JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire

JAC Class 7th History The Mughal Empire InText Questions and Answers

Page 46

Question 1.
Do you think this painting suggests that the Mughals claimed kingship as a birthright?
JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire 1
Answer:
As this painting portraits the hierarchy of the Mughal emperors right from Timur to Aurangzed, it depicts that the Mughals claimed kingship as a birthright.

Page 47

Question 2.
How was Humayum’s relationship with Safavid Iran different from Akbar’s?
Answer:
Humayum took refuge in the court of Safavid Iran when he was defeated by Sher Shah Suri. Therefore, he had friendly relations with Iran. Whereas, Akbar seized Kandahar from Safavid Iranian rulers. Hence, he was at war with them.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire

Question 3.
Did the annexation of Golconda and Bijapur in Aurangzeb’s reign end hostilities in the Deccan?
Answer:
No, in spite of the annexation of Golconda and Bijapur, Aurangzeb faced unending disturbances in Deccan as Marathas started guerrilla warfare against him.

Page 50

Question 4.
Which do you think is a fairer division of inheritance: primogeniture or coparcenary?
Answer:
Coparcenary is the fairer division of inheritance. It is based on the principle of equality.

Page 51

Question 5.
What was the consequence of Shivaji’s insult by Aurangzeb?
Answer:
When Aurangzeb insulted Shivaji, and when latter came to accept Mughal authority, Shivaji escaped from prison and began guerrilla warfare in Deccan against Mughals .

Question 6.
Would this have meant more expenditure for the state?
Answer:
Yes, the increase in number of mansabdars with higher zat rankings would have led to more expenditure for the State.

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Question 7.
Can you identify the Jesuit priests in this picture?
JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire 2
Answer:
Two persons wearing black robes are the Jesuit priests who are sitting on the upper left side in the picture.

Poge 57

Question 8.
Imagine you have inherited a kingdom. (Remember Babur and Akbar were about your age when they became rulers). How would you make your
Answer:
kingdom stable and prosperous? In order to make my kingdom stable and prosperous I will undertake following actions:

  1. I will reform administration, revenue, military and trade systems.
  2. I will try to uplift the common people such as peasants, artisans.
  3. I will check corruption in the court.
  4. I will tighten my hold on nobles.
  5. I will expand my kingdom.
  6. I will induct new war technology, etc.

JAC Class 7th History The Mughal Empire Textbook Questions and Answers

( Let’s Recall)

Question 1.
Match the following.

Mansab Marwar
Mongol Governor
Sisodiya Rajput Uzbeg
Rathor Rajput Mewar
Nur Jahan Rank

Answer:

Mansab Rank
Mongol Uzbeg
Sisodiya Rajput Mewar
Rathor Rajput Marwar
Nur Jahan Jahangir
Subadar Governor

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks.
(a) The capital of Mirza Hakim, Akbar’s half-brother,was……..
(b) The five Deccan Sultanates were Berar, Khandesh, Ahmadnagar,……. and
(c) If zat determined a mansabdar’s rank and salary, sawar indicated his………
(d) Abul azl, Akbar’s friend and counsellor, helped him frame the idea of ………so that he could govern a society composed of many religions, cultures and castes.
Answer:
(a) Kabul
(b) Bijapur, Golconda
(c) number of cavalrymen
(d) sulh-i-kul

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire

Question 3.
What were the central provinces under the control of the Mughals?
Answer:
The central provinces under the control of the Mughals were Delhi, Kabul, Sind, Marwar, Gujarat, Mewar, Bihar, Bengal, Orissa and Deccan.

Question 4.
What was the relationship between the mansabdar and the jagirl
Answer:
Mansabdars received the salary as revenue assignment which was called jagir. They didn ’t administer their jagirs. The revenue was collected for them by their servants while the mansabdars were working in some other parts of the province.

(Let’s Understand)

Question 5.
What was the role of the zamindars in Mughal administration?
Answer:
The role of the zamindars in Mughal administration is as follows:
Zamindars were the local headmen of the villages or a powerful chieftains appointed by the Mughal emperor. They worked as intermediaries. They were responsible for collecting taxes from peasants and deposited them with the treasurer.They also played a role of mnning the administration of the Mughals.1 Sometimes they became rebellious against the Mughal empire as they exercised a great deal of power.

Question 6.
How were the debates with religiousscholars important in the formation of Akbar’s ideas on governance?
Answer:
During the 1570s, Akbar had a discussion on religion with the Ulama, ” Brahmanas, Jesuit priests who were Roman Catholics and Zoroastrians. These discussions took place during his stay at Fatehpur Sikri in the ibadat 1 khana. Akbar was interested in thereligion and social customs of different people and his interaction with people of different faiths made him realise that their teachings created divisions and disharmony among his subjects.

Thus Akbar came to an idea known as ‘sulh-i kul’ which focused on a system of ethics honesty, justice and peace.Abul Fazl helped Akbar in framing a vision of governance around this idea of sulh-i kul, which was also followed by ‘ Jahangir and Shah Jahan as well.

Question 7.
Why did the Mughals emphasise their Timurid and not their Mongol descent?
Answer:
The Mughals emphasised on their Timurid and not their Mongol descent because the memory of Mongol emperor Genghis Khan was associated with the massacre of a vast number of people. It was also linked with the Uzbegs, their Mongol competitors. On the other hand, the Mughals took pride in the fact that Timur ancestry had captured the city of Delhi in 1398.

(Let’s Discuss)

Question 8.
How important was the income fromland revenue to the stability of the Mughal Empire?
Answer:
The income from land revenue led to thestability of the Mughal Empire because it was the main source of income of the Mughal Empire. It strengthened the economic system of the Mughal Empire. A huge amount of finance was needed to meet the administrative purpose and maintaining law and order which came from the revenue.It was important as they had to pay the salaries to the soldiers and officials and do welfare works for the common people.Its importance can be easily assessed from the fact that Todar Mai, Akbar ‘s revenue minister,, took 10-year period to carry out the proper calculation of land revenue.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire

Question 9.
Why was it important for the Mughals to recruit mansabdars from diverse backgrounds and not just Turanis and Iranis?
Answer:
It was important for the Mughals to recruit mansabdars from diverse backgrounds and not just Turanis and Iranis because Mughal empire expanded to different regions. Hence, the problems of common folks would be understood better by the people living with them. This included Rajputs, Marathas, Afghans, Muslims and other groups. They came here to rule, so they needed to respect the diversity of the country in order to have a control over it.

Question 10.
Like the Mughal Empire, India today is also made up of many social and cultural units. Does this pose a challenge to national integration?
Answer:
Like the Mughal Empire, India today is also made up of many social and cultural units. This does not pose a challenge to national integration because of the following reasons: India follows a tradition of ‘unity in diversity’. All religions are equally reckoned by the constitution. Now-a-days, people get the right to choose their government and freedom to do what they want which was not same under the reign of Mughals. No, the gap in the income between the rich and the poor in India has not changed a great deal from the period of the Mughals, but the incomes have highly increased compared to that period.Some special advantages are also given to the weaker sections of the society for the upliftment of their living standards.

Question 11.
Peasants were vital for the economy of the Mughal Empire. Do you think that they are as important today? Has the gap in the income between the rich and the poor in India changed a great deal from the period of the Mughals?
Answer:
Peasants were vital for the economy ofthe Mughal Empire. Therefore, today’s economy does not totally depend upon peasants. Yes, they are important today as well.No, , the gap in the income between the rich and the poor in India has not changed a great deal from the period of the Mughals, but the incomes have highly increased compared to that period.

(Let’s Do)

Question 12.
The Mughal Empire left its impact on the different regions of the subcontinent in a variety of ways. Find out if it had any impact in the city/village/region in which you live.
Answer:
The Mughal Empire left its impact on thedifferent regions of the subcontinent in a variety of ways. It had many impact in the city, village, region in which we live. Urdu has enriched our literature, music and art of writing. Their contributions made the cities rich and colourful. As we can discuss about Delhi. It was the capital of Mughal Empire. We see many monuments and beautiful architecture.

JAC Class 7th History The Mughal Empire Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Name the ruler whose mother was a descendant of the greatest Mongol warrior, Ghengis Khan, and his father descended from the legendary Timur.
(a) Babur
(b) Humayun
(c) TodarMal
(d) Jahangir
Answer:
(a) Babur

Question 2.
Babur was forced to leave his ancestral land and came to India and set up the first Mughal empire because
(a) He was a born tourist
(b) His younger brother wanted to become a king
(c) There was a drought in his ancestral land
(d) The Uzbegs invaded his ancestral land, Ferghana.
Answer:
(d) The Uzbegs invaded his ancestral land, Ferghana.

Question 3.
Humayun recaptured Delhi in 1555 with the help of
(a) Muhammad Ali of Africa
(b) Sher Khan of Afghanistan
(c) Ali Zafar of Turkey
(d) Safavid Shah of Persia (Iran)
Answer:
(d) Safavid Shah of Persia (Iran)

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire

Question 4.
Who became the emperor at the age of 13 and reigned from 1556 to 1605?
(a) Jahangir
(b) Akbar
(c) Humayun
(d) Shahjahan
Answer:
(b) Akbar

Question 5.
After Akbar, who continued his military campaigns and forced the Sisodiya Rajputs to accept the Mughal rule?
(a) Jahangir
(b) Bahadur Shah Zafar
(c) Shah Jahan
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Jahangir

Question 6.
Genghis Khan was the emperor of
(a) Central Asia
(b) China
(c) Mongol tribes
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 7.
Sulh-i-kul means
(a) Unity
(b) Gender discrimination
(c) Universal peace
(d) Payment equality
Answer:
(c) Universal peace

Question 8.
Which Mughal emperor was also known as Salim?
(a) Humayun
(b) Jahangir
(c) Akbar
(d) Shah Jahan
Answer:
(b) Jahangir

Question 9.
The salary of the mansabdars were known as…….
(a) Zabt
(b) Jat
(c) Jagir
(d) Mansab
Answer:
(c) Jagir

Question 10.
Akbar Nama was written by …….
(a) Todar Mai
(b) Birbal
(c) Tansen
(d) Abul Fazl
Answer:
(d) Abul Fazl

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What does Mansab mean?
Answer:
Mansab means position or rank.

Question 2.
What do you mean by the rule of primogeniture?
Answer:
By the rule of primogeniture, the elder son inherits the father’s property.

Question 3.
Ibrahim Lodi was defeated by Babur in which year and battle?
Answer:
Ibrahim Lodi was defeated by Babur in 1526 in the first battle of Panipat.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire

Question 4.
Whom did Sher Khan defeated in the battle of Chausa and Kanauj?
Answer:
Sher Khan defeated Humayun in the battle of Chausa and Kanauj.

Question 5.
What was the other name of Prince Khurram assumed after he ascended the throne?
Answer:
Prince Khurram was named Shah Jahan when he ascended to the throne in 1627 after the death of Jahangir.

Question 6.
What do you mean by zat?
Answer:
Zat is a numerical value which determines the ranks and salaries. If zat is on higher side then the noble’s position is also a prestigious one and a big salary as well.

Question 7.
Who fought guerilla warfare?
Answer:
The Marathas fought the guerilla warfare.

Question 8.
In Iran, who helped and gave shelter to Humayun when he fled there?
Answer:
In Iran, Safavid Shah helped Humayun when he fled there.

Question 9.
Who was Genghis Khan?
Answer:
Genghis Khan was the king of the Mongol tribe, Central Asia and China.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire

Question 10.
Who established the chain of justice?
Answer:
Jahangir, the Mughal emperor established the chain of justice outside his palace.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Under the Mughals, what was the relationship between rank and salary?
Answer:
Zat, a numerical value helped in determining the rank and salary of the nobles. A grading system, ‘mansab’ was used to fix the rank, salary and military responsibilities.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Dogma and Bigot,
Answer:
Dogma is a statement or a connotation declared as authoritative with the expectation that it would be followed without question.
Bigot is an individual who is intolerant of another person’s religious beliefs or culture.

Question 3.
Whom did Aurangzeb insulted when he came to accept Mughal authority? What was the outcome of this insult?
Answer:
Aurangzeb insulted Shivaji when he came to accept Mughal authority. The outcome of this insult was that Shivaji escaped from Agra, declared himself an independent king and resumed his .campaigns against the Mughals.

Question 4.
What were the major events happened during Shahjahan’s reign?
Answer:
Under Shah Jahan, Mughal campaigns continued in the Deccan. The Afghan noble, Khan Jahan Lodi was defeated as he became rebellious. Campaigns were launched against Ahmadnagar, the Bundelas were also defeated and Orchha was seized. In the north-west, the campaign to seize Balkh from the Uzbegs was not successful and Question andahar was lost to the Safavids. In 1632, Ahmadnagar was finally annexed and the Bijapur forces sued for peace.

Question 5.
Babur was the first Mughal emperor. How he became an emperor and of which place?
Answer:
Babur was the first Mughal emperor (1526-1530), succeeded to the throne of Ferghana in 1494 when he was only 12 years old. Due to the invasion of another Mongol group, the Uzbegs, he was forced to leave his ancestral throne. After years of wandering he seized Kabul in 1504. In 1526, he defeated the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, at Panipat which is called as First Battle of Panipat and captured Delhi and Agra. Hence, led the foundation of Mughal Empire.

Question 6.
Akbar had a discussion with people of different faiths. What did he realize after the discussion?
Answer:
On his discussion with people of different faiths, Akbar realized that the religious scholars who emphasized rituals and dogma were often bigots. Their teachings mainly created disharmony and divisions amongst the subjects.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire

Question 7.
Write at least two instances of the Mughal marrying the Rajput women.
Answer:
Instances of the Mughal marrying the Rajput women are: The Kachhwaha princess, daughter of the Rajput ruler of Amber was the mother of Jahangir.
A Rathore princess, daughter of the Rajput ruler of Marwar was the mother of Shah Jahan.

Question 8.
What was Akbar’s religious policy?
Answer:

  • Akbar’s religious policy was as under:
  • Akbar introduced the idea of sulh-i-kul or “universal peace”.
  • This idea of tolerance did not discriminate between people of different religions in his realm.
  • Instead it focused on a system of ethics- honesty, justice and peace-that was universally applicable.

Question 9.
Write a note on Humayun.
Answer:
Humayun was the son of Babur. According to the will of his father, Humayun divided his inheritance. His brothers were each given a province. The ambitions of his brother Mirza Kamran weakened Humayun’s cause against Afghan competitors. Sher Khan defeated Humayun at Chausa (1539) and Kanauj (1540), and he fled to Iran. In Iran, Humayun received support from Safavid Shah. He recaptured Delhi in 1555 but died the next year after an accident.

Question 10.
What power and potential did the nobles exercise during Akbar’s reign?
Answer:
During Akbar’s reign, nobles commanded large armies and had access to large amounts of revenue. While they were loyal to the empire, they even functioned efficiently and effectively but by the end of the seventeenth century many nobles had built independent networks of their own. Their loyalties to the empire were weakened by their own self-interest.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe Akbar Nama and Ain-i- Akbari.
Answer:
A three-volume history of Akbar’s reign, titled Akbar Nama was written by Abul Fazl. The first volume dealt with Akbar’s ancestors and the second volume recorded the events of Akbar’s reign. The third volume is the Ain-i-Akbari. It majorly deals with Akbar’s administration, army, household, revenues and the geography of his empire. It also provides important details about the traditions and culture of the people living in India. The most interesting aspect about the third volume, Ain-i-Akbari is its rich statistical details about things as diverse as crops, yields, prices, wages and revenues.

The descriptive features of administration was explained in Ain-i-Akbari. The empire was divided into provinces called subas which were governed by a subadar who carried out both political and military functions. And each province also had a financial officer or diwan. For the maintenance of peace and order, the subadar was supported by other officers mainly the military paymaster (bakhshi), the minister in charge of religious and charitable patronage (sadr), military commanders (faujdars) and the town police commander (kotwal).

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire

Question 2.
The peasantry suffered tremendously in the last years’of Aurangzeb’s reign. Explain.
Answer:
During Akbar’s reign, the jagirs were carefully assessed so that their revenues were more or less equal to the salary of the mansabdar. But during Aurangzeb’s reign this was no longer the case. The actual revenue collected was often less than the granted sum. There was also a huge increase in the number of mansabdars, which meant a long wait before they received a jagir. Hence, these and other factors created a shortage in the number of jagirs. Therefore, many jagirdars tried to extract as much revenue as possible while they had a jagir. So, Aurangzeb was unable to control these developments in the last years of his reign and the peasantry therefore suffered tremendously.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire

JAC Board Class 7 Social Science Notes History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire

→ In the middle age, Mughals had a very powerful empire. From the latter half of the sixteenth century till the seventeenth century, they expanded their kingdom from Agra and Delhi and controlled nearly over all the subcontinent.

→ Who were the Mughals?

  • The Mughals were the successor of the two great descent of rulers.
  • From their maternal side, they were the descendants of Genghis Khan and from their paternal side, they were the descendant of Timur. However, Mughals were proud of their Timurid ancestry. They celebrated their genealogy pictorially.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire

→ Mughal Military Campaigns

  • The first Mughal emperor, Babur captured Delhi and Agra by defeating Ibrahim Lodi in the battle of Panipat in the year 1526.
  • After the death of Babur in 1530, his son Humayun became the second Mughal emperor.
  • Humayun was defeated by Sher Khan twice in Chausa (1539) and Kanauj (1540) and forced him to flee to Iran. He recaptured Delhi in 1555 with the help of Safavid Shah but died in an accident a year later.
  • At the age of 13 years, Akbar became the emperor of Delhi. He was handling
    the empire successfully as he was very competent. He seized Chittor in 1568 and Ranthambhor in 1569. He started the military campaign in Gujarat during the period 1570-1585 which was followed by the campaigns in Bihar, Bengal and Orissa. In 1605, Akbar died.
  • Jahangir became emperor in 1605, he was the son of Akbar. He continued the military campaigns started by Akbar. He campaigned against Sikhs and Ahoms. He died in the year 1627.
  • Shah Jahan continued the campaign in the Deccan. Amongst Shah Jahan’s sons there was a conflict over succession. Aurangzeb was victorious and his three brothers were killed including Dara Shukoh in Agra, Shah Jahan was imprisoned for the rest of the life. He died in the year 1666.
  • Aurangzeb succeeded the throne and one of his major campaign was against Maratha chieftain Shivaji. Initially, Aurangzeb got success but later on Shivaji became an independent king and resumed campaigns against Mughals.
  • Marathas started the guerrilla warfare hence from 1698, Aurangzeb personally managed campaigns. He also faced revolt in north India of the Jats, Sikhs and Satnamis.

→ Mughal Traditions of Succession
Mughal followed the Timurid custom of coparcenary inheritance means a division of the inheritance amongst all the sons. They didn’t believe in the rale of primogeniture or birthright, where the eldest son inherited his father’s estate.

→ Mughal Relations with Other Rulers

  • Mughal campaigned constantly against rulers who refused to accept their authority. But many rulers also joined them voluntarily as the Mughals became powerful. The Rajputs were the one who joined. Many of them married their daughters into Mughal families and received high positions. But many were against them as well like the Sisodiya Rajputs.
  • However, they were honourably treated by the Mughals even if defeated, given their lands (watan) back as assignments (watanjagir).

→ Mansabdars and Jagirdars

  • The people who joined Mughal service were enrolled as Mansabdars. They were an individual who holds a mansab which means to hold a position or a rank.
  • Mughals used a grading system to fix three things viz; rank, salary and military responsibilities.
  • Zat was a numerical value which determined the rank and salary.
  • Mansabdars received their salary as revenue assignments known as jagirs which were similar to iqtas.
  • Jagirs were carefully assessed during the Akbar’s reign so that their salary were more or less equal to the mansabdar. But it was not same in the reign of Aurangzeb means the actual revenue collected was often very less from the granted sum. Hence, many jagirdars tried to extract as much revenue as possible while they had a jagir.

→ Zabt and Zamindars

  • The term zamindar was used to describe all intermediaries, whether they were local headmen of villages or powerful chieftains.
  • Akbar’s revenue minister, Todar Mai did a survey on crop yield and based on the data he fixed the tax on each crop for a ten-year period from 1570-1580.
  • The revenue system was introduced by Todar Mai and was called as zabt.
  • Zamindars had powers. Due to Mughal exploitation, zamindars and peasants revolted against them. Hence, from the end of the seventeenth century, it challenged the stability of the Mughal Empire.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire

→ A Closer Look – Akbar’s Policies

  • Abul Fazl wrote Akbar Nama which gives us details about Akbar’s reign.
  • As per Abul Fazl. the empire was divided into provinces known as subas and were governed by a subadar. Each province had a diwan or a financial officer.
  • Subadars were supported by different officers. They were the military paymaster called as Bakhshi. the minister in charge of religious and patronage called as Sadr, military commanders known as Faujdars and town police commissioners known as Kotwal.
  • Religious discussions were done at ibadat khana. Akbar got support from Abul Fazl in framing a vision of governance around the idea of Sulh-i Kul. These principles were later followed by Jahangir and Shah Jahan.

→ The Mughal Empire in the Seventeenth Century and After

  • Mughal empire had administrative and military efficiency which led to economic and commercial prosperity. They enjoyed a great deal of influence and power.
  • The wealthier peasantry, artisans, merchants were rising high in monetary terms and
    power, whereas, the primary producers lived in poverty.
  • Hence, by the end of the seventeenth century, the Mughal empire started declining which gave rise to many independent provinces like Hyderabad and Awadh.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes