है किन्तु कहीं भी जल प्राप्त नहीं होता है। एक वृक्ष के नीचे रखे एक घड़े को देखता है।

घड़े को देखकर उसका उत्साह पैदा हो जाता है। घड़े के समीप आकर वह चोंच से जल प्राप्त करने का प्रयत्न करता है, किन्तु खेद! घड़े में जल थोड़ा है। चोंच से उसे नहीं पा सकता है। प्यास से व्याकुल हुआ भी वह धैर्य नहीं त्यागता है। इधर-उधर देखते हुए वह कंकड़ों का एक ढेर देखता है। कुछ विचारकर चोंच से कुछ कंकड़ लेकर वह घड़े में धीरे-धीरे डालता है। पानी ऊपर आ जाता है। तृप्ति होने तक जल पीकर वह इच्छित दिशा को चला जाता है।

प्रश्न: 1.
एतस्य गद्यखण्डस्य समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत। (इस गद्यांश का समुचित शीर्षक लिखिए।)
उत्तरम् :
चतुरः काकः (चतुर कौआ)।

प्रश्न: 2.
एकपदेन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत। (एक शब्द में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए।)
(क) एकः कः अस्ति? (एक कौन है?)
(ख) रात्रौ काकः कुत्र आगत्य विश्रामं करोति? (रात में कौआ कहाँ आकर विश्राम करता है?)
(ग) काकः कया व्याकुलः अभवत् ? (कौआ किससे व्याकुल हो गया?)
(घ) काकः कुत्रापि किं न प्राप्नोति? (कौआ कहीं भी क्या प्राप्त नहीं करता है?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) काकः (कौआ)
(ख) स्वनीडम् (अपने घोंसले में)
(ग) पिपासया (प्यास से)
(घ) जलम् (पानी)।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

प्रश्न: 3.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत। (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए।)
(क) काकः कुत्र तिष्ठति ? (कौआ कहाँ बैठता है?)
(ख) एकदा काकः कुत्र निर्गच्छति? (एक बार कौआ कहाँ निकल जाता है?)
(ग) काकः इतस्ततः कथं भ्रमति? (कौआ इधर-उधर किसलिए घूमता है?)
उत्तराणि
(क) काकः कदाचित् वृक्षाग्रे, कदाचित् विद्युत्स्तम्भाग्रे कदाचित् गृहपृष्ठे च तिष्ठति।
(कौआ कभी वृक्ष के अग्रभाग पर, कभी बिजली के खम्भे पर और कभी घर की छत पर बैठता है।)
उत्तराणि :
(क) धनिकस्य गृहस्य पार्वे एकस्य निर्धनस्य कुटीरम् आसीत्।
(धनिक के घर के पास में एक निर्धन की कुटिया थी।)
(ख) धनिकः निर्धनं पृष्टवान-“किं भोजनं लब्धमद्य?”
(धनिक ने निर्धन से पूछा-“क्या आज भोजन मिल गया?”) धनिकस्य कथनं श्रुत्वा निर्धनः अवदत्-“भोजनं तु न लब्धमेव किन्तु तेन किम्? कदाचित् भोजनं न लभ्यते अपि। (धनिक के कथन को सुनकर निर्धन बोला-“भोजन तो नहीं मिला लेकिन उससे क्या? कभी भोजन नहीं भी मिलता है।”)

प्रश्न: 4.
निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत – (निर्देशानुसार उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) ‘कुटीरम्’ इति शब्दस्य पर्यायः अत्र किम्? (‘कुटिया’ शब्द का पर्याय यहाँ क्या है?)
(ख) ‘शोभने’ इति कस्य शब्दस्य विशेषणपदमस्ति? (‘सुन्दर में’ किस शब्द का विशेषण पद है?)
(ग) धनिकोऽपि तत्र आयातः’ अत्र किं क्रियापदम्? (‘धनिकोऽपि तत्र आयातः’ यहाँ क्रियापद क्या है?)
उत्तरम् :
(क) गृहम् (घर),
(ख) गृहे (घर में)
(ग) आयातः (आ गया)।

18. एकदा महती वृष्टिः आरब्धा। सर्वे स्वपरिवारजनानां स्वस्य च प्राणान् रक्षितुं प्रयत्नशीलाः आसन्। एकः जनः सेवायां निरतः आसीत्। तस्य गृहस्य परिस्थितिः अपि गम्भीरा आसीत्। तस्य एकः पुत्रः आसीत्। बहुदिनेभ्यः रुग्णः वेदनां सोढुम् अशक्तः सः मातुः अङ्के शयितवान् आसीत्। तस्य माता पुत्रस्य दशां दृष्ट्वा रोदिति (स्म)। पिता अपि द्वन्द्वे आसीत्। एकतरः स्वीयः रुग्णः पुत्रः अपरत्र सहस्राधिकाः जनाः कष्टे आसन्। कर्तव्यपरायणः सः छत्रं गृहीत्वा बहि: गतवान्। गमनसमये पत्नी रुदती पृष्टवती–(भवान्) पुत्रं पश्यतु, अहं किं करिष्यामि?’ सः दृढस्वरेण उक्तवान्-‘अहमपि किं करिष्यामि? औषधं दत्तम्। इतः परं भगवदिच्छा। अन्यत्र अपि बाला: आपद्ग्रस्ताः। भगवतः इच्छानुसारं भवतु।’ इत्युक्त्वा स: गतवान्। रात्रौ पुत्रः मृतः। रुदन्त्याः मातुः समीपम् आगत्य अन्ये (जनाः) सान्त्वनां दत्तवन्तः। एतादृशः कर्तव्यनिष्ठः आसीत् श्रीगोपबन्धुदासः, उत्कलमणिः ओरिस्साजनपदीयः।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

हिन्दी-अनुवाद – एक बार भारी वृष्टि (वर्षा) आरम्भ हुई। सभी अपने परिवारीजनों और अपने प्राणों की रक्षा करने में प्रयत्नशील थे। एक व्यक्ति सेवा में निरत था। उस व्यक्ति के घर की परिस्थिति भी गम्भीर थी। उसके एक बेटा था। बहुत दिनों से बीमार था। वह वेदना को सहन करने में असमर्थ था। माँ की गोद में सो रहा था। माता पुत्र की दशा को देखकर रो रही थी। पिता भी उलझन में था। एक ओर अपना बीमार पुत्र और दूसरी ओर हजारों से अधिक लोगों के कष्ट। वह कर्तव्यपरायण व्यक्ति छाता लेकर बाहर गया। जाने के समय में रोती हुई पत्नी पूछ बैठी-“(आप) पुत्र को देखो, मैं क्या करूँगी?” उसने दृढ़ स्वर में कहा-“मैं भी क्या करूँगा? दवाई दे दी है। इसके बाद ईश्वर की इच्छा। और जगह भी बालक आपद्ग्रस्त हैं। ईश्वर की इच्छानुसार हो।” ऐसा कहकर वह चला गया। रात में पुत्र मर गया। रोती हुई माता के समीप आकर अन्य (लोग) ने सान्त्वना दी। ऐसे कर्तव्यनिष्ठ थे श्री गोपबन्धुदास, उत्कल-रल (उत्कंलमणि) उड़ीसा जनपदवासी।

प्रश्न: 1.
एतस्य गद्यखण्डस्य समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत। (इस गद्यांश का समुचित शीर्षक लिखिए।)
उत्तरम् :
उत्कलमणिः गोपबन्धुदासः।

प्रश्न: 2.
एकपदेन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत – (एक शब्द में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) एकदा का आरब्धा? (एक बार क्या प्रारम्भ हो गई?)
(ख) एकः जनः कस्यां निरतः आसीत् ? (एक व्यक्ति किसमें निरत था?)
(ग) सः पुरुषः किं गृहीत्वा बहिः गतवान्? (वह पुरुष क्या लेकर बाहर चला गया?)
(घ) गोपबन्धुदासः कीदृशः आसीत् ? (गोपबन्धुदास कैसे थे?)
उत्तराणि-
(क) वृष्टिः (वर्षा)
(ख) सेवायाम् (सेवा में)
(ग) छत्रम् (छाता)
(घ) कर्तव्यनिष्ठः (कर्तव्यपरायण)।

प्रश्न: 3.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) वर्षाकाले सर्वे कुत्र प्रयत्नशीलाः आसन् ? (वर्षाकाल में सभी कहाँ प्रयत्नशील थे?)
(ख) पुरुषस्य गमनसमये पत्नी तं किम् अपृच्छत् ? (पुरुष के जाने के समय में पत्नी ने उसे क्या पूछा ?)
(ग) पुरुषः दृढस्वरेण किम् उक्तवान् ? (पुरुष ने दृढ़ स्वर में क्या कहा?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) वर्षाकाले सर्वे स्वपरिवारजनानां स्वस्य च प्राणान् रक्षितुं प्रयत्नशीलाः आसन्।
(वर्षाकाल में सभी अपने परिवारजनों और अपने प्राणों की रक्षा करने में प्रयत्नशील थे।
(ख) पत्नी तम् अपृच्छत्-“(भवान्) पुत्रं पश्यतु, अहं किं करिष्यामि?”
(पत्नी ने उससे पूछा-“(आप) पुत्र को देखो, मैं क्या करूँगी?”)
(ग) पुरुषः दृढस्वरेण उक्तवान्-“अहमपि किं करिष्यामि। औषधं दत्तम्।”
(पुरुष ने दृढ़ स्वर में कहा-“मैं भी क्या करूँगा। दवा दे दी है।”)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

प्रश्न: 4.
निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत – (निर्देशानुसार उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) ‘महती’ इति कस्य विशेषणमस्ति? (‘भारी’ किसका विशेषण है?)
(ख) “जनाः कष्टे आसन्” वाक्ये क्रिया का? (“लोग कष्ट में थे” वाक्य में क्रिया क्या है?)

(ग) ‘पीडाम्’ इति पदस्य पर्यायपदम् अनुच्छेदात् चित्वा लिखत।
(‘पीडाम्’ पद का पर्यायवाची पद अनुच्छेद से चुनकर लिखिए।)
उत्तरम् :
(क) ‘वृष्टिः ‘ इत्यस्य (‘वृष्टि’ का),
(ख) आसन् (थे)
(ग) वेदनाम् (पीड़ा)।

19. कर्णपुरनाम्नि नगरे एकः श्रेष्ठी आसीत्। तस्य प्रभूतं धनम् आसीत्। तस्य बढ्यः उद्योगशालाः आसन्। तासु उद्योग- शालासु अनेके कर्मचारिणः आसन्। श्रेष्ठी नियमपालने दृढः आसीत्। स कणं क्षणं वा व्यर्थं न करोति स्म। सः सर्वान् काल- पालनम् अपेक्षते स्म। तस्य कर्मचारिषु आसीत् एकः काल-पालनं प्रति उदासीनः। सः सदैव विलम्बन कार्यालयम् आयाति स्म। किमपि मिथ्यानिमित्तं कथयति स्म।

एकदा असौ कर्मचारी विलम्बेन कार्यालयम् आगच्छत्। श्रेष्ठी तम् आयान्तम् अपश्यत्। श्रेष्ठी तम् अपृच्छत्- ‘कथं विलम्बेन आयाति?’ कर्मचारी प्रकोष्ठे बद्धं घटिकायन्त्रं पश्यति कथयति च ‘ अहो मे घटिकायन्त्रं विलम्बेन चलति। अनेन कारणेन एव मम कालनिपातः।’ श्रेष्ठी कथयति-‘त्वं नवीनं घटिकायन्त्रं क्रीणीष्व अहं वा नवीनं कर्मचारिणं नियोजयिष्यामि।’ कर्मचारी क्षमाम् अयाचत प्रत्यशृणोत् च यत् भविष्ये अहं कदापि विलम्बेन न आयास्यामि।

हिन्दी-अनुवाद – कर्णपुर नामक नगर में एक सेठ था। उसके पास बहुत धन था। उसकी बहुत-सी उद्योगशालाएँ थीं। उन उद्योगशालाओं में अनेक कर्मचारी थे। सेठ नियम पालन में दृढ़ था। वह कण और क्षण को व्यर्थ नहीं गवाता था। वह सबसे समय पालन की अपेक्षा करता था। उन कर्मचारियों में एक समय-पालन के प्रति उदासीन था। वह सदैव देर से आता था। कोई भी मिथ्या बहाना बना देता था।

एक दिन वह कर्मचारी विलम्ब से कार्यालय आया। सेठ ने उसे आते हुए देख लिया। सेठ ने उससे पूछा-“देर से क्यों आते हो?” कर्मचारी कलाई में बँधी घड़ी को देखता है और कहता है-“अरे मेरी घड़ी तो विलम्ब से (लेट) चल रही है। इसी कारण से विलम्ब हो गया है।” सेठ ने कहा-“तुम नयी घड़ी खरीद लो अथवा मैं नया कर्मचारी नियुक्त कर लूँगा।” कर्मचारी ने क्षमा याचना की और वायदा किया कि भविष्य में मैं कभी भी देर से नहीं आऊँगा।

प्रश्न: 1.
एतस्य गद्यखण्डस्य समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत। (इस गद्यांश का समुचित शीर्षक लिखिए।)
उत्तरम् :
समयपालनस्य महत्त्वम् (समय-पालन का महत्त्व)।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

प्रश्न: 2.
एकपदेन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (एक शब्द में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) कर्णपुरनाम्नि नगरे कः आसीत् ? (कर्णपुर नामक नगर में कौन था?)
(ख) श्रेष्ठस्य बढ्यः काः आसन्? (सेठ की बहुत-सी क्या. ?)
उद्योगशालासु अनेके के आसन्? (उद्योगशालाओं में अनेक कौन थे?)
(घ) काल-पालनं प्रति उदासीन: कर्मचारी: कदा कार्यालयम् आयाति स्म?
(समय-पालन के प्रति उदासीन.कर्मचारी कार्यालय कब आता था?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) श्रेष्ठी (सेठ)
(ख) उद्योगशालाः (उद्योगशालाएँ)
(ग) कर्मचारिणः (कर्मचारी लोग)
(घ) विलम्बेन (देरी से)।

प्रश्न: 3.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत – (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) श्रेष्ठिनः कर्मचारिषु एकः कीदृशः कर्मचारी आसीत् ? (सेठ के कर्मचारियों में एक कैसा कर्मचारी था?)
(ख) एकदा किम् अभवत् ? (एक बार क्या हुआ?)
(ग) स: कर्मचारी विलम्बस्य कारणं किम् अकथयत् ?
(उस कर्मचारी ने विलम्ब का कारण क्या बताया?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) श्रेष्ठिनः कर्मचारिषु एक: काल-पालनं प्रति उदासीनः कर्मचारी आसीत्।
(सेठ के कर्मचारियों में एक समय-पालन के प्रति उदासीन कर्मचारी था।)
(ख) एकदा स: कर्मचारी विलम्बेन कार्यालयम् आगच्छत्।
(एक बार वह कर्मचारी देरी से कार्यालय आया।)
(ग) सः अकथयत्-“अहो मे घटिकायन्त्रं विलम्बेन चलति।”
(उसने कहा-“अरे मेरी घड़ी तो विलम्ब से चल रही है।”)

प्रश्न: 4.
निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (निर्देशानुसार उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) “तस्य धनं प्रभूतम् आसीत्” वाक्ये विशेषण-विशेष्य-अन्वितिः कार्या।।
(“उसके पास बहुत धन था” वाक्य में विशेषण और विशेष्य का अन्वय कीजिए।)
(ख) “कथं विलम्बेन आयाति” वाक्ये क्रिया का?
(“देर से क्यों आते हो” वाक्य में क्रिया क्या है?)
(ग) ‘तस्य प्रभूतं धनमासीत्’ वाक्ये ‘तस्य’ इति सर्वनामपदं कस्य संज्ञापदस्य स्थाने प्रयुक्तम्?
(‘तस्य प्रभूतं धनमासीत्’ वाक्य में ‘तस्य’ पद किस संज्ञा पद के स्थान पर प्रयुक्त हुआ है?)
उत्तरम् :
(क) तस्य प्रभूतं धनम् आसीत् (उसके पास बहुत धन था)।
(ख) आयाति (आते हो)
(ग) श्रेष्ठिनः (सेठ का)।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

20. एकस्मिन् वनप्रदेशे एकः हृष्ट-पुष्टः हरिणः वसति स्म। कोऽपि शृगालः तस्य मांसलं शरीरमवलोक्य तस्य सुस्वादु-मांसं भक्षयितुमिच्छति स्म। सः मृगस्य समीपं गत्वा मैत्रीप्रस्तावं न्यवेदयत्। मृगेण प्रस्तावः स्वीकृतः। शृगालोऽचिन्तयत् एनं छलेन हत्वा विपुलं मांसं प्राप्य चिरं भोजनं करिष्यामि।

तौ उभौ मृगस्य आवासस्थलं प्राप्तवन्तौ। तत्र काकः हरिणस्य मित्रं तिष्ठति स्म। काकः अस्य सौहार्द्रस्य विरोधम् अकरोत् । एकदा धूर्तः शृगालः मृगं वञ्चयित्वा शस्यपूर्ण क्षेत्रमनयत्। तत्रासौ हिरणः कृषकेण पाशबद्धः जम्बुकं मोचयितुं न्यवेदयत्। परञ्च शृगालेन उपवासव्याजेन मोचनमस्वीकृतम्। संध्याकाले तमन्विषन् काकः अपि तत्र आगच्छत्। काकः मृगेण सह परामृश्य उपायमेकमचिन्तयत्। काकस्य योजानानुसारेण हिरणः पाशमुक्तः सन् पलायितः। कृषकः तं ताडयितुं लगुडं प्राक्षिपत्। प्रक्षिप्तेन लगुडेन गुल्मे स्थितः शृगालः आहतः हतश्च।

हिन्दी-अनुवाद – एक जंगल में एक हृष्ट-पुष्ट हिरन रहता था। किसी गीदड़ ने उसके मांसल शरीर को देखकर उसके स्वादिष्ट मांस को खाने की इच्छा की। उसने हिरन के समीप जाकर मित्रता का प्रस्ताव निवेदन किया। हिरन ने प्रस्ताव स्वीकार कर लिया। गीदड़ ने सोचा कि इसको छल से मारकर बहुत-सा मांस प्राप्तकर बहुत दिनों तक भोजन करूँगा।

वे दोनों हिरण के निवास स्थान पर पहुँचे। वहाँ उसका (हिरन का) मित्र कौआ रहता था। कौए ने इस दोस्ती का विरोध किया। एक दिन चालाक गीदड़ हिरन को छलकर फसल से पूर्ण खेत में ले गया। वहाँ किसान द्वारा पाश में बँधे हुए हिरन ने मुक्त कराने के लिए गीदड़ से निवेदन किया। परन्तु गीदड़ ने उपवास के बहाने से उसे अस्वीकार कर दिया। संध्या समय उसे ढूँढ़ता हुआ कौआ भी वहाँ आ गया। कौए ने हिरन के साथ सलाह कर एक उपाय सोचा। कौए की योजनानुसार बन्धनमुक्त हिरन भाग गया। कृषक ने उसे पीटने के लिए लाठी फेंकी। फेंकी हुई लाठी से झाड़ियों में छुपा हुआ गीदड़ घायल हो गया और मारा गया।

प्रश्न: 1.
एतस्य गद्यखण्डस्य समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत। (इस गद्यांश का समुचित शीर्षक लिखिए।)
उत्तरम् :
धूर्तः शृगालः (चालाक गीदड़)।

प्रश्न: 2.
एकपदेन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत – (एक शब्द में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) एकस्मिन् वनप्रदेशे कः वसति स्म? (एक वन प्रदेश में कौन रहता था?)
(ख) शृगालः मृगस्य समीपं गत्वा किं न्यवेदयत् ? (गीदड़ ने हिरन के पास जाकर क्या निवेदन किया?)
(ग) हरिणस्य मित्रं कः आसीत् ? (हिरन का मित्र कौन था?)
(घ) अन्ते कः हतः? (अन्त में कौन मारा गया?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) हरिणः (हिरन)
(ख) मैत्रीप्रस्तावम् (मित्रता का प्रस्ताव)
(ग) काकः (कौआ)
(घ) शृगालः (गीदड़)।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

प्रश्न: 3.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत – (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) कोऽपि शृगालः हरिणस्य शरीरमवलोक्य किम् इच्छति स्म?
(किसी गीदड़ ने हिरन के शरीर को देखकर क्या इच्छा की?)
(ख) शृगालः किम् अचिन्तयत् ? (गीदड़ ने क्या सोचा?)
(ग) एकदा धूर्तः शृगालः मृगं कुत्र अनयत् ?
(एक बार चालाक गीदड़ हिरन को कहाँ ले गया?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) कोऽपि शृगालः हरिणस्य शरीरमवलोक्य तस्य सुस्वादु मांसं भक्षयितुमिच्छति स्म।
(किसी गीदड़ ने हिरन के शरीर को देखकर उसके स्वादिष्ट मांस को खाने की इच्छा की।)
(ख) शृगालः अचिन्तयत् यत् हरिणं छलेन हत्वा विपुलं मांसं प्राप्य चिरं भोजनं करिष्यामि।
(गीदड़ ने सोचा कि हिरन को छल से मारकर बहुत-सा मांस प्राप्तकर बहुत दिनों तक भोजन करूंगा।
(ग) एकदा धूर्तः शृगालः मृगं शस्यपूर्ण क्षेत्रमनयत्।
(एक बार चालाक गीदड़ हिरन को फसल से पूर्ण खेत में ले गया।)

प्रश्न: 4.
निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (निर्देशानुसार उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) ‘जीवितः’ इत्यस्य शब्दस्य विलोमपदम् अनुच्छेदात् चिनुत ।
(‘जिन्दा’ शब्द का विलोम शब्द अनुच्छेद से चुनिए।)
(ख) “स्वीकृतः प्रस्तावः मृगेण” वाक्ये कर्तृ-क्रिया-अन्वितिः कार्या।
(“स्वीकार कर लिया गया प्रस्ताव हिरन के द्वारा” वाक्य में कर्ता और क्रिया का अन्वय कीजिए।)
(ग) “शृगालः तस्य मांसलं शरीरम् अवलोक्य भक्षितुमैच्छत्।” अत्र ‘तस्य’ इति सर्वनामपदं कस्य स्थाने प्रयुक्तम्?
(“शृगालः तस्य मांसलं शरीरम् अवलोक्य भक्षितुमैच्छत्।” यहाँ ‘तस्य’ सर्वनाम किसके स्थान पर प्रयुक्त हुआ है?)
उत्तरम् :
(क) हतः (मारा)।
(ख) मृगेण प्रस्तावः स्वीकृतः (हिरन के द्वारा प्रस्ताव स्वीकार कर लिया गया)।
(ग) हरिणस्य (हरिण के स्थान पर)।

21. संस्कृतभाषा संसारस्य प्राचीनतमासु भाषासु एका प्रसिद्धा भाषा अस्ति। प्राचीनकाले सर्वे जनाः संस्कृतभाषाम् एव दैनिककार्ये व्यवहरन्ति स्म। देववाणी, गीर्वाणी, देवगिरा, सुरवाणी, सुरभारती इत्यादीनि अस्याः नामानि सन्ति। वेदेषु संस्कृतभाषायाः प्राचीनं रूपं विद्यते। संस्कृतभाषायाः साहित्यम् अपि विश्वस्य प्राचीनतम साहित्यम् अस्ति। वेदाः, उपनिषदः पुराणानि च हिन्दूनां धर्मग्रन्थाः अस्यां भाषायामेव सन्ति। वाल्मीके: रामायणं, वेदव्यासस्य महाभारतम् अन्ये चापि ग्रन्थाः संस्कृतभाषायाः अमूल्यरत्नानि सन्ति। श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता महाभारतस्यैव एकम् अंगम् अस्ति।प्राचीनकाले संस्कृतमेव भारतस्य लोकभाषा राजभाषा च आसीत्। कालिदासः, भासः, बाणः, भारविः, दण्डी, भवभूतिः प्रभृतयः अनेके रचनाकाराः संस्कृतभाषायाम् एव स्वसाहित्यं व्यरचयन्।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

हिन्दी-अनुवाद – संस्कृत भाषा संसार की प्राचीनतम भाषाओं में से एक प्रसिद्ध भाषा है। प्राचीनकाल में सभी लोग संस्कृत भाषा को ही दैनिक कार्य में व्यवहार में लाते थे। देववाणी, गीर्वाणी, देवगिरा, सुरवाणी, सुरभारती इत्यादि इसके नाम हैं। वेदों में संस्कृत भाषा का प्राचीनतम रूप विद्यमान है। संस्कृत भाषा का साहित्य विश्व का प्राचीनतम साहित्य है। हिन्दुओं और पुराण इस भाषा में ही है। वाल्मीकि की रामायण, वेदव्यास का महाभारत और भी अन्य ग्रन्थ संस्कृत भाषा के अमूल्य रत्न हैं। श्रीमद्भगवद् गीता महाभारत का ही एक अंग है। – प्राचीनकाल में संस्कृत ही भारत की लोकभाषा और राजभाषा थी। कालिदास, भास, बाण, भारवि, दण्डी, भवभूति आदि अनेक रचनाकारों ने संस्कृत भाषा में ही अपने साहित्य की रचना की है।

प्रश्न: 1.
एतस्य गद्यखण्डस्य समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत। (इस गद्यांश का समुचित शीर्षक लिखिए।)
उत्तरम् :
संस्कृतभाषायाः महत्त्वम् (संस्कृत भाषा का महत्त्व)।

प्रश्न: 2.
एकपदेन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखित- (एक शब्द में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) संसारस्य प्राचीनतमासु भाषासु प्रसिद्धा भाषा का अस्ति?
(संसार की प्राचीनतम भाषाओं में प्रसिद्ध भाषा कौन-सी है?)
(ख) संस्कृतभाषायाः प्राचीनतमं रूपं कुत्र विद्यते? (संस्कृत भाषा का प्राचीनतम रूप कहाँ विद्यमान है?)
(ग) कस्याः भाषायाः साहित्यं प्राचीनतमम् अस्ति? (किस भाषा का साहित्य सबसे पुराना है?)
(घ) महाभारतस्य रचनाकारः कः अस्ति? (महाभारत के रचनाकार कौन हैं?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) संस्कृतम् (संस्कृत),
(ख) वेदेषु (वेदों में),
(ग) संस्कृतभाषायाः (संस्कृत भाषा का),
(घ) वेदव्यासः (वेदव्यास)।
प्रश्न: 3.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर-उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) संस्कृतभाषायाः कानि अन्यानि नामानि सन्ति? (संस्कृत भाषा के अन्य कौन-से नाम हैं ?)
(ख) संस्कृतभाषायां हिन्दूनां के धर्मग्रन्थाः सन्ति? (संस्कृत भाषा में हिन्दुओं के कौन-से धर्मग्रन्थ हैं?)
(ग) संस्कृतभाषायाः अमूल्यरत्नानि कानि सन्ति? (संस्कृत भाषा के अमूल्य रत्न कौन-से हैं ?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) देववाणी, गीर्वाणी, देवगिरा, सुरवाणी, सुरभारती संस्कृतभाषायाः अन्यानि नामानि सन्ति।
(देववाणी, गीर्वाणी, देवगिरा, सुरवाणी, सुरभारती संस्कृत भाषा के अन्य नाम हैं।)
(ख) संस्कृतभाषायां वेदाः, उपनिषदः पुराणानि च हिन्दूनां धर्मग्रन्थाः सन्ति।
(संस्कृत भाषा में वेद, उपनिषद् और पुराण हिन्दुओं के धर्मग्रन्थ हैं।)
(ग) रामायणं महाभारतम् अन्ये चापि ग्रन्थाः संस्कृतभाषायाः अमूल्यरत्नानि सन्ति।
(रामायण, महाभारत और अन्य ग्रन्थ भी संस्कृत भाषा के अमूल्य रत्न हैं।)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

प्रश्न: 4.
निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (निर्देशानुसार उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) ‘सुरवाणी’ शब्दस्य एक पर्यायं चित्वा लिखत। (‘सुरवाणी’ शब्द का एक पर्याय चुनकर लिखिए।)
(ख) “श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता महाभारतस्यैव एकम् अंगम् अस्ति” वाक्ये कर्ता कः?
(“श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता महाभारत का ही एक अंग है,” वाक्य में कर्ता कौन है?)
(ग) अनुच्छेदात् ‘नवीनतमं’ इति पदस्य विलोमपदं अन्विष्य लिखत।
(अनुच्छेद से ‘नवीनतमं’ पद का विलोम पद ढूँढ़कर लिखिए।)
उत्तरम् :
(क) देवगिरा (देववाणी),
(ख) श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता (श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता)
(ग) प्राचीनतमम् (सबसे पुराना)।

22. परोपकारस्य भावना न केवलं मानवेषु भवति अपितु पशुपक्षिणोऽपि परोपकारं कुर्वन्ति। वृक्षाः परोपकाराय छायां ददति। जलाशयः परोपकाराय जलं ददाति। परोपकाराय गावः दुग्धं ददति। मानवस्य शरीरम् अपि परोपकाराय भवति।।
यथा भर्तृहरिणा उक्तम् –

परोपकाराय फलन्ति वृक्षाः, परोपकाराय वहन्ति नद्यः।
परोपकाराय दुहन्ति गावः, परोपकारार्थमिदं शरीरम् ॥

मेघाः परोपकाराय जलवर्षणं कुर्वन्ति येन विविधानि शस्यानि जायन्ते। शिविर्नाम नृपः महान् परोपकारी आसीत्। एकदा सः कपोतस्य प्राणरक्षार्थ स्वशरीरस्य मांसंश्येनाय अददात्। दधीचिः अपि महान् परोपकारी आसीत्। सः वृत्रासुरवधार्थं स्वस्य अस्थीनि अपि अददात्। महाभारतकाले कुन्ती एकस्य ब्राह्मणस्य पुत्रस्य रक्षार्थं स्वस्याः प्राणप्रियं भीमनामकं पुत्रं राक्षसस्य समीये प्रेषितवती।

हिन्दी-अनुवाद – परोपकार की भावना न केवल मानवों में होती है बल्कि पशु-पक्षी भी परोपकार करते हैं। वृक्ष परोपकार के लिए छाया देते हैं। जलाशय परोपकार के लिए जल देते हैं। परोपकार के लिए गायें दूध देती हैं। मानव का शरीर भी परोपकार के लिए होता है। जैसा भर्तृहरि ने कहा है वृक्ष परोपकार के लिए फल देते हैं, परोपकार के लिए नदियाँ बहती हैं। परोपकार के लिए गायें दूध देती हैं, यह शरीर परोपकार के लिए है। बादल परोपकार के लिए ही जल की वर्षा करते हैं जिससे विभिन्न अन्न पैदा होते हैं। शिवि नामक राजा बड़े परोपकारी थे। एक बार उन्होंने कबूतर के प्राणों की रक्षा के लिए अपने शरीर का मांस बाज के लिए दे दिया। दधीचि भी बड़े परोपकारी थे। उन्होंने वृत्रासुर-वध के लिए अपनी हड्डियाँ भी दे दी। महाभारतकाल में कुन्ती ने एक ब्राह्मण के पुत्र की रक्षा के लिए अपने प्राणप्रिय भीम नामक पुत्र को राक्षस के पास भेज दिया।

प्रश्न: 1.
एतस्य गद्यखण्डस्य समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत। (इस गद्यखण्ड का समुचित शीर्षक लिखिए।)
उत्तरम् :
परोपकारः (परोपकार)।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

प्रश्न: 2.
एकपदेन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (एक शब्द में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) परोपकाराय छायां के ददति? (परोपकार के लिए छाया कौन देते हैं?)
(ख) परोपकाराय जलं कः ददाति? (परोपकार के लिए जल कौन देता है?)
(ग) परोपकाराय जलवर्षणं के कर्वन्ति? (परोपकार के लिए जल की वर्षा कौन करते हैं?)
(घ) कुन्त्याः कः पुत्रः अत्र उल्लिखितः? (यहाँ कुन्ती के किस पुत्र का उल्लेख है?)
उत्तरम् :
(क) वृक्षाः (वृक्ष)
(ख) जलाशयः (जलाशय)
(ग) मेघाः (बादल)
(घ) भीमः (भीम)।

प्रश्न: 3.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) जलवर्षणेन किं भवति? (जल-वर्षा से क्या होता है?)
(ख) शिविर्नाम नृपः एकदा किम् अकरोत्? (शिवि नामक राजा ने एक बार क्या किया?)
(ग) दधीचिः किम् अकरोत् ? (दधीचि ने क्या किया था?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) जलवर्षणेन विविधानि शस्यानि जायन्ते। (जल-वर्षा से विभिन्न अन्न पैदा होते हैं।)
(ख) शिविर्नाम नृपः एकदा कपोतस्य प्राणरक्षार्थं स्वशरीस्य मांसं श्येनाय अददात्।
(शिवि नामक राजा ने एक बार कबूतर के प्राणों की रक्षा के लिए अपने शरीर का मांस बाज के लिए दे दिया।)
(ग) दधीचिः वृत्रासुरवधार्थं स्वस्य अस्थीनि अपि अददात्।
(दधीचि ने वृत्रासुर-वध के लिए अपनी हड्डियाँ भी दे दी थीं।)

प्रश्न: 4.
निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (निर्देशानुसार उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) ‘रक्षार्थम्’ शब्दस्य विपरीतार्थकः शब्दः अत्र कः? (‘रक्षार्थम्’ शब्द का विलोम शब्द यहाँ क्या है?)
(ख) “ते परोपकाराय छयां ददति” वाक्ये ‘ते’ इति सर्वनाम्नः स्थाने संज्ञाप्रयोगः कर्तव्यः। .
(“वे परोपकार के लिए छया देते हैं” वाक्य में ‘वे’ सर्वनाम के स्थान पर संज्ञा का प्रयोग कीजिए।)
(ग) “येन विविधानि शस्यानि जायन्ते।” अत्र ‘येन’ सर्वनामपदं कस्मै प्रयुक्तम् ?
(“येन विविधानि शस्यानि जायन्ते” यहाँ ‘येन’ सर्वनाम पद किसके लिए प्रयुक्त हुआ है?)
उत्तरम् :
(क) वधार्थम् (वध के लिए)
(ख) वृक्षाः (वृक्ष)
(ग) जलं वर्षणम् इति पदाय।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

23. हिमालयः अस्माकं देशस्य उत्तरदिशायां स्थितः अस्ति। एषः पर्वतराजः उत्तरदिशायां भारतस्य प्रहरी अस्ति। अस्य महोन्नतानि शिखराणि सदैव हिमेनाच्छादितानि सन्ति। अस्य उन्नतानि शिखराणि उत्तरदिशायां शत्रुभ्यः अस्माकं रक्षां कुर्वन्ति। हिमस्य आलयः ‘हिमालयः’ सत्यमेव कथयन्ति जनाः। हिमालयः भारतस्य जागरूकः प्रहरी अस्ति। हिमालयात् अनेकाः नद्यः यथा-गंगा, यमुना, शतद्रुः, इरावती, विपाशा, चन्द्रभागा, वितस्तादयः निर्गच्छन्ति।

एता: नद्यः भारतस्य प्रमुखाः नद्यः सन्ति। एतासां नदीनां जलेन कृषकाः क्षेत्राणि सिञ्चन्ति। गंगा, यमुना, शतद्गः प्रभृतयः नद्यः तु भारतस्य आत्मानः सन्ति। आसां पवित्रता धार्मिकमहत्त्वं च विश्वप्रसिद्ध स्तः। अस्मिन् पर्वते विविधानां वस्तूनां भण्डारः विद्यते। हिमालये विविधाः औषधयः, पादपाः, धातवः रत्नानि च सन्ति। अस्योपत्यकासु हरितानि सघनानि वनानि सन्ति।

हिन्दी-अनुवाद – हिमालय हमारे देश की उत्तर दिशा में स्थित है। यह पर्वतों का राजा उत्तर दिशा में भारत का प्रहरी (पहरेदार) है। इसकी अत्यन्त ऊँची चोटियाँ सदैव बर्फ से ढंकी रहती हैं। इसकी ऊँची चोटियाँ उत्तर दिशा में शत्रुओं से.. हमारी रक्षा करती हैं। हिम का आलय (घर) ‘हिमालय’ लोग सत्य ही कहते हैं। हिमालय भारत का जागरूक पहरेदार है। हिमालय से अनेक नदियाँ निकलती हैं जैसे-गंगा, यमुना, शतगु, इरावती, विपाशा, चन्द्रभागा-वितस्ता आदि।

ये नदियाँ भारत की प्रमुख नदियाँ हैं। इन नदियों के जल से किसान खेतों को सींचते हैं। गंगा, यमुना, शतद् आदि नदियाँ तो भारत की आत्मा हैं। इनकी पवित्रता और धार्मिक महत्त्व विश्व-प्रसिद्ध है। इस पर्वत पर विभिन्न वस्तुओं का भण्डार विद्यमान है। हिमालय पर विभिन्न औषधियाँ, पौधे, धातुएँ और रत्न हैं। इसकी घाटियों में हरे घने वन हैं।

प्रश्न: 1.
एतस्य गद्यखण्डस्य समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत। (इस गद्यांश का समुचित शीर्षक लिखिए।)
उत्तरम् :
पर्वतराजः हिमालयः। (हिमालय पर्वत)

प्रश्न: 2.
एकपदेन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (एक शब्द में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) उत्तरदिशायां भारतस्य प्रहरी कः अस्ति? (उत्तर दिशा में भारत का पहरेदार कौन है?)
(ख) हिमालयस्य शिखराणि सदैव केन आच्छादितानि सन्ति? (हिमालय की चोटियों सदैव किससे ढंकी रहती हैं?)
(ग) भारतस्य जागरूकः प्रहरी कः अस्ति? (भारत का जागरूक प्रहरी कौन है?)
(घ) पर्वतराजः कः अस्ति? (पर्वतों का राजा कौन है?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) हिमालयः (हिमालय पर्वत)
(ख) हिमेन (बर्फ से)
(ग) हिमालयः (हिमालय पर्वत)
(घ) हिमालयः (हिमालय पर्वत)।

प्रश्न: 3.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) हिमालयः कुत्र स्थितः अस्ति? (हिमालय कहाँ स्थित है?)
(ख) हिमालयात् का: नद्यः निर्गच्छन्ति? (हिमालय से कौन-सी नदियाँ निकलती हैं?)
(ग) एतासां नदीनां जलेन कृषकाः किं कुर्वन्ति? (इन नदियों के जल से किसान क्या करते हैं?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) हिमालयः अस्माकं देशस्य उत्तरदिशायां स्थितः अस्ति।
(हिमालय हमारे देश की उत्तर दिशा में स्थित है।)
(ख) हिमालयात् गंगा, यमुना, शतदू, इरावती, विपाशा, चन्द्रभागादयः नद्यः निर्गच्छन्ति।
(हिमालय से गंगा-यमुना-शतद्रु-इरावती-विपाशा-चन्द्रभागा आदि नदियाँ निकलती हैं।)
(ग) एतासां नदीनां जलेन कृषकाः क्षेत्राणि सिञ्चन्ति। (इन नदियों के जल से किसान खेतों को सींचते हैं।)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

प्रश्न: 4.
निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (निर्देशानुसार उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) “अस्य शिखराणि उन्नतानि अस्मान् रक्षन्ति” वाक्ये विशेषण-विशेष्य-अन्वितिः कार्या।
(“इसकी ऊँची शिखरें हमारी रक्षा करती हैं” वाक्य में विशेषण और विशेष्य का अन्वय कीजिए।)
(ख) “एताः नद्यः भारतस्य प्रमुखाः नद्यः सन्ति” वाक्ये कर्ता कः?
(“ये नदियाँ भारत की प्रमुख नदियाँ हैं” वाक्य में कर्ता कौन है?)
(ग) “अस्य महोन्नतानि शिखराणि सदैव हिमेनाच्छादितानि सन्ति।” वाक्य ‘अस्य’ इति सर्वनामपदं कस्मै प्रयुक्तम् ?
(‘अस्य महोन्नतानि ………. सन्ति’ वाक्य में ‘अस्य’ सर्वनाम पद किसके लिए प्रयुक्त हुआ है?)
उत्तरम् :
(क) अस्य उन्नतानि शिखराणि अस्मान् रक्षन्ति। (इसकी ऊँची शिखरें हमारी रक्षा करती हैं)
(ख) एता: नद्यः (ये नदियाँ)
(ग) हिमालयस्य (हिमालय के लिए)।

24. दीपावली हिन्दूनां पवित्रः धार्मिकः उत्सवः अस्ति। अयं महापर्वः कार्तिकमासस्य अमावस्यायां सम्पन्नः भवति। अस्मिन् अवसरे जनाः स्वगृहाणि लिम्पन्ति अन्याभिः सज्जासामग्रीभिश्च सुसज्जितं कुर्वन्ति। अस्मिन् अवसरे जनाः नगराणि ग्रामाञ्चलं कुर्वन्ति स्वच्छयन्ति च। गृहाणि सुधया धवलीकुर्वन्ति। भारतवर्षे दीपावलीमहोत्सवस्य एक विशिष्ट महत्त्वं विद्यते। वैश्यवर्गस्यायं महोत्सवः इति जनाः कथयन्ति। यथा ब्राह्मणानां श्रावणी पर्वः, क्षत्रियाणां दशहरा पर्वः, शूद्राणां : होलिका पर्वः, वैश्यानां तथैव दीपावली पर्वः, किन्तु न अयं शास्त्रमर्यादायामवस्थितः सिद्धान्तः। अस्मिन् दिवसे श्रीराम: लकाधिपति रावणं विजित्य सीतया लक्ष्मणेन च सह अयोध्या प्रत्यागच्छत्। तदा अयोध्यानगरवासिनः प्रसन्नाः भूत्वा तेषां’ स्वागतार्थं दीपावलीम् आयोजितवन्तः।

हिन्दी-अनुवाद – दीपावली हिन्दुओं का पवित्र धार्मिक उत्सव है। यह महापर्व कार्तिक माह की अमावस्या को सम्पन्न। होता है। इस अवसर पर लोग अपने घरों को लीपते हैं और अन्य सज्जा-सामग्री से सजावट करते हैं। इस अवसर पर लोग

नगरों और गाँवों को स्वच्छ करते हैं। घरों को सफेदी (कलई) से सफेद करते हैं। भारतवर्ष में दीपावली महोत्सव का एक विशेष महत्त्व है। लोग कहते हैं कि यह महोत्सव वैश्य वर्ग का है। जैसे ब्राह्मणों का श्रावणी पर्व, क्षत्रियों का दशहरा पर्व, शूद्रों का होली पर्व उसी प्रकार वैश्यों का दीपावली पर्व है किन्तु यह शास्त्रमर्यादा के अनुकूल सिद्धान्त नहीं है। इस दिन श्रीराम लंका के राजा रावण को जीतकर सीता और लक्ष्मण के साथ अयोध्या को लौटे थे। तब अयोध्या नगरवासियों ने प्रसन्न होकर उनके स्वागत के लिए दीपावली मनाई थी।

प्रश्न: 1.
एतस्य गद्यखण्डस्य समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत- (इस गद्यांश का समुचित शीर्षक लिखिए-)
उत्तरम् :
दीपावली (दीपावली)।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

प्रश्न: 2.
एकपदेन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (एक शब्द में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) दीपावली केषां पवित्रः धार्मिकः उत्सव: अस्ति? (दीपावली किनका पवित्र धार्मिक उत्सव है?)
(ख) भारतवर्षे कस्य महोत्सवस्य विशिष्टं महत्त्वं विद्यते? (भारतवर्ष में किस महोत्सव का विशेष महत्त्व है?)
(ग) क्षत्रियाणां कः पर्वः अस्ति? (क्षत्रियों का पर्व क्या है?)
(घ) रावणः कस्य देशस्य नृपः आसीत् ? (रावण किस देश का राजा था?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) हिन्दूनाम् (हिन्दुओं का)
(ख) दीपावल्या: (दीपावली का)
(ग) दशहरा (दशहरा)
(घ) लंकायाः (लंका का)।

प्रश्न: 3.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत – (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) दीपावल्याः उत्सवः कदा सम्पन्नः भवति? (दीपावली का उत्सव कब सम्पन्न होता है?)
(ख) दीपावली मुख्यत: केषाम् उत्सवः अस्ति? (दीपावली मुख्यत: किनका त्योहार है?)
(ग) अस्मिन् अवसरे जनाः कानि स्वच्छयन्ति? (इस अवसर पर लोग क्या स्वच्छ करते हैं? )
उत्तराणि
(क) दीपावल्याः उत्सवः कार्तिकमासस्य अमावस्यां सम्पन्नः भवति।
(दीपावली का उत्सव कार्तिक माह की अमावस्या को सम्पन्न होता है।)
(ख) दीपावली मुख्यतः वैश्यानाम् उत्सवः अस्ति।
(दीपावली मुख्यत: वैश्यों का त्योहार है।)
(ग) अस्मिन् अवसरे जनाः नगराणि ग्रामाञ्च स्वच्छयन्ति।
(इस अवसर पर लोग नगरों और गाँवों को स्वच्छ करते हैं।)

प्रश्न: 4.
निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत – (निर्देशानुसार उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) “जनाः गृहाणि धवलीकुर्वन्ति” वाक्ये क्रिया का?
(“लोग घरों की सफेदी करते हैं” वाक्य में क्रिया क्या है?)
(ख) ‘उत्सवः’ इत्येतस्य शब्दस्य पर्यायम् अनुच्छेदात् चिनुत ।
[अनुच्छेद से ‘उत्सवः’ (त्योहार) शब्द का पर्याय चुनिए।]
(ग) दीपावली हिन्दूनां धार्मिक उत्सवः। रेखांकित पदे विशेषणपदं चित्वा लिखत।
(दीपावली हिन्दुओं का धार्मिक त्योहार है। रेखांकित पद से विशेषण चुनकर लिखिए।)
उत्तरम् :
(क) धवलीकुर्वन्ति (सफेदी करते हैं)।
(ख) पर्वः (त्योहार)
(ग) धार्मिकः।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

25. शिशिर ऋतोः शैत्यानन्तरं समशीतोष्णवातावरणोपेतः फाल्गुनमासः समायाति। अस्य मासस्य प्राकृतिकसौन्दर्यः प्राणिशरीरेषु नवप्राणान् सञ्चारयति। नायक-नायिकयोः हृदयेषु प्रेम्णः उद्रेक: संदृश्यते। रोगिणः अपि स्वास्थ्यं लभन्ते। वृक्षाणां पीतपत्राणि पतन्ति। तेषु पल्लवा: सजायन्ते। भगवता श्रीकृष्णेन तु गीतायाम् ‘ऋतूनां सुकुमारः’ इति उक्त्वा अस्य ऋतो: महत्त्वं प्रकटितम्। वसन्तकाल एव मधुऋतुनाम्ना अपि प्रसिद्धः। वसन्तकालस्य प्रमुखः उत्सव: होलिका भवति। होलिकोत्सवात् पूर्वे जनाः स्वगृहाणां मालिन्यम् अपवित्रतां च दूरीकुर्वन्ति। फाल्गुनमासस्य पूर्णिमायाः दिने गृहे-गृहे देवानाम् अर्चना भवति। ग्रामेषु नगरेषु च स्थाने-स्थाने होलिकाः स्थाप्यन्ते। गृहे-गृहे अपि होलिका स्थाप्यते।

हिन्दी-अनुवाद – शिशिर ऋतु की शीतलता के बाद शीत और उष्ण वातावरण से युक्त फाल्गुन का महीना आता है। इस माह का प्राकृतिक सौन्दर्य प्राणियों के शरीरों में नये प्राणों का संचार करता है। नायक और नायिका के हृदयों में प्रेम का उद्रेक दिखाई देता है। रोगी भी स्वस्थता प्राप्त करते हैं। वृक्षों के पीले पत्ते गिर जाते हैं। उन पर कोंपलें आ जाती हैं। भगवान श्री कृष्ण ने तो गीता में ‘ऋतुओं में सुकुमार’ कहकर इस ऋतु का महत्त्व प्रकट किया है। वसन्तकाल ही ‘मधुऋतु’ के नाम से प्रसिद्ध है। वसन्त काल का प्रमुख उत्सव होली है। होली के उत्सव से पूर्व लोग अपने घरों की गन्दगी और अपवित्रता दूर करते हैं। फाल्गुन माह की पूर्णिमा को दिन में घर-घर देवताओं की पूजा होती है। गाँव और नगरों में स्थान-स्थान प स्थापित की जाती है। घर-घर में भी होली स्थापित की जाती है।

प्रश्न: 1.
एतस्य गद्यखण्डस्य समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत। (इस गद्यांश का समुचित शीर्षक लिखिए।)
उत्तरम् :
होलिकोत्सवः (होली का त्योहार)।

प्रश्न: 2.
एकपदेन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (एक शब्द में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) कस्य मासस्य प्राकृतिकसौन्दर्यः प्राणिशरीरेषु नवप्राणान् सञ्चारयति?
(किस माह का प्राकृतिक सौन्दर्य प्राणियों के शरीर में नए प्राणों का संचार करता है?)
(ख) रोगिणः अपि कदा स्वास्थ्यं लभन्ते? (रोगी भी कब स्वास्थ्य प्राप्त करते हैं?)
(ग) वसन्तकालः केन नाम्ना अपि प्रसिद्धः? (वसन्त काल किस नाम से भी प्रसिद्ध है?)
(घ) वसन्तकालस्य प्रमुखः उत्सवः कः भवति? (वसन्त काल का प्रमुख उत्सव कौन-सा होता है?)
उत्तराणि :
(क) फाल्गुनमासस्य (फाल्गुन माह का),
(ख) फाल्गुनमासे (फाल्गुन के माह में),
(ग) मधुऋतुनाम्ना (‘मधुऋतु’ नाम से),
(घ) होलिकोत्सवः (होली का त्योहार)।

प्रश्न: 3.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत- (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) फाल्गुनमासः कदा समायाति? (फाल्गुन माह कब आता है?)
(ख) भगवता श्रीकृष्णेन गीतायां किं प्रकटितम्? (भगवान् श्रीकृष्ण ने गीता में क्या प्रकट किया है?)
(ग) होलिकोत्सवात् पूर्वे जनाः कि कुर्वन्ति? (होली के उत्सव से पूर्व लोग क्या करते हैं?).
उत्तराणि :
(क) शिशिर ऋतौः शैत्यानन्तरं फाल्गुनमासः समायाति। (शिशिर ऋतु की शीतलता के बाद फाल्गुन माह आता है।)
(ख) भगवता श्रीकृष्णेन गीतायां वसन्त ऋतोः महत्त्वं प्रकटितम्।।
(भगवान् श्रीकृष्ण ने गीता में वसन्तऋतु का महत्त्व प्रकट किया है।)
(ग) होलिकोत्सवात् पूर्वे जनाः स्वगृहाणां मालिन्यम् अपवित्रतां च दूरीकुर्वन्ति।
(होली के उत्सव से पूर्व लोग अपने घरों की गन्दगी और अपवित्रता दूर करते हैं।)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठित-अवबोधनम् अपठित अनुच्छेदाः

प्रश्न: 4.
निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरम् उत्तरपुस्तिकायां लिखत – (निर्देशानुसार उत्तर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए-)
(क) “तेषां पीतपत्राणि पतन्ति” वाक्ये ‘तेषाम्’ इति सर्वनाम्नः स्थाने संज्ञाप्रयोगः कर्तव्यः ।
(“उनके पीले पत्ते गिरते हैं” वाक्य में ‘उनके’ सर्वनाम के स्थान पर संज्ञा का प्रयोग कीजिए।)
(ख) ‘आगच्छति’ इत्येतस्य शब्दस्य पर्यायम् अनुच्छेदात् चिनुत।
(‘आता है’ शब्द का पर्याय अनुच्छेद से चुनिए।)
(ग) ‘प्राकृतिक सौन्दर्यम्’ अनयो पदयो विशेष्यपदं लिखत।
(‘प्राकृतिक सौन्दर्यम्’ इन पदों में विशेष्य पद कौन सा है?)
उत्तरम् :
(क) वृक्षाणाम् (वृक्षों के)।
(ख) समायाति (आता है)
(ग) सौन्दर्यम्।

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture

JAC Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture

JAC Class 8th Geography Agriculture InText Questions and Answers

Page 43

Question 1.
Who discovered the coffee plant?
Answer:
In about AD 850, Kaldi, an Arab goat- herder, who was puzzled by the queer antics of his flock, tasted the berries of the evergreen bush on which the goats were feeding. On experiencing a sense of exhilaration, he proclaimed his discovery to the world.

JAC Class 8th Geography Agriculture Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions.
(i) What is agriculture?
Answer:
Agriculture is a primary activity which includes growing crops, fruits, vegetables, flowers and rearing of livestock. It is also known as farming.

(ii) Name the factors influencing agriculture?
Answer:
The factors influencing agriculture are the climate and topography of soil.

(iii) What is shifting cultivation? What are its disadvantages?
Answer:
Shifting cultivation is also known as slash and bum agriculture. In this cultivation a plot of land is cleared by felling the trees and burning them. Then the ashes are mixed with the soil and crops are grown. The land is abandoned after the soil loses its fertility and the cultivator moves to a new plot. The disadvantages are deforestation occurs and trees are burnt which are not good for environment.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture

(iv) What is plantation agriculture?
Answer:
Commercial farming where only a single type of crop is grown such as banana, coffee, tea, sugarcane is known as plantation agriculture. In this type of agriculture, large amount of capital and labour are required The produce is either processed in the farm itself or in i nearby factories.

(v) Name the fibre crops and name the climatic conditions required for their growth.
Answer:
The fibre crops are cotton and jute. The climatic conditions required for their growth are:
Cotton requires high temperature, light rainfall, 210 days and bright sunshine for its growth. Jute requires high temperature, heavy rainfall and humid climate.

Tick the correct answer.

Question 2.
(i) Horticulture means
(a) growing of fruits and vegetables
(b) primitive farming
(c) growing of wheat
Answer:
(a) growing of fruits and vegetables

(ii) Golden fibre refers to
(a) tea
(b) cotton
(c) jute
Answer:
(c) jute

(iii) Leading producers of coffee
(a) Brazil
(b) India
(c) Russia
Answer:
(a) Brazil

Question 3.
Give reasons.

  1. In India agriculture is a primary activity.
  2. Different crops are grown in different regions.

Answer:
1. In India agriculture is a primary activity because two third of the population depends on agriculture and it provides around 65% of work to labour force. It is also responsible for 25% of Gross Domestic Product and total value of nation’s export is 16%.

2. Since different crops require different climatic and geographical conditions hence different crops are grown in different regions. Certain human factors also play an important role such as labour, demand of yield and technology level.

Question 4.
Distinguish between the followings.

  1. Primary activities and tertiary activities.
  2. Subsistence farming and intensive farming.

Answer:
1.

Primary activities Tertiary Activities
It includes all those connected with extraction and production of natural resources. It provides support to the primary and secondary sectors through services.
Agriculture, fishing and gathering are examples of this activity. Transport, trade, banking, insurance and advertising are examples of this activities.

2.

Subsistence Farming Intensive Farming
It is practised to meet the needs of the farmer’s family. The farmer cultivates a small plot of land using simple tools and more labour.
Low levels of technology and household labour are used to produce on vsmall output. In this type of farming, quality seeds, rich manure and fertilisers are used

Question 5.
Activity

  1. Collect seeds of wheat, rice, jowar, bajra, ragi, maize, oilseeds and pulses available in the market. Bring them to the class and find out in which type of soil they grow.
  2. Find out the difference between the life style of farmers in the USA and India on the basis of pictures collected from magazines, books, newspapers and the internet.

Answer:

  1. Type of soil in which the following grows:
    Rice – Alluvial clayey Wheat – Alluvial soil Jowar, bajra and ragi – Desert Maize, oilseeds – Alluvial, Black Pulses- Red, Alluvial
  2. Students need to do on their own.

Question 6.
For Fun.
Solve the crossword puzzle with the help of given ciues
JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture 1
Across:
1. Crop that needs well drained fertile soils, moderate temperatures and lots of sunshine (5)
2. Increasing production through use of HYV seeds, chemical fertilisers and pesticides (5,10)
4. USA, Canada, Russia, Australia are major producers of this crop (5)
10. Type of farming to meet family needs (11)
13. Rearing of animals for sale (9)
14. Growing grapes for wines (11)

Down:
1. Coarse grains are also called (7)
3. Cultivation involving slash and bum (8)
5. Growing of crops, fruits and vegetables (11)
6. Tea, coffee, sugarcane and mbber are grown in (11)
7. Requires 210 frost-free days for growth (6)
8. Growing of flowers (12)
9. Also called ‘Golden Fibre’ (4)
11. Also known as paddy (4)
12. Activity concerned with extraction of natural resources (7)
Answer:
JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture 2

JAC Class 8th Geography  Agriculture Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions 

Question 1.
The process in which farmers use organic manure and natural pesticides instead of chemicals is called
(a) Mechanical farming
(b) Non-organic farming
(c) Organic farming
(d) All of these
Answer:
(c) Organic farming

Question 2.
Thescienceofcommercially cultivating grapes is called .
(a) Viticulture
(b) Horticulture
(c) Sericulture
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Viticulture

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture

Question 3.
Tertiary activities are……
(a) provide support to only primary activities.
(b) provide support to only secondary activities.
(c) provide support to both primary and secondary activities.
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) provide support to both primary and secondary activities.

Question 4.
Coarse grains are….. .
(a) rice
(b) millets
(c) wheat
(d) all of these
Answer:
(b) millets

Question 5.
The word ‘agriculture’ origins from
a. Latin term agri means soil.
(b) Latin term culture means cultivation.
(c) Neither a nor b
(d) Both a and b
Answer:
(d) Both a and b

Question 6.
The inputs of a farm system are…….
(a) seeds and fertiisers
(b) labour
(c) machinery
(d) all of these
Answer:
(d) all of these

Question 7.
Out of the following which is not a cropping season of India?
(a) Kaffir
(b) Rabi
(c) Kharif
(d) Zaid
Answer:
(a) Kaffir

Question 8.
Jhumming, Ladang, Milap, Roca & Ray are also known as:
(a) Shifting Farming
(b) Commercial Farming
(c) Nomadic Farming
(d) Intensive Farming
Answer:
(a) Shifting Farming

Question 9.
………. is……. grown in winter. It requires rainfall during growing season and bright sunshine at the time of harvest.
(a) Rice
(b) Watermelon
(c) Wheat
(d) Bajra
Answer:
(c) Wheat

Question 10.
The land on which crops are grown is known as:
(a) Wet Land
(b) Arable Land
(c) Dry Land
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Arable Land

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by agricultural development?
Answer:
Agricultural development refers to efforts made to increase the production of farm in order to meet the growing demand of the increasing population.

Question 2.
What is the science of commercial silk worm rearing known as?
Answer:
The science of commercial silk worm rearing is known as Sericulture.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture

Question 3.
What is the position of India in terms of rice production in the world?
Answer:
India is the second largest producer of rice in the world.

Question 4.
What percentage of world’s coffee production does India produce?
Answer:
The percentage of world’s coffee production does India produce is 3.2%.

Question 5.
Name the two most important staple food crops of the world.
Answer:
The two most important staple food crops of the world are rice and wheat.

Question 6.
What requires high temperature, light rainfall, 210 frost-free days and bright sunshine?
Answer:
Cotton requires high temperature, light rainfall, 210 frost-free days and bright sunshine.

Question 7.
List some animals reared by nomadic herders.
Answer:
Sheep, camel, yak and goats are most commonly reared animals by nomadic . herders.

Question 8.
How many types of subsistence farming is present?
Answer:
Two types of subsistence farming are there. They are intensive subsistence and primitive subsistence farming.

Question 9.
What do you mean by mixed farming?
Answer:
n mixed farming the land is used for growing food and fodder crops and rearing livestock.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture

Question 10.
Where is wheat grown extensively and substantially?
Answer:
Wheat is grown extensively and substantially in USA, Canada, Argentina, Russia, Ukraine, Australia and India.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What are the activities under the secondary sector?
Answer:
All activities connected with the manufacturing of goods with natural resources comes under secondary activities. Steel manufacturing, weaving cloth are the examples of secondary activities.

Question 2.
There are different kinds of cultivation. What are they?
Answer:
The different kinds of cultivation are Agriculture, Horticulture, Viticulture, Sericulture and Pisciculture.

  1. Agriculture is cultivation on the soil.
  2. Horticulture is growing vegetables, fruits and flowers for commercial use.
  3. Viticulture is cultivation of grapes.
  4. Sericulture is rearing of silk worms to extract silk.
  5. Pisciculture is breeding of fish in specially constructed tanks and ponds.

Question 3
Shifting cultivation is known by different names in different regions of the world What are they?
Answer:
Shifting cultivation is known by different names in different parts of the world They are:

  1. Jhumming – North-East India
  2. Milpa -Mexico
  3. Roca – Brazil
  4. Ladang – Malaysia

Question 4.
When does food security exist?
Answer:
Food security exists when all people, at all times, have access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.

Question 5.
What are the climatic conditions required for growing maize? In which countries they are grown?
Answer:
Maize requires moderate temperature, rainfall and lots of sunshine. It also needs well drained fertile soil. They are grown in North America, Brazil, China, Russia, India, Canada and Mexico.

Question 6.
What are the climatic conditions required for growing tea?
Answer:
Tea is a beverage crop grown on plantations. This requires cool climate and well distributed high rainfall throughout the year for the growth of its tender leaves. It needs well-drained loamy soils and gentle slopes. To pick the leaves, labour in large number is required.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture

Question 7.
Can agricultural development be achieved? How?
Answer:
Yes, agricultural development can be achieved in many ways such as increasing the cropped area, the number of crops grown, improving irrigation facilities, use of fertilisers and high yielding variety of seeds. Mechanisation of agriculture is also another aspect of agricultural development.

Question 8.
What type of agriculture is practiced in developing countries?
Answer:
Developing countries with large populations usually practise intensive agriculture where crops are grown on small holdings mostly for subsistence.

Long Answer Type Questions 

Question 1.
What are the different types of subsistence farming?
Answer:
The different types of subsistence farming are intensive subsistence and primitive subsistence farming:
(i) Intensive subsistence agriculture:
In intensive subsistence agriculture the farmer cultivates a small plot of land using simple tools and more labour. The main crop is rice. Other crops include wheat, maize, pulses and oilseeds. Intensive subsistence agriculture is prevalent in the thickly populated areas of the monsoon regions of south, south-east and east Asia.

(ii) Primitive subsistence agriculture:
It includes shifting cultivation and nomadic herding.Shifting cultivation is practised in the thickly forested areas of Amazon basin, tropical Africa, parts of south-east Asia and north-east India. A plot of land is cleared by felling the trees and burning them. The ashes are then mixed with the soil and crops like maize, yam, potatoes and cassava are grown. After the soil loses its fertility, the land is abandoned and the cultivator moves to a new plot.

Nomadic herding is practised in the semi-arid and arid regions of Sahara, Central Asia and some parts of India, like Rajasthan and Jammu and Kashmir. In this type of farming, herdsmen move from place to place with their animals for fodder and water, along defined routes.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 3 Mineral and Power Resources

JAC Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 3 Mineral and Power Resources

JAC Class 8th Geography Mineral and Power Resources InText Questions and Answers

Page 25

Question 1.
Identify the Canadian Shield, the Appalachians, Western Cordilleras and Lake Superior with the help of an atlas.
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own.

Page 26

Question 2.
List uses of any five minerals.
Answer:
Uses of five minerals:

  1. Granite:
    Used as a building stone such monuments, statues. Also used in highway construction and railway ballast.
  2. Lead:
    Used in television tubes and batteries.
  3. Aluminum:
    Used in manufacturing aeroplane and automobiles. It is also used in canning and bottling industries.
  4. Copper:
    Used in electric cables and wires, switches, coins and jewelry.
  5. Gold:
    Used for scientific and electronic instruments, computer circuitry, aerospace industry. Also used in jewelry, medicine and dentistry.

JAC Class 8th Geography Mineral and Power Resources Textbook Questions and Answers

Answer The Following Questions.

(i) Name any three common minerals used by you every day.
Answer:
Three common minerals used by us every day are iron, aluminum and copper.

(ii) What is an ore? Where are the ores of metallic minerals generally located?
Answer:
Ores are the minerals which are rich in a particular element and can be mined. The ores of metallic minerals are generally located in igneous and metamorphic rock formations.

(iii) Name two regions rich in natural gas resources.
Answer:
Two regions which are rich in natural gas resources are:
In the world Russia and Norway.
In India Krishna Godavari Delta and Jaisalmer.

(iv) Which sources of energy would you suggest for
Answer:
Sources of energy suggested for:

  • Rural areas – Biogas and solar energy are feasible options.
  • Coastal areas – Tidal energy and hydel energy are good options.
  • Arid regions – Solar energy and wind energy are suitable options.

(a) rural areas
(b) coastal areas
(c) Arid regions

(v) Give five ways in which you can save energy at home.
Answer:
Five ways in which we can save energy at home are:

  • For cooking fuel use of biogas would save energy.
  • Misuse of electricity should be avoided such as switch off the lights and fans when not required.
  • Solar energy must be used as much as we can.
  • Energy efficient devices should be used such as LED bulbs and tubes.
  • While cooking using energy efficiently such as covering with lid, pressure cook, etc.

Tick the correct answer.

Question 2.
(i) Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of minerals?
(a) They are created by natural processes.
(b) They have a definite chemical composition.
(c) They are inexhaustible.
(d) Their distribution is uneven.
Answer:
(c) They are inexhaustible.

(ii) Which one of the following is a leading producer of copper in the world?
(a) Bolivia
(b) Ghana
(c) Chile
(d) Zimbabwe
Answer:
(c) Chile

(iii) Which one of the following practices will NOT conserve LPG in your kitchen?
(a) Soaking the dal for some time before cooking it.
(b) Cooking food in a pressure cooker.
(c) Keeping the vegetables chopped before lighting the gas for cooking.
(d) Cooking food in an open pan kept on low flame.
Answer:
(d) Cooking food in an open pan kept on low flame.

Question 3.
Give reasons.

  1. Environmental aspects must be carefully looked into before building huge dams.
  2. Most industries are concentrated around coal mines.
  3. Petroleum is referred to as “black gold”.
  4. Quarrying can become a major environmental concern.

Answer:

  1. Environmental aspects must be carefully looked into before building huge dams because it can create imbalance and deforestation may happen. Humans, wild animals become displaced.
  2. Most industries are concentrated around coal mines because it ensures the availability of fuel and transportation costs get reduced.
  3. Petroleum is referred to as “black gold” because in the crude form it is in black colour and its derivatives are extremely valuable such as petroleum. Different products of petroleum are used in are day to day life such as petrol, diesel, kerosene.
  4. Quarrying can become a major environmental concern because pits are not covered so they may cause environmental threats after quarrying.

Question 4.

Distinguish between the followings.

  1. Conventional and
  2. Biogas and natural gas
  3. Ferrous and nonferrous minerals
  4. Metallic and nonmetallic minerals

1.

Conventional Sources of energy Non-conventional N Sources of energy
From long time they have been used. These sources have been identified in recent past.
These are mostly polluting. These are non-polluting
Firewood, coal are the examples. Wind energy, solar energy, tidal energy are the examples.

2.

Biogas Natural Gas
It is a non- conventional source of energy. It is a conventional source of energy.
It is a renewable source. It is a non-renewable source.
It is obtained from the decaying of the organic waste. It is a by-product which is obtained from the extraction of petroleum.

3.

Ferrous Minerals Non-ferrous N minerals
Minerals which contain iron are Ferrous minerals. Minerals which do not contain iron are Non- ferrous minerals.
Iron ore is a ferrous mineral. Limestone is a non- ferrous mineral.
These are magnetic in nature. These are non-magnetic in nature.
India has abundant of ferrous minerals. India is deficient of non-ferrous mineralsv

4.

Metallic Minerals Non-metallic Minerals
In raw form, metals are found. It does not contain metals.
New products can be obtained by melting them. On melting, they do not give new products.
These are associated with igneous rocks. These are associated with sedimentary rocks.
Bauxite is a metallic mineral. Gypsum is a non-metallic mineral.

 

Question 5.
Activity

  1. Use pictures from old magazines to show different kinds of fuels used by us in our lives and display them on your bulletin board.
  2. Design a poster highlighting energy conservation tips you would take for your school.
  3. Salma’s class took up an action campaign to do an energy audit of their school by surveying electricity consumption. They prepared survey sheets for the students of the school.

Answer:
Students need to do it on their own.

JAC Class 8th Geography Mineral and Power Resources Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions 

Question 1.
Minerals are
(a) naturally occurring substances that have definite chemical compositions.
(b) artificially made substances that have a definite chemical compositions.
(c) human made substances that have definite chemical compositions.
(d) liquids and gases that are found everywhere.
Answer:
(a) naturally occurring substances that have definite chemical compositions.

Question 2.
Physical properties of minerals are
(a) population and economy.
(b) pollution and political factors.
(c) colour, density, hardness, and chemical properties such as solubility.
(d) weather and plant action.
Answer:
(c) colour, density, hardness, and chemical properties such as solubility.

Question 3.
The process of simply digging out minerals such as lead and coal that lie near the surface of the earth is called.
(a) drilling
(b) quarrying
(c) open cast mining
(d) none of these
Answer:
(b) quarrying

Question 4.
The colour of a rock if it contains a large amount of copper is.
(a) green
(b) quarrying
(c) silver
(d) red
Answer:
(b) quarrying

Question 5.
The world’s leading tin producers are:
(a) India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan
(b) India, China, and USA
(c) China, USA, and Austral
(d) China, Malaysia, and Indonesia
Answer:
(d) China, Malaysia, and Indonesia

Question 6.
Aluminum, obtained from its ore bauxite is used in.
(a) automobiles
(b) buildings
(c) airplanes
(d) all of these
Answer:
(d) all of these

Question 7.
The ways to conserve minerals so that they may also be available to future generations are
(a) reuse, reduce use, and recycle.
(b) reuse and recycle.
(c) reduce use and recycle.
(d) none of these
Answer:
(a) reuse, reduce use, and recycle.

Question 8.
The disadvantages of using firewood as a fuel are:
(a) It is polluting and promotes the greenhouse effect.
(b) It takes time to collect.
(c) It results in deforestation.
(d) All of these
Answer:
(a) It is polluting and promotes the greenhouse effect.

Question 9.
Natural gas is usually found with deposits of .
(a) firewood
(b) iron ore
(c) petroleum
(d) coal
Answer:
(c) petroleum

Question 10.
The main parts in a hydro-electric power station:
(a) a generator, a turbine, and a motor
(b) a water reservoir, a turbine, and a motor
(c) a generator, a rocket, and a turbine
(d) a water reservoir, a turbine, and a generator
Answer:
(d) a water reservoir, a turbine, and a generator

Very Short Answer Type Questions 

Question 1.
How many types of minerals have been identified and how many are considered as ore minerals?
Answer:
There are around 2,800 types of minerals which have been identified and only about 100 are considered ore minerals.

Question 2.
Which country has no minerals?
Answer:
Switzerland has no known minerals.

Question 3.
Which country is the largest producer of bauxite in the world?
Answer:
Australia is the largest producer of bauxite in the world.

Question 4.
What are the two naturally occurring radioactive elements?
Answer:
Uranium and Thorium are the two naturally occurring radioactive elements.

Question 5.
Which is the most abundantly found fossil fuel?
Answer:
The most abundantly found fossil fuel is coal.

Question 6.
In which place of India has huge tidal mill farms?
Answer:
Gulf of Kachchh in India has huge tidal mill farms.

Question 7.
Name the first country to develop hydroelectricity in the world.
Answer:
Norway was the first country in the world to develop hydroelectricity in the world.

Question 8.
Name two areas in Australia which have large deposits of gold.
Answer:
Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie areas of western Australia have the largest deposits of gold.

Question 9.
Where is the site of the world’s first solar and wind powered bus shelter?
Answer:
The site of the world’s first solar and wind powered bus shelter is in Scotland.

Question 10.
Name the places where the geothermal power plants located in India.
Answer:
In India, geothermal plants are located in Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh and Puga Valley in Ladakh.

Short Answer Type Questions 

Question 1.
CNG is considered an eco-friendly fuel. Why?
Answer:
Compressed natural gas (CNG) is a popular eco-friendly fuel because it causes less pollution than petroleum and diesel.

Question 2.
Give one advantage and one disadvantage of geothermal energy.
Answer:
Advantage – Clean, eco-friendly and always available. Disadvantages – Located far away from cities and so costly to transport the electricity.

Question 3.
What are the main types of power resources?
Answer:
The main types of power resources are conventional and non-conventional resources.

Question 4.
Explain in brief the mineral salt?
Answer:
The mineral salt is obtained from seas, lakes and rocks. India is one of the world’s leading producers and exporters of salt.

Question 5.
Coal is known as “buried sunshine”. Why?
Answer:
Coal is known as “Buried Sunshine” because the coal which we are using today was formed millions of years ago when giant ferns and swamps got buried under the layers of earth.

Question 6.
“All minerals are rocks but all rocks are not minerals”. Justify in brief.
Answer:
All minerals are rocks but all rocks are not minerals because more than 2,800 types of minerals have been identified but only about 100 are considered ore minerals which can be used.

Question 7.
Minerals are considered non. renewable. Why?
Answer:
Minerals are a non-renewable resource because it takes thousands of years for the formation. The rate of formation is much smaller than the rate at which the humans consume these minerals.

Question 8.
How do we get nuclear energy?
Answer:
We get nuclear power from energy stored in the nuclei of atoms of naturally occurring radioactive elements like uranium and thorium. These fuels undergo nuclear fission in nuclear reactors and emit power.

Question 9.
What are the nuclear power stations in India.
Answer:
The nuclear power stations in India are located in Kalpakkam in Tamil Nadu, Tarapur in Maharastra, Ranapratap Sagar near Kota in Rajasthan, Narora in Uttar Pradesh and Kaiga in Karnataka.

Question 10.
Distinguish between a rock and an ore.
Answer:
Difference between a rock and an ore:

A rock Ail ore
A rock is an aggregate of one or more minerals but without definite and fixed composition of constituent of mineral. Rocks from which minerals are mined are called ores.


Long Answer Type Questions 

Question 1.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of
(a) Coal
(b) Crude oil
Answer:
(a) Coal
Advantages

  • It is extensively available.
  • It is efficient to convert to electricity.
  • It offers a low capita investment.
  • It is a full time energy resource.

Disadvantages

  • It is a source of pollution.
  • It is bulky to transport.
  • It is not a renewable resource.
  • It creates high level of radiation.
  • Clean coal also has high level of methane.

(b) Crude oil Advantages

  • It is easier to transport such as tankers are used.
  • It is the basis of petro-chemical industry.
  • It can be extracted easily.
  • It is a powerful source of energy. Disadvantages
  • Depletion of oxygen due to oil spillage.
  • Pollutants released caused acid rain.
  • Exploration of new fuel is not easy.
  • It is a non-renewable source.

Question 2.
Briefly explain the method of extraction.
Answer:
The method of extraction consists of mining, drilling and quarrying.
(i) Mining:
The process of taking out minerals from rocks which are buried under the earth’s surface is called mining. Open-cast mining Minerals that lie at shallow depths are taken out by removing the surface layer, this is known as open-cast mining.

Shaft mining :
Deep bores called shafts have to be made to reach mineral deposits that lie at great depths. This is known as shaft mining.

(ii) Drilling:
Petroleum and natural gas occur far below the earth’s surface. Deep wells are bored to take them out. This process is known as drilling.

(iii) Question uarrying :
Minerals that lie near the surface are simply dug out, by the process known as quarrying.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 8 Devotional Paths to the Divine

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions History Chapter 8 Devotional Paths to the Divine

JAC Class 7th History Devotional Paths to the Divine InText Questions and Answers

Page 105

Question 1.
You can observe this process of local myths and legends receiving wider acceptance even today. Can you find some examples around you?
Answer:
Do it yourself. (Hint :Hinduism, the religion of the majority of the citizens of India, has varied faith whose local rituals and traditions are diverse.); Folk religion in Hinduism many explain the ’rationale behind local religious practices,and contain local myths that explain the existence of local religious customs or the location of temples.

Page 106

Question 2.
How does the poet describe his relationship with the deity?
Answer:
The poet feels his lord inside his body. Due to this reason, the poet is set free from sorrow, birth, death and illusion. He believes that nobody can separate him from God and salvaged with the light of the blessings of God.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 8 Devotional Paths to the Divine

Page 107

Question 3.
Try and find out more about the ideas of Shankara or Ramanuja.
Answer:
Shankara or Shankaracharya

  • He was bom to a poor Brahmana couple in Kerala. He was one of the most authoritative and powerful philosophers of south India. He presented the idea of Advaita wich means idea of oneness of the individual soul and Supreme God. He believed, that a person could understand the ultimate reality and attain salvation only after following the path of renunciation and acquiring knowledge. Maya was neither an existence nor a non-existence and wasa therfore indescribable.
  • Ramanuja
  • Ramanuja was bom in Tamil Nadu. He was influenced by Alvars. He taught that an extreme devotion to God would help to attain salvation. He also gave the idea of Vishishtadvaita which means the soul remains distinct even after union with God.

Question 4.
What is the temple that Basavanna is offering to God?
Answer:
Basavanna is offering the temple of his body to his God. According to him, his legs are pillars, his body the shrine, and head a Cupola of gold.

Page 109

Question 5. Discuss the ideas about the social order expressed in these compositions.
Answer:
The ideas expressed by these composition are that God lives in the heart of all people irrespective of their caste, creed or gender. He treats the weak as his children which are in fact God themselves. If someone discriminates with these people then he should be ashamed of his own deed.

Page 115

Question 6.
Why do you think Mirabai left the Rana’s palace?
Answer:
Mirabai was a Rajput princess married into the royal family of Mewar. But she never liked the life of a palace. Hence, she left it and became a disciple of Ravidas, a saint from a caste considered “untouchable”. She, devoted her life to Lord Krishna and composed innumerable bhajans expressing her intense devotion. Her songs also openly challenged the norms of the ‘upper’ castes and became popular with the ordinary people. Once Mirabai drunk the poison sent by her husband. Still she did not die. The incident became very popular. People thought that she was saved by Lord Krishna. Thus she was proved to a true devotee.

Question 7.
In what ways are the ideas in this poem similar to or different from those of Basavanna and Jalaluddin Rumi?
Answer:
Similarity

  • The idea of this poem stress on equality and against Brahmanas dominance and caste system. The central ideas of Kabir, Basavanna and Jalauddin Rumi emphases that the God resides within one’s heart. It cannot be found anywhere else on this earth.
    Difference
  • No need to keep fast on Ramzan as Allah lives in the heart and not outside.

Page 120

Question 8.
Imagine, you are attending a meeting where a saint is discussing the caste system. Relate the conversation.
Answer:
The main points of the conversation are:

  • Origin of the Caste system started from vama system.
  • Division in the society.
  • Caste conflicts’.
  • Major ill effects of the caste system.
  • How to remove the caste evils.

JAC Class 7th History Devotional Paths to the DivineTextbook Questions and Answers

( Let’s Recall)

Question 1.
Match the following:

The Buddha namghar
Shankaradeva worship of Vishnu
Nizamuddin Auliya questioned social differences
Nayanars Sufi saint
Alvars worship of shiva

Answer:

The Buddha questioned social differences
Shankaradeva namghar
Nizamuddin Auliya Sufi saint
Nayanars worship of Shiva
Alvars worship of Vishnu

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:
(a) Shankara was an advocate of…..
(b) Ramanuja was influenced by the……
(c)…….. and …… were advocates of Virashaivism.
(d)…….. was an important centre of the Bhakti tradition in Maharashtra.
Answer:
(a) Advaita
(b) Alvars
(c) Basavanna, Allama Prabhu, Akkamahadevi
(d) Vitthala temple in Pandharpur.

Question 3.
Describe the beliefs and practices of the Nathpanthis, Siddhas and Yogis.
Answer:
The beliefs and practices of the Nathpanthis, Siddhas and Yogis were:

  • They recommended the renunciation of the world.
  • They fully believed that the path of salvation lay on meditation ‘ on the formless reality and the accomplishment of oneness with it.
  • They recommended intense training of the mind and body through Yogasanas, meditation and breathing exercises to achieve salvation.
  • They did not believe in conventional religion and rituals.

Question 4.
What-were the major ideas expressed by Kabir? How did he express these?
Answer:
Kabir’s teachings were based on a complete, indeed intense, rejection of the major religious traditions. His teachings openly questioned all forms of external worship of both Brahmanical Hinduism and Islam, the pre-eminence of the priestly classes and the caste system. Kabir believed in a formless Supreme God and preached that the only path to salvation was through bhakti or devotion.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 8 Devotional Paths to the Divine

He expressed these ideas through poetry and bhajans. The language of his poetry was in the form of hindi widely understood by ordinary people. Sometimes he used cryptic language which was difficult to understand. We get the information about his ideas from a huge collection of verses called sakhis and pads. It is said that it has been composed by Kabir itself and sung by wandering bhajan singers. Some of them were collected and preserved in the Guru Granth Sahib, bijak and Panch Vani.

(Let’s Understand)

Question 5.
What were the’ major beliefs and practices of the Sufis?
Answer:
The major beliefs and practices of the Sufis were:

  • Sufis sought union with God.
  • They also composed poems like the saint did, expressing their feelings and a rich literature in prose including anecdotes and fables developed around them.
  • They often rejected the detailed rituals and codes of behaviour demanded by the Muslim religion scholar.
  • They developed detailed methods of training using Zikr means chanting of a name or sacred formula, contemplation, sama means singing, raqs means dancing, discussion of parables, breath control, etc. under the guidance of a pir or master.
  • Hence, emerged the silsilas, a genealogy of Sufi teachers each following a little different method or tariqa of ritual practice.

Question 6.
Why do you think many teachers rejected prevalent religious beliefs and practices?
Answer:
Many teachers rejected prevalent religious beliefs and practices because such beliefs advocated social differences, where the lower castes were oppressed by the upper castes. They believed in the power of personal devotion and felt attracted by the idea of a Supreme God, which believed that the only path to salvation was through bhakti or devotion.

Question 7.
What were the major teachings of Baba Guru Nanak?
Answer:
The major teachings of Baba Guru Nanak were:

  • Baba gave special attention to the importance of the worship of one God.
  • He insisted that caste, creed or gender was immaterial for attaining salvation. It was based on the persuit ‘ of active life with a strong sense of social commitment.
  • He gave more importance to right belief, worship, honest living and helping others.
  • Baba Guru Nanak also promoted the idea of equality.
  • Nam, dan and isnan were the essence of his teaching which means right worship, welfare of others and purity of conduct.
  • His teachings are now remembered as nam-japna, kirt-kama and vandchhakna, which also underline the importance of right belief and worship, honest living, and helping others. Thus, Baba GuruNanak’s idea of equality had social and political implications.

(Let’s Discuss)

Question 8.
For either the Virashaivas or the sants of Maharashtra, discuss their attitude towards caste.
Answer:
The Virashaivas or the sants of Maharashtra, their attitude towards caste were as follows:

  • They believed in the equality for all people.
  • Humanistic attitude was present in both of them.
  • They were against the Brahmanical ideas about the conduct and behaviour of women and castes.
  • Their belief was that Bhakti means sharing others’ pain.
  • During the thirteenth to the seventeenth ‘centuries, Maharashtra saw a great number of saint-poets who rejected all forms of ritualism, outward display of piety and social differences based on birth.
  • They always wished for society where people whether they are rich or poor, high or low could live in harmony and peace.

Question 9.
Why do you think ordinary people preserved the memory of Mirabai?
Answer:
Ordinary people preserved the memory of Mirabai because:

  • She was married into a royal family as she was a Rajput princess. But, she had no interest in the worldly affairs.
  • She was devoted to Krishna and composed many bhajans expressing her ardent devotion.
  • Her devotion to her god was supreme. She lived a very simple life with the ordinary people.
  • Her songs had challenged the upper caste and became very popular with the common people in Rajasthan and Gujarat.

(Let’s Do)

Question 10.
Find out whether in your neighbourhood there are any dargahs, gurudwaras or temples associated with saints of the bhakti tradition in your neighbourhood. Visit any one of these and describe what you see and hear.
Answer:
Need to do it yourself. (Hint : seen many people going their with devotion and do prayer and hear preaching of religious people with great devotion).

Question 11.
For any of the saint-poets whose compositions have been included in this chapter, find out more about their works, noting down other poems. Find out whether these are sung, how they are sung, and what the poets wrote about.
Answer:
We have read about many saint-poets who were bhakti saint or sufi saint. We learnt about Kabir, Tulsidas, Baba Guru Nanak, Mirabai and Surdas. Their religious works such as poems, bhajans are read out and sung at religious places by bhakti singers and poets. We hear these songs in television and radio.

Also, read many books about them. Kabrr’s dohas are very famous. Most of his work were concerned with devotion, mysticism and discipline. One of his famous doha has been translated: ‘Worry is such a thief that it eats one’s heart. What can a doctor do? How far will his medicine reach?’

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 8 Devotional Paths to the Divine

Question 12.
There are several saint-poets whose names have been mentioned but their works have not been included in the chapter. Find out more about the language in which they composed, whether their compositions were sung, and what their compositions were about.
Answer:
Need to do it yourself. (Hint: Marathi saints such as Dnyaneshwar (Gyaneshwar), Namdev, Eknath and Tukaram as well as women like Sakhubai and the family of Chokhamela, who belonged to the “untouchable” Mahar caste. All sung in Marathi. Mirabai in Rajasthani. Surdas in Brijbhasha).

JAC Class 7th History Devotional Paths to the Divine Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
There were………Nayanars.
(a) 63
(b) 53
(c) 43
(d) 73
Answer:
(a) 63

Question 2.
The Virashaiva movement started in
(a) Punjab
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Karnataka
(d) Kerala
Answer:
(c) Karnataka

Question 3.
Ghazzali was a
(a) great mathematician of Central Asia
(b) great Sufi saint of North India
(c) great Sufi saint of South Asia
(d) great Sufi saint of Central Asia
Answer:
(c) great Sufi saint of South Asia

Question 4.
Kabir’s bhajans were preserved in
(a) Punch Vani
(b) Bijak
(c) Guru Granth Sahib
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 5.
Vitthala is a form of
(a) Vishnu
(b) Ganesha
(c) Shiva
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Vishnu

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 8 Devotional Paths to the Divine

Question 6.
The teachers of Chishti Silsilas was / were
(a) Baba Farid
(b) Question utubuddin Bakhtiar Kaki
(c) Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti
(d) All of these
Answer:
(b) Question utubuddin Bakhtiar Kaki

Question 7.
The Puranic stories mainly consists of
(a) legends
(b) local myths
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Neither (a) nor (b)
Answer:

Question 8.
Ramcharitramanas of Tulsidas is written in
(a) Sanskrit
(b) Awadhi
(c) Bhojpuri
(d) Marathi
Answer:
(d) Marathi

Question 9.
The word ‘langar ’ means
(a) tution centre
(b) health centre
(c) common place of worship
(d) common kitchen
Answer:
(d) common kitchen

Question 10.
Hagiography means
(a) writing of the lives of saints
(b) study of pictures
(c) writing on gods
(d) study of writing
Answer:
(a) writing of the lives of saints

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by monotheism?
Answer:
Submission to one God is called as monotheism.

Question 2.
What do you understand by Shariyat?
Answer:
The holy law developed by muslim scholars are called as Shariyat.

Question 3.
Who started Virashaiva movement?
Answer:
Virashaiva movement was started by Basavanna and his companions such as Allama Prabhu and Akkamahadevi.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 8 Devotional Paths to the Divine

Question 4.
What do you understand by namghars?
Answer:
Namghars are the houses of recitation and prayer, a practice that continues till date.

Question 5.
List some of the famous Sufi saints.
Answer:
Some of the famous Sufi saints are Nizamuddin Auliya, Baba Farid, Khwaza Muinuddin Chisti, Bakhtiar Kaki, etc.

Question 6.
Who were Alvaras and Nayanars?
Answer:
The saints who were devoted to Vishnu and Shiva were Alvaras and Nayanars respectively.

Question 7.
Which Guru compiled the composition of Guru Nanak?
Answer:
Guru Angad compiled the composition of Guru Nanak.

Question 8.
What do you mean by nam, dan and isnanl
Answer:
By nam, dan and isnan we mean right worship, welfare of others and purity of conduct respectively.

Question 9.
What is the name of the earliest example of Tamil literature which was composed during the early centuries of the Common Era?
Answer:
Sangam literature is the earliest Tamil literature which was composed during the early centuries of the Common Era.

Question 10.
What do you understand by silsilas?
Answer:
An ancestary of Sufi teachers where each of them follow a little different method or tariqa of instruction and ritual practice is called as silsilas.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by Advaita?
Answer:
A Vedic belief that identifies the individual self means atma with the ground of reality means brahman. The Indian philosopher Shankara was an advocate of Advaita. He contemplated the world around us to be an illusion or maya and taught renunciation of the world and adoption of the path of knowledge to understand the true nature of Brahman and attain salvation.

Question 2.
Who was Ramanuj a and what was his idea?
Answer:
In the eleventh century, Ramanuja bom in Tamil Nadu and was deeply influenced by the Alvars. According to him the best means of attaining salvation was through intense devotion to Vishnu. He introduced the doctrine of Vishishtadvaita means qualified oneness in that the soul even when united with . the Supreme God remained distinct definite.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 8 Devotional Paths to the Divine

Question 3.
Who was Shankaradeva?
Answer:
In late fifteenth century, Shankaradeva of Assam highlighted and gave special importance to devotion of Vishnu and composed poems and plays in Assamese. He also began the practice of setting up namghars which were houses of recitation and prayer and that practice still continues to date.

Question 4.
How and when did Khalsa Panth emerge?
Answer:
In the seventeenth century, the Sikh movement began to get politicized and a development which reached at its peak gave rise to the institution of the Khalsa by Gum Gobind Singh in 1699. The community of the Sikhs was called the Khalsa Panth which became a political entity.

Question 5.
What is the similarity between Bhakti Movement and Sufism?
Answer:
The similarity between Bhakti Movement and Sufism are the following:

• Both of them believed in the service of God.
• Both of them believed in the spiritual development.
• Both of them considered truthful in the parampara of Guru Shishya.

Question 6.
What were the ideas and teachings of the saints of Maharashtra?
Answer:
The saints of Maharashtra rejected all forms of ritualism, outward display of piety and faith and social differences based on birth. Moreover, they even rejected the idea of renunciation and preferred to live with their families, earning their livelihood like any other people while serving fellow human beings in need.

Question 7.
Why do you think that most of the followers of Guru Nanak were artisans, agriculturists, traders, artisans and craftsperson?
Answer:
Most of the followers of Gum Nanak were artisans, agriculturists, traders and craftsperson because Gum Nanak was determined that his followers must be householders and should adopt productive and useful occupations. People should have an active life with a strong sense of social commitment.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 8 Devotional Paths to the Divine

Question 8.
People turn to the teachings of the Buddha or the Jainas during the medieval period. Why do they did that?
Answer:
There was a belief that social benefits come from birth in a ‘noble’ family or a ‘high’ caste which was the subject of many learned texts. Most of the people were uneasy with such ideas and turned to the teachings of the Buddha or the Jainas. According to which it was possible to prevail over social dissimilarity and break the cycle of rebirth through personal effort.

Question 9.
What are Khanqahs and why those were made?
Answer:
Houses were made for travellers to take rest especially made in religious order. Assemblies were held in Khanqahs by Sufi masters. Devotees of all disciplines assembled and gathered to this place. It included the ordinary and common people, members of royal and noble families. Here, they discussed matters such as spiritual, took the blessings of the saints or be there to attend the cultural activities such as dance and music.

Question 10.
Chola and Pandya kings contributed for the growth of the Bhakti movement. How did they do that?
Answer:
In between the tenth and twelfth centuries, the Chola and Pandya kings built many elaborate temples around most of the shrines which was visited by the saint-poets, helped in strengthening the links between the bhakti tradition and temple worship.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain in brief on new religious developments in north India.
Answer:
In the thirteenth century, in north India a new’ wave of the Bhakti movement began. This was a time when Brahmanical Hinduism, Islam, Sufism, various strands of Bhakti and the Nathpanths, Siddhas and Yogis influenced each other. Ordinary and common people such as peasants, craftspersons, artisans, traders, etc., showed their interest in listening to these new saints. Kabir and Baba Guru Nanak were against orthodox religious practices. Tulsidas and Surdas accepted existing beliefs and practices but wanted to make these accessible to all.

Tulsidas was a devotee of Rama. His Ramacharitmanas is a very unique creation. Surdas was a whole hearted devotee of Krishna. His compositions compiled in the Sursagara, Sursaravali and Sahitya Lahari, expresses his devotion. Shankaradeva of Assam emphasised devotion to Vishnu and composed poems and plays in Assamese. He began the practice of setting up namghars means houses of recitation and prayer. Other important saints such as Dadu Dayal, Ravidas and Mirabai were present.

Mirabai was a Rajput princess and was married into the royal family of Mewar in the 16th century. She became a disciple of Ravidas, an untouchable saint. She devoted her life to Lord Krishna. She composed a number of bhajans expressing her ardent devotion. A special feature of most of the saints is that their works were composed in regional languages and could be sung easily. Hence, they became very popular among the common people.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 8 Devotional Paths to the Divine

Question 2.
Explain the teachings of the Bhakti saint Kabir.
Answer:
The Bhakti saint Kabir’s teachings were based on a complete, indeed ardent and rejection of the major religious traditions:

  • His teachings openly denied all forms of external worship of both Brahmanical Hinduism and Islam, the pre-eminence of the priestly classes and the caste system.
  • The language of his poetry was a form of spoken Hindi which was widely understood by ordinary and common people. He also sometimes used cryptic language, which was difficult to understand and follow.
  • He believed in a formless Supreme God and preached that the only path to salvation and liberation was through bhakti or devotion.
  • He drew his followers from among both Hindus and Muslims.
  • His teachings reflect the secular values of life.
  • We came to know about his ideas from a huge collection of verses called sakhis and pads which is said to have been composed by him and sung by wandering bhajan singers.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 3 The Delhi Sultans

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions History Chapter 3 The Delhi Sultans

JAC Class 7th History The Delhi Sultans InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Do you think the circle of justice is an appropriate term to describe the relationship between the king and his subjects?
Answer:
Yes, the circle of justice is an appropriate term to describe the relationship between the king and his subjects.

Page 33

Question 2.
Express Minhaj’s ideas in your own words. Do you think Raziyya shared these ideas? Why do you think it was so difficult for a woman to be a ruler?
Answer:
According to Minhaj, God has created a social order in which man’s subordinate is woman. Therefore, a women like Raziyya does not have right to rule. It is against the ideal social order created by God. Raziyya did not share these ideas. It was very difficult for a woman to be a ruler because of the social set up at that time and women were considered as subordinate to men.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 3 The Delhi Sultans

Page 35

Question 3.
How complete and effective was its control over such a vast territory?
Answer:
Except under the rule of Allauddin Khalji, the Sultanate did not have complete and much effective control over such a vast territory.

Question 4.
Compare Figures 2, 3, 4 and 5. What similarities and differences do you note amongst the mosques? The mosques in Figures 3,4 and 5 show an evolution in architectural tradition that culminates in Shah Jahan’s mosque in Delhi (see F”ig. 7 in Chapter 5).
JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 3 The Delhi Sultans 1
Similarities:

  • Every mosque has a huge entrance door and gates are almost similar in shape.
  • These are extended to both sides of the corridor.
    Differences:
  • From Fig. 2 to Fig. 5, the designs of the entrance door becomes complex and complicated.
  • In Fig. 3, 4 and 5, the small window over the entrance door can be seen. Fig. 3 shows three such windows and Fig. 4 and 5 shows only one window.
  • Over the entrance door, there is a boundary around the dome seen only in Fig. 5.

Page 38

Question 5.
Can you think of any reason why a slave would be better than a son?
Answer:
In the old days of master, a well-brought up slave always serves better than the son.

Question 6.
Why do you think Barani criticized the Sultan?
Answer:
Barani citicised Sultan because Sultan Muhammed Tughluq appointed lower caste, or base-bom people to the higher administrative post by ignoring the nobles.

Page 40

Question 7.
Describe the ways in which the chieftains arranged for their defence. The ways in which the chieftains arranged for their defence are as under:

  • The chieftains fortified themselves in mountains, in rocky, uneven and rugged places as well as in bamboo groves.
  • The bamboo grove forest served as ramparts, inside with people lived with their cattle and their crops.
  • Also rain, water was collected to fulfil water needs. Very hard to cut. This made it a suitable and most defensive place to live in.

Question 8.
Imagine you are a peasant in Alauddin Khalji’s or Muhammad Tughluq’s reign and you cannot pay the taxes demanded by the Sultan. What will you do?
Answer:
If I were a peasant in Alauddin Khaliji’s reign, I would try to save my life because I might have captured by Sultan’s men and would be severely punished. If I were a peasant in Muhammad Tughluq’s region, I would join the rebel against the Sultan.

JAC Class 7th History The Delhi Sultans Textbook Questions and Answers

( Let’s Recall)

Question 1.
Which ruler first established his or her capital at Delhi?
Answer:
Ananga Pala (Tomaras) of the Rajput Dynasty first established his capital at Delhi.

Question 2.
What was the language of administration under the Delhi Sultans?
Answer:
The language of administration under the Delhi Sultans was Persian.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 3 The Delhi Sultans

Question 3.
In whose reign did the Sultanate reach its farthest extent?
Answer:
During the reign ofMuhammad Tughluq, the Sultanate reached its farthest extent and had marched across a large part of the subcontinent. They defeated the rival armies and seized several cities. The Sultanate also collected taxes from the peasantry and dispensed justice in its realm.

Question 4.
From which country did Ibn Battuta travel to India?
Answer:
Ibn Battuta travelled from Morocco (Africa) to India.

(Let’s Understand)

Question 5.
According to the “circle of justice”, why was it important for military commanders to keep the interests of the peasantry in mind?
Answer:
According to the “circle of justice”, it was important for military commanders to keep the interests of the peasantry in mind because the salaries which were paid to the military came from the revenue collected from the peasants and peasants could pay the revenue only when they were prosperous and happy. Thus, the military commanders promoted justice and honest governance.

Question 6.
What is meant by the “internal” and “external” frontiers of the Sultanate?
Answer:
The “internal” frontiers of the Sultanate means the consolidation of the hinterlands of the garrison towns. During these campaigns, forests were cleared in the Ganga-Yamuna doab and hunter-gatherers and pastoralists were expelled from their habitat and these lands were handed over to the peasants. They also promoted regional trade through the establishment of New fortresses and garrison towns. External frontier of the Sultanate means that it aims at the military journey of the Sultanate in southern India during the reign of Alauddin Khalji which started with Muhammad Tughlaq.

Question 7.
What were the steps taken to ensure that muqtis performed their duties? Why do you think they may have wanted to defy the orders of the Sultans?
Answer:
The steps that were taken to ensure that muqtis performed their duties were:

(i) To lead military campaigns and maintain law and order in their iqtas.

(ii) The muqtis had to coh ct the revenues of their assignments as salary in exchange for their military services and had to pay their soldiers from these revenues.

(iii) Control over muqtis was most effective if their office was not inheritable and if they were assigned iqtas for a short period of time before being shifted.

(iv) They wanted to defy the orders of the Sultans because there were many restrictions imposed on them. Accountants were appointed to check the amount collected by them for the state. They made sure that muqtis collected only the taxes prescribed by the state.

Question 8.
What was the impact of the Mongol invasions on the Delhi Sultanate?
Answer:
It led to military and market reforms under Allauddin Khalji. The impact of the Mongol invasions on the Delhi Sultanate was that the Delhi Sultanate posed a big administrative challenge. They mobilized a standing army in Delhi. Alauddin Khalji constructed a garrison town at Siri for his soldiers. He imposed taxes on land to feed the army at the rate of fifty percent of peasant’s yield. He began to pay the army in cash. Also, Muhammad Tughluq converted Delhi into a garrison town and shifted people of Delhi to Daulatabad in south. He also disbanded the army. He also planned to invade Mongol capital in Transoxiana, but plan was aborted.

(Let’s Discuss)

Question 9.
Do you think the authors of tawarikh would provide information about the lives of ordinary men and women?
Answer:
The authors of tawarikh would not provide information about the lives of ordinary men and women because the authors lived in cities and not in touch with village people so much. They often wrote about the Sultans to get rich rewards and nothing to do with the ordinary people.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 3 The Delhi Sultans

Question 10.
Raziyya Sultan was unique in the history of the Delhi Sultanate. Do you think women leaders are accepted more readily today?
Answer:
Raziyya Sultan was really unique in the history of the Delhi Sultanate. Nowa-days, women leaders are accepted more readily because now people are more educated and know the potential of women. Even in rural areas, we now see Sarpanch and councillors.

Question 11.
Why were the Delhi Sultans interested in cutting down forests? Does deforestation occur for the same reasons today?
Answer:
The Delhi Sultans cleared the forests in the Ganga-Yamuna doab and gave these lands to peasants in order to uplift and encourage agriculture. They also established new towns and fortresses in these lands to protect trade routes and to promote regional trade. No. deforestation does not occur for the same reasons today. Nowadays, due to over-population, urbanisation and commercialization, vegetation area is being reduced.

(Let’s Do)

Question 12.
Find out whether there are any building built by the Delhi Sultans in your area. Are there any other buildings in your area that were built between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries? Describe some of these buildings, and draw sketches of them.
Answer:
With the help of teachers and parents, students can visit their city and prepare the list themselves.

JAC Class 7th History The Delhi Sultans Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The phrase which define the relationship between the king and his subjects is called as
(a) Circle of Administration
(b) Circle of Loyalty
(c) Circle of Justice
(d) Circle of Confidence
Answer:
(c) Circle of Justice

Question 2.
Bandagon is a Persian word for…….
(a) client
(b) soldier
(c) slave
(d) administrator
Answer:
(c) slave

Question 3.
Alauddin Khalji built the Siri Fort in Delhi to
(a) provide accommodation to growing population
(b) defend city from Mongol invasions
(c) protect people from Rajput invasions ‘
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) defend city from Mongol invasions

Question 4.
Among the following who was not a Turkish ruler?
(a) Raziyya
(b) Balban
(c) Iltutmish
(d) Khizr Khan
Answer:
(a) Raziyya

Question 5.
Delhi Sultanate’s foundation was laid
(a) in the beginning of eleventh century
(b) in the beginning of twelfth century
(c) in the beginning of thirteenth century
(d) at the end of thirteenth century
Answer:
(c) in the beginning of thirteenth century

Question 6.
Raziyya became Sultan in
(a) 1336
(b) 1246
(c) 1225
(d) 1236
Answer:
(d) 1236

Question 7.
Tax on cultivation was known as
(a) Tax
(b) Kharaj
(c) Revenue
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Kharaj

Question 8.
The cities built by the Delhi Sultans were
(a) Siri
(b) Jahanpanah
(c) Delhi-Kuhna
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 9.
Muhammad-bin Tughlaq’s successor was
(a) Firuz Shah Tughlaq
(b) Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
(c) Ibn Batuta
(d) Alauddin Khalji
Answer:
(a) Firuz Shah Tughlaq

Question 10.
Raziyya Sultan was dethroned in
(a) 1210
(b) 1230
(c) 1220
(d) 1240
Answer:
(d) 1240

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 3 The Delhi Sultans

Question 1.
How many dynasties were there in Delhi Sultanate?
Answer:
There were five dynasties in Delhi Sultanate.

Question 2.
Under which dynasty, Delhi became the first capita] city?
Answer:
Under Tomara Rajputs, Delhi became the first capital city.

Question 3.
What is Delhiwal?
Answer:
Coins minted in the city which were widely circulated were called delhiwal.

Question 4.
Who were the authors of “tawarikh ”?
Answer:
The authors of tawarikh were learned men like secretaries, administrators,poets and courtiers, who re ounted events and advised rulers on governance.

Question 5.
Who was Sultan Iltutmish’s daughter?
Answer:
Raziyya was Sultan Iltutmish’s daughter.

Question 6.
What do you mean by hinterland?
Answer:
The land near to a city or port that supplyit with goods and services is known as hinterland.

Question 7.
Which famous traveller came from Morocco, Africa in the fourteenth century?
Answer:
The famous traveller who came fromMorocco, Africa in the fourteenth century was Ibn Battuta.

Question 8.
In which period Tughlaq dynastyruled?
Answer:
From 1320 -1414, Tughlaq dynastyruled.

Question 9.
During prayers, Muslims in Indiaface which side and why?
Answer:
During prayers, Muslims in India facewest side because Mecca is in that direction.

Question 10.
When was the mosque, Jamali Kamali built?
Answer:
It was built in late 1520s.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What was the role of bandagan inDelhi Sultanate?
Answer:
Sultan Iltutmish favoured bandagan as they were trained to some of the very important positions in the kingdom. They were totally dependent on their master, hence the king could rely and trust upon them.

Question 2.
When Delhi became an importantcity and why?
Answer:
Delhi became an important city intwelfth century. It was under Tomaras important commercial centre. Many rich people, mainly merchants lived in the city and constructed several temples. Coins had a wide circulation here as they were minted here.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 3 The Delhi Sultans

Question 3.
What were the reasons that promptedMuhammad-bin Tughluq to shift the capital to Daulatabad?
Answer:
The main reasons that promptedMuhammad-bin Tughluq to shift the capital to Daulatabad were:

  1. Since it was located in the centre of empire, Muhammad-bin Tughlaq felt that he would be able to control and administer the empire better and in a good position from Daulatabad.
  2. The Mongols were a continuous threat to Delhi. Daulatabad would be safe from Mongol attacks.

Question 4.
Mention the types of taxes collectedunder Delhi Sultanate.
Answer:
There were three types of taxes collectedunder Delhi Sultanate:
(a) On cattle
(b) On houses
(c) On cultivation called Kharaj and amounting to. about half of the peasant’s produce.

Question 5.
Why do you think it was necessaryto reinforce the idea of community’ among Muslims?
Answer:
It was necessary to reinforce the ideaof community among Muslims because they came from variety of backgrounds. Question 6: Why was Raziyya not accepted as a Sultan in spite of being talented?
Answer:
Raziyya became Sultan in 1236. Shewas the daughter of Sultan Iltutmish and was very talented and qualified more than her brothers. According to Minhaj- i-Siraj, though she was more talented than her brothers, she was not accepted as a ruler. Those days women were not allowed to enjoy independent identityand were supposed to be subordinate to men. Hence, she was dethroned in 1240.

Question 7.
Why Barani criticized the SultanMuhammad Tughlaq?
Answer:
Ziyauddin Barani, a mid-fourteenthcentury chronicler, criticized the appointments as a sign of the Sultan’s loss of political judgement and decisions and his incapacity to rule. Sultan Muhammad Tughluq appointed these people who didn’t know anything about politics—Aziz Khummar, a wine distiller, Firuz Hajjam, a barber, Manka Tabbakh, a cook, and two gardeners, Ladha and Pira, to high administrative posts.

Question 8.
Why were the accountants appointed by the state during the reigns of Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad Tughlaq? What was the salary of the Muqtis?
Answer:
To check the amount of revenuecollected by the muqtis, accountants were appointed by the state. As a salary, the muqtis collected the revenue of their assignments.

Question 9.
What were the four stages involved inthe preparation of a manuscript?
Answer:
Four stages in the preparation of amanuscript are as follows:

  1. Preparing the paper.
  2. Writing the text, description of an event.
  3. Melting gold to highlight important words and passages.
  4. Preparing the binding.

Question 10.
Why do you think that large parts of the subcontinent remain out of control of the Delhi Sultans? What were the consequences?
Answer:
The large parts remained outside the subcontinent of the Delhi Sultans because they were very far. It was difficult to control Bengal from Delhi. The consequences were many. This paved the way for distant territories to become independent. Even in the Gangetic plain there were forested areas that Sultanate forces could not penetrate. It was a golden opportunity for the local chieftains to establish their power and rule in respective territories.

Long Answer Type Questions 

Question 1.
Describe briefly “Three Orders”which was formulated in France.
Answer:
The “Three Orders” was first formulatedin France in the early eleventh century. Three classes were made to divide the society. They were those who prayed, those who fought, and those who tilled the land. This was supported by the Church to consolidate its dominant role in society. This helped the emergence of a new warrior group called knights. The church used them to propagate their idea of “Peace of God”. The aim was to direct warriors away from disputes amongst themselves and send them instead on a campaign against the Muslims who had captured the city of Jerusalem.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 3 The Delhi Sultans

Question 2.
What measures did Alauddin Khalji took to achieve his goals to become second Alexander and conquer the world? How far did he succeed?
Answer:
Alauddin Khalji became king in 1296.He was very ambitious. Measures taken to achieve the goals were:

  • He tried to win the loyalty of the noble and curb their power.
  • He tried to conquer Rajasthan and Deccan.
  • He tried to force the Mongols to go back.
  • To achieve this, he needed a large sum of money and to earn it he had to have more revenues and for which he took the following measures:
  • The land taxes were raised on the wealthier people of Doab.
  • He made it very clear that if anyone showed the sign of disloyalty, that person would not be spared.
  • He even controlled the prices of the goods so that no one can make large profits and everyone could pay the price he demanded.
  • He ordered a new judgement of the cultivated land and the revenue. Hence, he was able to keep the record of the revenue amount collected by various persons and had a control over it.
  • He also kept a check on the revenue which the nobles got from their land and did not allow them to keep anything more than that.

Question 3.
Who was Sher Shah Suri? What was phenomenal about his administration?
Answer:
Sher Shah Suri (1540-1545) started his career as the manager of a small territory for his uncle in Bihar and eventually challenged and defeated the Mughal emperor Humayun twice (1530-1540, 1555-1556). Sher Shah captured Delhi and established his own dynasty. Though the Suri dynasty ruled for only fifteen years (1540-1555), it introduced an administration that borrowed elements from Alauddin Khalji and made them more efficient and productive. Sher Shah Suri’s administration became the model followed by the great emperor Akbar (1556-1605) when he consolidated the Mughal Empire.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 7 Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions History Chapter 7 Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities

JAC Class 7th History Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities InText Questions and Answers

Page 92

Question 1.
On a physical map of the subcontinent, identify the areas in which tribal people may have lived.
Answer:
Students need to do it themselves. (Hint: Tribes used to live in forests, hills, deserts and places different to reach. Therefore, you can search such areas on the physical map of the subcontinent and mark them.)

Page 95

Question 2.
Find out how grain is transported from villages to cities at present. In what ways is this similar to or different from the ways in which the Banjaras functioned?
Answer:
At present, grains are transported from villages to cities in trucks, trains, etc. The present-day method of transportation is much faster than the method of Banjaras who used bullock- carts for grain transportation.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 7 Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities

Page 99

Question 3.
Discuss why the Mughals were interested in the land of the Gonds.
Answer:
The Mughals were interested in the land of the Gonds because:

  • It’ was in central part of the subcontinent.
  • Garha Katanga was a rich state. It earned much wealth by trapping and exporting elephants to other kingdoms.
  • Mughals ruled over the northern part and they wished to expand their control over the southern kingdoms as well.
  • In order to achieve that, they first had to control in the central part of the subcontinent which was ruled by Gonds.

Page 100

Question 4.
Why do you think the Mughals tried to conquer the land of the Ahoms?
Answer:
The Mughals tried to conquer the land of the Ahoms because:

  • Ahoms ruled the north-east region of the subcontinent, Mughals tried to expand their control in the entire subcontinent hence tried to conquer the land of Ahoms.
  • Their land was fertile and produced a variety of crops.
  • The land was a rich source of forest produce and animals such as elephants which were war animals and this also led the Mughal to attack on the land of Ahoms.

Page 101

Question 5.
Imagine, you are a member of a nomadic community that shifts residence every three months. How w ould this change your life?
Answer:
Think due to nomadic life, my education would be highly disturbed otherwise I would have to live in a hostel. That would result in the separation of the family. I would get a chance to see my new places, to go through unknown, unexplored forests. Therefore, my life would be changed in both positive and negative manners.

JAC Class 7th History Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities Textbook Questions and Answers

( Let’s Recall)

Question 1.
Match the following:

garh khel
tanda chaurasi
labourer caravan
clan Garha Katanga
Sib Singh Ahom state
Durgawati paik

Answer:

garh chaurasi
tanda caravan
labourer paik
clan khel
Sib Singh Ahom state
Durgawati Garha Katanga

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:
(a) The new castes emerging within varnas were called………
(b) ……… were historical works written by the Ahoms.
(c) The …….. mentions that Garha Katanga had 70,000 villages.
(d) As tribal states became bigger and stronger, they gave land grants to…….. and
Answer:
(a) Jatis
(b) Buranjis
(c) Akbar Nama
(d) poets, scholars

Question 3.
State ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.
(a) Tribal societies had rich oral traditions.
(b) There were no tribal communities in the north western part of the subcontinent.
(c) The chaurasi in Gond states contained several cities.
(d) The Bhils lived in the north-eastern part of the subcontinent.
Answer:
(a) True
(b) False
(c) False
(d) False

Question 4.
What kinds of exchanges took place between nomadic pastoralists and settled agriculturists?
Answer:
Nomadic pastoralists moved over long distances with their animals and lived on milk and other pastoral products. They exchanged wool, ghee, etc., with settled agriculturists for grain, cloth, utensils and other products.

(Let’s Understand)

Question 5.
How was the administration of the Ahom state organised?
Answer:
The administration of the Ahom state was organised in the following manner:

  • The administration became centralized in the first half of the seventeenth century.
  • They depended upon forced labour. Those who were forced to work for the state were known as paiks.
  • The society was divided into clans or Khels.
  • People from densely populated area were shifted to less populated area.
  • Ahom clans were thus broken.
  • Most of the adult males served the army during war.
  • The peasants were given land by his village community and even king could not take his land without the permission of the community

Question 6.
What changes took place in varna- based society?
Answer:
The following changes took place in varna-based society:

  • Varna-based society and tribal people constantly interacted with each other.
  • Within varna, smaller castes or jatis emerged.
  • Many social groups and tribes were taken into caste based society and given the status of jatis.
  • Instead of varna, jatis became the basis of organizing the society.
  • A separate jati of specialized artisans such as smiths, masons, carpenters were acknowledged by the Brahmanas.
  • New Rajput clans became powerful among the Kshatriyas.
  • Many dominant tribes of Punj ab, Sind and North-west Frontier rejected the caste system and adopted Islam.
  • Most of the tribes became the part of the caste system but only the leading tribal families could join the ruling class. Majority of the population joined the lower jatis.

Question 7.
How did tribal societies change after being organised into a state?
Answer:
The tribal societies changed after being organised into a state in many ways. With the help of the following societies we can understand better:
Gond Society

  • Gradually the equal society of Gond got divided into unequal social classes.
  • Brahmanas became more influential and powerful as they received land grants from Gond Rajas.
  • The Gond chiefs now wished to be acknowledged as Rajputs. Ahom Society
  • The society was very sophisticated. Poets and scholars were given land grants.
  • Theatre was also encouraged.
  • The influence of Brahmanas increased. Temples and Brahmanas were granted land by the king. Hinduism became the predominant religion during the reign of Sib Singh. But after adopting Hinduism, the kings did not give up their traditional beliefs.

(Let’s Discuss)

Question 8.
Were the Banjaras important for the economy?
Answer:
The Banjaras were the most important trader nomads. The caravan of the banjaras was called tanda. Sultan Alauddin Khalji used the Banjaras to transport grain to the city markets. They carried grain on their bullocks from different areas and sold it in towns. They transported food grain for the Mughal army during military campaigns. They bought grains where it was cheaply available and carried it to places where it is dearer and .later, again reloaded their oxen with anything that can be profitably sold in other places.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 7 Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities

Question 9.
In what ways was the history of the Gonds different from that of the Ahoms? Were there any similarities?
Answer:
The history of the Gonds was different from that of the Ahoms in the following ways:

  • The Gond society was not as much developed as the Ahom society. The Ahoms built a large state by using firearms. They could even make high quality gunpowder and cannons.
  • The Ahom society was veiy sophisticated. Poets and scholars were given land grants. Theatre was encouraged. We do not find traces of these things in the Gond society.
  • Similarities between the Gonds and Ahoms:
  • Both were capable of building large states.
  • Both faced Mughal attacks. Both were defeated by the Mughals, despite their brave defence.
  • Both of them granted land to the ‘ Brahmanas, who became very influential and powerful.
  • We find the centralised administration in the history of the Gonds as well as the Ahoms.

(‘Let’s Do)

Question 10.
Plot the location of the tribes mentioned in this chapter on a map. For any two, discuss whether their mode of livelihood was suited to the geography and the environment of the area where they lived.
Answer:
Many tribes lived in different parts of India. See the map given below

  • The tribes settled temporarily at the places which suited them as per their need and livelihood. Whenever, they found the environment or their mode of living conditions unfavourable, they migrated to other suitable places.
  • Could see Kolis and Beards lived in Maharashtra and Karnataka. Most of the Bhils became settled agriculturists and some remained hunter-gatherers.

Question 11.
Find out about present-day government policies towards tribal populations and organise a discussion about these.
Answer:
Present-day government policies towards tribal populations are very positive and beneficial:

  • Facilities like roads, water,electricity have been increased in the tribal areas.
  • Education is being spread in the tribal areas.
  • The government is working actively for the overall upliftment of the tribal populations. Many organisations have been set up.
  • The government has enforced reservation for them in government jobs. They are now joining the mainstream of the society.
  • The government is also determined to protect their cultural and social traditions.

Question 12.
Find out more about present-day nomadic pastoral groups in the subcontinent. What animals do they keep? Which are the areas frequented by these groups?
Answer:
Present-day nomadic pastoral groups in the sub-continent are Gaddi shepherds living in the western Himalayas, Gujjar-Bakarwals, living in Jammu & Kashmir, Banjaras living in Rajasthan. These nomadic people keep sheep, goats, camels, horses and cows. They frequently visit Kumaon region of Uttarakhand, Jammu & Kashmir and Rajasthan.

JAC Class 7th History Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The most important tribe in the later years of Punjab
(a) Gonda
(b) Gakkhars
(c) Khokhar
(d) Langahs
Answer:
(b) Gakkhars

Question 2.
………….. was the son of Rani Durgawati.
(a) Bir Narain
(b) Dalpat
(c) Aman Das
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Bir Narain

Question 3.
The famous General who defeated the Cheros in 1591 was
(a) Akbar
(b) Jahangir
(c) Raja Man Singh
(d) Sib Singh
Answer:
(c) Raja Man Singh

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 7 Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities

Question 4.
Sib Singh was an important ruler of the
(a) Kolis
(b) Bhils
(c) Gonds
(d) Ahoms
Answer:
(d) Ahoms

Question 5.
…….. prescribed the rules of the ‘varna ’ system.
(a) The Vaishyas
(b) The Brahmanas
(c) The Kshatriyas
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) The Brahmanas

Question 6.
The means of livelihood of tribes were
(a) Ashing
(b) they bought things which they needed from traders
(c) survived on special grants given by the kings
(d) agriculture and hunting gathering
Answer:
(d) agriculture and hunting gathering

Question 7.
Two more important and powerful tribes were Mundas and Santals, they were from
(a) Jharkhand, Orissa (now Odisha), Bengal
(b) Jharkhand, Bengal, Assam
(c) Kerala and Tamil Nadu
(d) Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan
Answer:
(a) Jharkhand, Orissa (now Odisha), Bengal

Question 8.
The shepherd tribe of …. lived in western Himalayas.
(a) Balochis
(b) Arghuns
(c) Khokhar
(d) Gaddis
Answer:
(d) Gaddis

Question 9.
The Gonds practiced
(a) Subsistence cultivation
(b) Plantation cultivation
(c) Shifting cultivation
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Shifting cultivation

Question 10.
divided the Ahom society.
(a) khels
(b) barhots
(c) garhs
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) khels

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 2.
Which tribe was powerful in north-west?
Answer:
The Balochis tribe was powerful in the north-west.

Question 3.
Which all tribes lived in extreme south? Where does the Kutiya Khond tribe live?
Answer:
In south, there were large tribal populations of Koragas, Vetars, Maravars and many others. Kutiya Khond tribe lived in Odisha.

Question 4.
What do you understand by tribes?
Answer:
The societies which did not followed the social rules and rituals prescribed by the Brahmanas nor divided into many classes are called as tribes.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 7 Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities

Question 5.
Who all are specialized artisans?
Answer:
The specialized artisans were the masons, carpenters and smiths.

Question 6.
Which tribe introduced new method of rice cultivation?
Answer:
The Ahom tribe introduced new method of rice cultivation.

Question 7.
Which things did the Mughals captured by defeating the Gonds?
Answer:
The things which the Mughals captured by defeating the Gonds were precious coins and elephants.

Question 8.
How Garha Katanga became a rich state?
Answer:
Garha Katanga became a rich state by earning huge wealth by trapping . and exporting wild elephants to other kingdoms.

Question 9.
What do you mean by tandal
Answer:
The most important trader nomads were the Banjaras. Their caravan was called tanda.

Question 10.
Who defeated the Cheros?
Answer:
Mughal forces under Aurangzeb captured many Chero fortresses and defeated the tribe.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by paiksl To which region they belong to?
Answer:
The Ahoms depended upon the forced labour and those who were forced to work for the state were called paiks. They belonged to Ahom state.

Question 2.
What do you mean by itinerant groups?
Answer:
Itinerant groups, such as craftspersons, pedlars and entertainers travel from place to place practising their different occupations.

Question 3.
Write in short the administrative system of Gond kingdom.
Answer:
The administrative system of the Gond kingdom was becoming centralized. The kingdom was divided into garhs and each garh was controlled by a specific Gond clan. This was again divided into units of 84 villages called chaurasi. The chaurasi was further subdivided into barhots which were made up of 12 villages each.

Question 4.
Describe in brief the term ‘khel’ in context to Ahom society.
Answer:
Ahom society was divided into clans or khels. Artisans in the Ahom areas came from the adjoining kingdoms as there were very few castes of artisans. A khel often controlled many villages. The peasant was given land by his village community. Even the king could not take it away without the community’s consent.

Question 5.
Banjaras were used by Sultan Alauddin Khilji and the Mughals. How?
Answer:
To transport grains to the city markets, Sultan Alauddin Khilji used the Banjaras. The Banjaras under the Mughals carried grains on their bullocks from different areas and sold it in towns. They also transported food grains to Mughal army during military campaigns.

Question 6.
In what way the present day historians use to write tribal histories?
Answer:
Contemporary historians and travellers give very less information about tribes. A few exceptions apart, mostly tribal people did not keep written records but they preserved rich customs and oral and verbal traditions. These were passed down to each new generation. Present day historians have started using such oral and verbal traditions to write tribal histories.

Question 7.
Who were Ahoms and how did they managed to build a large state?
Answer:
In .the thirteenth century, the Ahoms relocated to the Brahmaputra valley from present-day Myanmar. They created a new state by overpowering the older political system of the bhuiyans which means landlords. During the sixteenth century, they annexed the kingdoms of the Chhutiyas (1523) and of Koch-Hajo (1581) and defeated many other tribes.

Question 8.
What were the occupation of Ahom society.
Answer:
Most of the adult males served in the army during war. At other times, they were engaged in building dams, irrigation systems and other public works. They also introduced new methods of rice cultivation. These were the occupation of Ahoms.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 7 Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities

Question 9.
Briefly discuss how did the tribes earn their livelihood.
Answer:
Agriculture was the main source of livelihood of many tribes. Some were hunter-gatherers or herders. Most of the time they combined these activities to make full use of the natural resources of the area in which they lived. Some of the tribes were nomadic and moved from one place to another. A tribal group controlled land and pastures jointly and divided these amongst households according to its own rules.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain in detail about the tribal people found in different parts of subcontinent.
Answer:
Tribal people were found in most of the region of the subcontinent.

  • In Punjab, the Khokhar tribe was very influential during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Later, the Gakkhars became more important.
  • The Langahs and Arghuns were found in Multan and Sind and dominated extensive regions before they were defeated by the Mughals.
  • In the north-west, the Balochis were another large and very powerful tribe.
  • In the western Himalayas, the shepherd tribe of Gaddis were present.
  • The distant north-eastern part of the subcontinent too was entirely dominated by tribes such as the Nagas, Ahoms and many more.
  • In many areas of present-day Bihar and Jharkhand by the twelfth century, Chero chiefdoms had emerged.
  • The Mundas and Santals were among the other important tribes that lived in this region and also in Orissa and Bengal.
  • In the Maharashtra highlands, Gujarat and Karnataka, Kolis, Berads and numerous others were found.
  • Further south there were large tribal populations of Koragas, Vetars, Maravars and many others.
  • Across western and central India, the large tribe of Bhils were spread. The Gonds were found in great numbers across the present-day states of Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh.

Question 2.
In which way the religious differences occur over the years in state?
Answer:
The religious differences occurred over the years in the state in the following ways:

  • Initially, the Ahoms worshipped their own tribal gods and followed their own rituals and traditions.
  • During the first half of the seventeenth century, the influence of Brahmanas increased.
  • At the same time, temples and Brahmanas were granted lands by the king. And, gradually, Brahmanas became powerful.
  • During the reign of Sib Singh, Hinduism became a predominant religion.
  • Even after variations in religion, the kings did not comply completely and give up their beliefs after adopting Hinduism.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 New Kings and Kingdoms

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 New Kings and Kingdoms

JAC Class 7th History New Kings and Kingdoms InText Questions and Answers

Page 16

Question 1.
Locate the Gurjara-Pratiharas, Rashtrakutas, Palas, Cholas and Chahamanas (Chauhans). Can you identify the present-day states over which they exercised control?
Answer:
Yes, we can identify the present statesover which they exercised and control are as under:
Gurjara-Pratiharas: Western Uttar Pradesh; Northern madhya Pradesh Rashtrakutas—Maharashtra, Central Madhya Pradesh, Northern Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka Palas—Bengal and North east of India Cholas—Tamil Nadu Chahamanas (Chauhans)—Eastern Rajasthan, Delhi, Haryana, Punjab

Page 17

Question 2.
Do you think being born as a Kshatriya was important in order to become a ruler during this period?
Answer:
Yes, as rulers and warriors belonged to Kshatriya group.

Page 18

Question 4.
In what ways was this form of administration different from the present-day system?
Answer:
In the present system the administration is run by the elected governments in most of the countries or states. Resources are from different taxes and tariffs on producers, consumers and citizens. Then these resources are used for developing the state and providing facilities to the citizens. Nowadays, no one can compel any labour or worker to work. If someone does so or violates the law or doesn’t follow the rules and regulations, then the person can be punished by the judiciary.

Page 19

Question 5.
Also, see if you can find some of the areas mentioned in the inscription on Map 1. Other rulers made similar claims as well. Why do you think they made these claims?
Answer:
Yes, we can find some areas mentioned in the inscription on Map 1. Rulers had to control over large regions hence, other rulers also rpade similar claims.

Page 20

Question 6.
List all the possible sources of irrigation mentioned in the inscription, and discuss how these might have been used.
Answer:
The possible sources of irrigation mentioned in the inscription are digging of small and large wells, construction of canals, rivers, fish ponds. They might have been used by making earthen embankments and planting trees. Huge tanks were constructed to collect rainwater.

Page 21

Question 7.
Look at Map 1 and suggest reasons why these rulers wanted to control Kanauj and the Ganga valley.
JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 New Kings and Kingdoms 1
Answer:
Kanuaj was a veiy fertile and prized region so there was a struggle to control Kanuaj in the Ganga valley region in between Rashtrakutas, Gurjaras- Pratiharas and Palas.

Question 8.
Look at Map 1 again and discuss why the Chahamanas may have wanted to expand their territories?
Answer:
The Chahamanas might have wanted to expand their territories to gain power and become incomparable so that no ruler could fight with them.

Page 27

Question 9.
Do you think women participated in these assemblies? In your view are lotteries useful in choosing members of committees?
Answer:
Women didn’t participated in these assemblies because in inscriptions and documents it is not mentioned about the women’s role. No, lotteries are not useful to choose members of committees. The best way is through elections.

Question 10.
Were there any Brahmanas in this hamlet? Describe all the activities that were taking place in the village? Why do you think temple inscriptions ignore these activities?
Answer:
There were no Brahmanas in this hamlet. The activities that were taking place in this village are drum making, working in paddy field, agrarian labour, etc. These were considered insignificant hence temple inscriptions ignored these activities.

Question 11.
In w hat ways was this system different from those prevalent in the Indian subcontinent?
Answer:
The difference is that the T’ang dynasty used a system known as bureaucracy of merit to select its officials whereas the dynasties present in the Indian subcontinent which were the Gupta’s and the Wardhan dynasty used a system of selecting officials in which the sons succeeded their father’s, i.e., hereditary.

Question 12.
Imagine you are present in an election for a sabha. Describe what you see and hear.
Answer:
To be done by students themselves.

JAC Class 7th History New Kings and Kingdoms Textbook Questions and Answers

( Let’s Recall)

Question 1:
Match the following:

Gurj ara-Pratiharas Western Deccan
Rashtrakutas Bengal
Palas Gujarat and Rajasthan
Cholas Tamil Nadu

Answer:

Gurj ara-Pratiharas Gujarat and Rajasthan
Rashtrakutas Western Deccan
Palas Bengal
Cholas Tamil Nadu

Question 2.
Who were the parties involved in the “tripartite struggle”?
Answer:
Gurjara-Pratihara, Rashtrakuta and Pala dynasties were the parties involved for control over Kanauj in the “tripartite struggle”.

Question 3.
What were the qualifications necessary to become a member of a committee of the sabha in the Chola Empire?
Answer:
The qualifications necessary to become a member of a committee of the sabha in the Chola Empire were

  1. He should be owner of a land from which land revenue is collected.
  2. He should have his own home.
  3. He should be between 35 and 70 years of age.
  4. He should have knowledge of the Vedas.
  5. He should be well-versed in administrative matters and honest.
  6. He should not be a member of any committee in the last three years.
  7. He must have submitted details of his as well as his relatives account to the authority.

Question 4.
What were the two major cities under the control of the Chahamanas?
Answer:
The two major cities that were under the control of the Chahamanas were Delhi and Ajmer.

(Let’s Understand)

Question 5.
How did the Rashtrakutas become powerful?
Answer:
The Rashtrakutas become powerful in the following way:

  1. They were the subordinates or samantas of the Chalukyas of Karnataka. They provided military support to their kings. Gradually, they gained power and wealth.
  2. They declared themselves to be maha- samantas, maha- mandaleshvara.
  3. Later in the mid-eighth century, Dantidurga, a Rashtrakuta chief, performed a ritual hiranya-garbha and over ruled the Chalukya overlord. After the ritual was over he was reborn as Kshatriya, even if he was not by birth.

Question 6.
What did the new dynasties do to gain acceptance?
Answer:
In the 7th century, big landlords and warrior chiefs came into power. They were subordinates of the existing kings and were known as samantas. Gradually, they gained power and wealth and declared themselves as maha-samanta and maha-mandaleshvara. Later on, they overruled their kings and established their .

own Kingdom. For example, Dantidurga, a Rashtrakuta chief, overthrew his Chalukya overlord and performed a ritual called hiranya- garbha and became the ruler. Also, men from enterprising families used their military skills to carve out kingdoms. Kadamba Mayurasharman and Gurjara- Pratihara Harichandra, were brahmans who successively established kingdoms in Karnataka and Rajasthan respectively.

Question 7.
What kind of irrigation works wre developed in the Tamil region?
Answer:
The kind of irrigation works developed in the in the Tamil region were such as the wells were dug, tanks were constructed to store rain water and canals were made. All this work required, planning, organising labour and resources.
Decisions were taken collectively on the usage of water. New rulers and people took active interest in these activities.

Question 8.
What were the activities associated with Chola temples?
Answer:
The Chola temples were the nuclei of settlements growing around them which included centres of craft production. Temples were also endowed with land by rulers as well as by others. The produce of the land was used for the maintenance of the priests, garland makers, cooks, sweepers, musicians, dancers etc who were associated with the temples and used to work for them. Hence temples were not simply the place of worship. They were also the hub of economic, social and cultural life as well.

(Let’s Discuss)

Question 9.
Look at Map 1 once more and find out whether there were any kingdoms in the state in which you live.
Answer:
As per the student’s state, the answer will vary hence they have to give their own answer. Suppose, you are living in Delhi. Then, can show that it was ruled by Chauhana dynasty (11th -12th century). Prithviraj Chauhan was the most popular King.

Question 10.
Contrast the “elections” in Uttaramerur with present day panchayat elections.
Answer:

Uttaramerur election (Tamil Nadu)
In this . election, the names of the members elected by the sabha member were written on a palm leaf and put into the earthen pot and from which a young boy was asked to pick the tickets and members were elected.

Present day panchayat (Tamil Nadu)
In this election, nomination forms are filled and submitted by the member who wish to contest elections. These are held on fixed date. Votes are given to the candidates and those who get maximum number of votes are declared as winner or elected.

(Let’s Do)

Question 11.
Compare the temple shown in this chapter with any present-day temple in your neighbourhood, highlighting any similarities and differences that you notice.
JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 New Kings and Kingdoms 2
Answer:
Similarities are

  1. Idols of gods and goddesses
  2. Brahmanas do the pujas in the temple.

Differences are:

Early period temple Present day temple
Sculptures were exclusive and unique. Common sculptures.
Various people were there like priests, musicians, dancers, cook, sweepers, etc. Only priests can be seen.
Images were one of the important features on the wall. No images on the wall.
Pyramid-like shape. Triangle-like shape.

Question 12.
Find out more about taxes that are collected at present. Are these in cash, kind, or labour services?
Answer:
Nowadays we pay a number of taxes like property tax, road tax, service tax, entertainment tax, water tax, GST, VAT, etc. These taxes are in cash only and not in kind of labour services.

JAC Class 7th History New Kings and Kingdoms Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Samantas become powerful in
(a) 7th century
(b) 9th century
(c) 11th century
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) 7th century

Question 2.
The subordinates of Chalukyas were called as
(a) Gurjara-Pratiharas
(b) Palas
(c) Rashtrakutas
(d) Cholas
Answer:
(c) Rashtrakutas

Question 3.
The inscriptions of the Cholas who ruled in Tamil Nadu refer to more than ………. terms for different kinds of taxes.
(a) 300
(b) 200
(c) 100
(d) 400
Answer:
(d) 400

Question 4.
A long Sanskrit poem of the twelfth century contains the history of kings who ruled over
(a) Kashmir
(b) Tamil Nadu
(c) Uttar Pradesh
(d) Rajasthan
Answer:
(a) Kashmir

Question 5.
The officials generally recruited for collecting revenues and army were from .
(a) brahmana families
(b) tribal people
(c) influential families
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) influential families

Question 6.
Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni from Afghanistan ruled from
(a) 990 to 1030 CE
(b) 991 to 1030 CE
(c) 985 to 1020 CE
(d)987 to 1030 CE
Answer:
(b) 991 to 1030 CE

Question 7.
The best-known Chahamana ruler was
(a) Rajaraja
(b) Dantidurga
(c) Prithviraja III
(d) Ramraja I
Answer:
(c) Prithviraja III

Question 8.
A minor chiefly family called as the Muttaraiyar were subordinates to the
(a) Cholas
(b) Pallavas
(c) Pandyan
(d) Palas
Answer:
(b) Pallavas

Question 9.
Brahmanas were rewarded by land grants which were recorded on
(a) iron plate
(b) silver plate
(c) gold plate
(d) copper plate
Answer:
(d) copper plate

Question 10.
The prized area was the city of in the Ganga valley.
(a) Kanauj
(b) Calcutta (now Kolkata)
(c) Allahabad
(d) Banaras (now Varanasi)
Answer:
(a) Kanauj

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean byprashastis?
Answer:
The inscriptions that were written in praise of someone or something, mostly for rulers or kings.

Question 2.
What was the name of Rashtrakuta chief who overthrew his Chalukya overlord?
Answer:
Dantidurga was the Rashtrakuta chief who overthrew his Chalukya overlord.

Question 3.
Who all were involved in ‘tripartite struggle’?
Answer:
Rulers belonging to the Gurjara- Pratihara, Rashtrakuta and Pala dynasties were involved in the ‘tripartite struggle’.

Question 4.
Where did Chahamans ruled?
Answer:
They ruled over the region around Delhi and Ajmer.

Question 5.
Who wrote ‘Kitab-ul Hind’?
Answer:
A scholar named Al-Biruni wrote it.

Question 6.
Vijayalaya built which town and a temple for which goddess?
Answer:
V ijayalaya built the town of Thanjavur and a temple for goddess Nishumbhasudini.

Question 7.
What were the titles given by Chola kings to some rich landowners?
Answer:
Mnvendavelan (a velan or peasant serving three kings), araiyar (chief), etc., were the titles given by Chola kings to some rich landowners.

Question 8.
What is vellanvagai?
Answer:
A land of non-Brahmana peasant proprietors. It is mentioned in the Cholas inscription.

Question 9.
In which century, Periyapuranam, a Tamil work was written about the lives of ordinary people?
Answer:
In twelfth century, Periyapuranam, a Tamil work was written about the lives of ordinary people.

Question 10.
Who was defeated by Prithviraj HI in 1191?
Answer:
An Afghan ruler named Sultan Muhammad Ghori was defeated in 1191 by Prithviraj III.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who were known as Samantas?
Answer:
T here were big landlords or warriorchiefs in different regions of the subcontinent in the 7th century. Existing kings often acknowledged them as their subordinates or Samantas.

Question 2.
Which kind of irrigation works were developed in the Tamil area?
Answer:
Various methods were used for irrigation. In some areas, wells were dug, in other places big tanks were constructed to collect rainwater. Embankments were built to prevent flooding and canals were constructed to carry water to fields.

Question 3.
For the states what were the different sources of revenue?
Answer:
The different sources of revenue for the state came from cattle-keepers, peasants and artisans who were the producers. They were forced to surrender whatever they produced. Traders also had to pay the revenue.

Question 4.
What do you mean by ‘ur’? What is nadu?
Answer:
Settlements of peasants, who became prosperous with the spread of irrigation agriculture are known as ‘ur’. And, groups of such villages formed larger units known as nadu.

Question 5.
Write the types of taxes which were collected by Cholas.
Answer:
The types of taxes which were collected by Cholas:
(a) Kadamai
(b) Vetti (taken in the form of forced labour)
(c) Land revenue

Question 6.
Who was Muhammad Ghazni?
Answer:
Muhammad Ghazni was an Afgan Sultan. He ruled from 997 to 1030, and controlled over parts of Central Asia, Iran and the north-western part of the subcontinent. He raided the wealthy temples, including that of Somnath, Gujarat.

Question 7.
What do you mean by Brahmadeya?
Answer:
Brahmadeya means land gifted to Brahmanas. An assembly or sabha of prominent Brahmana landholders were made to look after each brahmadeya
and they worked very efficiently and effectively. Inscriptions were often made on the stone walls of temples where their decisions were recorded in details.

Question 8.
How temples played an important role during the Chola kingdom?
Answer:
Rajaraja I, and his son Rajendra built two great temples of Thanjavur and Gangaikonda-cholapuram. They were the centres of craft production and also controlled the financial aspects which were related to them. They became the hub of economic, social and cultural life as well apart from religious activities.

Question 9.
Who were responsible for doing different functions of administration including dispensing justice and collecting taxes? Which caste exercised control over the affairs of the nadu under the supervision of the central Chola government?
Answer:
The village council and the nadu were responsible for doing different functions of administration including, dispensing justice and collecting taxes. Rich peasants of the Vellala caste exercised control over the affairs of the nadu under the supervision of the central Chola government.

Question 10.
When and how did the new class of rulers emerged in the seventh century?
Answer:
A new class emerged in the seventh century as they were given the titles of samantas or subordinates by the existing rulers. These were big landlords or warriors. Later, they gained power and wealth and declared themselves to be maha-samantas or maha-mandaleshwara. Gradually, they asserted independence and established their own kingdom.

Question 11.
Who was Nagabhata? Where do we find the details of Nagabhata?
Answer:
Nagabhata was a Pratihara king. We find the details of Nagabhata in one of the prashastis written in Sanskrit and found in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh. He exploited a lot.

Long Answer Type Questions 

Question 1.
Kings often rewarded Brahmanas by grants of land. What instructions were given along with the land?
Answer:
Kings often rewarded Brahmanas by grants of land. These were recorded on copperplates, which were given to those who received the land. The instructions in written from is as under: We have demarcated the boundaries of the land by making earthen embankments, as well as by planting thorny bushes. This is what the land contains: fruit-bearing trees, water, land, gardens and orchards, trees, wells, open spaces, pasture-land, a village, anthills, platforms, canals, ditches, rivers, silt-laden land, tanks, granaries, fish ponds, bee hives, and deep lakes.

He who receives the land can collect taxes from it. He can collect the taxes imposed by judicial officers as fines, the tax on betel-leaves, that on woven cloth, as well as on vehicles. He can build large rooms, with upper stories made of baked bricks, he can get large and small wells dug, he can plant trees and thorny bushes, if necessary, he can get canals constructed for irrigation. He should ensure that water is not wasted, and that embankments are built.

Question 2.
Describe the achievements of Rajaraja I, the Chola king.
Answer:
The achievements of Rajaraja I, the Chola king were:
He attacked the kingdom of the Pandyas, Cheras and part of Mysore (now Mysuru) as well. He realized the importance of controlling the sea. He would be stronger if he could control over the South India. He also campaigned towards north in the Deccan during the reign of Vengi. Coast of Kerala, Ceylon (currently Sri Lanka) had good fortune which come to them through trade. India sent spices, precious stones, textiles, etc., to western Asia which helped him to gain more power and wealth.

Question 3.
Why were the Kaveri river important for the Cholas? Why embankments had to be built in the delta areas?
Answer:
The Kaveri river was important for the Cholas because of many reasons. The Cholas became successful through new developments in agriculture. The Kaveri river overflow frequently depositing fertile soil on their banks. Water from the channels also provide the necessary moisture for agriculture, particularly the cultivation of rice. It branches off several channels before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. To prevent flooding, embankments had to be built in the delta areas.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years

JAC Class 7th History Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Look at the areas in the interior of the subcontinent on Map 2. Are they as detailed as those on the coast? Follow the course of the River Ganga and see how it is shown. Why do you think there is a difference in the level of detail and accuracy between the coastal and inland areas in this map?
JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years 1
Answer:
No, the areas are not as detailed as those oh the coast. The European merchants and sailors who used this map, did not go to the inland places of the subcontinent much as they interacted with the coastal areas. Hence, the level of detail and accuracy of coastal areas is better than the inland areas, in the map.

Page 3

Question 2.
Can you think of any other words whose meanings change in different contexts?
Answer:
Yes, word-Ruler (King) Ruler (Law makers)

Page 4

Question 3.
When was paper more expensive and easily available in the thirteenth or the fourteenth century?
Answer:
The paper was expensive in 13th century and in 14th century it was easily available.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years

Question 4.
Of the technological, economic, social and cultural changes described in this section, which do you think were most significant in the town or village in which you live?

Answer:
Secondary occupations are done in town and in villages they do primary occupations such as agriculture.

Question 5.
Why do you think rulers made such claims?
Answer:
They were real rulers of the country. They were supreme. No other ruler could fight them. They showed others that they are the most powerful rulers. That is why, they made such claims.

Question 6.
Make a list of the languages mentioned by Amir Khusrau. Prepare another list of names of languages spoken today in the regions he mentioned. Underline names that are similar and circle those that are different.
Answer:
Languages mentioned by Amir Khusrau are Lahori, Sindhi, Kashmiri, Dvarsamudri, Gujari, Gauri, Hindawi. List of names of languages spoken today in the regions are Kashmiri, Awadhi, Pahari, Himachali, Punjabi, Gujarati, Sindhi, Marathi, Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Oriya, Assamese, English, Tamil, Telegu, Gurkhati, Lepena. Similar are Awadhi, Kashmiri, Sindhi Different are Remaining all.

Question 7.
Did you notice that the names by which languages are known have changed over time?
Answer:
Yes, most of them have changed over time.
Answer:
No, the areas are not as detailed as those oh the coast. The European merchants and sailors who used this map, did not go to the inland places of the subcontinent much as they interacted with the coastal areas. Hence, the level of detail and accuracy of coastal areas is better than the inland areas, in the map.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years

Question 8.
Find out whether and for how long your state was part of these pan- regional empires.
Ans:
Delhi for about thousand years (700 to 1750), if you reside in Delhi.

Question 9.
Do you remember what Amir Khusrau had to say regarding Sanskrit, Knowledge and Brahmanas?
Ans:
According to Amir Khusrau, Sanskrit was an old language, does not belong to any religion and Brahmanas were great scholars of Sanskrit.

Page 14

Question 10.
Imagine you are a historian. Choose one of the themes mentioned in this chapter, such as economic, social or political history, and discuss why you think it would be interesting to find out the history of that theme.
Answer:
I would choose social and political history. It would be interesting to find out the history of social and political changes because:

  1. This period saw emergence of new foods beverages.
  2. New technologies appeared.
  3. It was period of mobility when people travelled long distances.
  4. Extension of agriculture brought social changes.
  5. Important changes occurred in religion.
  6. Politically different groups become important.

JAC Class 7th History Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who was considered a “foreigner” in the past?
Answer:
The word “foreigner” was used in medieval period for any stranger or unknown person who was not a part of the certain society or culture in a said village. A forest dweller might be considered as a foreigner by city dweller. In Hindi a foreigner is termed as pardesi.

Question 2.
State whether true or false:
(a) We do not find inscriptions for the period after 700.
(b) The Marathas asserted their political importance during this period.
(c) Forest-dwellers were sometimes pushed out of their lands with the spread of agricultural settlements.
(d) Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban controlled Assam, Manipur and Kashmir.
Ans:
(a) False
(b) False
(c) True
(d) False

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks:
(a) Archives are places where………are kept.
(b) …….. was a fourteenth century chronicler.
(c) …….’……..’…….’……….. and …… were some of the new crops introduced into the subcontinent during this period.
Answer:
(a) manuscripts
(b) Ziyauddin Barani
(c) Com, chillies, potatoes, tea, coffee.

Question 4.
List some of the technological changes associated with this period.
Answer:
Some important technological changes associated with this period were:

  1. The use of spinning wheel in weaving
  2. The use of Persian wheel in irrigation
  3. The use of firearms in combat.

Question 5.
What were some of the major religious developments during this period?
Answer:
Some of the major religious developments during this period were as follows:

  1. Hinduism saw many changes including worship of deities.
  2. Kings built new temples.
  3. Brahmanas emerged as a strong group in society. They were the priests in temples.
  4. The idea of Bhakti emerged.
  5. The new teaching of Question uran was brought by merchants and migrants. It is the holy book of Muslims.
  6. They had two sub sects – Shia and Sunni.
  7. A class of patrons emerged as they were the rulers who provided protection and shelter to ulemas.

(Let’s Understand)

Question 6.
In what ways has the meaning of the term ‘Hindustan’ changed over the centuries?
Answer:
The meaning of the term ‘Hindustan’ changed over the centuries in the • following way:

  1. ‘Hindustan’ was first used by Minhaj-i-Siraj in 13th century. It included the areas of Punjab, Haryana and the land between Ganga and Yamuna rivers. He used it in a political sense that were a segment of the dominions of the Delhi Sultanate.
  2. In the sixteenth century, Babur used the term ‘Hindustan’ to describe the geography, fauna and culture of the subcontinent.
  3. Amir Khusrau, a fourteenth century poet also used the term ‘Hind’ to describe the geographical and cultural entity.
  4. The term did not carry the political and national meanings as the term ‘India’ is used today.

Question 7.
How were the affairs of jatis regulated?
Answer:
The affairs of Jatis were regulated in the following manner:

  1. Jatis formulated their own rules and regulations to manage the members.
  2. These regulations were enforced by the Jati Panchayat.
  3. They were also required to follow the rule of the villages. Many villages were governed by a Chieftain.
  4. Jatis were divided on the basis of economic and social position.

Question 8.
What does the term pan-regional empire mean?
Answer:
The term pan-regional empire means an empire spanning over various regions. Some of the dynasties are Mughals, Cholas, Khaljis and the Tughluqs.

(Let’s Discuss)

Question 9.
What are the difficulties historians face in using manuscripts?
Answer:
Historians faced many difficulties in using manuscripts:

  1. In early days, it was handwritten. Palm leaves were used to write as paper.
  2. Historians translated the facts as per the manuscripts which they got.
  3. Different historians presented it in their own manner as the handwriting was not always clear. They introduced some changes as well. Later it was quite difficult to accept which one was the original manuscript.

Question 10.
How do historians divide the past into periods? Do they face any problems in doing so?
Answer:
Historians divide past into periods on the basis of continuity. This continuity is further based on coins, inscriptions, architecture and textual records. Historians divided the past into periods by considering economic, social, cultural and religious changes. British historians divided the Indian history into three periods Hindu, Muslim and British. They only considered the fact that no significant changes occurred other than the religion of the rulers. They ignored the rich diversity of the subcontinent. Historians of the modem days divide history into ancient, medieval and modem history.

Significant changes occurred in the past thousand years. Historians vary to classify the periods as few takes periodization and some consider the socio economic factors of the past to characterize. We see that 16th century was not same as 18th century. Hence, describing the entire period as one historical unit is quite difficult.

(Let’s Do)

Question 11.
Compare either Map 1 or Map 2 with the present day map of the subcontinent, listing as many similarities and differences as you can find.
Answer:
JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years 2

  • The Arab geographer, Al-Idrisi made Map 1 in 1154 CE.
  • It shows the Indian subcontinent from this larger world map.
  • It shows, South India at that place where North India is at present and Sri Lanka is the island at the top.
  • Places names are in Arabic. As Kanauj in Uttar Pradesh has been mentioned as Question anauj.
  • Present day maps of the subcontinent is more clear as it shows clear directions.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years 3

  • The French cartographer in 1720 made Map 2. Map 1 is quite different from Map 2. Map 2 was made nearly 600 years later.
  • Information provided about the subcontinent changed a lot. Coastal areas are more comprehensive and detailed.
  • Cartography technique was different. Hence, this Map 2 appears to be more known and familiar to us.

Question 12.
Find out where records are kept in your village or city. Who writes these • records? Is there an archive? Who manages it? What kind of documents are stored there? Who are the people who use it?
Answer:
In our village, records are kept in the Panchayat office. In cities, records are kept in the municipal offices or municipal corporation. In villages, records are written by Gram Sevak who is a government employee. In cities these records are written and maintained by clerks. In villages, there are no archive and Sarpanch manages it. In cities, there are archives. The kind of documents stored there are government records such as details about land of the village, data of birth and deaths, public properties, rare manuscripts and books. Government officials, Researchers and Scholars use them.

JAC Class 7th History Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Al-Idrisi drawn the map in
(a) 12th century
(b) 14th century
(c) 1th century
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) 12th century

Question 2.
Cartographer is a person who draws
(a) paintings
(b) maps
(c) pictures
(d) All of these
Answer:
(b) maps

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years

Question 3.
In Al-Idrisi’s map, places are named in –
(a) Arabic
(b) Persian
(c) Sanskrit
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Arabic

Question 4. In 1720s, maps were made by
(a) German cartographers
(b) Arabic cartographers
(c) French cartographers
(d) English cartographers
Answer:
(b) Arabic cartographers

Question 5.
In 13th century, the term Hindustan was used by the chronicler
(a) Ziyauddin Barani
(b) Al-Idrisi
(c) Babur
(d) Minhaj-i-Siraj
Answer:
(d) Minhaj-i-Siraj

Question 6.
Amir Khusrau was a poet in
(a) Fourteenth century
(b) Sixteenth century
(c) Eleventh century
(d) Thirteenth century
Answer:
(a) Fourteenth century

Question 7.
The term ‘foreigner’ in Hindi means
(a) Ajnabi
(b) Pardesi
(c) Kshatriyas
(d) All of these
Answer:
(b) Pardesi

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years

Question 8.
Historians used the sources to study this period
(a) Architecture
(b) coins
(c) inscriptions
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 9.
Paper become cheaper and readily available in
(a) Twelfth century
(b) Thirteenth century
(c) Fourteenth century
(d) Eighth century
Answer:
(c) Fourteenth century

Question 10.
Ziyauddin Barani was a 14th century
(a) poet
(b) chronicler
(c) cartographer
(d) painter
Answer:
(b) chronicler

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the work of cartographer?
Answer:
A cartographer is a person who draws niaps.

Question 2.
What do you mean by archives?
Answer:
Archives are places where manuscripts were collected.

Question 3.
How the locations are shown in Al- Idrisi’s map?
Answer:
In his map, south India is shown at the present north India and at the top is the Sri Lankan island.

Question 4.
What is the study of coins called?
Answer:
The study of coins is called numismatics.

Question 5.
What do you mean by patron?
Answer:
Patron is an influential wealthy individual who supports another person who can be an artist, craftsperson, a learned man or a noble.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years

Question 6.
Which term did Minhaj-i-Siraj used and when?
Answer:
The term was ‘Hindustan’ in the 13th century.

Question 7.
Shia and Sunni are sects of which religion?
Answer:
Islam.

Question 8.
What do you mean by pan-regional empire?
Answer:
Pan-regional empire means empire spanning in diverse regions.

Question 9.
What was the name given by Greeks to Indian subcontinent?
Answer:
Indus.

Question 10.
What are the sources used by the historians to study a particular period of history?
Answer:
The sources are coins, textual records, inscriptions and architectures to study a particular period.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define the following terms Manuscript, Medieval Period, Numismatics, Epigraphy, Archive.
Answer:
Manuscript – The script written by author /writer in his own handwriting. Medieval Period – The period between 700 CE to 1750 CE in Indian history is called medieval period. Numismatics – It is the study of coins. Epigraphy- It is the study of inscriptions. Archive – A place where all manuscripts and documents are stored.

Question 2.
What do the term scribes mean? How did the scribes worked with manuscripts?
Answer:
Scribes were those person who copy down the manuscripts. By hand, manuscripts were copied.

Question 3.
How are navigations and travelogues are important written source?
Answer:
During medieval period, many merchants and sailors visited India. Their writing about the places and the people they met gives us lots of information. They give details about economic, social and cultural things about that place.

Question 4.
How the value of paper was different in thirteenth and fourteenth century?
Answer:
The value of paper was very different in thirteenth and fourteenth century. In 13th century, a learned person wanted to copy a book but he didn’t have much paper, so he washed a portion of the manuscript which he didn’t required and dried the paper and used it. But in 14th century, if any person bought some food in the market and the shopkeeper would wrap it for you in the paper if you are fortunate enough.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years

Question 5.
Medieval period helped in the development of Indian history. How?
Answer:
Medieval period has been very helpful in the development of Indian history because of the following reasons:

  1. Many modem languages developed during this period which we speak nowadays.
  2. Some of the food items and clothes we wear became very popular during this period.
  3. Our current religious faiths such as Sikhism, Islam can be traced.

Question 6.
There was a dramatic increase in the variety of textual records during this period. Why?
Answer:
There was a dramatic increase in the variety of textual records during this period because paper was readily available and also very cheap. People started writing holy texts, chronicles of mlers, letters and teachings of saints, judicial records, register of accounts and taxes on papers which can be kept properly.

Question 7.
Describe chronicles.
Answer:
A record of the rule of the kings and life at the court is called a chronicle. Most kings had court chroniclers who wrote in detail about what happened during their reign. Some important chronicles of the medieval period are: Rajatarangini by Kalhana, which is a history of the king of Kashmir.Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi by Ziyauddin Barani, which describes the history of the Sultans of Delhi till the reign of Firoz Shah Tughluq

Question 8.
Many changes took place during 700 CE and 1750 CE. List some of them.
Answer:
Many changes took place during 700 CE and 1750 CE. Many technologies came into existence like the Persian wheel in irrigation, the spinning wheel in weaving and firearms in combat. New food and beverages also arrived in the subcontinent like potatoes,chillies, com, tea, and coffee.

Question 9.
What do you mean by JatiPanchayafl Who was the chief of the village?
Answer:
The assembly of elders which controlled the conduct of the members of their jati was called the Jati Panchayat. Villages were controlled by chieftains. Even the smaller jati panchayats were obligated to follow the village administration.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years

Question 10.
Which group of people become important during medieval period and why?
Answer:
The group of people who becameimportant in this period were the Rajputs, a name derived from ‘Rajputra’ which means the son of a ruler. They included not just rulers but also soldiers and commanders who served in the armies of different rulers in the subcontinent. They claimed to be a kshatriya in caste status.

Question 11.
Why Brahmanas earned a respect in the society?
Answer:
Brahmanas earned respect in the society because they had the knowledge of Sanskrit which no one in general had. Their position was very dominant and consolidated by the support of their patrons – new rulers searching for power and dignity.

Question 12.
Muslim religion has two sects. What are they? How do they differ from each other?
Answer:
The two sects are Shia and Sunni. Shia muslims are those who believe that the Prophet Muhammad’s son-in-law Ali, was the legitimate leader of the Muslim community. Whereas, Sunni muslims are those who accepted the authority of the early leaders (Khalifas) of the community and the succeeding Khalifas.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain medieval period of Indian history. It is termed as one of continuity and change. Why?
Answer:
History is divided into ancient, medieval and modem periods to make it easy to understand. The word medieval comes from.Latin word which means middle age. It saw many changes with the arrival of migrated people to the land. The society and economy of the subcontinent was transformed and reached a high level of richness and prosperity which attracted many merchants and traders.

In early medieval period, the Cholas and Rajput kings dominated the socio economic and political history of the country. In the later medieval period, the Turks and the regional kingdoms which emerged after the end of the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughals largely dominated the subcontinent.

Question 2.
What was the change in the religion during this period? Explain the major developments.
Answer:
During these thousand years, i.e., 700 CE to 1750 CE there has been major changes in religion. It was very prominent in Hinduism. The worship of new deities, the construction of temples by the kings and royals and the growing importance of Brahmanas, priests as a major group in society emerged as the changes. Also the idea of bhakti emerged.

Merchants, traders and migrants brought the teachings of 0uran, the holy book of Muslims. Patron class emerged during this period. They were the rulers who provided shelter and protection to the ulamas, the learned theologists and jurists. During this period, muslims were divided into two sects or groups Shia and Sunni. Shia Muslims believed in Prophet Muhammad’s authority while the Sunnis accepted the authority of the early leaders Khalifas.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years

Question 3.
Discuss how coins, inscriptions and architectures are useful sources of information on medieval period.
Answer:
Coins, inscriptions, architectures are very useful sources of information on medieval period. Coins help us to know better the economic conditions of a kingdom. They were generally issued by the emperor of the empire. It helps us to know the provincial extent and duration of reign of the ruler. It helps historians to clarify their doubts about any particular event or dates which are mentioned in the book. Inscriptions are one of the major sources of information about Indian history.

Written records are engraved on stones, pillars, monuments, wall of temples and copper plates. They provide us information about the rulers, their kingdoms and some major events, geographical areas of the kingdom, etc. Inscriptions on copper plates were found around south Indian temples of medieval period. Monuments provide us the information about when they have been constructed and who built it. We get information on socio-economic, political conditions from the religious place of that time. Temples, tombs, mosque, stupas, palaces, forts, help us. Forts in Delhi, Jaipur, Hyderabad give an understanding of the architectural styles of that period.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 1 Environment

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 1 Environment

JAC Class 7th Geography Environment InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Look at your surroundings. Make a list of uses that the land in your neighbourhood is being put to.
Answer:
The land used in our neighbourhood is being put to parks, roads, places of worships, buildings, institutions, small scale industries, etc.

Question 2.
Where does the water you use in your home and school come from? Make a list of different uses of water in our daily life. Have you seen anyone wasting water? How?
Answer:
The water which we use in our home and school come from rivers, tanks, city water works, taps, etc.

  • Different uses of water in our daily life are for drinking, cooking, washing, cleaning, brushing, bathing, growing plants, sewerage disposal.
  • Several people waste water in various ways and seen it many times. While brushing teeth, they keep their tap on. Seen overflow of water tanks in many houses, as they forget to check the water. While working in kitchen, washing utensils, they keep tap in full speed and on always.
    Observe the sky while coming to school. Make a note whether the day is cloudy, rainy, sunny, foggy, etc. Students need to do it yourself.

Sample answer given below:
The day is sunny. It is not so hot. The sun is shining brightly and the sky is clear and blue and cannot see clouds. We can play outside. The weather is comfortable for swimming.

Page 4

Question 4.
Sketch or bring photographs of your place like the students in the story. Answer: Students need to do it yourself.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 1 Environment

Page 5

Question 5.
Talk to some elderly person in your neighbourhood and collect information about-

  • The trees in his/ her neighbourhood when he/ she was your age.
  • The indoor games he/she played.
  • His/her favourite fruit at your age.
  • How did they make themselves comfortable during hot summers and cold winters? Display your answers on a wall/ bulletin board.

Answer:
Students need to do it yourself. Sample answer given below:

  • The trees of papaya, mango, guava, coconut, litchi, banana, etc.
  • Chess, carrom board, cards, ludo.
  • Mango, litchi and coconut.
  • During hot summer days they used to sit under huge trees where breeze blows and do swimming in ponds and lakes.
  • During cold winter days they used to sit near fire and outside to get sunlight.

JAC Class 7th Geography Environment Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions.
(i) What is an ecosystem?
Answer:
A system established by the interaction of all living organisms with each other and their surroundings in which they live and interlinked with transfer of energy and material. They are interdependent and called an ecosystem.

(ii) What do you mean by natural environment?
Answer:
Natural environment comprises of land, water, air, plants and animals. Hence, natural environment refers to both biotic and abiotic conditions that exist on the earth.

(iii) Which are the major components of the environment?
Answer:
The major components of the environment are:

  • Natural environment (land, air,
  • water, living beings)
  • Human environment (individual, family, community, educational, economic, religion, etc.)
  • Human made environment (parks, buildings, roads, bridges, monuments, etc.)

(iv) Give four examples of human made environment,
Answer:
Four examples of human made environment are parks, roads, monuments, buildings.

(v) What is lithosphere?
Answer:
The solid crust or hard top layer of the earth is called Lithosphere. It is usually made up of rocks and different minerals and covered with thin layer of soil.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 1 Environment

(vi) Which are the two major components of biotic environment?
Answer:
Animals and plants are the two major componenets of biotic environment.

(vii) What is biosphere?
Answer:
The limited section of the earth where land, air and water interact with each other to support life is called biosphere. Hence, animal and plant kingdom together constructs biosphere means the living world.

Tick (√) the correct answer.

Question 2.
(i) Which is not a natural ecosystem?
(a) Desert
(b) Aquarium
(c) Forest
Answer:
(b) Aquarium

(ii) Which is not a component of human environment?
(a) Land
(b) Religion
(c) Community
Answer:
(a) Land

(iii) Which is a human made environment?
(a) Mountain
(b) Sea
(c) Road
Answer:
(c) Road

(iv) Which is a threat to environment?
(a) Growing plant
(b) Growing population
(c) Growing crops
Answer:
(b) Growing population

Question 3.
Match the following.

(i) Biosphere (a) blanket of ai? which surrounds the earth
(ii) Atmosphere (b) domain of water
(iii) Hydrosphere (c) gravitational force of the earth
(iv) Environment (d) our surroundings
(e) narrow zone where land, water and air interact
(f) relation between the organisms and their surroundings,,

Answer:

(i) Biosphere (e) narrow zone’ where land, water and air interact
(ii) Atmosphere (a) blanket of air which surrounds the earth
(iii) Hydrosphere (b) domain of water
(iv) Environment (d) our surroundings

Question 4.
Give reasons.

  1. Man modifies his environment
  2. Plants and animals depend on each other

Answer:

  1. Man modifies his environment to fulfill their basic needs and make their own life easy and comfortable. He also modifies to adapt itself ‘ to the natural surroundings and environment.
  2. Plants and animals depends on each other for their own interests and needs. Plants release oxygen and animals need to breathe it. Animals release carbon dioxide which plants required to breathe.

Activity

Question 5.
Imagine an ideal environment where you would love to live. Draw the picture of your ideal environment.
Answer:
Students need to do it by themselves.

JAC Class 7th Geography Environment Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
…………..is not a component of natural environment.
(a) Region
(b) Air
(c) Land
(d) Water
Answer:
(a) Region

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 1 Environment

Question 2.
The atmosphere contains
(a) dust
(b) gas
(c) water vapour
(d) all of these
Answer:
(d) all of these

Question 3.
Human made component of environment is ………
(a) air
(b) water
(c) buildings
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) buildings

Question 4.
The force which hold earth’s atmosphere is…
(a) pulling force
(b) gravitational force
(c) pushing force
(d) magnetic force
Answer:
(b) gravitational force

Question 5.
The revolution which made communication easier and speedy across the world was
(a) French revolution
(b) Information revolution
(c) Green revolution
(d) Glorious revolution
Answer:
(b) Information revolution

Question 6.
Fifth June is celebrated as
(a) World smile day
(b) World chocolate day
(c) World environment day
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) World environment day

Question 7.
Different landforms are a part of
(a) lithosphere
(b) hydrosphere
(c) atmosphere
(d) biosphere
Answer:
(a) lithosphere

Question 8.
Industrial revolution was conducted in the period of
(a) Small scale production
(b) Population growth
(c) Use of money
(d) Large scale production
Answer:
(d) Large scale production

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 1 Environment

Question 9.
In French, the word ‘environment’ mean
(a) forest
(b) surrounding
(c) neighbourhood
(d) nature
Answer:
(c) neighbourhood

Question 10.
Hydrosphere comprises of
(a) lakes
(b) sea
(c) river
(d) all of these
Answer:
(d) all of these

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by barter system?
Answer:
Barter system is a system or trade in which goods are exchanged without the use of money.

Question 2.
What is the importance of atmosphere?
Answer:
The importance of atmosphere is that it protects us from scorching heat and harmful rays from the sun.

Question 3.
What do you mean by atmosphere?
Answer:
The thin layer of air which surrounds the earth is called as the atmosphere.

Question 4.
What do you mean by hydrosphere?
Answer:
Hydrosphere means the domain of water in the earth.

Question 5.
Why hydrosphere is of great significance?
Answer:
Hydrosphere comprises of water which helps to sustain a great variety of life form. It comprises various sources of water and different types of waterbodies like rivers, lakes, seas, oceans, etc. It is essential for all living organisms.

Question 6.
What do you mean by environment?
Answer:
Environment is our basic life support system. It provides the air we breath, the water we drink, the food we eat and the land where we live. It is a combination of natural and human made phenomena.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 1 Environment

Question 7.
Give names of different types of waterbodies.
Answer:
Different types of waterbodies are lakes, rivers, seas, oceans, etc.

Question 8.
Does Cherrapunji gets heavy rainfall?
Answer:
Yes, Cherrapunnji gets heavy rainfall.

Question 9.
Which kind of animals do you find in desert?
Answer:
The kind of animals we find in deserts are camels, lizards, snakes and different types of insects.

Question 10.
Where do we find landforms?
Answer:
We find landforms over the continents and ocean floors.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Do you think our environment is changing? Justify your answer.
Answer:
Our environment is changing very fast because our needs are increasing day by day and in order to fulfill these needs we are modifying and at times even destroying our natural surroundings.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 1 Environment

Question 2.
What is the difference between biotic and abiotic environment.
Answer:
Biotic environment comprises of all the living organisms such as animals and plants. Abiotic environment comprises of all non-living components such as air, water, land. ‘

Question 3.
Why human beings are makingchanges in their environment?
Answer:
Human changes or made alterations of his environment according to his needs and demands. With time needs and demands grew and became more varied and wide. Human beings started learning new ways to use and change the environment. Hence, they leamt to grow crops and started harvesting, domesticate animals and lead a settled life.

Question 4.
What are the three major components of the environment which are collectively known as biosphere?
Answer:
The three major components of the environment which are collectively known as biosphere are atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere.

Question 5.
Which gas human beings and plants use to sustain in the environment?
Answer:
Human beings use oxygen and plants use carbon dioxide to sustain in the environment. Plants uses carbon dioxide to make their food and releases oxygen. Human or animals releases carbon dioxide.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 1 Environment

Question 6.
What is the importance of oxygen in air?
Answer:
The importance of oxygen in air is that humans and animals need it to breathe and sustain. Without oxygen life cannot sustain. It is the second most in quantity in’ air.

Question 7.
What are the differences between lithosphere and atmosphere?
Answer:
Differences between lithosphere and atmosphere:

Lithosphere

  1. The solid crust or the hard top layer of the earth is called as lithosphere.
  2. Grasslands, lands, forests, human settlements are a part of lithosphere.

Atmosphere

  1. The thin layer of the air that surrounds the earth is called as atmosphere.
  2. Atmosphere safeguard us from scorching heat and harmful ultra violet rays.

Question 8.
How does the ecosystem work?
Answer:
Each and every ecosystem is formed by the interaction between all living beings with each other and with the environment in which they live. The connection between biotic and abiotic elements of an ecosystem happen due to the transfer of energy. They are interdependent on each other.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 1 Environment

Question 9.
Biosphere has a great impact on human beings? What are they?
Answer:
Biosphere has a great impact on human beings.
They are as follows:

  • It provides us our basic necessities of our life such as food, air, water, etc.
  • It provides us natural resources like fuel, energy, plants, minerals, etc.
  • It also provides us raw material for industries.

Question 10.
What do you understand by biodiversity?
Answer:
In our solar system, earth is the only planet where life sustains. Over period of time, life evolved and got diversified. Different types of species came into existence due to diversification process of nature. This wide range of species are called as biodiversity.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Should we protect our environment? Justify your answer.
Answer:
Yes, we should protect our environment due to the following reasons:

  • It is our fundamental life support system. It provides us the air which we breathe, water which we drink and do cleaning works and land where we live.
  • It provides us many natural resources such as minerals, wood, fuel, etc.
  • By unwise use of resources such as forests, farms, pastures, hills, most of the parts of the environment has been badly affected and damaged.
  • The different activities of the human beings effects the environment in one way or the other.
  • If we don’t control now, then the problems which we will face will be very dangerous and irreparable like we don’t get enough rainfall where it is required hence crops and harvesting gets affected.

Question 2.
Is environment static or dynamic? Human beings have adapted and changed the environment accordingly to fulfill their needs. Explain briefly.
Answer:
Our environment is dynamic and not static. Different natural, external and human factors bring many changes in the environment.

  • Human beings have adapted to the environment and changed it to fulfill their needs and requirements:
  • Early humans led a simple life and fulfilled their needs from the surrounding nature. They adapted easily to the nature around them.
  • The human beings started using variety of things and their needs kept increasing.
  • To meet the requirements and needs, human beings learnt to grow crops, domesticate the animals and started to live a settled life.
  • Excess food and grains was produced. Hence, trade emerged with the rise of barter system.
  • Transport and agricultural needs ‘ were fulfilled by the invention of ’ wheels.
  • Also means of communication developed.
  • Human beings are using the natural resources beyond their needs and wasting it most of the time.
  • Due to human activities environmental degradation occurred.
  • Hence, human beings should mark this as his duty to maintain the environmental balance and stability.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources

JAC Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter  2 Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources

JAC Class 8th Geography Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources InText Questions and Answers

Page 7

Question 1.
Observe the land, type of soil and water availability in the region you live. Discuss in your class, how it has influenced the lifestyle of people there.
Answer:
Students need to answer on thier own according to the places they live.

Page 8

Question 2.
Talk to some elderly person in your family or neighbourhood and collect information about changes in the land use over the years, in the place where you live. Display your findings on a bulletin board in your classroom.
Answer:
Findings:
JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources 1

Page 12

Question 3.
In India soils could be alluvial, black, red, laterite, desertic and mountain soil. Collect a handful of different types of soil and observe. How are they different?
Answer:
Alluvial soil are the fine-grained soil which are formed by river and it is very fertile. The colour of the soil is grey. It is found from Punjab to Assam and West Bengal. Also found in deltas in the rivers such as Krishna, Mahanadi etc. Black soil is found in central, southern and western state in India. It is a black coloured soil, very fertile and suitable for the growth of cotton crops. It is formed by the volcanic eruptions.

Red soil is made of old crystalline rock. It is red in colour because the soil contains iron. It is found in states such as Tamil Nadu, southern Karnataka, north-eastern Andhra Pradesh and some parts of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Odisha. Laterite soil are found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and the hilly areas of Orissa and Assam. This type of soil is less fertile.

It is formed in wet and hot tropical areas and soil is rich in aluminum and iron. Desert soil is formed from arid condition with very less rainfall hence also known as arid soil. The colour of the soil is red to brown. It is sandy and alkaline due to less moisture and found in Thar desert, Rajasthan. Mountain soil is the infertile soil and very thin. It is found on the hill slopes. The soils occupy about XA 0f the total land area of India.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources

Page 13

Question 4.
Take two trays A and B of same size. Make six holes at one end of these trays and then fill them with the same amount of soil. Leave the soil in tray A bare while sow wheat or rice grains in tray B. When the grain in tray B has grown a few centimetres high, place both the trays in such a way that they are on a slope. Pour one mug of water from the same height into each tray. Collect the muddy water that trickles down the holes of both trays in two separate containers and compare how much soil is washed out of each tray?
JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources 2
Answer:
From tray A, more soil is washed out whereas from tray B less soil is washed out because the soil layer is covered with grass.

Page 14

Question 5.
An average urban Indian uses about 150 litres of water every day

Use Litres per person per day
Drinking 3
Cooking 4
Bathing 20
Flushing 40
Washing clothes 40
Washing utensils 20
Gardening 23
Total 150

Can you suggest some ways to bring down this amount?
Answer:
We should try not to waste water and use it judiciously. Some ways are:

  1. Water used for washing vegetables can be used in gardening.
  2. We should use bucket and mug while bathing instead of shower.
  3. Water used for washing utensils and clothes can be used in toilet.

Page 18

Question 6.
Read the news item and find out how fire started in California? Could it be avoided?
Answer:
The winds can push a fire the length of a football field in a minute, said Scott McLean, spokesman for the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, or Call Fire. And the hundreds of members pushed in front of the fires become small spot fires themselves, he said. High winds also dissipate fire retardant dropped by aircraft, McLean said. The Diablo winds caused the same problems in Northern California in October. California’s deadly wildfires have a straightforward solution, experts say: stop building homes in places that are likely to bum- and make homes that already exist in those areas a whole lot tougher.

JAC Class 8th Geography Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions.

(i) Which are the two main climatic factors responsible for soil formation?
Answer:
The two main climatic factors which are responsible for soil formation are:

  1. Temperature – The fluctuations in temperature between hot and cold forms cracks in the rocks.
  2. Rainfall – By applying pressure it contributes in breaking the rocks.

(ii) Write any two reasons for land degradation today.
Answer:
Two reasons for land degradation today are:

  1. Deforestation – Destruction of forest region.
  2. Due to growing population, demands are growing rapidly. It leads to excess use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides.

(iii) Why is land considered an important resource?
Answer:
Land is considered as an important resource because most activities and works are done on land. It provides us to do farming, living, forestry, industries, etc.

(iv) Name any two steps that government has taken to conserve plants and animals.
Answer:
Two steps that government has taken to conserve plants and animals are:

  1. Awareness programs such as Vanamahotasava and social forestry are encouraged and endorsed at the community and regional level.
  2. Establishment of wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves and national parks in different parts of the country to conserve the vegetation and wildlife.

(v) Suggest three ways to conserve water.
Answer:
Three ways to conserve water are:

  1. Drip or trickle irrigation should be used in dry regions. Also in irrigation process, canals should be built properly so that water is not wasted.
  2. Rainwater harvesting should be implemented. It is a process of collecting water and storing it when it rains and can used in future.
  3. Water wastage should be minimised. We can use the water used in washing vegetables for gardening and likewise.

Tick the correct answer.

Question 2:
(i) Which one of the following is NOT a factor of soil formation?
(a) time
(b) soil texture
(c) organic matter
Answer:
(b) soil texture

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources

(ii) Which one of the following methods is most appropriate to check soil erosion on steep slopes?
(a) shelter belts
(b) mulching
(c) terrace cultivation
Answer:
(c) terrace cultivation

(iii) Which one of the following is NOT in favour of the conservation of nature?
(a) switch off the bulb when not in use
(b) close the tap immediately after using
(c) dispose polypacks after shopping
Answer:
(c) dispose polypacks after shopping

Match the followings:

Question 3.

(i) Land use (a) prevent soil erosion
(ii) Humus (b) narrow zone of contact between the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere
(iii) Rock dams (c) productive use of land
(iv) Biosphere (d) organic matter deposited on top soil
(e) contour ploughing (a) prevent soil erosion

Answer:

(i) Land use (c) productive use of land
(ii) Humus (d) organic matter deposited on top soil
(iii) Rock dams (a) prevent soil erosion
(iv) Biosphere (b) narrow zone of contact between the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere
(e) contour ploughing (c) productive use of land

Question 4.
State whether the given statement is true or false. If true, write the reasons.

  1. Ganga-Brahmaputra plain of India is an overpopulated region.
  2. Water availability per person in India is declining.
  3. Rows of trees planted in the coastal areas to check the wind movement is called intercropping.
  4. Human interference and changes of climate can maintain the ecosystem.

Answer:

  1. True. Land is very fertile and suitable for cultivation and habitat.
  2. True. There is lot of wastage and also drying up of water resources due to water pollution. Also due to growth in population, the demand of water also increased which reduces the fresh water reserves.
  3. False
  4. False

Question 5.
Activity
(i) Discuss some more reasons which are responsible for changes of land use pattern. Has your place undergone any change in the land use pattern in recent years?
Answer:
Land use pattern in recent years have changed which has been reflected in the changing activities of the people such as building up of industries and markets, housing complexes in urban areas and expanding agricultural lands in rural areas. The main factor responsible for such change in land use pattern is mainly due to the rising needs and demands of the people. Other factors are urbanisation, population increase and demand for food, changes in the living standard etc.

(ii) Find out from your parents and elderly people. You can conduct an interview by asking the following questions given in the book in the form of table. Why do you think that land use patterns change over the years?
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own.

JAC Class 8th Geography  Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Which of the following sentence is true about land?
(a) Low-lying areas are susceptible to water logging.
(b) Thick forested areas are normally densely populated by humans.
(c) Plains and river valleys are sparsely populated as they offer land suitable for agriculture.
(d) About 70% of the area of the earth’s surface is covered with land.
Answer:
(d) About 70% of the area of the earth’s surface is covered with land.

Question 2.
The human factors that determine the patterns of land use are…….
(a) population and technology.
(b) geographic shapes and atmosphere.
(c) atmosphere and population.
(d) time and technology.
Answer:
(c) atmosphere and population.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources

Question 3.
Community land also known as…….
(a) Common property resources.
(b) Personal property resources.
(c) Group property resources.
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Common property resources.

Question 4.
Which one of the following is not a method used to conserve land?
(a) Aforestation
(b) Land reclamation
(c) Regulated use of chemical pesticide and fertilisers
(d) Increased use of fossil fuels
Answer:
(d) Increased use of fossil fuels

Question 5.
The natural phenomena which triggers landslides are ……
(a) floods
(b) earthquakes
(c) volcanoes
(d) all of these
Answer:
(d) all of these

Question 6.
The breaking up and decay of exposed rocks, by temperature changes, frost action, plants, animals and man are called as .
(a) Articulating
(c) Weathering
(b) Recycling
(d) Feathering
Answer:
(c) Weathering

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources

Question 7.
The following method/s are used to conserve soil is/are
(a) mulching and intercropping.
(b) terrace farming and contour ploughing.
(c) shelter belts and rock dams.
(d) all of these
Answer:
(d) all of these

Question 8.
The cause/s of the contamination of water is/are
(a) treatment of effluents before discharging them into bodies of water.
(b) discharge of untreated or partially treated sewage, agricultural chemicals, and industrial effluents in bodies of water.
(c) fall in the number of industrial effluents entering bodies of water.
(d) building of canals that dispose effluent waste deep into the oceans.
Answer:
(b) discharge of untreated or partially treated sewage, agricultural chemicals, and industrial effluents in bodies of water.

Question 9.
The growth of vegetation primarily depend on
(a) temperature and moisture.
(b) technology and temperature.
(c) technology and moisture.
(d) population and technology.
Answer:
(a) temperature and moisture.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources

Question 10.
The hunting of these animals is banned in India:
(a) lions, tigers, deer, great Indian bustards, and peacocks
(b) lions, tigers, dogs, great Indian bustards, and cats
(c) lions, tigers, fish, horses, and peacocks
(d) lions, tigers, giraffe, great Indian bustards, and peacocks
Answer:
(a) lions, tigers, deer, great Indian bustards, and peacocks

Very Short Answer Type Questions 

Question 1.
Name the major threats to soil as a resource.
Answer:
The major threats to soil as a resource are soil erosion and depletion.

Question 2.
Which process of soil conservation is used in coastal and dry regions?
Answer:
Shelter belts are used for conservation of the soil in coastal and dry regions.

Question 3.
What is the percentage of fresh water which is fit for human use?
Answer:
Only 1 per cent of freshwater is available and fit for human use.

Question 4.
List the major types of vegetation in the world.
Answer:
The major types of vegetation in the world are forests, grasslands, scrubs and tundra.

Question 5.
How the soil becomes fertile?
Answer:
The soil becomes fertile by the right mix of minerals and organic matter.

Question 6.
What do you mean by national parks?
Answer:
National park is a natural area designed and designated to protect the ecological integrity of one or more ecosystems for present and future generations of animals and birds.

Question 7.
What do you mean by rainwater harvesting?
Answer:
Rainwater harvesting is the method of collecting rainwater from roof tops and directing or passing it to an appropriate location and storing if for future use.

Question 8.
What do you mean by intercropping?
Answer:
Intercropping is a multiple cropping practice or method in which different crops are grown in alternate rows and are sown at different times to protect the soil from rain wash.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources

Question 9.
What do you understand by the term biosphere?
Answer:
Natural vegetation and wildlife exist only in the narrow zone of contact between the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere is known as biosphere.

Question 10.
What is ecosystem?
Answer:
In the biosphere, the life supporting system is known as the ecosystem where the living beings are interrelated and interdependent on each other for survival.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Land is considered as an important resource. Why?
Answer:
Land is used for different purposes such as agriculture, forestry, mining, building houses, roads and setting up of industries. Hence, the land is considered as an important resource.

Question 2.
Name the areas which are sparsely populated or uninhabited?
Answer:
The areas which are sparsely populated or uninhabited are the rugged topography, steep slopes of the mountains, low- lying areas susceptible to water logging, desert areas, and thick forested areas.

Question 3.
What are the possible reasons for water shortage?
Answer:
The possible reason for water shortage may be the outcome of variation in seasonal or annual precipitation or rainfall or can be caused by overexploitation and contamination of water sources.

Question 4.
List the major causes affecting soil formation.
Answer:
The major causes affecting soil formation are the nature of the parent rock and climatic factors. Other causes and factors are the topography, role of organic material and time taken for the composition of soil formation.

Question 5.
What do you mean by landslides and how do they occur?
Answer:
Landslides are defined as the mass movement of rock, debris or earth down a slope. They often take place in conjunction and concurrence with earthquakes, floods and volcanoes. A prolonged spell of rainfall can cause heavy landslide that can block the flow of river for quite some time. The formation of river blocks can cause havoc to the settlements downstream on its bursting.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources

Question 6.
In India, per person water availability is declining. Why is it happening?
Answer:
In India, per person water availability is declining due to increasing population, rising demands for food and cash crops, increasing urbanisation and rising standards of living. These are the major causes leading to scarcity in supply of fresh water either due to drying up of water sources or water pollution.

Question 7.
Distinguish between tropical forests and deciduous forests.
Answer:

Tropical Forests Deciduous Forests
Tropical forests do not shed their leaves simultaneously in any season of the year. Deciduous forests shed their leaves in a particular season to conserve loss of moisture through transpiration.
These are also known as evergreen forests. Conifers, Eucalyptus ytrees are found here. Maple, Aspen, elm are some of the trees found here.

Question 8.
Do you think rainfall affect vegetation? If yes, how?
Answer:
In areas of heavy rainfall, huge trees may thrive and grow. Thus, the forests are associated with areas having abundant water supply. As the amount of moisture decreases the size of trees and their density reduces. In the areas of moderate rainfall short stunted trees and grasses grow forming the grasslands of the world. In dry areas of low rainfall, thorny shrubs and scrubs grow. In such areas plants have deep roots and leaves have thorny and waxy surface to reduce loss of moisture by transpiration. So we can say that rainfall affect the vegetation.

Long Answer Type Questions 

Question 1.
“Vegetation and wildlife are valuable resources.” Describe in brief.
Answer:
“Vegetation and wildlife are valuable resources.” The following points will describe it:

  1. Plants provide us with food for animals and insects, give shelter to animals.
  2. It produces oxygen we breathe, gives us timber.
  3. It protects soils so essential for growing crops, act as shelter belts.
  4. Help in storage of underground water, give us fruits, nuts, latex, turpentine oil, gum, medicinal plants and paper.
  5. Wildlife includes animals, birds, insects as well as the aquatic life forms. They provide us milk, meat, hides and wool.
  6. Insects like bees provide us honey, help in pollination of flowers and have an important role to play as decomposers in the ecosystem.
  7. The birds feed on insects and act as decomposers as well. Vulture due to its ability to feed on dead livestock is a scavenger and considered a vital cleanser of the environment.

Question 2.
Describe what are the threats exist in natural vegetation and wildlife?
Answer:
Threats that exist in natural vegetation and wildlife are:

  1. The loss of natural habitats for the plants and animals are due to changes of climate and human interferences.
  2. Many species have become vulnerable or endangered and some are on the verge of extinction.
  3. Some of the human made and natural factors which together accelerate the process of extinction of these great natural resources are deforestation, soil erosion, constructional activities, forest fires, tsunami and landslides.
  4. One of the major issues is the increasing incidents of poaching that result in a sharp decline in the number of particular species.
  5. For self-interest, human beings are cutting precious trees which is also one of the major threats.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire

JAC Class 7th History The Mughal Empire InText Questions and Answers

Page 46

Question 1.
Do you think this painting suggests that the Mughals claimed kingship as a birthright?
JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire 1
Answer:
As this painting portraits the hierarchy of the Mughal emperors right from Timur to Aurangzed, it depicts that the Mughals claimed kingship as a birthright.

Page 47

Question 2.
How was Humayum’s relationship with Safavid Iran different from Akbar’s?
Answer:
Humayum took refuge in the court of Safavid Iran when he was defeated by Sher Shah Suri. Therefore, he had friendly relations with Iran. Whereas, Akbar seized Kandahar from Safavid Iranian rulers. Hence, he was at war with them.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire

Question 3.
Did the annexation of Golconda and Bijapur in Aurangzeb’s reign end hostilities in the Deccan?
Answer:
No, in spite of the annexation of Golconda and Bijapur, Aurangzeb faced unending disturbances in Deccan as Marathas started guerrilla warfare against him.

Page 50

Question 4.
Which do you think is a fairer division of inheritance: primogeniture or coparcenary?
Answer:
Coparcenary is the fairer division of inheritance. It is based on the principle of equality.

Page 51

Question 5.
What was the consequence of Shivaji’s insult by Aurangzeb?
Answer:
When Aurangzeb insulted Shivaji, and when latter came to accept Mughal authority, Shivaji escaped from prison and began guerrilla warfare in Deccan against Mughals .

Question 6.
Would this have meant more expenditure for the state?
Answer:
Yes, the increase in number of mansabdars with higher zat rankings would have led to more expenditure for the State.

Page 55

Question 7.
Can you identify the Jesuit priests in this picture?
JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire 2
Answer:
Two persons wearing black robes are the Jesuit priests who are sitting on the upper left side in the picture.

Poge 57

Question 8.
Imagine you have inherited a kingdom. (Remember Babur and Akbar were about your age when they became rulers). How would you make your
Answer:
kingdom stable and prosperous? In order to make my kingdom stable and prosperous I will undertake following actions:

  1. I will reform administration, revenue, military and trade systems.
  2. I will try to uplift the common people such as peasants, artisans.
  3. I will check corruption in the court.
  4. I will tighten my hold on nobles.
  5. I will expand my kingdom.
  6. I will induct new war technology, etc.

JAC Class 7th History The Mughal Empire Textbook Questions and Answers

( Let’s Recall)

Question 1.
Match the following.

Mansab Marwar
Mongol Governor
Sisodiya Rajput Uzbeg
Rathor Rajput Mewar
Nur Jahan Rank

Answer:

Mansab Rank
Mongol Uzbeg
Sisodiya Rajput Mewar
Rathor Rajput Marwar
Nur Jahan Jahangir
Subadar Governor

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks.
(a) The capital of Mirza Hakim, Akbar’s half-brother,was……..
(b) The five Deccan Sultanates were Berar, Khandesh, Ahmadnagar,……. and
(c) If zat determined a mansabdar’s rank and salary, sawar indicated his………
(d) Abul azl, Akbar’s friend and counsellor, helped him frame the idea of ………so that he could govern a society composed of many religions, cultures and castes.
Answer:
(a) Kabul
(b) Bijapur, Golconda
(c) number of cavalrymen
(d) sulh-i-kul

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire

Question 3.
What were the central provinces under the control of the Mughals?
Answer:
The central provinces under the control of the Mughals were Delhi, Kabul, Sind, Marwar, Gujarat, Mewar, Bihar, Bengal, Orissa and Deccan.

Question 4.
What was the relationship between the mansabdar and the jagirl
Answer:
Mansabdars received the salary as revenue assignment which was called jagir. They didn ’t administer their jagirs. The revenue was collected for them by their servants while the mansabdars were working in some other parts of the province.

(Let’s Understand)

Question 5.
What was the role of the zamindars in Mughal administration?
Answer:
The role of the zamindars in Mughal administration is as follows:
Zamindars were the local headmen of the villages or a powerful chieftains appointed by the Mughal emperor. They worked as intermediaries. They were responsible for collecting taxes from peasants and deposited them with the treasurer.They also played a role of mnning the administration of the Mughals.1 Sometimes they became rebellious against the Mughal empire as they exercised a great deal of power.

Question 6.
How were the debates with religiousscholars important in the formation of Akbar’s ideas on governance?
Answer:
During the 1570s, Akbar had a discussion on religion with the Ulama, ” Brahmanas, Jesuit priests who were Roman Catholics and Zoroastrians. These discussions took place during his stay at Fatehpur Sikri in the ibadat 1 khana. Akbar was interested in thereligion and social customs of different people and his interaction with people of different faiths made him realise that their teachings created divisions and disharmony among his subjects.

Thus Akbar came to an idea known as ‘sulh-i kul’ which focused on a system of ethics honesty, justice and peace.Abul Fazl helped Akbar in framing a vision of governance around this idea of sulh-i kul, which was also followed by ‘ Jahangir and Shah Jahan as well.

Question 7.
Why did the Mughals emphasise their Timurid and not their Mongol descent?
Answer:
The Mughals emphasised on their Timurid and not their Mongol descent because the memory of Mongol emperor Genghis Khan was associated with the massacre of a vast number of people. It was also linked with the Uzbegs, their Mongol competitors. On the other hand, the Mughals took pride in the fact that Timur ancestry had captured the city of Delhi in 1398.

(Let’s Discuss)

Question 8.
How important was the income fromland revenue to the stability of the Mughal Empire?
Answer:
The income from land revenue led to thestability of the Mughal Empire because it was the main source of income of the Mughal Empire. It strengthened the economic system of the Mughal Empire. A huge amount of finance was needed to meet the administrative purpose and maintaining law and order which came from the revenue.It was important as they had to pay the salaries to the soldiers and officials and do welfare works for the common people.Its importance can be easily assessed from the fact that Todar Mai, Akbar ‘s revenue minister,, took 10-year period to carry out the proper calculation of land revenue.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire

Question 9.
Why was it important for the Mughals to recruit mansabdars from diverse backgrounds and not just Turanis and Iranis?
Answer:
It was important for the Mughals to recruit mansabdars from diverse backgrounds and not just Turanis and Iranis because Mughal empire expanded to different regions. Hence, the problems of common folks would be understood better by the people living with them. This included Rajputs, Marathas, Afghans, Muslims and other groups. They came here to rule, so they needed to respect the diversity of the country in order to have a control over it.

Question 10.
Like the Mughal Empire, India today is also made up of many social and cultural units. Does this pose a challenge to national integration?
Answer:
Like the Mughal Empire, India today is also made up of many social and cultural units. This does not pose a challenge to national integration because of the following reasons: India follows a tradition of ‘unity in diversity’. All religions are equally reckoned by the constitution. Now-a-days, people get the right to choose their government and freedom to do what they want which was not same under the reign of Mughals. No, the gap in the income between the rich and the poor in India has not changed a great deal from the period of the Mughals, but the incomes have highly increased compared to that period.Some special advantages are also given to the weaker sections of the society for the upliftment of their living standards.

Question 11.
Peasants were vital for the economy of the Mughal Empire. Do you think that they are as important today? Has the gap in the income between the rich and the poor in India changed a great deal from the period of the Mughals?
Answer:
Peasants were vital for the economy ofthe Mughal Empire. Therefore, today’s economy does not totally depend upon peasants. Yes, they are important today as well.No, , the gap in the income between the rich and the poor in India has not changed a great deal from the period of the Mughals, but the incomes have highly increased compared to that period.

(Let’s Do)

Question 12.
The Mughal Empire left its impact on the different regions of the subcontinent in a variety of ways. Find out if it had any impact in the city/village/region in which you live.
Answer:
The Mughal Empire left its impact on thedifferent regions of the subcontinent in a variety of ways. It had many impact in the city, village, region in which we live. Urdu has enriched our literature, music and art of writing. Their contributions made the cities rich and colourful. As we can discuss about Delhi. It was the capital of Mughal Empire. We see many monuments and beautiful architecture.

JAC Class 7th History The Mughal Empire Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Name the ruler whose mother was a descendant of the greatest Mongol warrior, Ghengis Khan, and his father descended from the legendary Timur.
(a) Babur
(b) Humayun
(c) TodarMal
(d) Jahangir
Answer:
(a) Babur

Question 2.
Babur was forced to leave his ancestral land and came to India and set up the first Mughal empire because
(a) He was a born tourist
(b) His younger brother wanted to become a king
(c) There was a drought in his ancestral land
(d) The Uzbegs invaded his ancestral land, Ferghana.
Answer:
(d) The Uzbegs invaded his ancestral land, Ferghana.

Question 3.
Humayun recaptured Delhi in 1555 with the help of
(a) Muhammad Ali of Africa
(b) Sher Khan of Afghanistan
(c) Ali Zafar of Turkey
(d) Safavid Shah of Persia (Iran)
Answer:
(d) Safavid Shah of Persia (Iran)

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire

Question 4.
Who became the emperor at the age of 13 and reigned from 1556 to 1605?
(a) Jahangir
(b) Akbar
(c) Humayun
(d) Shahjahan
Answer:
(b) Akbar

Question 5.
After Akbar, who continued his military campaigns and forced the Sisodiya Rajputs to accept the Mughal rule?
(a) Jahangir
(b) Bahadur Shah Zafar
(c) Shah Jahan
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Jahangir

Question 6.
Genghis Khan was the emperor of
(a) Central Asia
(b) China
(c) Mongol tribes
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 7.
Sulh-i-kul means
(a) Unity
(b) Gender discrimination
(c) Universal peace
(d) Payment equality
Answer:
(c) Universal peace

Question 8.
Which Mughal emperor was also known as Salim?
(a) Humayun
(b) Jahangir
(c) Akbar
(d) Shah Jahan
Answer:
(b) Jahangir

Question 9.
The salary of the mansabdars were known as…….
(a) Zabt
(b) Jat
(c) Jagir
(d) Mansab
Answer:
(c) Jagir

Question 10.
Akbar Nama was written by …….
(a) Todar Mai
(b) Birbal
(c) Tansen
(d) Abul Fazl
Answer:
(d) Abul Fazl

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What does Mansab mean?
Answer:
Mansab means position or rank.

Question 2.
What do you mean by the rule of primogeniture?
Answer:
By the rule of primogeniture, the elder son inherits the father’s property.

Question 3.
Ibrahim Lodi was defeated by Babur in which year and battle?
Answer:
Ibrahim Lodi was defeated by Babur in 1526 in the first battle of Panipat.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire

Question 4.
Whom did Sher Khan defeated in the battle of Chausa and Kanauj?
Answer:
Sher Khan defeated Humayun in the battle of Chausa and Kanauj.

Question 5.
What was the other name of Prince Khurram assumed after he ascended the throne?
Answer:
Prince Khurram was named Shah Jahan when he ascended to the throne in 1627 after the death of Jahangir.

Question 6.
What do you mean by zat?
Answer:
Zat is a numerical value which determines the ranks and salaries. If zat is on higher side then the noble’s position is also a prestigious one and a big salary as well.

Question 7.
Who fought guerilla warfare?
Answer:
The Marathas fought the guerilla warfare.

Question 8.
In Iran, who helped and gave shelter to Humayun when he fled there?
Answer:
In Iran, Safavid Shah helped Humayun when he fled there.

Question 9.
Who was Genghis Khan?
Answer:
Genghis Khan was the king of the Mongol tribe, Central Asia and China.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire

Question 10.
Who established the chain of justice?
Answer:
Jahangir, the Mughal emperor established the chain of justice outside his palace.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Under the Mughals, what was the relationship between rank and salary?
Answer:
Zat, a numerical value helped in determining the rank and salary of the nobles. A grading system, ‘mansab’ was used to fix the rank, salary and military responsibilities.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Dogma and Bigot,
Answer:
Dogma is a statement or a connotation declared as authoritative with the expectation that it would be followed without question.
Bigot is an individual who is intolerant of another person’s religious beliefs or culture.

Question 3.
Whom did Aurangzeb insulted when he came to accept Mughal authority? What was the outcome of this insult?
Answer:
Aurangzeb insulted Shivaji when he came to accept Mughal authority. The outcome of this insult was that Shivaji escaped from Agra, declared himself an independent king and resumed his .campaigns against the Mughals.

Question 4.
What were the major events happened during Shahjahan’s reign?
Answer:
Under Shah Jahan, Mughal campaigns continued in the Deccan. The Afghan noble, Khan Jahan Lodi was defeated as he became rebellious. Campaigns were launched against Ahmadnagar, the Bundelas were also defeated and Orchha was seized. In the north-west, the campaign to seize Balkh from the Uzbegs was not successful and Question andahar was lost to the Safavids. In 1632, Ahmadnagar was finally annexed and the Bijapur forces sued for peace.

Question 5.
Babur was the first Mughal emperor. How he became an emperor and of which place?
Answer:
Babur was the first Mughal emperor (1526-1530), succeeded to the throne of Ferghana in 1494 when he was only 12 years old. Due to the invasion of another Mongol group, the Uzbegs, he was forced to leave his ancestral throne. After years of wandering he seized Kabul in 1504. In 1526, he defeated the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, at Panipat which is called as First Battle of Panipat and captured Delhi and Agra. Hence, led the foundation of Mughal Empire.

Question 6.
Akbar had a discussion with people of different faiths. What did he realize after the discussion?
Answer:
On his discussion with people of different faiths, Akbar realized that the religious scholars who emphasized rituals and dogma were often bigots. Their teachings mainly created disharmony and divisions amongst the subjects.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire

Question 7.
Write at least two instances of the Mughal marrying the Rajput women.
Answer:
Instances of the Mughal marrying the Rajput women are: The Kachhwaha princess, daughter of the Rajput ruler of Amber was the mother of Jahangir.
A Rathore princess, daughter of the Rajput ruler of Marwar was the mother of Shah Jahan.

Question 8.
What was Akbar’s religious policy?
Answer:

  • Akbar’s religious policy was as under:
  • Akbar introduced the idea of sulh-i-kul or “universal peace”.
  • This idea of tolerance did not discriminate between people of different religions in his realm.
  • Instead it focused on a system of ethics- honesty, justice and peace-that was universally applicable.

Question 9.
Write a note on Humayun.
Answer:
Humayun was the son of Babur. According to the will of his father, Humayun divided his inheritance. His brothers were each given a province. The ambitions of his brother Mirza Kamran weakened Humayun’s cause against Afghan competitors. Sher Khan defeated Humayun at Chausa (1539) and Kanauj (1540), and he fled to Iran. In Iran, Humayun received support from Safavid Shah. He recaptured Delhi in 1555 but died the next year after an accident.

Question 10.
What power and potential did the nobles exercise during Akbar’s reign?
Answer:
During Akbar’s reign, nobles commanded large armies and had access to large amounts of revenue. While they were loyal to the empire, they even functioned efficiently and effectively but by the end of the seventeenth century many nobles had built independent networks of their own. Their loyalties to the empire were weakened by their own self-interest.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe Akbar Nama and Ain-i- Akbari.
Answer:
A three-volume history of Akbar’s reign, titled Akbar Nama was written by Abul Fazl. The first volume dealt with Akbar’s ancestors and the second volume recorded the events of Akbar’s reign. The third volume is the Ain-i-Akbari. It majorly deals with Akbar’s administration, army, household, revenues and the geography of his empire. It also provides important details about the traditions and culture of the people living in India. The most interesting aspect about the third volume, Ain-i-Akbari is its rich statistical details about things as diverse as crops, yields, prices, wages and revenues.

The descriptive features of administration was explained in Ain-i-Akbari. The empire was divided into provinces called subas which were governed by a subadar who carried out both political and military functions. And each province also had a financial officer or diwan. For the maintenance of peace and order, the subadar was supported by other officers mainly the military paymaster (bakhshi), the minister in charge of religious and charitable patronage (sadr), military commanders (faujdars) and the town police commander (kotwal).

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire

Question 2.
The peasantry suffered tremendously in the last years’of Aurangzeb’s reign. Explain.
Answer:
During Akbar’s reign, the jagirs were carefully assessed so that their revenues were more or less equal to the salary of the mansabdar. But during Aurangzeb’s reign this was no longer the case. The actual revenue collected was often less than the granted sum. There was also a huge increase in the number of mansabdars, which meant a long wait before they received a jagir. Hence, these and other factors created a shortage in the number of jagirs. Therefore, many jagirdars tried to extract as much revenue as possible while they had a jagir. So, Aurangzeb was unable to control these developments in the last years of his reign and the peasantry therefore suffered tremendously.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions