Prasanna – Page 92 – Jharkhand Board Solution

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years

September 4, 2024September 3, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years

JAC Class 7th History Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Look at the areas in the interior of the subcontinent on Map 2. Are they as detailed as those on the coast? Follow the course of the River Ganga and see how it is shown. Why do you think there is a difference in the level of detail and accuracy between the coastal and inland areas in this map?

Answer:
No, the areas are not as detailed as those oh the coast. The European merchants and sailors who used this map, did not go to the inland places of the subcontinent much as they interacted with the coastal areas. Hence, the level of detail and accuracy of coastal areas is better than the inland areas, in the map.

Page 3

Question 2.
Can you think of any other words whose meanings change in different contexts?
Answer:
Yes, word-Ruler (King) Ruler (Law makers)

Page 4

Question 3.
When was paper more expensive and easily available in the thirteenth or the fourteenth century?
Answer:
The paper was expensive in 13th century and in 14th century it was easily available.

Question 4.
Of the technological, economic, social and cultural changes described in this section, which do you think were most significant in the town or village in which you live?

Answer:
Secondary occupations are done in town and in villages they do primary occupations such as agriculture.

Question 5.
Why do you think rulers made such claims?
Answer:
They were real rulers of the country. They were supreme. No other ruler could fight them. They showed others that they are the most powerful rulers. That is why, they made such claims.

Question 6.
Make a list of the languages mentioned by Amir Khusrau. Prepare another list of names of languages spoken today in the regions he mentioned. Underline names that are similar and circle those that are different.
Answer:
Languages mentioned by Amir Khusrau are Lahori, Sindhi, Kashmiri, Dvarsamudri, Gujari, Gauri, Hindawi. List of names of languages spoken today in the regions are Kashmiri, Awadhi, Pahari, Himachali, Punjabi, Gujarati, Sindhi, Marathi, Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Oriya, Assamese, English, Tamil, Telegu, Gurkhati, Lepena. Similar are Awadhi, Kashmiri, Sindhi Different are Remaining all.

Question 7.
Did you notice that the names by which languages are known have changed over time?
Answer:
Yes, most of them have changed over time.
Answer:
No, the areas are not as detailed as those oh the coast. The European merchants and sailors who used this map, did not go to the inland places of the subcontinent much as they interacted with the coastal areas. Hence, the level of detail and accuracy of coastal areas is better than the inland areas, in the map.

Question 8.
Find out whether and for how long your state was part of these pan- regional empires.
Ans:
Delhi for about thousand years (700 to 1750), if you reside in Delhi.

Question 9.
Do you remember what Amir Khusrau had to say regarding Sanskrit, Knowledge and Brahmanas?
Ans:
According to Amir Khusrau, Sanskrit was an old language, does not belong to any religion and Brahmanas were great scholars of Sanskrit.

Page 14

Question 10.
Imagine you are a historian. Choose one of the themes mentioned in this chapter, such as economic, social or political history, and discuss why you think it would be interesting to find out the history of that theme.
Answer:
I would choose social and political history. It would be interesting to find out the history of social and political changes because:

This period saw emergence of new foods beverages.
New technologies appeared.
It was period of mobility when people travelled long distances.
Extension of agriculture brought social changes.
Important changes occurred in religion.
Politically different groups become important.

JAC Class 7th History Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who was considered a “foreigner” in the past?
Answer:
The word “foreigner” was used in medieval period for any stranger or unknown person who was not a part of the certain society or culture in a said village. A forest dweller might be considered as a foreigner by city dweller. In Hindi a foreigner is termed as pardesi.

Question 2.
State whether true or false:
(a) We do not find inscriptions for the period after 700.
(b) The Marathas asserted their political importance during this period.
(c) Forest-dwellers were sometimes pushed out of their lands with the spread of agricultural settlements.
(d) Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban controlled Assam, Manipur and Kashmir.
Ans:
(a) False
(b) False
(c) True
(d) False

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks:
(a) Archives are places where………are kept.
(b) …….. was a fourteenth century chronicler.
(c) …….’……..’…….’……….. and …… were some of the new crops introduced into the subcontinent during this period.
Answer:
(a) manuscripts
(b) Ziyauddin Barani
(c) Com, chillies, potatoes, tea, coffee.

Question 4.
List some of the technological changes associated with this period.
Answer:
Some important technological changes associated with this period were:

The use of spinning wheel in weaving
The use of Persian wheel in irrigation
The use of firearms in combat.

Question 5.
What were some of the major religious developments during this period?
Answer:
Some of the major religious developments during this period were as follows:

Hinduism saw many changes including worship of deities.
Kings built new temples.
Brahmanas emerged as a strong group in society. They were the priests in temples.
The idea of Bhakti emerged.
The new teaching of Question uran was brought by merchants and migrants. It is the holy book of Muslims.
They had two sub sects – Shia and Sunni.
A class of patrons emerged as they were the rulers who provided protection and shelter to ulemas.

(Let’s Understand)

Question 6.
In what ways has the meaning of the term ‘Hindustan’ changed over the centuries?
Answer:
The meaning of the term ‘Hindustan’ changed over the centuries in the • following way:

‘Hindustan’ was first used by Minhaj-i-Siraj in 13th century. It included the areas of Punjab, Haryana and the land between Ganga and Yamuna rivers. He used it in a political sense that were a segment of the dominions of the Delhi Sultanate.
In the sixteenth century, Babur used the term ‘Hindustan’ to describe the geography, fauna and culture of the subcontinent.
Amir Khusrau, a fourteenth century poet also used the term ‘Hind’ to describe the geographical and cultural entity.
The term did not carry the political and national meanings as the term ‘India’ is used today.

Question 7.
How were the affairs of jatis regulated?
Answer:
The affairs of Jatis were regulated in the following manner:

Jatis formulated their own rules and regulations to manage the members.
These regulations were enforced by the Jati Panchayat.
They were also required to follow the rule of the villages. Many villages were governed by a Chieftain.
Jatis were divided on the basis of economic and social position.

Question 8.
What does the term pan-regional empire mean?
Answer:
The term pan-regional empire means an empire spanning over various regions. Some of the dynasties are Mughals, Cholas, Khaljis and the Tughluqs.

(Let’s Discuss)

Question 9.
What are the difficulties historians face in using manuscripts?
Answer:
Historians faced many difficulties in using manuscripts:

In early days, it was handwritten. Palm leaves were used to write as paper.
Historians translated the facts as per the manuscripts which they got.
Different historians presented it in their own manner as the handwriting was not always clear. They introduced some changes as well. Later it was quite difficult to accept which one was the original manuscript.

Question 10.
How do historians divide the past into periods? Do they face any problems in doing so?
Answer:
Historians divide past into periods on the basis of continuity. This continuity is further based on coins, inscriptions, architecture and textual records. Historians divided the past into periods by considering economic, social, cultural and religious changes. British historians divided the Indian history into three periods Hindu, Muslim and British. They only considered the fact that no significant changes occurred other than the religion of the rulers. They ignored the rich diversity of the subcontinent. Historians of the modem days divide history into ancient, medieval and modem history.

Significant changes occurred in the past thousand years. Historians vary to classify the periods as few takes periodization and some consider the socio economic factors of the past to characterize. We see that 16th century was not same as 18th century. Hence, describing the entire period as one historical unit is quite difficult.

(Let’s Do)

Question 11.
Compare either Map 1 or Map 2 with the present day map of the subcontinent, listing as many similarities and differences as you can find.
Answer:

The Arab geographer, Al-Idrisi made Map 1 in 1154 CE.
It shows the Indian subcontinent from this larger world map.
It shows, South India at that place where North India is at present and Sri Lanka is the island at the top.
Places names are in Arabic. As Kanauj in Uttar Pradesh has been mentioned as Question anauj.
Present day maps of the subcontinent is more clear as it shows clear directions.

The French cartographer in 1720 made Map 2. Map 1 is quite different from Map 2. Map 2 was made nearly 600 years later.
Information provided about the subcontinent changed a lot. Coastal areas are more comprehensive and detailed.
Cartography technique was different. Hence, this Map 2 appears to be more known and familiar to us.

Question 12.
Find out where records are kept in your village or city. Who writes these • records? Is there an archive? Who manages it? What kind of documents are stored there? Who are the people who use it?
Answer:
In our village, records are kept in the Panchayat office. In cities, records are kept in the municipal offices or municipal corporation. In villages, records are written by Gram Sevak who is a government employee. In cities these records are written and maintained by clerks. In villages, there are no archive and Sarpanch manages it. In cities, there are archives. The kind of documents stored there are government records such as details about land of the village, data of birth and deaths, public properties, rare manuscripts and books. Government officials, Researchers and Scholars use them.

JAC Class 7th History Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Al-Idrisi drawn the map in
(a) 12th century
(b) 14th century
(c) 1th century
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) 12th century

Question 2.
Cartographer is a person who draws
(a) paintings
(b) maps
(c) pictures
(d) All of these
Answer:
(b) maps

Question 3.
In Al-Idrisi’s map, places are named in –
(a) Arabic
(b) Persian
(c) Sanskrit
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Arabic

Question 4. In 1720s, maps were made by
(a) German cartographers
(b) Arabic cartographers
(c) French cartographers
(d) English cartographers
Answer:
(b) Arabic cartographers

Question 5.
In 13th century, the term Hindustan was used by the chronicler
(a) Ziyauddin Barani
(b) Al-Idrisi
(c) Babur
(d) Minhaj-i-Siraj
Answer:
(d) Minhaj-i-Siraj

Question 6.
Amir Khusrau was a poet in
(a) Fourteenth century
(b) Sixteenth century
(c) Eleventh century
(d) Thirteenth century
Answer:
(a) Fourteenth century

Question 7.
The term ‘foreigner’ in Hindi means
(a) Ajnabi
(b) Pardesi
(c) Kshatriyas
(d) All of these
Answer:
(b) Pardesi

Question 8.
Historians used the sources to study this period
(a) Architecture
(b) coins
(c) inscriptions
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 9.
Paper become cheaper and readily available in
(a) Twelfth century
(b) Thirteenth century
(c) Fourteenth century
(d) Eighth century
Answer:
(c) Fourteenth century

Question 10.
Ziyauddin Barani was a 14th century
(a) poet
(b) chronicler
(c) cartographer
(d) painter
Answer:
(b) chronicler

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the work of cartographer?
Answer:
A cartographer is a person who draws niaps.

Question 2.
What do you mean by archives?
Answer:
Archives are places where manuscripts were collected.

Question 3.
How the locations are shown in Al- Idrisi’s map?
Answer:
In his map, south India is shown at the present north India and at the top is the Sri Lankan island.

Question 4.
What is the study of coins called?
Answer:
The study of coins is called numismatics.

Question 5.
What do you mean by patron?
Answer:
Patron is an influential wealthy individual who supports another person who can be an artist, craftsperson, a learned man or a noble.

Question 6.
Which term did Minhaj-i-Siraj used and when?
Answer:
The term was ‘Hindustan’ in the 13th century.

Question 7.
Shia and Sunni are sects of which religion?
Answer:
Islam.

Question 8.
What do you mean by pan-regional empire?
Answer:
Pan-regional empire means empire spanning in diverse regions.

Question 9.
What was the name given by Greeks to Indian subcontinent?
Answer:
Indus.

Question 10.
What are the sources used by the historians to study a particular period of history?
Answer:
The sources are coins, textual records, inscriptions and architectures to study a particular period.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define the following terms Manuscript, Medieval Period, Numismatics, Epigraphy, Archive.
Answer:
Manuscript – The script written by author /writer in his own handwriting. Medieval Period – The period between 700 CE to 1750 CE in Indian history is called medieval period. Numismatics – It is the study of coins. Epigraphy- It is the study of inscriptions. Archive – A place where all manuscripts and documents are stored.

Question 2.
What do the term scribes mean? How did the scribes worked with manuscripts?
Answer:
Scribes were those person who copy down the manuscripts. By hand, manuscripts were copied.

Question 3.
How are navigations and travelogues are important written source?
Answer:
During medieval period, many merchants and sailors visited India. Their writing about the places and the people they met gives us lots of information. They give details about economic, social and cultural things about that place.

Question 4.
How the value of paper was different in thirteenth and fourteenth century?
Answer:
The value of paper was very different in thirteenth and fourteenth century. In 13th century, a learned person wanted to copy a book but he didn’t have much paper, so he washed a portion of the manuscript which he didn’t required and dried the paper and used it. But in 14th century, if any person bought some food in the market and the shopkeeper would wrap it for you in the paper if you are fortunate enough.

Question 5.
Medieval period helped in the development of Indian history. How?
Answer:
Medieval period has been very helpful in the development of Indian history because of the following reasons:

Many modem languages developed during this period which we speak nowadays.
Some of the food items and clothes we wear became very popular during this period.
Our current religious faiths such as Sikhism, Islam can be traced.

Question 6.
There was a dramatic increase in the variety of textual records during this period. Why?
Answer:
There was a dramatic increase in the variety of textual records during this period because paper was readily available and also very cheap. People started writing holy texts, chronicles of mlers, letters and teachings of saints, judicial records, register of accounts and taxes on papers which can be kept properly.

Question 7.
Describe chronicles.
Answer:
A record of the rule of the kings and life at the court is called a chronicle. Most kings had court chroniclers who wrote in detail about what happened during their reign. Some important chronicles of the medieval period are: Rajatarangini by Kalhana, which is a history of the king of Kashmir.Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi by Ziyauddin Barani, which describes the history of the Sultans of Delhi till the reign of Firoz Shah Tughluq

Question 8.
Many changes took place during 700 CE and 1750 CE. List some of them.
Answer:
Many changes took place during 700 CE and 1750 CE. Many technologies came into existence like the Persian wheel in irrigation, the spinning wheel in weaving and firearms in combat. New food and beverages also arrived in the subcontinent like potatoes,chillies, com, tea, and coffee.

Question 9.
What do you mean by JatiPanchayafl Who was the chief of the village?
Answer:
The assembly of elders which controlled the conduct of the members of their jati was called the Jati Panchayat. Villages were controlled by chieftains. Even the smaller jati panchayats were obligated to follow the village administration.

Question 10.
Which group of people become important during medieval period and why?
Answer:
The group of people who becameimportant in this period were the Rajputs, a name derived from ‘Rajputra’ which means the son of a ruler. They included not just rulers but also soldiers and commanders who served in the armies of different rulers in the subcontinent. They claimed to be a kshatriya in caste status.

Question 11.
Why Brahmanas earned a respect in the society?
Answer:
Brahmanas earned respect in the society because they had the knowledge of Sanskrit which no one in general had. Their position was very dominant and consolidated by the support of their patrons – new rulers searching for power and dignity.

Question 12.
Muslim religion has two sects. What are they? How do they differ from each other?
Answer:
The two sects are Shia and Sunni. Shia muslims are those who believe that the Prophet Muhammad’s son-in-law Ali, was the legitimate leader of the Muslim community. Whereas, Sunni muslims are those who accepted the authority of the early leaders (Khalifas) of the community and the succeeding Khalifas.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain medieval period of Indian history. It is termed as one of continuity and change. Why?
Answer:
History is divided into ancient, medieval and modem periods to make it easy to understand. The word medieval comes from.Latin word which means middle age. It saw many changes with the arrival of migrated people to the land. The society and economy of the subcontinent was transformed and reached a high level of richness and prosperity which attracted many merchants and traders.

In early medieval period, the Cholas and Rajput kings dominated the socio economic and political history of the country. In the later medieval period, the Turks and the regional kingdoms which emerged after the end of the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughals largely dominated the subcontinent.

Question 2.
What was the change in the religion during this period? Explain the major developments.
Answer:
During these thousand years, i.e., 700 CE to 1750 CE there has been major changes in religion. It was very prominent in Hinduism. The worship of new deities, the construction of temples by the kings and royals and the growing importance of Brahmanas, priests as a major group in society emerged as the changes. Also the idea of bhakti emerged.

Merchants, traders and migrants brought the teachings of 0uran, the holy book of Muslims. Patron class emerged during this period. They were the rulers who provided shelter and protection to the ulamas, the learned theologists and jurists. During this period, muslims were divided into two sects or groups Shia and Sunni. Shia Muslims believed in Prophet Muhammad’s authority while the Sunnis accepted the authority of the early leaders Khalifas.

Question 3.
Discuss how coins, inscriptions and architectures are useful sources of information on medieval period.
Answer:
Coins, inscriptions, architectures are very useful sources of information on medieval period. Coins help us to know better the economic conditions of a kingdom. They were generally issued by the emperor of the empire. It helps us to know the provincial extent and duration of reign of the ruler. It helps historians to clarify their doubts about any particular event or dates which are mentioned in the book. Inscriptions are one of the major sources of information about Indian history.

Written records are engraved on stones, pillars, monuments, wall of temples and copper plates. They provide us information about the rulers, their kingdoms and some major events, geographical areas of the kingdom, etc. Inscriptions on copper plates were found around south Indian temples of medieval period. Monuments provide us the information about when they have been constructed and who built it. We get information on socio-economic, political conditions from the religious place of that time. Temples, tombs, mosque, stupas, palaces, forts, help us. Forts in Delhi, Jaipur, Hyderabad give an understanding of the architectural styles of that period.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 1 Environment

September 4, 2024September 3, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 1 Environment

JAC Class 7th Geography Environment InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Look at your surroundings. Make a list of uses that the land in your neighbourhood is being put to.
Answer:
The land used in our neighbourhood is being put to parks, roads, places of worships, buildings, institutions, small scale industries, etc.

Question 2.
Where does the water you use in your home and school come from? Make a list of different uses of water in our daily life. Have you seen anyone wasting water? How?
Answer:
The water which we use in our home and school come from rivers, tanks, city water works, taps, etc.

Different uses of water in our daily life are for drinking, cooking, washing, cleaning, brushing, bathing, growing plants, sewerage disposal.
Several people waste water in various ways and seen it many times. While brushing teeth, they keep their tap on. Seen overflow of water tanks in many houses, as they forget to check the water. While working in kitchen, washing utensils, they keep tap in full speed and on always.
Observe the sky while coming to school. Make a note whether the day is cloudy, rainy, sunny, foggy, etc. Students need to do it yourself.

Sample answer given below:
The day is sunny. It is not so hot. The sun is shining brightly and the sky is clear and blue and cannot see clouds. We can play outside. The weather is comfortable for swimming.

Page 4

Question 4.
Sketch or bring photographs of your place like the students in the story. Answer: Students need to do it yourself.

Page 5

Question 5.
Talk to some elderly person in your neighbourhood and collect information about-

The trees in his/ her neighbourhood when he/ she was your age.
The indoor games he/she played.
His/her favourite fruit at your age.
How did they make themselves comfortable during hot summers and cold winters? Display your answers on a wall/ bulletin board.

Answer:
Students need to do it yourself. Sample answer given below:

The trees of papaya, mango, guava, coconut, litchi, banana, etc.
Chess, carrom board, cards, ludo.
Mango, litchi and coconut.
During hot summer days they used to sit under huge trees where breeze blows and do swimming in ponds and lakes.
During cold winter days they used to sit near fire and outside to get sunlight.

JAC Class 7th Geography Environment Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions.
(i) What is an ecosystem?
Answer:
A system established by the interaction of all living organisms with each other and their surroundings in which they live and interlinked with transfer of energy and material. They are interdependent and called an ecosystem.

(ii) What do you mean by natural environment?
Answer:
Natural environment comprises of land, water, air, plants and animals. Hence, natural environment refers to both biotic and abiotic conditions that exist on the earth.

(iii) Which are the major components of the environment?
Answer:
The major components of the environment are:

Natural environment (land, air,
water, living beings)
Human environment (individual, family, community, educational, economic, religion, etc.)
Human made environment (parks, buildings, roads, bridges, monuments, etc.)

(iv) Give four examples of human made environment,
Answer:
Four examples of human made environment are parks, roads, monuments, buildings.

(v) What is lithosphere?
Answer:
The solid crust or hard top layer of the earth is called Lithosphere. It is usually made up of rocks and different minerals and covered with thin layer of soil.

(vi) Which are the two major components of biotic environment?
Answer:
Animals and plants are the two major componenets of biotic environment.

(vii) What is biosphere?
Answer:
The limited section of the earth where land, air and water interact with each other to support life is called biosphere. Hence, animal and plant kingdom together constructs biosphere means the living world.

Tick (√) the correct answer.

Question 2.
(i) Which is not a natural ecosystem?
(a) Desert
(b) Aquarium
(c) Forest
Answer:
(b) Aquarium

(ii) Which is not a component of human environment?
(a) Land
(b) Religion
(c) Community
Answer:
(a) Land

(iii) Which is a human made environment?
(a) Mountain
(b) Sea
(c) Road
Answer:
(c) Road

(iv) Which is a threat to environment?
(a) Growing plant
(b) Growing population
(c) Growing crops
Answer:
(b) Growing population

Question 3.
Match the following.

(i) Biosphere	(a) blanket of ai? which surrounds the earth
(ii) Atmosphere	(b) domain of water
(iii) Hydrosphere	(c) gravitational force of the earth
(iv) Environment	(d) our surroundings
	(e) narrow zone where land, water and air interact
	(f) relation between the organisms and their surroundings,,

Answer:

(i) Biosphere	(e) narrow zone’ where land, water and air interact
(ii) Atmosphere	(a) blanket of air which surrounds the earth
(iii) Hydrosphere	(b) domain of water
(iv) Environment	(d) our surroundings

Question 4.
Give reasons.

Man modifies his environment
Plants and animals depend on each other

Answer:

Man modifies his environment to fulfill their basic needs and make their own life easy and comfortable. He also modifies to adapt itself ‘ to the natural surroundings and environment.
Plants and animals depends on each other for their own interests and needs. Plants release oxygen and animals need to breathe it. Animals release carbon dioxide which plants required to breathe.

Activity

Question 5.
Imagine an ideal environment where you would love to live. Draw the picture of your ideal environment.
Answer:
Students need to do it by themselves.

JAC Class 7th Geography Environment Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
…………..is not a component of natural environment.
(a) Region
(b) Air
(c) Land
(d) Water
Answer:
(a) Region

Question 2.
The atmosphere contains
(a) dust
(b) gas
(c) water vapour
(d) all of these
Answer:
(d) all of these

Question 3.
Human made component of environment is ………
(a) air
(b) water
(c) buildings
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) buildings

Question 4.
The force which hold earth’s atmosphere is…
(a) pulling force
(b) gravitational force
(c) pushing force
(d) magnetic force
Answer:
(b) gravitational force

Question 5.
The revolution which made communication easier and speedy across the world was
(a) French revolution
(b) Information revolution
(c) Green revolution
(d) Glorious revolution
Answer:
(b) Information revolution

Question 6.
Fifth June is celebrated as
(a) World smile day
(b) World chocolate day
(c) World environment day
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) World environment day

Question 7.
Different landforms are a part of
(a) lithosphere
(b) hydrosphere
(c) atmosphere
(d) biosphere
Answer:
(a) lithosphere

Question 8.
Industrial revolution was conducted in the period of
(a) Small scale production
(b) Population growth
(c) Use of money
(d) Large scale production
Answer:
(d) Large scale production

Question 9.
In French, the word ‘environment’ mean
(a) forest
(b) surrounding
(c) neighbourhood
(d) nature
Answer:
(c) neighbourhood

Question 10.
Hydrosphere comprises of
(a) lakes
(b) sea
(c) river
(d) all of these
Answer:
(d) all of these

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by barter system?
Answer:
Barter system is a system or trade in which goods are exchanged without the use of money.

Question 2.
What is the importance of atmosphere?
Answer:
The importance of atmosphere is that it protects us from scorching heat and harmful rays from the sun.

Question 3.
What do you mean by atmosphere?
Answer:
The thin layer of air which surrounds the earth is called as the atmosphere.

Question 4.
What do you mean by hydrosphere?
Answer:
Hydrosphere means the domain of water in the earth.

Question 5.
Why hydrosphere is of great significance?
Answer:
Hydrosphere comprises of water which helps to sustain a great variety of life form. It comprises various sources of water and different types of waterbodies like rivers, lakes, seas, oceans, etc. It is essential for all living organisms.

Question 6.
What do you mean by environment?
Answer:
Environment is our basic life support system. It provides the air we breath, the water we drink, the food we eat and the land where we live. It is a combination of natural and human made phenomena.

Question 7.
Give names of different types of waterbodies.
Answer:
Different types of waterbodies are lakes, rivers, seas, oceans, etc.

Question 8.
Does Cherrapunji gets heavy rainfall?
Answer:
Yes, Cherrapunnji gets heavy rainfall.

Question 9.
Which kind of animals do you find in desert?
Answer:
The kind of animals we find in deserts are camels, lizards, snakes and different types of insects.

Question 10.
Where do we find landforms?
Answer:
We find landforms over the continents and ocean floors.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Do you think our environment is changing? Justify your answer.
Answer:
Our environment is changing very fast because our needs are increasing day by day and in order to fulfill these needs we are modifying and at times even destroying our natural surroundings.

Question 2.
What is the difference between biotic and abiotic environment.
Answer:
Biotic environment comprises of all the living organisms such as animals and plants. Abiotic environment comprises of all non-living components such as air, water, land. ‘

Question 3.
Why human beings are makingchanges in their environment?
Answer:
Human changes or made alterations of his environment according to his needs and demands. With time needs and demands grew and became more varied and wide. Human beings started learning new ways to use and change the environment. Hence, they leamt to grow crops and started harvesting, domesticate animals and lead a settled life.

Question 4.
What are the three major components of the environment which are collectively known as biosphere?
Answer:
The three major components of the environment which are collectively known as biosphere are atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere.

Question 5.
Which gas human beings and plants use to sustain in the environment?
Answer:
Human beings use oxygen and plants use carbon dioxide to sustain in the environment. Plants uses carbon dioxide to make their food and releases oxygen. Human or animals releases carbon dioxide.

Question 6.
What is the importance of oxygen in air?
Answer:
The importance of oxygen in air is that humans and animals need it to breathe and sustain. Without oxygen life cannot sustain. It is the second most in quantity in’ air.

Question 7.
What are the differences between lithosphere and atmosphere?
Answer:
Differences between lithosphere and atmosphere:

Lithosphere

The solid crust or the hard top layer of the earth is called as lithosphere.
Grasslands, lands, forests, human settlements are a part of lithosphere.

Atmosphere

The thin layer of the air that surrounds the earth is called as atmosphere.
Atmosphere safeguard us from scorching heat and harmful ultra violet rays.

Question 8.
How does the ecosystem work?
Answer:
Each and every ecosystem is formed by the interaction between all living beings with each other and with the environment in which they live. The connection between biotic and abiotic elements of an ecosystem happen due to the transfer of energy. They are interdependent on each other.

Question 9.
Biosphere has a great impact on human beings? What are they?
Answer:
Biosphere has a great impact on human beings.
They are as follows:

It provides us our basic necessities of our life such as food, air, water, etc.
It provides us natural resources like fuel, energy, plants, minerals, etc.
It also provides us raw material for industries.

Question 10.
What do you understand by biodiversity?
Answer:
In our solar system, earth is the only planet where life sustains. Over period of time, life evolved and got diversified. Different types of species came into existence due to diversification process of nature. This wide range of species are called as biodiversity.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Should we protect our environment? Justify your answer.
Answer:
Yes, we should protect our environment due to the following reasons:

It is our fundamental life support system. It provides us the air which we breathe, water which we drink and do cleaning works and land where we live.
It provides us many natural resources such as minerals, wood, fuel, etc.
By unwise use of resources such as forests, farms, pastures, hills, most of the parts of the environment has been badly affected and damaged.
The different activities of the human beings effects the environment in one way or the other.
If we don’t control now, then the problems which we will face will be very dangerous and irreparable like we don’t get enough rainfall where it is required hence crops and harvesting gets affected.

Question 2.
Is environment static or dynamic? Human beings have adapted and changed the environment accordingly to fulfill their needs. Explain briefly.
Answer:
Our environment is dynamic and not static. Different natural, external and human factors bring many changes in the environment.

Human beings have adapted to the environment and changed it to fulfill their needs and requirements:
Early humans led a simple life and fulfilled their needs from the surrounding nature. They adapted easily to the nature around them.
The human beings started using variety of things and their needs kept increasing.
To meet the requirements and needs, human beings learnt to grow crops, domesticate the animals and started to live a settled life.
Excess food and grains was produced. Hence, trade emerged with the rise of barter system.
Transport and agricultural needs ‘ were fulfilled by the invention of ’ wheels.
Also means of communication developed.
Human beings are using the natural resources beyond their needs and wasting it most of the time.
Due to human activities environmental degradation occurred.
Hence, human beings should mark this as his duty to maintain the environmental balance and stability.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources

September 4, 2024September 3, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources

JAC Class 8th Geography Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources InText Questions and Answers

Page 7

Question 1.
Observe the land, type of soil and water availability in the region you live. Discuss in your class, how it has influenced the lifestyle of people there.
Answer:
Students need to answer on thier own according to the places they live.

Page 8

Question 2.
Talk to some elderly person in your family or neighbourhood and collect information about changes in the land use over the years, in the place where you live. Display your findings on a bulletin board in your classroom.
Answer:
Findings:

Page 12

Question 3.
In India soils could be alluvial, black, red, laterite, desertic and mountain soil. Collect a handful of different types of soil and observe. How are they different?
Answer:
Alluvial soil are the fine-grained soil which are formed by river and it is very fertile. The colour of the soil is grey. It is found from Punjab to Assam and West Bengal. Also found in deltas in the rivers such as Krishna, Mahanadi etc. Black soil is found in central, southern and western state in India. It is a black coloured soil, very fertile and suitable for the growth of cotton crops. It is formed by the volcanic eruptions.

Red soil is made of old crystalline rock. It is red in colour because the soil contains iron. It is found in states such as Tamil Nadu, southern Karnataka, north-eastern Andhra Pradesh and some parts of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Odisha. Laterite soil are found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and the hilly areas of Orissa and Assam. This type of soil is less fertile.

It is formed in wet and hot tropical areas and soil is rich in aluminum and iron. Desert soil is formed from arid condition with very less rainfall hence also known as arid soil. The colour of the soil is red to brown. It is sandy and alkaline due to less moisture and found in Thar desert, Rajasthan. Mountain soil is the infertile soil and very thin. It is found on the hill slopes. The soils occupy about XA 0f the total land area of India.

Page 13

Question 4.
Take two trays A and B of same size. Make six holes at one end of these trays and then fill them with the same amount of soil. Leave the soil in tray A bare while sow wheat or rice grains in tray B. When the grain in tray B has grown a few centimetres high, place both the trays in such a way that they are on a slope. Pour one mug of water from the same height into each tray. Collect the muddy water that trickles down the holes of both trays in two separate containers and compare how much soil is washed out of each tray?

Answer:
From tray A, more soil is washed out whereas from tray B less soil is washed out because the soil layer is covered with grass.

Page 14

Question 5.
An average urban Indian uses about 150 litres of water every day

Use	Litres per person per day
Drinking	3
Cooking	4
Bathing	20
Flushing	40
Washing clothes	40
Washing utensils	20
Gardening	23
Total	150

Can you suggest some ways to bring down this amount?
Answer:
We should try not to waste water and use it judiciously. Some ways are:

Water used for washing vegetables can be used in gardening.
We should use bucket and mug while bathing instead of shower.
Water used for washing utensils and clothes can be used in toilet.

Page 18

Question 6.
Read the news item and find out how fire started in California? Could it be avoided?
Answer:
The winds can push a fire the length of a football field in a minute, said Scott McLean, spokesman for the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, or Call Fire. And the hundreds of members pushed in front of the fires become small spot fires themselves, he said. High winds also dissipate fire retardant dropped by aircraft, McLean said. The Diablo winds caused the same problems in Northern California in October. California’s deadly wildfires have a straightforward solution, experts say: stop building homes in places that are likely to bum- and make homes that already exist in those areas a whole lot tougher.

JAC Class 8th Geography Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions.

(i) Which are the two main climatic factors responsible for soil formation?
Answer:
The two main climatic factors which are responsible for soil formation are:

Temperature – The fluctuations in temperature between hot and cold forms cracks in the rocks.
Rainfall – By applying pressure it contributes in breaking the rocks.

(ii) Write any two reasons for land degradation today.
Answer:
Two reasons for land degradation today are:

Deforestation – Destruction of forest region.
Due to growing population, demands are growing rapidly. It leads to excess use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides.

(iii) Why is land considered an important resource?
Answer:
Land is considered as an important resource because most activities and works are done on land. It provides us to do farming, living, forestry, industries, etc.

(iv) Name any two steps that government has taken to conserve plants and animals.
Answer:
Two steps that government has taken to conserve plants and animals are:

Awareness programs such as Vanamahotasava and social forestry are encouraged and endorsed at the community and regional level.
Establishment of wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves and national parks in different parts of the country to conserve the vegetation and wildlife.

(v) Suggest three ways to conserve water.
Answer:
Three ways to conserve water are:

Drip or trickle irrigation should be used in dry regions. Also in irrigation process, canals should be built properly so that water is not wasted.
Rainwater harvesting should be implemented. It is a process of collecting water and storing it when it rains and can used in future.
Water wastage should be minimised. We can use the water used in washing vegetables for gardening and likewise.

Tick the correct answer.

Question 2:
(i) Which one of the following is NOT a factor of soil formation?
(a) time
(b) soil texture
(c) organic matter
Answer:
(b) soil texture

(ii) Which one of the following methods is most appropriate to check soil erosion on steep slopes?
(a) shelter belts
(b) mulching
(c) terrace cultivation
Answer:
(c) terrace cultivation

(iii) Which one of the following is NOT in favour of the conservation of nature?
(a) switch off the bulb when not in use
(b) close the tap immediately after using
(c) dispose polypacks after shopping
Answer:
(c) dispose polypacks after shopping

Match the followings:

Question 3.

(i) Land use	(a) prevent soil erosion
(ii) Humus	(b) narrow zone of contact between the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere
(iii) Rock dams	(c) productive use of land
(iv) Biosphere	(d) organic matter deposited on top soil
(e) contour ploughing	(a) prevent soil erosion

Answer:

(i) Land use	(c) productive use of land
(ii) Humus	(d) organic matter deposited on top soil
(iii) Rock dams	(a) prevent soil erosion
(iv) Biosphere	(b) narrow zone of contact between the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere
(e) contour ploughing	(c) productive use of land

Question 4.
State whether the given statement is true or false. If true, write the reasons.

Ganga-Brahmaputra plain of India is an overpopulated region.
Water availability per person in India is declining.
Rows of trees planted in the coastal areas to check the wind movement is called intercropping.
Human interference and changes of climate can maintain the ecosystem.

Answer:

True. Land is very fertile and suitable for cultivation and habitat.
True. There is lot of wastage and also drying up of water resources due to water pollution. Also due to growth in population, the demand of water also increased which reduces the fresh water reserves.
False
False

Question 5.
Activity
(i) Discuss some more reasons which are responsible for changes of land use pattern. Has your place undergone any change in the land use pattern in recent years?
Answer:
Land use pattern in recent years have changed which has been reflected in the changing activities of the people such as building up of industries and markets, housing complexes in urban areas and expanding agricultural lands in rural areas. The main factor responsible for such change in land use pattern is mainly due to the rising needs and demands of the people. Other factors are urbanisation, population increase and demand for food, changes in the living standard etc.

(ii) Find out from your parents and elderly people. You can conduct an interview by asking the following questions given in the book in the form of table. Why do you think that land use patterns change over the years?
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own.

JAC Class 8th Geography Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Which of the following sentence is true about land?
(a) Low-lying areas are susceptible to water logging.
(b) Thick forested areas are normally densely populated by humans.
(c) Plains and river valleys are sparsely populated as they offer land suitable for agriculture.
(d) About 70% of the area of the earth’s surface is covered with land.
Answer:
(d) About 70% of the area of the earth’s surface is covered with land.

Question 2.
The human factors that determine the patterns of land use are…….
(a) population and technology.
(b) geographic shapes and atmosphere.
(c) atmosphere and population.
(d) time and technology.
Answer:
(c) atmosphere and population.

Question 3.
Community land also known as…….
(a) Common property resources.
(b) Personal property resources.
(c) Group property resources.
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Common property resources.

Question 4.
Which one of the following is not a method used to conserve land?
(a) Aforestation
(b) Land reclamation
(c) Regulated use of chemical pesticide and fertilisers
(d) Increased use of fossil fuels
Answer:
(d) Increased use of fossil fuels

Question 5.
The natural phenomena which triggers landslides are ……
(a) floods
(b) earthquakes
(c) volcanoes
(d) all of these
Answer:
(d) all of these

Question 6.
The breaking up and decay of exposed rocks, by temperature changes, frost action, plants, animals and man are called as .
(a) Articulating
(c) Weathering
(b) Recycling
(d) Feathering
Answer:
(c) Weathering

Question 7.
The following method/s are used to conserve soil is/are
(a) mulching and intercropping.
(b) terrace farming and contour ploughing.
(c) shelter belts and rock dams.
(d) all of these
Answer:
(d) all of these

Question 8.
The cause/s of the contamination of water is/are
(a) treatment of effluents before discharging them into bodies of water.
(b) discharge of untreated or partially treated sewage, agricultural chemicals, and industrial effluents in bodies of water.
(c) fall in the number of industrial effluents entering bodies of water.
(d) building of canals that dispose effluent waste deep into the oceans.
Answer:
(b) discharge of untreated or partially treated sewage, agricultural chemicals, and industrial effluents in bodies of water.

Question 9.
The growth of vegetation primarily depend on
(a) temperature and moisture.
(b) technology and temperature.
(c) technology and moisture.
(d) population and technology.
Answer:
(a) temperature and moisture.

Question 10.
The hunting of these animals is banned in India:
(a) lions, tigers, deer, great Indian bustards, and peacocks
(b) lions, tigers, dogs, great Indian bustards, and cats
(c) lions, tigers, fish, horses, and peacocks
(d) lions, tigers, giraffe, great Indian bustards, and peacocks
Answer:
(a) lions, tigers, deer, great Indian bustards, and peacocks

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the major threats to soil as a resource.
Answer:
The major threats to soil as a resource are soil erosion and depletion.

Question 2.
Which process of soil conservation is used in coastal and dry regions?
Answer:
Shelter belts are used for conservation of the soil in coastal and dry regions.

Question 3.
What is the percentage of fresh water which is fit for human use?
Answer:
Only 1 per cent of freshwater is available and fit for human use.

Question 4.
List the major types of vegetation in the world.
Answer:
The major types of vegetation in the world are forests, grasslands, scrubs and tundra.

Question 5.
How the soil becomes fertile?
Answer:
The soil becomes fertile by the right mix of minerals and organic matter.

Question 6.
What do you mean by national parks?
Answer:
National park is a natural area designed and designated to protect the ecological integrity of one or more ecosystems for present and future generations of animals and birds.

Question 7.
What do you mean by rainwater harvesting?
Answer:
Rainwater harvesting is the method of collecting rainwater from roof tops and directing or passing it to an appropriate location and storing if for future use.

Question 8.
What do you mean by intercropping?
Answer:
Intercropping is a multiple cropping practice or method in which different crops are grown in alternate rows and are sown at different times to protect the soil from rain wash.

Question 9.
What do you understand by the term biosphere?
Answer:
Natural vegetation and wildlife exist only in the narrow zone of contact between the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere is known as biosphere.

Question 10.
What is ecosystem?
Answer:
In the biosphere, the life supporting system is known as the ecosystem where the living beings are interrelated and interdependent on each other for survival.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Land is considered as an important resource. Why?
Answer:
Land is used for different purposes such as agriculture, forestry, mining, building houses, roads and setting up of industries. Hence, the land is considered as an important resource.

Question 2.
Name the areas which are sparsely populated or uninhabited?
Answer:
The areas which are sparsely populated or uninhabited are the rugged topography, steep slopes of the mountains, low- lying areas susceptible to water logging, desert areas, and thick forested areas.

Question 3.
What are the possible reasons for water shortage?
Answer:
The possible reason for water shortage may be the outcome of variation in seasonal or annual precipitation or rainfall or can be caused by overexploitation and contamination of water sources.

Question 4.
List the major causes affecting soil formation.
Answer:
The major causes affecting soil formation are the nature of the parent rock and climatic factors. Other causes and factors are the topography, role of organic material and time taken for the composition of soil formation.

Question 5.
What do you mean by landslides and how do they occur?
Answer:
Landslides are defined as the mass movement of rock, debris or earth down a slope. They often take place in conjunction and concurrence with earthquakes, floods and volcanoes. A prolonged spell of rainfall can cause heavy landslide that can block the flow of river for quite some time. The formation of river blocks can cause havoc to the settlements downstream on its bursting.

Question 6.
In India, per person water availability is declining. Why is it happening?
Answer:
In India, per person water availability is declining due to increasing population, rising demands for food and cash crops, increasing urbanisation and rising standards of living. These are the major causes leading to scarcity in supply of fresh water either due to drying up of water sources or water pollution.

Question 7.
Distinguish between tropical forests and deciduous forests.
Answer:

Tropical Forests	Deciduous Forests
Tropical forests do not shed their leaves simultaneously in any season of the year.	Deciduous forests shed their leaves in a particular season to conserve loss of moisture through transpiration.
These are also known as evergreen forests. Conifers, Eucalyptus ytrees are found here.	Maple, Aspen, elm are some of the trees found here.

Question 8.
Do you think rainfall affect vegetation? If yes, how?
Answer:
In areas of heavy rainfall, huge trees may thrive and grow. Thus, the forests are associated with areas having abundant water supply. As the amount of moisture decreases the size of trees and their density reduces. In the areas of moderate rainfall short stunted trees and grasses grow forming the grasslands of the world. In dry areas of low rainfall, thorny shrubs and scrubs grow. In such areas plants have deep roots and leaves have thorny and waxy surface to reduce loss of moisture by transpiration. So we can say that rainfall affect the vegetation.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
“Vegetation and wildlife are valuable resources.” Describe in brief.
Answer:
“Vegetation and wildlife are valuable resources.” The following points will describe it:

Plants provide us with food for animals and insects, give shelter to animals.
It produces oxygen we breathe, gives us timber.
It protects soils so essential for growing crops, act as shelter belts.
Help in storage of underground water, give us fruits, nuts, latex, turpentine oil, gum, medicinal plants and paper.
Wildlife includes animals, birds, insects as well as the aquatic life forms. They provide us milk, meat, hides and wool.
Insects like bees provide us honey, help in pollination of flowers and have an important role to play as decomposers in the ecosystem.
The birds feed on insects and act as decomposers as well. Vulture due to its ability to feed on dead livestock is a scavenger and considered a vital cleanser of the environment.

Question 2.
Describe what are the threats exist in natural vegetation and wildlife?
Answer:
Threats that exist in natural vegetation and wildlife are:

The loss of natural habitats for the plants and animals are due to changes of climate and human interferences.
Many species have become vulnerable or endangered and some are on the verge of extinction.
Some of the human made and natural factors which together accelerate the process of extinction of these great natural resources are deforestation, soil erosion, constructional activities, forest fires, tsunami and landslides.
One of the major issues is the increasing incidents of poaching that result in a sharp decline in the number of particular species.
For self-interest, human beings are cutting precious trees which is also one of the major threats.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire

September 4, 2024September 3, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire

JAC Class 7th History The Mughal Empire InText Questions and Answers

Page 46

Question 1.
Do you think this painting suggests that the Mughals claimed kingship as a birthright?

Answer:
As this painting portraits the hierarchy of the Mughal emperors right from Timur to Aurangzed, it depicts that the Mughals claimed kingship as a birthright.

Page 47

Question 2.
How was Humayum’s relationship with Safavid Iran different from Akbar’s?
Answer:
Humayum took refuge in the court of Safavid Iran when he was defeated by Sher Shah Suri. Therefore, he had friendly relations with Iran. Whereas, Akbar seized Kandahar from Safavid Iranian rulers. Hence, he was at war with them.

Question 3.
Did the annexation of Golconda and Bijapur in Aurangzeb’s reign end hostilities in the Deccan?
Answer:
No, in spite of the annexation of Golconda and Bijapur, Aurangzeb faced unending disturbances in Deccan as Marathas started guerrilla warfare against him.

Page 50

Question 4.
Which do you think is a fairer division of inheritance: primogeniture or coparcenary?
Answer:
Coparcenary is the fairer division of inheritance. It is based on the principle of equality.

Page 51

Question 5.
What was the consequence of Shivaji’s insult by Aurangzeb?
Answer:
When Aurangzeb insulted Shivaji, and when latter came to accept Mughal authority, Shivaji escaped from prison and began guerrilla warfare in Deccan against Mughals .

Question 6.
Would this have meant more expenditure for the state?
Answer:
Yes, the increase in number of mansabdars with higher zat rankings would have led to more expenditure for the State.

Page 55

Question 7.
Can you identify the Jesuit priests in this picture?

Answer:
Two persons wearing black robes are the Jesuit priests who are sitting on the upper left side in the picture.

Poge 57

Question 8.
Imagine you have inherited a kingdom. (Remember Babur and Akbar were about your age when they became rulers). How would you make your
Answer:
kingdom stable and prosperous? In order to make my kingdom stable and prosperous I will undertake following actions:

I will reform administration, revenue, military and trade systems.
I will try to uplift the common people such as peasants, artisans.
I will check corruption in the court.
I will tighten my hold on nobles.
I will expand my kingdom.
I will induct new war technology, etc.

JAC Class 7th History The Mughal Empire Textbook Questions and Answers

( Let’s Recall)

Question 1.
Match the following.

Mansab	Marwar
Mongol	Governor
Sisodiya Rajput	Uzbeg
Rathor Rajput	Mewar
Nur Jahan	Rank

Answer:

Mansab	Rank
Mongol	Uzbeg
Sisodiya Rajput	Mewar
Rathor Rajput	Marwar
Nur Jahan	Jahangir
Subadar	Governor

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks.
(a) The capital of Mirza Hakim, Akbar’s half-brother,was……..
(b) The five Deccan Sultanates were Berar, Khandesh, Ahmadnagar,……. and
(c) If zat determined a mansabdar’s rank and salary, sawar indicated his………
(d) Abul azl, Akbar’s friend and counsellor, helped him frame the idea of ………so that he could govern a society composed of many religions, cultures and castes.
Answer:
(a) Kabul
(b) Bijapur, Golconda
(c) number of cavalrymen
(d) sulh-i-kul

Question 3.
What were the central provinces under the control of the Mughals?
Answer:
The central provinces under the control of the Mughals were Delhi, Kabul, Sind, Marwar, Gujarat, Mewar, Bihar, Bengal, Orissa and Deccan.

Question 4.
What was the relationship between the mansabdar and the jagirl
Answer:
Mansabdars received the salary as revenue assignment which was called jagir. They didn ’t administer their jagirs. The revenue was collected for them by their servants while the mansabdars were working in some other parts of the province.

(Let’s Understand)

Question 5.
What was the role of the zamindars in Mughal administration?
Answer:
The role of the zamindars in Mughal administration is as follows:
Zamindars were the local headmen of the villages or a powerful chieftains appointed by the Mughal emperor. They worked as intermediaries. They were responsible for collecting taxes from peasants and deposited them with the treasurer.They also played a role of mnning the administration of the Mughals.1 Sometimes they became rebellious against the Mughal empire as they exercised a great deal of power.

Question 6.
How were the debates with religiousscholars important in the formation of Akbar’s ideas on governance?
Answer:
During the 1570s, Akbar had a discussion on religion with the Ulama, ” Brahmanas, Jesuit priests who were Roman Catholics and Zoroastrians. These discussions took place during his stay at Fatehpur Sikri in the ibadat 1 khana. Akbar was interested in thereligion and social customs of different people and his interaction with people of different faiths made him realise that their teachings created divisions and disharmony among his subjects.

Thus Akbar came to an idea known as ‘sulh-i kul’ which focused on a system of ethics honesty, justice and peace.Abul Fazl helped Akbar in framing a vision of governance around this idea of sulh-i kul, which was also followed by ‘ Jahangir and Shah Jahan as well.

Question 7.
Why did the Mughals emphasise their Timurid and not their Mongol descent?
Answer:
The Mughals emphasised on their Timurid and not their Mongol descent because the memory of Mongol emperor Genghis Khan was associated with the massacre of a vast number of people. It was also linked with the Uzbegs, their Mongol competitors. On the other hand, the Mughals took pride in the fact that Timur ancestry had captured the city of Delhi in 1398.

(Let’s Discuss)

Question 8.
How important was the income fromland revenue to the stability of the Mughal Empire?
Answer:
The income from land revenue led to thestability of the Mughal Empire because it was the main source of income of the Mughal Empire. It strengthened the economic system of the Mughal Empire. A huge amount of finance was needed to meet the administrative purpose and maintaining law and order which came from the revenue.It was important as they had to pay the salaries to the soldiers and officials and do welfare works for the common people.Its importance can be easily assessed from the fact that Todar Mai, Akbar ‘s revenue minister,, took 10-year period to carry out the proper calculation of land revenue.

Question 9.
Why was it important for the Mughals to recruit mansabdars from diverse backgrounds and not just Turanis and Iranis?
Answer:
It was important for the Mughals to recruit mansabdars from diverse backgrounds and not just Turanis and Iranis because Mughal empire expanded to different regions. Hence, the problems of common folks would be understood better by the people living with them. This included Rajputs, Marathas, Afghans, Muslims and other groups. They came here to rule, so they needed to respect the diversity of the country in order to have a control over it.

Question 10.
Like the Mughal Empire, India today is also made up of many social and cultural units. Does this pose a challenge to national integration?
Answer:
Like the Mughal Empire, India today is also made up of many social and cultural units. This does not pose a challenge to national integration because of the following reasons: India follows a tradition of ‘unity in diversity’. All religions are equally reckoned by the constitution. Now-a-days, people get the right to choose their government and freedom to do what they want which was not same under the reign of Mughals. No, the gap in the income between the rich and the poor in India has not changed a great deal from the period of the Mughals, but the incomes have highly increased compared to that period.Some special advantages are also given to the weaker sections of the society for the upliftment of their living standards.

Question 11.
Peasants were vital for the economy of the Mughal Empire. Do you think that they are as important today? Has the gap in the income between the rich and the poor in India changed a great deal from the period of the Mughals?
Answer:
Peasants were vital for the economy ofthe Mughal Empire. Therefore, today’s economy does not totally depend upon peasants. Yes, they are important today as well.No, , the gap in the income between the rich and the poor in India has not changed a great deal from the period of the Mughals, but the incomes have highly increased compared to that period.

(Let’s Do)

Question 12.
The Mughal Empire left its impact on the different regions of the subcontinent in a variety of ways. Find out if it had any impact in the city/village/region in which you live.
Answer:
The Mughal Empire left its impact on thedifferent regions of the subcontinent in a variety of ways. It had many impact in the city, village, region in which we live. Urdu has enriched our literature, music and art of writing. Their contributions made the cities rich and colourful. As we can discuss about Delhi. It was the capital of Mughal Empire. We see many monuments and beautiful architecture.

JAC Class 7th History The Mughal Empire Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Name the ruler whose mother was a descendant of the greatest Mongol warrior, Ghengis Khan, and his father descended from the legendary Timur.
(a) Babur
(b) Humayun
(c) TodarMal
(d) Jahangir
Answer:
(a) Babur

Question 2.
Babur was forced to leave his ancestral land and came to India and set up the first Mughal empire because
(a) He was a born tourist
(b) His younger brother wanted to become a king
(c) There was a drought in his ancestral land
(d) The Uzbegs invaded his ancestral land, Ferghana.
Answer:
(d) The Uzbegs invaded his ancestral land, Ferghana.

Question 3.
Humayun recaptured Delhi in 1555 with the help of
(a) Muhammad Ali of Africa
(b) Sher Khan of Afghanistan
(c) Ali Zafar of Turkey
(d) Safavid Shah of Persia (Iran)
Answer:
(d) Safavid Shah of Persia (Iran)

Question 4.
Who became the emperor at the age of 13 and reigned from 1556 to 1605?
(a) Jahangir
(b) Akbar
(c) Humayun
(d) Shahjahan
Answer:
(b) Akbar

Question 5.
After Akbar, who continued his military campaigns and forced the Sisodiya Rajputs to accept the Mughal rule?
(a) Jahangir
(b) Bahadur Shah Zafar
(c) Shah Jahan
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Jahangir

Question 6.
Genghis Khan was the emperor of
(a) Central Asia
(b) China
(c) Mongol tribes
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 7.
Sulh-i-kul means
(a) Unity
(b) Gender discrimination
(c) Universal peace
(d) Payment equality
Answer:
(c) Universal peace

Question 8.
Which Mughal emperor was also known as Salim?
(a) Humayun
(b) Jahangir
(c) Akbar
(d) Shah Jahan
Answer:
(b) Jahangir

Question 9.
The salary of the mansabdars were known as…….
(a) Zabt
(b) Jat
(c) Jagir
(d) Mansab
Answer:
(c) Jagir

Question 10.
Akbar Nama was written by …….
(a) Todar Mai
(b) Birbal
(c) Tansen
(d) Abul Fazl
Answer:
(d) Abul Fazl

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What does Mansab mean?
Answer:
Mansab means position or rank.

Question 2.
What do you mean by the rule of primogeniture?
Answer:
By the rule of primogeniture, the elder son inherits the father’s property.

Question 3.
Ibrahim Lodi was defeated by Babur in which year and battle?
Answer:
Ibrahim Lodi was defeated by Babur in 1526 in the first battle of Panipat.

Question 4.
Whom did Sher Khan defeated in the battle of Chausa and Kanauj?
Answer:
Sher Khan defeated Humayun in the battle of Chausa and Kanauj.

Question 5.
What was the other name of Prince Khurram assumed after he ascended the throne?
Answer:
Prince Khurram was named Shah Jahan when he ascended to the throne in 1627 after the death of Jahangir.

Question 6.
What do you mean by zat?
Answer:
Zat is a numerical value which determines the ranks and salaries. If zat is on higher side then the noble’s position is also a prestigious one and a big salary as well.

Question 7.
Who fought guerilla warfare?
Answer:
The Marathas fought the guerilla warfare.

Question 8.
In Iran, who helped and gave shelter to Humayun when he fled there?
Answer:
In Iran, Safavid Shah helped Humayun when he fled there.

Question 9.
Who was Genghis Khan?
Answer:
Genghis Khan was the king of the Mongol tribe, Central Asia and China.

Question 10.
Who established the chain of justice?
Answer:
Jahangir, the Mughal emperor established the chain of justice outside his palace.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Under the Mughals, what was the relationship between rank and salary?
Answer:
Zat, a numerical value helped in determining the rank and salary of the nobles. A grading system, ‘mansab’ was used to fix the rank, salary and military responsibilities.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Dogma and Bigot,
Answer:
Dogma is a statement or a connotation declared as authoritative with the expectation that it would be followed without question.
Bigot is an individual who is intolerant of another person’s religious beliefs or culture.

Question 3.
Whom did Aurangzeb insulted when he came to accept Mughal authority? What was the outcome of this insult?
Answer:
Aurangzeb insulted Shivaji when he came to accept Mughal authority. The outcome of this insult was that Shivaji escaped from Agra, declared himself an independent king and resumed his .campaigns against the Mughals.

Question 4.
What were the major events happened during Shahjahan’s reign?
Answer:
Under Shah Jahan, Mughal campaigns continued in the Deccan. The Afghan noble, Khan Jahan Lodi was defeated as he became rebellious. Campaigns were launched against Ahmadnagar, the Bundelas were also defeated and Orchha was seized. In the north-west, the campaign to seize Balkh from the Uzbegs was not successful and Question andahar was lost to the Safavids. In 1632, Ahmadnagar was finally annexed and the Bijapur forces sued for peace.

Question 5.
Babur was the first Mughal emperor. How he became an emperor and of which place?
Answer:
Babur was the first Mughal emperor (1526-1530), succeeded to the throne of Ferghana in 1494 when he was only 12 years old. Due to the invasion of another Mongol group, the Uzbegs, he was forced to leave his ancestral throne. After years of wandering he seized Kabul in 1504. In 1526, he defeated the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, at Panipat which is called as First Battle of Panipat and captured Delhi and Agra. Hence, led the foundation of Mughal Empire.

Question 6.
Akbar had a discussion with people of different faiths. What did he realize after the discussion?
Answer:
On his discussion with people of different faiths, Akbar realized that the religious scholars who emphasized rituals and dogma were often bigots. Their teachings mainly created disharmony and divisions amongst the subjects.

Question 7.
Write at least two instances of the Mughal marrying the Rajput women.
Answer:
Instances of the Mughal marrying the Rajput women are: The Kachhwaha princess, daughter of the Rajput ruler of Amber was the mother of Jahangir.
A Rathore princess, daughter of the Rajput ruler of Marwar was the mother of Shah Jahan.

Question 8.
What was Akbar’s religious policy?
Answer:

Akbar’s religious policy was as under:
Akbar introduced the idea of sulh-i-kul or “universal peace”.
This idea of tolerance did not discriminate between people of different religions in his realm.
Instead it focused on a system of ethics- honesty, justice and peace-that was universally applicable.

Question 9.
Write a note on Humayun.
Answer:
Humayun was the son of Babur. According to the will of his father, Humayun divided his inheritance. His brothers were each given a province. The ambitions of his brother Mirza Kamran weakened Humayun’s cause against Afghan competitors. Sher Khan defeated Humayun at Chausa (1539) and Kanauj (1540), and he fled to Iran. In Iran, Humayun received support from Safavid Shah. He recaptured Delhi in 1555 but died the next year after an accident.

Question 10.
What power and potential did the nobles exercise during Akbar’s reign?
Answer:
During Akbar’s reign, nobles commanded large armies and had access to large amounts of revenue. While they were loyal to the empire, they even functioned efficiently and effectively but by the end of the seventeenth century many nobles had built independent networks of their own. Their loyalties to the empire were weakened by their own self-interest.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe Akbar Nama and Ain-i- Akbari.
Answer:
A three-volume history of Akbar’s reign, titled Akbar Nama was written by Abul Fazl. The first volume dealt with Akbar’s ancestors and the second volume recorded the events of Akbar’s reign. The third volume is the Ain-i-Akbari. It majorly deals with Akbar’s administration, army, household, revenues and the geography of his empire. It also provides important details about the traditions and culture of the people living in India. The most interesting aspect about the third volume, Ain-i-Akbari is its rich statistical details about things as diverse as crops, yields, prices, wages and revenues.

The descriptive features of administration was explained in Ain-i-Akbari. The empire was divided into provinces called subas which were governed by a subadar who carried out both political and military functions. And each province also had a financial officer or diwan. For the maintenance of peace and order, the subadar was supported by other officers mainly the military paymaster (bakhshi), the minister in charge of religious and charitable patronage (sadr), military commanders (faujdars) and the town police commander (kotwal).

Question 2.
The peasantry suffered tremendously in the last years’of Aurangzeb’s reign. Explain.
Answer:
During Akbar’s reign, the jagirs were carefully assessed so that their revenues were more or less equal to the salary of the mansabdar. But during Aurangzeb’s reign this was no longer the case. The actual revenue collected was often less than the granted sum. There was also a huge increase in the number of mansabdars, which meant a long wait before they received a jagir. Hence, these and other factors created a shortage in the number of jagirs. Therefore, many jagirdars tried to extract as much revenue as possible while they had a jagir. So, Aurangzeb was unable to control these developments in the last years of his reign and the peasantry therefore suffered tremendously.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 10 Law and Social Justice

September 4, 2024September 3, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 10 Law and Social Justice

JAC Class 8th Civics Law and Social Justice InText Questions and Answers

Page 121

Question 1.
Why do we need a law on minimum wages?
Answer:
We need a law on minimum wages because the employers usually take advantage of the worker’s poverty and pay them low wages and make them work for extra hours. If there is a law then the workers may get a fair wage for their work.

Question 2.
Find out:
(a) What is the minimum wage for a construction worker in your state?
(b) Do you think the minimum wage for a construction worker is adequate, low or high?
(c) Who sets the minimum wages?
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own.
Hint:
(a) The minimum wage rate for unskilled worker in Delhi is ?14,468 per month.
(b) Not to low but not too high as well.
(c) The Ministry of Labour sets the minimum wages.

Page 127

Question 3.
Why do you think enforcement of safety laws is important in any factory?
Answer:
Enforcement of safety laws is important in any factory is important because serious disaster may happen if this law is not present or enforced. Many people work at high risk since they don’t have any other choice, they have to earn their livelihood. It is important in any factory for the security of the workers and people residing near the factory.

Question 4.
Can you point to a few other situations where laws (or rules) exist but people do not follow them because of poor enforcement? (For example, over-speeding by motorists, not wearing helmet/seat belt and use of mobile phone while driving). What are the problems in enforcement? Can you suggest some ways in which enforcement can be improved?
Answer:
Few other situations where laws (or rules) exist but people do not follow them because of poor enforcement are:

Giving bribe to make their own work in illegal way.
Employing children under 14 years of age in roadside dhabas or as domestic help.
Boarding in a running bus.
Giving and taking dowry at the time of marriage.

The problems in enforcement are as follows:

Untrained staff
Irresponsible citizen

Some ways in which enforcement can be improved are as follows:

Deployment of trained and adequate staff for the enforcement of the law.
Strict punishments for those who are not following the law.

Poge 128

Question 5.
A ‘clean environment is a public facility.’ Can you explain this statement?
Answer:
Clean environment is a public facility because it is a right for every citizen, to keep the environment neat and clean. So that the person himself and the surrounding people can take advantage and it will be safe for everyone’s welfare.

Question 6.
Why do we need new laws?
Answer:
For the welfare of people such as to check pollution, banning the use of plastic bags, clean river, etc., we need new laws.

Question 7.
Why are companies and contractors able to violate environmental laws?
Answer:
Companies and contractors are able to violate environmental laws because these laws are not strictly administered by the government.

Page 129

Question 8.
Do you think everyone got justice in the case cited above (See NCERT page 129)?
Answer:
No, everyone didn’t get justice in the case cited above.

Question 9.
Can you think of other ways in which the environment can be protected? Discuss in class.
Answer:
The other ways in which the environment can be protected are:

Afforestation
Banning the use of plastic bags
Disposal of sewage properly
Minimum use of private vehicle.

JAC Class 8th Civics Law and Social Justice Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Talk to two workers (For example, construction workers, farm workers, factory workers, workers at any shop) to find out if they are receiving the minimum wages laid down by law.
Answer:
Farm workers : These workers are receiving below the minimum wages.
Construction workers: These workers are also getting less wages.

Question 2.
What are the advantages to foreign companies in setting up production in India?

Answer:
The advantages to foreign companies in setting up production in India are as follows:

Availability of very cheap labour.
Longer hours of work at low wages.
Minimum additional expenses such as for housing facilities for workers.
Cost cutting by including lower working conditions that consist of lower safety measures.
Foreign companies can save costs and earn higher profits in India in this way.

Question 3.
Do you think the victims of the Bhopal gas tragedy got justice? Discuss.
Answer:
No, the victims of the Bhopal gas tragedy didn’t get a complete justice. This tragedy was caused due to negligence of safety measures by the factory management. The Indian government represented the people to legally claim compensation for the affected people and demanded 3 billion dollar as a compensation but the company paid only 470 million dollars. Even today, after 36 years of disaster, people are still seeking justice. Financial aid was sufficient for the victim’s but many of them are still fighting for safe drinking water, healthcare facilities and jobs.

Question 4.
law enforcement? Who is responsible for enforcement? Why is enforcement so important?
Answer:
The implementation and execution of law is known as law enforcement. The government is responsible for the laws to be enforced so that the citizens can benefit from the same. The government is responsible for the enforcement of laws. For protecting the rights of the citizens, enforcement is important.

Enforcement is important when the law seeks to protect the weaker section from the stronger section. It is also necessary to control the activities of individuals or private companies so as to ensure a safe working environment and complete social justice.

Question 5.
How can laws ensure that markets work in a manner that is fair? Give two examples to support your answer.
Answer:
Laws can ensure that markets work in a manner that is fair in the following ways:

Workers are not exploited and the government should keep a check on the worksites and punish those who violates the law.
The government should also keep a check on the market price of the essential commodities.

Two examples are:

Right against exploitation
Child Labour Prevention Act

Question 6.
Imagine yourself to be a worker working in a chemical factory, which has received orders from the government to move to a different site 100 kms away from the present location. Write about how your life would change? Read out your responses in the classroom.
Answer:
Student need to do it on their own. (Hint: Due to the relocation of the factory, I have to shift to a place nearby the factory. The education of the kids will get affected. Look for a new house. Even if, I shift alone then I have to bear the expenses of two places.)

Question 7.
Write a paragraph on the various roles of the government that you have read about in this unit.
Answer:
The various roles of the government that we have read in this unit are as follows:

Enforcement of laws regarding safety at workplace.
Fixing minimum wages for workers and revising it from time to time.
Enforcement of laws against child labour.
Enforcement of laws regarding safety of environment.
Protecting the interests of consumers in the market.

Question 8.
What are the sources of environmental pollution in your area? Discuss with respect to (a) air; (b) water and (c) soil. What are the steps being taken to reduce the pollution? Can you suggest some other measures?
Answer:
The sources of environmental pollution in my area with respect to:

Air: Factories, industries and transport emits more dangerous and unsafe gases.
Water: Disposal of industrial waste in Yamuna river, immersion of idols, pouring garbage in river.
Soil: There is no chance of soil pollution as cultivation land is not available.

Suggestions:

Stop the misuse or overuse of resources.
Strict action should be taken against the practices that cause environmental pollutions such as use of plastic bags, disposal of all type of wastes and harmful emissions from industries.
Promoting the use of CNG as fuel in vehicles and banned old vehicles. Diesel vehicles should be prohibited
Pollution checking norms should be followed strictly.
Encourage recycling of used materials.

Question 9.
How was environment treated earlier? What has been the change in perception? Discuss.
Answer:
In the earlier days, the environment was treated as a ‘free entity’. There was no check on the factories and industries which caused the pollution. The government paid no attention to safeguard the environment. Very few laws were applied and executed to protect and conserve the environment. There has been a vast change in perception. Now a days, government is more alert and active towards conserving the nature.

It has implemented various laws and acts to protect the environment. New and amended laws have been imposed by the government according to which the tainted person will be accountable for the harm and destruction done to the environment and shall be liable to punishment.The recent one is Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. Several judgements have been given to uphold the right to a healthy environment as intrinsic to the fundamental right to life.

Question 10.
What do you think the famous cartoonist R.K. Laxman is trying to convey in this cartoon? How does it relate to the 2016 law that you read about on page 123?

It’s really cruel burdening kids like this. I had to hire that boy to help my son!
Answer:
The famous cartoonist R.K. Laxman is trying to convey in this cartoon that how we treat children of the same age group. One child is from rich family and gets the sympathy of mother whereas, the other child is from poor family and earns for his family hence bearing the load of books, working hard to get paid.

This is injustice. The law says that it banned the employment of children below the age of 14 years in all occupations and of adolescents (14-18 years) in any occ upations and processes. It made employing these children or adolescents a cognizable offence.

Question 11.
You have read about the Bhopal gas tragedy and the on-going struggle. Students from countries across the world have come together to support this struggle for justice. From protest marches to awareness campaigns, you can read about their activities on the website www.studentsforbhopal.com.

The website also has resources such as photos, posters, documentaries, victims’ statements, etc. Use this and other sources to make a wallpaper/exhibition on the Bhopal gas tragedy for your classroom. Invite the whole school to see and talk about it.
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own.

JAC Class 8th Civics Law and Social Justice Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Bhopal Gas Tragedy took place in the year……..
(a) December 1980
(b) December 1984
(c) January 1984
(d) March 1985
Answer:
(b) December 1984

Question 2.
……….incident brought the issue of environment to the forefront.
(a) Uttarakhand flood
(b) Bengal famine
(c) Latur earthquake
(d) Bhopal Gas tragedy
Answer:
(d) Bhopal Gas tragedy

Question 3.
The government amended the Child Prevention Act in……..banning children under 14 years of age from working in factories and as domestic help.
(a) October 2006
(b) October 2005
(c) July 2006
(d) June 2005
Answer:
(a) October 2006

Question 4.
Union Carbide was a/an……
(a) English Company
(b) American Company
(c) Indian Private Company
(d) Government owned Company
Answer:
(b) American Company

Question 5.
The owner of Union Carbide plant at present is…….. .
(a) Indian Government
(b) United Chemical
(c) Dow Chemical
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Dow Chemical

Question 6.
Union Carbide Bhopal plant produced
(a) fertilisers
(b) pesticides
(c) both a and b
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) both a and b

Question 7.
Pollution caused by the Bhopal gas tragedy was…….. .
(a) water pollution
(b) air pollution
(c) no pollution
(d) both a and b
Answer:
(d) both a and b

Question 8.
The following industry/ies are hazardous:
(a) Ship-breaking industry
(b) Textile industry
(c) Sugar industry
(d) Both a and c
Answer:
(a) Ship-breaking industry

Question 9.
The gas that leaked from Union Carbide plant was……… .
(a) Ethyl alcohol
(b) Methyl Iscocyanite
(c) Methyl Isocynide
(d) Ethyl Isocyanite
Answer:
(b) Methyl Iscocyanite

Question 10.
Right to a healthy and clean environment is an essential part of the Fundamental Rights of ……
(a) Right to Freedom
(b) Right to Equality
(c) Right to Life
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Right to Life

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Economically how are the people of working class exploited?
Answer:
Economically the people of working class exploited by making them to work for lower pay and for longer hours.

Question 2.
Why do the workers willingly work in unsafe conditions?
Answer:
The workers willingly work in unsafe conditions because there is so much unemployment and they know that in return they will get wages as they are very poor.

Question 3.
What does the Right Against Exploitation state?
Answer:
The Right Against Exploitation states that no one can be forced to work for low wages or under bondage.

Question 4.
What does Article 21 of the Constitution state?
Answer:
Article 21 of the Constitution is Right to Life which is a Fundamental Right and it states that the right to the life of pollution free air and water for full enjoyment of life.

Question 5.
Who are responsible to set the minimum wages?
Answer:
The Minimum Wages Act 1948 is an Act of Parliament concerning Indian Labour Law that sets the minimum wages must be paid to skilled and unskilled labours.

Question 6.
List the three basic rights of workers.
Answer:
Three basics rights of workers are:

Right to work
Right to a fair wage
Decent work conditions

Question 7.
What is the full form of CNG?
Answer:
The full form of CNG is Compressed Natural Gas.

Question 8.
Which three states have published plans to rescue and rehabilitate children who are working as domestic helps.
Answer:
Three states who have published plans to rescue and rehabilitate children who are working as domestic servants are Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra.

Question 9.
List three South Asian countries which play hosts for industries producing pesticides, asbestos, etc.
Answer:
Three South Asian countries which play hosts for industries producing pesticides, asbestos, etc., are India, Bangladesh and Pakistan.

Question 10:
Why were the textile mills in Ahmedabad closed down during the 1980s and 1990s?
Answer:
The textile mills in Ahmedabad closed down during the 1980s and 1990s because they were facing stiff competition from power looms during the 1980s and 1990s.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why do you think enforcement of safety laws is important in any factory?
Answer:
Enforcement of safety laws is important in any factory for the safety of the workers and general public. As the lawmaker and enforcer, the government is supposed to ensure that safety laws are implemented. It is also the duty of the government to ensure that the Right to Life guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution is not violated.

Question 2.
Why are dvanced countries relocating the toxic and hazardous industries to developing countries?
Answer:
Advanced countries are relocating the toxic and hazardous industries to developing countries to take advantage of the weaker laws in these countries and keep their own countries safe. South Asian countries – particularly India, Bangladesh and Pakistan – play hosts for industries producing pesticides, asbestos or processing zinc and lead.

Question 3.
How can the government meet the challenges where everyone can benefit from the clean environment?
Answer:
One way this can be done is to gradually move to cleaner technologies and processes in factories. The government has to encourage and support factories to do this. It will need to fine those who pollute. This will ensure that the workers livelihoods are protected and both workers and communities living around the factories enjoy a safe environment.

Question 4.
What is the role of government and citizens in establishing a state of law and social justice?
Answer:
A major role of the government is to control the activities of private companies by making, enforcing and upholding laws so as to prevent unfair practices and ensure social justice. While the government has a leading role in this respect, people can exert pressure so that both private companies and the government act in the interests of society.

Question 5.
What are the reasons for the sharp differences in safety standards between the two Union carbide factories in the USA and India?
Answer:
In India, one worker can easily replace another. Since there is so much unemployment, there are many workers who are willing to work in unsafe conditions in return for a wage. Making use of the workers’ vulnerability, employers ignore safety in workplaces. Thus, there were the sharp differences in safety standards between the two Union carbide factories in the USA and India.

Question 6.
In which ways the government certifications such as ISI certification help the consumer?
Answer:
The government certifications such as ISI certification, Hallmark certification help the consumer in following ways:
When the product has a certification mark, then the consumer can be certain that the product is of good quality and safe to use.

It assures the customer that a company has a good Question uality Management System. Consumers might be put to a risk by the poor quality of products such as medicines, electrical goods, etc., if the government has not setup the Bureau of Indian Standards. Hallmark certification assures the purity of the gold when the consumer buys it.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain in brief the Bhopal gas tragedy.
Answer:
An American Company started its factory in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India named Union Carbide which produced pesticides. In midnight, on 2nd December 1984, a poisonous gas, methyl isocyanides started leaking from the factory plant. Within three days, the dead people number reached to 8,000. Lakhs of people were maimed. Most of the poor people and working class people were exposed to the poisonous gas.

More than 50,000 people who are sick till date and are not able to perform any task. They are sick. Those who survived this tragedy are alive with many disabilities such as severe respiratory disorders, eye problems and other disorders. Children developed strange and weird abnormalities. Bhopal gas tragedy is considered as one of the worst disaster in the world.

Question 2.
Explain the causes for the Bhopal Gas Tragedy.
Answer:
For almost 4 years, The Union Carbide tank’s alarm did not work. Nothing was in order. The steam boi ler which intended to clean the pipes was not working properly and water sprays designed to knock down gas leaks were very poorly designed. No action plans were made to cope with this type of incidents. Moreover, the local authorities were not informed of the quantities or dangers of chemicals used and manufactured at the factory. These were the major causes for the Bhopal Gas Tragedy.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 9 The Making of Regional Cultures

September 4, 2024September 3, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions History Chapter 9 The Making of Regional Cultures

JAC Class 7th History The Making of Regional Cultures InText Questions and Answers

Page 122

Question 1.
Find out how many states have been created in the last 10 years. Is each of these states a region?
Answer:
The four states Uttarakhand, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Telengana have been created in the last 10 years. Yes, each of these state is a region.

Page 123

Question 2.
Find out when the languages you speak at home were first used for writing.
Answer:
Need to do it yourself with the help of teacher or parents. (Hint: Most probably around 9th century the languages were first used for writing)

Page 126

Question 3.
Find out whether there are traditions of heroes/heroines in your town or village. What are the qualities associated with them? In what ways are these similar to or different from the heroic ideals of the Rajputs?
Answer:
Need to do it yourself. (Hint: Any local hero/heroes would possess the qualities of a loyalty, friendship, love, anger, bravery, etc. Most of these qualities would be similar to ideals of the Rajputs.)

Page 127

Question 4.
Find out more about any one of these dance forms.
Answer:
Bharatanatyam is a dance of Tamil Nadu in southern India. It traces its origins back to the Natyashastra, an ancient treatise on theatre written by the mythic priest Bharata. Originally a temple dance for women, bharatanatyam often is used to express Hindu religious stories and devotions.

It was not commonly seen on the public stage until the 20th century. The dance movements are characterized by bent legs, while feet keep rhythm. Hands may be used in a series of mudras, or symbolic hand gestures, to tell a stoiy. Classical dance in India is based upon and influenced by the Natya Shastra, an ancient Indian text that is the foundation for performing arts.

Page 130

Question 5.
While Bengali is now recognised as a language derived from Sanskrit, early Sanskrit texts (mid-first millennium BCE) suggest that the people of Bengal did not speak Sanskritic languages. How, then, did the new language emerge?
Answer:
Bengali is a language spoken mostly in the state of Bengal and by Bengalis. Bengali is now recognised as a language derived from Sanskrit, but early Sanskrit texts (mid-first millennium BCE) suggest that the people of Bengal did not speak Sanskritic languages. From the fourth-third centuries BCE, commercial ties began to develop between Bengal and Magadha (south Bihar), which may have led to the growing influence of Sanskrit.

During the fourth century the Gupta rulers established political control over north Bengal and began to settle Brahmanas in this area.Thus, the linguistic and cultural influence from the mid-Ganga valley became stronger. In the seventh century the Chinese traveller Xuan Zang observed that languages related to Sanskrit were in use all over Bengal.

Page 132

Question 6.
Why do you think the second category of texts was not w ritten down?
Answer:
The second category of early Bengali literature was orally transferred to the new generation and not written down.

Page 133

Question 7.
Compare the temple shown here with that in Chapter 2.
Answer:
The temple in Chapter 2 is that of Gangaikonda cholapuram. The temple is built of stone and rock. The intricate designs on the roof of the temple which becomes narrow is the most significant features of this temple. On the other hand, the temple shown here describes a very unique feature of Bengal architecture. It was built on a square platform with a plain interior and exterior have decorative walls, ornamental tiles or terracotta shape and a double roof thached hut shape.

Page 136

Question 8.
Imagine, you are a Rajput prince. How would you like your story to be told?
Answer: Do it yourself.

JAC Class 7th History The Making of Regional Cultures Textbook Questions and Answers

(Let’s Recall)

Question 1.
Match the following:

Anantavarman	Kerala
Jagannatha	Bengal
Mahodayapuram	Orissa
Lilatilakam	Kangra
Mangalakavya	Puri
Miniature	Kerala

Answer:

Anantavarman	Orissa
Jagannatha	Puri
Mahodayapuram	Kerala
Lilatilakam	Kerala
Mangalakavya	Bengal
Miniature	Kangra

Question 2.
What is Manipravalam? Name a book written in that language.
Answer:
Manipravalam precisely means diamonds and corals and here it is a language. The name of a book written in that language is Lilatilakam, which deals with grammar and poetics.

Question 3.
Who were the major patrons of Kathak?
Answer:
Kathak began evolving into a distinct mode of dance in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries with the spread of the bhakti movement. The legends of Radha-Krishna were enacted in folk plays called rasalila, which combined folk dance with the basic gestures of the kathak story-tellers.

Under the Mughal emperors and their nobles, Kathak was performed in the court, where it acquired its present features and developed into a form of dance with a distinctive style. Subsequently, it developed in two traditions or gharanas: one in the courts of Rajasthan (Jaipur) and the other in Lucknow. Under the patronage of Wajid Ali Shah, the last Nawab of Awadh, it grew into a major art form.

Question 4.
What are the important architectural features of the temples of Bengal?
Answer:
The important architectural features of the temples of Bengal were as follows:

When local deities got recognised by the Brahmanas, their images began to be housed in temples.
The double roofed or four roofed structure of the thatched huts were copied by the temples.
Temples were mostly built in square platform.
The interior of the temple were usually plain but the exterior were decorated with paintings, ornamental tiles or terracotta tablets.
In the relatively more complex four roofed structure, four triangular roofs placed on the four wall move up to coincide on a curved line or a point.
In some temples, particularly in Vishnupur in the Bankura district ‘ of West Bengal, such decorations reached a high degree of excellence.

(Let’s Discuss)

Question 5.
Why did minstrels proclaim the achievements of heroes?
Answer:
Minstrels proclaimed the achievements of heroes because of the following reasons:

They used to recite poems and songs which depicted the tales and stories of the Rajput’s heroic deeds.
They inspired others to follow the examples of the Rajputs.
Common and ordinary people were also attracted by these stories which often depicted dramatic situations and a range of strong emotions loyalty, friendship, love, valor, anger, etc

Question 6.
Why do we know much more about the cultural practices of rulers than about those of ordinary people?
Answer:
Rulers were rich in power and wealth. They adopted several methods to preserve their achievements. Stories about Rajput heroes were recorded in poems and songs, which were recited by specially trained minstrels. Rulers patronised highly skilled painters who primarily-illustrated manuscripts containing historical accounts and poetry.

These were generally painted in brilliant colours and portrayed court scenes and other aspects of social life. Rulers spent a huge wealth on building temples to establish their power and status. Ordinary people did not do anything to preserve the records of their heroic deeds. The aforementioned reasons clearly show why we know more about the cultural practices of rulers than those of ordinary people.

Question 7.
Why did conquerors try to control the temple of Jagannatha at Puri?
Answer:
The conquerors tried to control the temple of Jagannatha at Puri because the temple gained the importance as a centre of pilgrimage. Its authority also increased in terms of social and political matters. Thus, they felt that this would make their rule acceptable to the local people.

Question 8.
Why were temples built in Bengal?
Answer:
Temples were built in Bengal for the following reasons:

From the late fifteenth century, temple building in Bengal got momentum till the nineteenth century.
Groups or individuals built temples to demonstrate and show their power and wealth.
With the support of various social groups, some of the temples got constructed.
New economic opportunities to people also helped in temple building to show their status.
Local deities once worshipped in thatched roof got recognition by Brahmanas. The recognition shifted them from the thatched hut to brick built temples.

(Let’s Do)

Question 9.
Describe the most important features of the culture of your region, focusing on buildings, performing arts and painting.
Answer:
Need to do it yourself. (Hint : Suppose, I live in Delhi. From beginning itself it has been a land of mixed culture and traditions. In olden days, it has been invaded many times and had been ruled by many rulers. They all affected its culture, religion, language, architecture, society, art, painting etc. We have monuments and buildings built by Mughals, Rajput rulers and many more. We also have temples, mosques built by different rulers. We can see the differences of culture in old and new Delhi now as well).

Question 10.
Do you use different languages for
(a) speaking,
(b) reading,
(c) writing? Find out about one major composition in language that you use and discuss why you find it interesting.
Answer:
Use of different language for speaking, reading and writing:

For speaking I use Hindi, English and Punjabi.
For reading I use Hindi and English.
For writing I use Hindi and English only.

Question 11.
Choose one state each from north, west, south, east and central India. For each of these, prepare a list of foods that are commonly consumed, highlighting any differences and similarities that you notice.
Answer:

States	Foods List
North – Punjab	Rajma-chawal, Makke di rod and sarson da saag, gobhi-paratha
South — Karnataka	Idli-Dosa, Sambhar, Rice and fish
East – West Bengal	Rice and Fish, mutton curry, different types of vegetables
West – Rajasthan	Daal-bati-churma, pyaj kachori, mawa kachori
Central – Madhya Pradesh	Dal-chapatis

Similarities and differences: Rice and chapattis are common throughout India. But in some parts of India non-vegetarian foods are popular.

Question 12.
Choose another set of five states from each of these regions and prepare a list of clothes that are generally worn by women and men in each. Discuss your findings.

States	Clothes worn – men	Clothes worn – women
North – Punjab	Lungi, kurta and turban	Churidar kurta, salwar kameez and dupatta
South – Tamil Nadu	Shirt, Angavastra	Blouse, saree, lehenga
East – Odisha	Dhoti, kurta Gamucha	Saree, blouse
West – Gujarat	Chorno, kediyu	Chaniyo, choli, odhni as dupatta
West – Maharashtra	Dhoti, pehta, kurta, safa	Saree and choli
Central – Madhya Pradesh	Safa, dhoti, bandi, mirzai	Lehenga, choli, odhni, Bandhani sarees

Students need to discuss with the help of mentioned points.

JAC Class 7th History The Making of Regional Cultures Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Jagannatha means……..
(a) Lord of the empire
(b) The empire of the east
(c) Lord of the world
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Lord of the world

Question 2.
Xuan Zang was a…… traveller.
(a) Nepali
(b) Chinese
(c) Burmese
(d) Japanese
Answer:
(b) Chinese

Question 3.
……….. proclaimed himself as God.
(a) Ramanuja
(b) Ruler of Mahodyapuram
(c) Shankara
(d) King of Anangabhima
Answer:
(d) King of Anangabhima

Question 4.
Kathak’s major patrons were
(a) Rajputs
(b) Mongols
(c) Mughals
(d) Cholas
Answer:
(c) Mughals

Question 5.
The initial miniature paintings were done on
(a) art paper
(b) coarse paper
(c) bark of the tree
(d) palm leaves
Answer:
(d) palm leaves

Question 6.
Odissi and Kuchipudi are classical dances of
(a) Odisha and Andhra Pradesh
(b) Andhra Pradesh and Kerala
(c) West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh
(d) Punjab and Odisha
Answer:
(a) Odisha and Andhra Pradesh

Question 7.
Viharas are
(a) Educational institutions
(b) Health centres
(c) Buddhist monasteries
(d) Tourist places
Answer:
(c) Buddhist monasteries

Question 8.
Most of the Malayalam-speaking people live in
(a) Tamil Nadu
(b) Kerala
(c) Karnataka
(d) Andhra Pradesh
Answer:
(b) Kerala

Question 9.
Lilatilakam was composed in the literary style of Manipravalam which is a mixture of Sanskrit and Tamil. What does Manipravalam precisely mean?
(a) Diamond and pearl
(b) Diamond and gold
(c) Diamond and coral
(d) Gold and coral
Answer:
(c) Diamond and coral

Question 10.
The stories of the heroes of Rajasthan were recorded
(a) as songs and poems
(b) by writing on palm leaves
(c) as dances
(d) none of these
Answer:
(a) as songs and poems

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which region was called Rajputana by the British?
Answer:
The region that constitutes most of the present day Rajasthan was called Rajputana by the British.

Question 2.
Kathak developed in which region?
Answer:
Kathak developed in the courts of Rajasthan (in Jaipur) and Lucknow.

Question 3.
The Bengali Brahmanas allowed to eat fish. Why?
Answer:
Fish was one of the main foods in the local diet that is why the Bengali Brahmanas were allowed to eat fish.

Question 4.
What objects or things were used by ordinary people for paintings?
Answer:
Ordinary people used pots, walls, floors, clothes for paintings.

Question 5.
What does the Naths mean?
Answer:
The Naths were the monks or saints who were engaged in a variety of yogic practices.

Question 6.
What does the term Kathaks mean?
Answer:
Originally, the Kathaks were a caste of story-tellers in temples of north India, who made stories more attractive by the additions of decorative features in their performances with gestures and songs.

Question 7.
What made Kangra paintings different from other paintings?
Answer:
Kangra paintings were made with soft colours including cool blues and greens and a lyrical treatment of themes which made it different from other paintings.

Question 8.
Which dynasty built Jagannath temple at Puri?
Answer:
In the twelfth century, rulers of the Ganga dynasty, Anantavarman built Jagannath temple at Puri.

Question 9.
The Chera Kingdom was established in which century?
Answer:
The Chera kingdom of Mahodayapuram was established in the ninth century in the south-western part of the peninsula which is part of present-day Kerala.

Question 10.
Name the text that was illustrated in the miniature paintings of Himachal Pradesh.
Answer:
The text that was illustrated in the miniature paintings of Himachal Pradesh was Bhanudatta’s Rasamanjari.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define the term Animism.
Answer:
Animism means the belief that all natural things such as plants, animals, rocks, thunder and earthquakes have spirits which human beings cannot see and can influence human events.

Question 2.
In how many categories, Bengali literature can be divided?
Answer:
Bengali literature can be divided into two categories, they are:

The first category of literature is bounded to Sanskrit. Under this category, the translated Sanskrit epics, the Mangalakavyas means auspicious poems and bhakti literature such as the biographies of Chaitanya, the leader of the Vaishnavite movement comes.
The second category consists of Nath literature such as the songs of Maynamati and Gopichandra stories concerning the worship of Dharma Thakur and tales, folk tales and ballads.

Question 3.
Dochala and Chauchala were used in which region and where?
Answer:
Dochala means two-roofed and chauchala means four-roofed. Dochala and Chauchala were used in Bengal region and in the structure of the thatched huts and temples.

Question 4.
In which year Jagannatha temple at Puri was built, by whom it was built and which deities are worshipped over there?
Answer:
In the 12th century, the ruler of Ganga Dynasty Anantavarman built the temple for Purushottama Jagannatha at Puri. The three deities namely Balabhadra, Subhadra and Jagannatha represents Buddha, Dharma and Sangha, are worshipped over there.

Question 5.
Explain in short about Rajput women.
Answer:
Like men, Rajput women were also very brave. To protect their honour, the practice of ‘Sad ’ or Self-immolation of widows for their husbands who died in war was started by Rajput women. These women who sacrificed their lives are shown as great heroines. Rajput cultures have been enriched by heroic deeds of men and women.

Question 6.
How do you think regional cultures evolve?
Answer:
Today, regional cultures are the product of complex processes and procedures of intermixing of local traditions and cultures with ideas from other parts of the subcontinent.

Question 7.
What was the role of Cher as in the development of Malayalam?
Answer:
The Chera kingdom of Mahodayapuram was established in the ninth century in the south-western part of the peninsula, part of present-day Kerala. It is very likely that Malayalam was spoken in this region. The rulers and kings introduced and mentioned about the Malayalam language and script in their inscriptions. As a matter of fact, this is one of the earliest illustrations of the use of a regional language in official records in the subcontinent.

Question 8.
Miniature painting developed manifold under the Mughal patronage. How?
Answer:
The Mughal emperors Akbar, Jahangir and Shah Jahan patronised highly skilled painters and artists who first and foremost illustrated manuscripts which contained historical events and poetry. These were generally painted in brilliant and bright colours and portrayed court scenes, scenes of battle or hunting, and other aspects of social life. They were often exchanged as gifts and were viewed only by the emperor and his close associates.

Question 9.
Give a short note on classical dances of India.
Answer:
There are eight .classical dance formsof India and the status has been granted by the Sangeet Natak Academy. These forms include Bharatanatyam of Tamil Nadu, Odissi of Odisha, Manipuri of Manipur, Kathakali and Mohiniaattam of Kerala, Kuchipudi of Andhra Pradesh, Kathak of Lucknow and Yakshagana of Karnataka. These dance forms have their own set of rules. Most of these dance forms draw their origin to the Natya Shastra of Bharata Muni of ancient times.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by the pirs? What was their position and status in the society?
Answer:
The early colonizers in Bengal sought some order and assurance in the unstable and unfavourable conditions of the new settlements. These were provided by the community leaders who also functioned as teachers and adjudicators and were sometimes attributed and assigned with supernatural powers.

Hence, people referred to them with affection and respect as pirs. This included saints or Sufis and other religious personalities, daring colonizers and deified soldiers, various Hindu and Buddhist deities and even animistic spirits. The cult of pirs became very popular and their shrines can be found everywhere in Bengal.

A Pirs role is to guide and teach his disciples on the Sufi path. This is generally done by general lessons known as Suhbas and individual guidance is also there.
The title Peer Baba is common and used to give a acknowledgement to Sufi masters or similarly honoured persons. After their death people visit their tombs.

Question 2.
Briefly describe about Rajput traditions and cultures of heroism.
Answer:
Rajputs made the culture and traditionsvery distinctive. They are firmly related to the culture and tradition of Rajasthan. These are inter-linked with the ideals and aspirations of rulers. Rajasthan has been ruled by various brave Rajput families from about eighth century. One of the great and famous Rajput king was Prithviraj Chauhan.

The rulers are known for their bravery and a huge sense of sacrifice. They also cherished the perfect ideal of a hero who fought firmly and bravely and often chose death on the battlefield rather’than face defeat. Stories and tales about Rajput heroes were recorded in songs and poems which were recited by trained and skilled minstrels.

The memories of heroes were preserved and were expected to inspire and motivate others and expected to follow their examples. Common people also liked these tales which were depicted in dramatic situations and had a range of strong emotions in the form of bravery, loyalty, anger, love, friendship, etc.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 9 Public Facilities

September 4, 2024September 3, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 9 Public Facilities

JAC Class 8th Civics Public FacilitiesInText Questions and Answers

Page 108

Question 1.
You have seen the four situations illustrated above (See NCERT page 106-107). Based on these, what impression do you get of the water situation in Chennai?
Answer:
From these four situations, we get the impression of the water situation in Chennai is that the water supply is not same for all the areas. There is a shortage of supply and demand is very high. As a result of this, only those who can afford to pay for water have sufficient access and those who can’t faces many difficulties.

Question 2.
Pick out the various sources of water for household use from the description alongside (See NCERT page 108).
Answer:
The various sources of water for household use from the description alongside are municipal water, water tanker, private borewell.

Question 3.
What, in your view, is similar, and what is different in Subramanian’s and Padma’s experiences.
Answer:
Similarities in Subramanian’s and Padma’s experiences are as follow:

Both use borewell water
Water shortage problem both of them.
Both get water from tankers.

The differences are:

Subramanian gets municipal water once in two days whereas, Padma does not have a tap connection.
Subramanian spends upto ? 500/- on buying water from the tankers.
Subramanian uses borewell water for washing and sanitation purposes whereas, Padma uses borewell water drinking and washing.

Question 4.
Write a paragraph describing the water supply situation in your area.
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own.

Question 5.
Why does water flow in a trickle in summer in most places in India? Find out.
Answer:
Water flow in a trickle in summer in most places in India because the demand for water is higher and supply is limited. The underground water level also goes down in summer due to hot weather and yield less water.

Question 6.
Discuss: Is there a general shortage of water for everyone in Chennai? Can you think of two reasons why different people get varying amounts of water?
Answer:
Yes, there is a general shortage of water for everyone in Chennai. Two reasons why different people get varying amounts of water are as follows:

Different financial status, some are rich, some are poor.
More demand and less supply.

Page 111

Question 7.
As Amu and Kumar ride around Chennai…
Amu:
Did you notice that the roads in Saidapet were so bumpy and without streetlights? / wonder what the place is like at night.

Kumar:
What better can you expect in a slum!

Amu:
Why should slums be like that? Shouldn’t they have public facilities?

Kumar: I think public facilities are for all those who live in proper houses in colonies. They are the people who pay taxes.

Amu: Why do you say that! Slum dwellers are also citizens and they have rights too.

Kumar: Arrey! The government will go bankrupt this way!

Amu: Well, it has to find a way. Can you imagine what it would be like to live in a slum without proper roads, water, electricity?

Kumar: Err….

Amu: Our Constitution recognises many of the public facilities as being a part of the Right to Life. The government must see that these rights are protected so that everyone can lead a decent life. point of view do you agree Whose with?
Answer:
I agree with Amu’s point of view.

Page 114

Question 8.
Discuss:
Do you think this would be a right step? (See NCERT page 114) What do you think would happen if the government withdraws from the task of supplying water?
Answer:
I don’t think it would be a right step. If the government withdraws from the task of supplying water then it would fail to perform its duty and many people will face serious problems. If the private companies take over the task of supplying water then they would look for more profit rather than thinking about the poor people who cannot afford to buy water. Government’s task is to ensure public facilities to all.

Question 9.
Discuss the main ideas in the above section (See NCERT page 115). What do you think can be done to improve water supply?
Answer:
This section dealt with the successful example of public water supply in Brazil and unsuccessful example of water supply in Bolivia. It also gave details about the better conditions of water supply in Mumbai and Hyderabad. Chennai has also taken steps in rain harvesting process. To improve the water supply certain steps can be taken such as afforestation, rain harvesting, repairing of water pipes, etc.

Question 10.
Do you think it is also important to conserve resources like water and electricity, and to use more public transport?
Answer:
Yes, it is also important to conserve resources like water and electricity, and to use more public transport.

Page 116

Question 11.
Do you think that lack of access to proper sanitation facilities affects peoples’ lives? How?
Answer:
Yes, lack of access to proper sanitation facilities affects peoples’ lives. It directly affects the health of the people and will become victims of many diseases like dysentery, cholera, etc. They won’t be able to work efficiently due to poor health conditions.

Question 12.
Why do you think that this would impact women and girls more acutely?
Answer:
This would impact women and girls more acutely because they are given less attention most of the time.

JAC Class 8th Civics Public Facilities Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why do you think there are so few cases of private water supply in the world?
Answer:
There are so few cases of private water supply in the world because water is a basic necessity of life and everyone should get access to safe drinking water either free or at affordable rates. It is the government’s responsibility to provide water to everyone. Private companies work towards the only goal of maximising profits. If the responsibility of water supply is handed over to private companies, there would be a steep rise in the price of water, making it unaffordable for many.

Question 2.
Do you think water in Chennai is available to and affordable by all? Discuss.
Answer:
Water in Chennai is not available to and affordable by all. There is an unequal distribution of water in different parts of the city. Certain areas like Anna Nagar receive abundant water while areas like Mylapore get very little water. Municipal supply fails to meet the demand of water in the city.

People from the upper class and middle class buy packaged drinking water or water from tankers. But the situation is different and worst for the poor people as they cannot afford the expense of tankers or packaged water. In the slum areas, water supply runs for barely an hour every day and that too from a single tap that serves over thirty families for all their water needs.

Question 3.
How is the sale of water by farmers to water dealers in Chennai affecting the local people? Do you think local people can object to such exploitation of ground water? Can the government do anything in this regard?
Answer:
Due to the water shortage in Chennai, many private companies have taken it as an opportunity to earn huge profits by selling water in the city. The water is taken from nearby towns and from villages to the north of the city using a fleet of over 13,000 water tankers.

Every month the water dealers pay farmers an advance for the rights to exploit water sources on their land.Due to this trade, the water levels have dropped drastically in all these towns and villages. The water that is taken away from the farms is creating a deficit not only for irrigation but also for drinking water for the villagers.

Yes, the local people can object to such exploitation of ground water because water is a necessity and everyone has equal right to access it. The government should take a strict action against such offensive activities and disallow private companies from buying and supplying water.

Question 4.
Why are most of the private hospitals and private schools located in major cities and not in towns or rural areas?
Answer:
Most of the private hospitals and private schools located in major cities and not in towns or rural areas because they offer their services at high prices to earn profits and these services are affordable only by the affluent dwellers in the city.

Question 5.
Do you think the distribution of public facilities in our country is adequate and fair? Give an example of your own to explain.
Answer:
No, I don’t think the distribution of public facilities in our country is adequate and fair. For example, people living in cities avail all facilities such as healthcare, electricity, public transport, etc., but these facilities are not available fully in smaller towns and villages. They face major crisis of certain things such as electricity, not have a well developed transport system.

Question 6.
Take some of the public facilities in your area, such as water, electricity, etc. Is there scope to improve these? What in your opinion should be done? Complete the table.
Answer:

Water	Is it available?	How can it be improved?
Electricity	Yes	By making its supply available for all the day long and improve the quality of water.
Roads	Yes	By providing its supply for whole day and keep a check on its theft.
Public	Yes	Repairing of worn-out roads.
Transport	Yes	Increasing the frequency of the buses by making more buses on roads available.

Question 7.
Are the above public facilities shared equally by all the people in your area? Elaborate.
Answer:
The above public facilities are not shared equally by all the people in my area. The people living in posh localities avail best facilities. But the people living in slum areas doesn’t have all the facilities. They have crisis of water and electricity. On the other hand, people living in posh areas hardly face any water or electricity crisis.

Question 8.
Data on some of the public facilities are collected as part of the Census. Discuss with your teacher when and how the Census is conducted.
Answer:
The census is conducted in every 10 years. It counts the population of the country means the detailed information are collected. This information is used to measure important things such as ratio of males and females, number of literate people, etc.

Question 9.
Private educational institutions:
schools, colleges, universities, technical and vocational training institutes are coming up in our country in a big way. On the other hand, educational institutes run by the government are becoming relatively less important. What do you think would be the impact of this? Discuss.
Answer:
The impact of this would be that the weaker sections of the society will be deprived of quality education and the end result of this disparity will be that only the rich will get good education from the private educational institutions while the poor would not be able to afford the same. Education is a basic need and necessity and there should be universal access to education.

The main motive of private education institutes is earning profits, they charge high fees which are affordable only by the affluent section of the society. Thus, the right to quality education is only fulfilled for the rich class. Similarly, if government education institutes are not up to the mark, then weaker sections are again deprived of quality education. This, in turn, results in the disparity of quality education between the rich and the poor.

JAC Class 8th Civics Public Facilities Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The following is are considered to be a public facilities:
(a) water, health, and education
(b) health, hospital, and gas
(c) water, house, and car
(d) both a and b
Answer:
(a) water, health, and education

Question 2.
The chief feature of the public facilities is:
(a) Once it is provided, its benefits cannot be shared with other people.
(b) Once it is provided, its benefits cannot be taken in the future.
(c) Once it is provided, its benefits can be shared by several people.
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Once it is provided, its benefits can be shared by several people.

Question 3.
The government gets money from the:
(a) loan from foreign banks.
(b) loan from Indian banks.
(c) tax collected from the people.
(d) all of these
Answer:
(c) tax collected from the people.

Question 4.
The Constitution of India recognises the right to water as being a part of the under Article 21.
(a) Right to Equality
(b) Right to Education
(c) Right to Health
(d) Right to Life
Answer:
(d) Right to Life

Question 5.
The basic needs of human beings is / are ……..
(a) Healthcare
(b) Water
(c) Food
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 6.
Which of the following is the main source of water for poor people?
(a) Borewell water
(b) Water tanker
(c) Muncipal water
(d) Bottled water
Answer:
(b) Water tanker

Question 7.
The is a water borne disease.
(a) Dysentery
(b) Measles
(c) Flu
(d) Polio
Answer:
(a) Dysentery

Question 8.
……… is guaranteed for all children aged between 6-14 years.
(a) Right to Life
(b) Right to Education
(c) Right to Equality
(d) Cultural Right
Answer:
(b) Right to Education

Question 9.
……… is not a source of water in rural areas.
(a) Overhead tanks
(b) Wells
(c) Borewells
(d) Handpumps
Answer:
(a) Overhead tanks

Question 10.
According to the standard set by the urban water commission, the supply of water per person in an urban area should be about .
(a) 120 litres per day
(b) 140 litres per day
(c) 160 litres per day
(d) 135 litres per day
Answer:
(d) 135 litres per day

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Mention few public facilities that are also provided by private companies.
Answer:
Few public facilities that are also provided by private companies are school, colleges, healthcare and transportation.

Question 2.
What is the reason for the maximum death among children in India?
Answer:
The reason for maximum death among children in India is caused by the water¬borne diseases.

Question 3.
Name some public facilities that are provided by the government.
Answer:
Public facilities that are provided by the government are healthcare, sanitation, electricity, public transport, roads, schools and colleges.

Question 4.
Which age group of children should get compulsory education according to ‘Right to Education’?
Answer:
The age group of 6 – 14 years of children should get compulsory education according to ‘Right to Education’?

Question 5.
Is right to safe drinking water a fundamental right?
Answer:
Yes. Right to water entitles everyone to sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic use.

Question 6.
What is the role of government in public facilities?
Answer:
One of the most important roles of the government is to ensure that these public facilities are made available to everyone.

Question 7.
What do you mean by government budget?
Answer:
Government budget is an account of the expenses the government has made on its programmes and projects in the past year and how much it plans to spend in the coming year.

Question 81.
What is universal access to water?
Answer:
Universal access to water is the right of every person, whether rich or poor to have sufficient amounts of water to fulfill his/her daily needs at a price that he/she can afford.

Question 9.
Which NGO has been working for three decades to address the problem sanitation?
Answer:
The NGO that has been working for three decades to address the problem of sanitisation is Sulabh.

Question 10.
What do you think is regarded as a sign of failure of the government?
Answer:
A shortage of basic public amenities such as water, healthcare, electricity is taken as a sign of failure of the government.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question l.
What do you mean by sanitation?
Answer:
The provision of facilities for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces is known as sanitation. This is done by construction of toilets and pipes to carry the sewerage and treating the waste water. This is necessary so as to avoid contamination and diseases.

Question 2.
What is Right to Water?
Answer:
The right to water is recognised as being a part of the Right to Life under Article 21 of the Constitution of India. This implies that it is the right of every person whether rich or poor to have sufficient amounts of water to fulfill his/ her daily needs at a price that he/she can afford.

Question 3.
What do you mean by company?
Answer:
A form of business set up by people or by the government is known as a company. Those that are promoted and owned by individuals or groups are called private companies. For example, Reliance is a private company whereas SAIL is a company run by the government.

Question 4.
From where does the government get money for the public facilities?
Answer:
The main source of revenue for the government is the taxes collected from the people and the government is empowered to collect these taxes and use them for such programmes and projects. Such as to supply water, the government has to incur costs in pumping water, carrying it over long distances, laying down pipes for distribution, treating the water for impurities and finally collecting and treating waste water. It meets these expenses partly from the various taxes that it collects and partly by charging a price for water. This price is set so that most people can afford a certain minimum amount of water for daily use.

Question 5.
Why does a lack of proper sanitation affect women and girls more acutely?
Answer:
Lack of proper sanitation affects women and girls more acutely because they often have to wait until dark to go to the toilet. To avoid the need for such frequent toilet use, women often drink less water which causes severe health impacts.

Question 6.
When there is a shortage of public facilities say water then what type of situation arise?
Answer:
When there is a shortage of public facilities say water then the situation which arises is burden for the poor since the shortfalls which occur falls mostly on the poor. Though the middle class people able to cope with it like buying bottled water from private companies or by digging borewells. People who can afford it have safe drinking water but poor people are left out. The poor people faces the crisis the most.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write in brief the availability of water in different regions of Chennai.
Answer:
The availability of water in different regions of Chennai are:

(i) One of the posh area is Anna Nagar in Chennai. This area looks lush and full with greenery. Then lush greens are maintained by enough spraying of water. Bunglows of rich people have tap water for major part of the day. When the water supply is inadequate, these rich people speak to a senior official whom he knows in the municipal water board and a water tanker is easily arranged for their house.

(ii) Like most areas of the city, the middle class people, Subramanian’s apartments in Mylapore suffers from water shortage. Once in two days, this area gets municipal water. A private borewell meets some of the resident’s water needs but the water is brackish so the residents use it in their toilets and for washing. For other uses they purchase water from tankers. Water purifiers are installed at homes for drinking purposes.

(iii) Siva lives on a rented house in Madipakkam and gets water once in four days. There is acute shortage of water. For drinking, they buy bottled water.

(iv) Padma lives in the slum area in Saidapet and works as a domestic help. There is a cluster of hutment, which has neither a bathroom nor a tap connection. For 30 such hutments there is a common tap at one comer, in which water comes from a borewell for 20 minutes twice daily.

A family gets to fill a maximum of three buckets within this time. The same water is used for washing and drinking. In summer, the flow becomes a trickle, so that one family gets water only at the cost of another. People have to wait long hours for water tankers. There situation becomes more pathetic during summers.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 10 Hindi व्याकरण समास

October 4, 2024September 3, 2024 by Prasanna

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 10 Hindi Solutions Vyakaran समास Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf.

JAC Board Class 10 Hindi Vyakaran समास

समास – परस्पर संबंध रखने वाले दो अथवा दो से अधिक शब्दों के मेल का नाम समास है। समास द्वारा शब्द-समूहों को संक्षिप्त किया जाता है। जैसे – राजा का पुत्र = राजपुत्र।
समस्त पद – विभिन्न शब्दों के समूह को संरक्षित करने से जो शब्द बनता है उसे समस्त पद या सामासिक पद कहते हैं।
समास-विग्रह – सामासिक पद को तोड़ना समास-विग्रह कहलाता है। जैसे राष्ट्रपिता एक समस्त पद अथवा सामासिक पद है। इसका समास विग्रह होगा-राष्ट्र का पिता।

संधि और समास में अंतर –

संधि में जहाँ दो वर्णों का मेल होता है, वहीं समास में दो शब्दों का मेल होता है।
समास में दो पद होते हैं-पूर्व पद तथा उत्तर पद, जबकि संधि में ऐसा कुछ नहीं होता।

संधि और समास में अंतर – संधि और समास दोनों में विग्रह तथा मेल होता है। संधि में जहाँ संधि तथा संधि-विच्छेद होता है वहाँ समास में समस्त पद तथा समास-विग्रह होता है। समास के छह भेद होते हैं।

समास के भेद

JAC Class 10 Hindi व्याकरण समास 1

1. अव्ययीभाव समास :

जिस समास में पहला पद प्रधान हो और समस्त पद अव्यय (क्रिया, विशेषण) का काम करे, उसे अव्ययीभाव समास कहते हैं। जैसे –

प्रतिदिन = प्रत्येक दिन
यथारूप = रूप के अनुसार
प्रतिपल = प्रत्येक पल
यथाविधि = विधि के अनुसार
यथाशीघ्र = जितना शीघ्र हो
आजन्म = जन्म भर
यथामति = मति के अनुसार
आमरण = मरने तक
यथासमय = समय के अनुसार
आजीवन = जीवन भर

2. तत्पुरुष समास :

तत्पुरुष का शाब्दिक अर्थ है (तत् = वह, पुरुष = आदमी) वह (दूसरा) आदमी । इस प्रकार ‘तत्पुरुष’ शब्द अपना एक अच्छा उदाहरण है। इसी आधार पर इसका नाम यह पड़ा है, क्योंकि ‘तत्पुरुष’ समास का दूसरा पद प्रधान होता है। इस प्रकार जिस समास का दूसरा पद प्रधान होता है और दोनों पदों के बीच प्रथम (कर्ता) तथा अंतिम (संबोधन) कारक के अतिरिक्त शेष किसी भी कारक की विभक्ति का लोप पाया जाता है, उसे तत्पुरुष समास कहते हैं। जैसे –

राजपुरुष = राजा का पुरुष
राहखर्च = राह के लिए खर्च
ऋणमुक्त = ऋण से मुक्त
वनवास = वन में वास।
व्यावहारिक = व्याकरण

तत्पुरुष के छह भेद हैं जिनका परिचय इस प्रकार है –

(क) कर्म तत्पुरुष –

जिसमें कर्म कारक की विभक्ति (को) का लोप पाया जाता है। जैसे –

ग्रंथकर्ता = ग्रंथ को करने वाला
आशातीत = आशा को लाँघ कर गया हुआ
स्वर्गप्राप्त = स्वर्ग को प्राप्त
जलपिपासु = जल को पीने की इच्छा वाला
देशगत = देश को गत (गया हुआ)
गृहागत = गृह को आगत (आया हुआ)
यशप्राप्त = यश को प्राप्त
ग्रंथकार = ग्रंथ को रचने वाला
परलोक गमन = परलोक को गमन
ग्रामगत = ग्राम को गत (गया हुआ)

(ख) करण तत्पुरुष –

जिसमें करण कारक की विभक्ति (से तथा के द्वारा) का लोप पाया जाता है। जैसे –

हस्तलिखित = हस्त से लिखित
तुलसीकृत = तुलसी से कृत
बाणबिद्ध = बाण से बिद्ध
वज्रहत = वज्र से हत
ईश्वरप्रदत्त = ईश्वर से प्रदत्त
मनगढ़ंत = मन से गढ़ी हुई
कपड़छन = कपड़े से छना हुआ
मदमाता = मद से माता
शोकाकुल = शोक से आकुल
प्रेमातुर = प्रेम से आतुर
दयार्द्र = दया से आर्द्र
अकाल पीड़ित = अकाल से पीड़त
कष्ट साध्य = कष्ट से साध्य
गुरुकृत = गुरु से किया हुआ
मदांध = मद से अंधा
दु:खार्त्त = दु:ख से आर्त्त
मनमाना = मन से माना हुआ
रेखांकित = रेखा से अंकित
कीर्तियुक्त = कीर्ति से युक्त
अनुभवजन्य = अनुभव से जन्य
गुणयुक्त = गुण से युक्त
जन्मरोगी = जन्म से रोगी
दईमारा = दई से मारा हुआ
बिहारी रचित = बिहारी द्वारा रचित

(ग) संप्रदान तत्पुरुष –

जिसमें संप्रदान कारक की विभक्ति (के लिए) का लोप पाया जाता है। जैसे –

कष्ट साध्य = कष्ट से साध्य
गुरुकृत = गुरु से किया हुआ
मदांध = मद से अंधा
दु:खार्त्त = दु:ख से आर्त्त
मनमाना = मन से माना हुआ
रेखांकित = रेखा से अंकित
कीर्तियुक्त = कीर्ति से युक्त
अनुभवजन्य = अनुभव से जन्य
गुणयुक्त = गुण से युक्त
जन्मरोगी = जन्म से रोगी
दईमारा = दई से मारा हुआ
बिहारी रचित = बिहारी द्वारा रचित
ठकुरसुहाती = ठाकुर को सुहाती
आरामकुर्सी = आराम के लिए कुर्सी
बलिपशु = बलि के लिए पशु
विद्यागृह = विद्या के लिए गृह
गुरुदक्षिणा = गुरु के लिए दक्षिणा
हवनसामग्री = हवन के लिए सामग्री
मार्गव्यय = मार्ग के लिए व्यय
युद्धभूमि = युद्ध के लिए भूमि
राज्यलिप्सा = राज्य के लिए लिप्सा
डाकगाड़ी = डाक के लिए गाड़ी
जेबखर्च = जेब के लिए खर्च

(घ) अपादान तत्पुरुष –

जिसमें अपादान कारक की विभक्ति का लोप पाया जाता है। जैसे –

पथभ्रष्ट = पथ से भ्रष्ट
भयभीत = भय से भीत
पदच्युत = पद से च्युत
ऋणमुक्त = ऋण से मुक्त
देशनिर्वासित = देश से निर्वासित
बंधनमुक्त = बंधन से मुक्त
ईश्वरविमुख = ईश्वर से विमुख
मदोन्मत्त = मद से उन्मत्त
विद्याहीन = विद्या से हीन
आकाशपतित = आकाश से पतित
धर्मभ्रष्ट = धर्म से भ्रष्ट
देशनिकाला = देश से निकालना
गुरुभाई = गुरु के संबंध से भाई
रोगमुक्त = रोग से मुक्त
कामचोर = काम से जी चुराने वाला
आकाशवाणी = आकाश से आगत वाणी
जन्मांध = जन्म से अंधा
धनहीन = धन से हीन

(ङ) संबंध तत्पुरुष –

जिसमें संबंध कारक की विभक्ति का लोप पाया जाता है। जैसे –

मृगशावक = मृग का शावक
वज्रपात = वज्र का पात
घुड़दौड़ = घोड़ों की दौड़
लखपति = लाखों (रुपए) का पति
राजरानी = राजा की रानी
अमचूर = आम का चूर
बैलगाड़ी = बैलों की गाड़ी
वनमानुष = वन का मानुष
दीनानाथ = दीनों के नाथ
रामकहानी = राम की कहानी
रेलकुली = रेल का कुली
पितृगृह = पिता का घर
राष्ट्रपति = राष्ट्र का पति
चायबागान = चाय के बगीचे
वाचस्पति = वाच: (वाणी) का पति
विद्याभ्यासी = विद्या का अभ्यासी
रामाश्रय = राम का आश्रय
अछूतोद्धार = अछूतों का उद्धार
विचाराधीन = विचार के अधीन
देवालय = देवों का आलय
लक्ष्मीपति = लक्ष्मी का पति
रामानुज = राम का अनुज
पराधीन = पर (अन्य) का अधीन
राजपुत्र = राजा का पुत्र
पवनपुत्र = पवन का पुत्र
राजकुमार = राजा का कुमार

(च) अधिकरण तत्पुरुष –

जिसमें अधिकरण कारक की विभक्ति का लोप पाया जाता है। जैसे –

देशाटन = देशों में अटन
वनवास = वन में वास
कविश्रेष्ठ = कवियों में श्रेष्ठ
आनंदमग्न = आनंद में मग्न
गृहप्रवेश = गृह में प्रवेश
शरणागत = शरण में आगत
ध्यानावस्थित = ध्यान में अवस्थित
कलाप्रवीण = कला में प्रवीण
शोकमग्न = शोक में मग्न
दानवीर = दान (देने) में वीर
कविशिरोमणि = कवियों में शिरोमणि
आत्मविश्वास = आत्म (स्वयं) पर विश्वास
आपबीती = अपने पर बीती
घुड़सवार = घोड़े पर सवार
कानाफूसी = कानों में फुसफुसाहट
हरफनमौला = हर फ़न में मौला
नगरवास = नगर में वास
घरवास = घर में वास

इनके अतिरिक्त तत्पुरुष के तीन अन्य भेद और भी माने जाते हैं –

(i) नञ् तत्पुरुष –

निषेध या अभाव के अर्थ में किसी शब्द से पूर्व ‘अ’ या ‘अन्’ लगाने से जो समास बनता है, उसे नञ् तत्पुरुष समास कहते हैं। जैसे –

अहित = न हित
अधर्म = न धर्म
अनुदार = न उदार
अनिष्ट = न इष्ट
अपूर्ण = न पूर्ण
असंभव = न संभव
अनाश्रित = न आश्रित
अनाचार = न आचार

विशेष – (क) प्रायः संस्कृत शब्दों में जिस शब्द के आदि में व्यंजन होता है, तो ‘नञ्’ समास में उस शब्द से पूर्व ‘अ’ जुड़ता है और यदि शब्द के आदि में स्वर होता है, तो उससे पूर्व ‘अन्’ जुड़ता है। जैसे –

अन् + अन्य = अनन्य
अन् + उत्तीर्ण = अनुत्तीर्ण
अ + वांछित = अवांछित
अ + स्थिर = अस्थिर

(ख) किंतु उक्त नियम प्रायः तत्सम शब्दों पर ही लागू होता है, हिंदी शब्दों पर नहीं। हिंदी में सर्वत्र ऐसा नहीं होता। जैसे –

अन् + चाहा = अनचाहा
अ + काज = अकाज
अन् + होनी = अनहोनी
अन + बन = अनबन
अ + न्याय = अन्याय
अन + देखा = अनदेखा
अ + टूट = अटूट
अ + सुंदर = असुंदर

(ग) हिंदी और संस्कृत शब्दों के अतिरिक्त ‘गैर’ और ‘ना’ वाले शब्द भी ‘न’ तत्पुरुष के अंतर्गत आ जाते हैं। जैसे –

नागवार
नापसंद
गैरहाजिर
नाबालिग
नालायक
गैरवाज़िब

(ii) अलुक् तत्पुरुष –

जिस तत्पुरुष समास में पहले पद की विभक्ति का लोप नहीं होता, उसे ‘अलुक्’ समास कहते हैं। जैसे –

मनसिज = मन में उत्पन्न
युधिष्ठिर = युद्ध में स्थिर
वाचस्पति = वाणी का पति
धनंजय = धन को जय करने वाला
विश्वंभर = विश्व को भरने वाला
खेचर = आकाश में विचरने वाला

(iii) उपपद तत्पुरुष –

जिस तत्पुरुष समास का स्वतंत्र रूप में प्रयोग नहीं किया जा सकता, ऐसे सामासिक शब्दों को ‘उपपद’ तत्पुरुष समास कहते हैं। जैसे –
जलज = जल + ज (‘ज’ का अर्थ उत्पन्न अर्थात पैदा होने वाला है, पर इस शब्द को अलग से प्रयोग नहीं किया जा सकता है।)

तटस्थ = तट + स्थ
पंकज = पंक + ज
कृतघ्न = कृत + घन
तिलचट्टा = तिल + चट्टा
बटमार = बट + मार
पनडुब्बी = पन + डुब्बी
कलमतराश = कलम + तराश
गरीबनिवाज़ = गरीब + निवाज़
गृहस्थ = गृह + स्थ
जलद = जल + द
उरग = उर + ग
लकड़फोड़ = लकड़ + फोड़
घरघुसा = घर + घुसा
घुड़चढ़ी = घुड़ + चढ़ी
सौदागर = सौदा + गर
चोबदार = चोब + दार

3. कर्मधारय समास :

जिस समास के दोनों पदों के बीच विशेष्य-विशेषण अथवा उपमेय-उपमान का संबंध हो और दोनों पदों में एक ही कारक (कर्ता कारक) की विभक्ति आए, उसे कर्मधारय समास कहते हैं। जैसे –

नीलकमल = नीला है जो कमल
लाल मिर्च = लाल है जो मिर्च
पुरुषोत्तम = पुरुषों में है जो उत्तम
महाराजा = महान है जो राजा
सज्जन = सत् (अच्छा) है जो जन
भलामानस = भला है जो मानस (मनुष्य)
सद्गुण = सद् (अच्छ) हैं जो गुण
शुभागमन = शुभ है जो आगमन
नीलांबर = नीला है जो अंबर
महाविद्यालय = महान है जो विद्यालय
कालापानी = काला है जो पानी
चरणकमल = कमल रूपी चरण
प्राणप्रिय = प्राणों के समान प्रिय
वज्रदेह = वज्र के समान देह
विद्याधन = विद्या रूपी धन
देहलता = देह रूपी लता
घनश्याम = घन के समान श्याम
कालीमिर्च = काली है जो मिर्च
महारानी = महान है जो रानी
नीलगाय = नीली है जो गाय
करकमल = कमल के समान कर
मुखचंद्र = मुख रूपी चंद्र
नरसिंह = सिंह के समान है जो नर
देहलता = देह रूपी लता
भवसागर = भव रूपी सागर
पीतांबर = पीत है जो अंबर
मालगाड़ी = माल ले जाने वाली गाड़ी
चंद्रमुख = चंद्र के समान है जो मुख
पुरुषसिंह = सिंह के समान है जो पुरुष
नीलकंठ = नीला है जो कंठ
महाजन = महान है जो जन
बुद्धिबल = बुद्धि रूपी बल
गुरुदेव = गुरु रूपी देव
करपल्लव = पल्लव रूपी कर
कमलनयन = कमल के समान नयन
कनकलता = कनक की सी लता
चंद्रमुख = चंद्र के समान मुख
मृगनयन = मृग के नयन के समान नयन
कुसुमकोमल = कुसुम के समान कोमल
सिंहनाद = सिंह के नाद के समान नाद
जन्मांतर = अंतर (अन्य) जन्म
नराधम = अधम है जो नर
दीनदयालु = दीनों पर है जो दयालु
मुनिवर = मुनियों में है जो श्रेष्ठ
मानवोचित = मानवों के लिए है जो उचित
पुरुषरत्न = पुरुषों में है जो रत्न
घृतान्न = घृत में मिला हुआ अन्न
छायातरु = छाया-प्रधान तरु
वनमानुष = वन में निवास करने वाला मानुष
गुरुभाई = गुरु के संबंध से भाई
बैलगाड़ी = बैलों से खींची जाने वाली गाड़ी
दहीबड़ा = दही में डूबा हुआ बड़ा
जेबघड़ी = जेब में रखी जाने वाली घड़ी
पनचक्की = पानी से चलने वाली चक्की

कर्मधारय और बहुव्रीहि तथा द्विगु और बहुव्रीहि का अंतर –
(i) कर्मधारय समास विशेषण और विशेष्य, उपमान और उपमेय में होता है। बहुव्रीहि समास में समस्त पदों को छोड़कर अन्य तीसरा ही अर्थ प्रधान होता है। जैसे –
नीलांबर – यहाँ नीला विशेषण तथा अंबर विशेष्य है। अत: यह कर्मधारय समास का उदाहरण है।
दशानन – दश हैं आनन जिसके अर्थात रावण। यहाँ दश और आनन दोनों शब्द मिलकर अन्य अर्थ का बोध करा रहे हैं। अतः यह बहुव्रीहि समास का उदाहरण है।

(ii) द्विगु समास में पहला पद संख्यावाचक होता है और समस्त पद से समुदाय का बोध होता है। जैसे-
दशाब्दी – दस वर्षों का समूह, पंचसेरी-पाँच सेरों का समूह। बहुव्रीहि में भी पहला खंड संख्यावाचक हो सकता है। उसके योग से जो समस्त शब्द बनता है, वह किसी अन्य अथवा तीसरे अर्थ का बोधक होता है। जैसे-
चतुर्भुज – यदि इसका अर्थ चार भुजाओं का समूह लें तो यह द्विगु समास है, पर चार हैं भुजाएँ जिसकी अर्थ लेने से बहुव्रीहि समास बन जाएगा।

4. द्विगु समास :

जिस समास में पहला पद संख्यावाचक (गिनती बनाने वाला) हो, दोनों पदों के बीच विशेषण-विशेष्य संबंध हो और समस्त पद समूह या समाहार का ज्ञान कराए, उसे द्विगु समास कहते हैं। जैसे –

शताब्दी = शत (सौ) अब्दों (वर्षों) का समूह
सतसई = सात सौ दोहों का समूह
चौराहा = चार राहों (रास्तों) का समाहार
चौमासा = चार मासों का समाहार
अठन्नी = आठ आनों का समूह
पंसेरी = पाँच सेरों का समाहार
दोपहर = दो पहरों का समाहार
त्रिफला = तीन फलों का समूह
चौपाई = चार पदों का समूह
नव-रत्न = नौरत्नों का समूह
त्रिवेणी = तीन वेणियों (नदियों) का समाहार
सप्ताह = सप्त (सात) अह (दिनों) का समूह
सप्तर्षि = सात ऋषियों का समूह
अष्टाध्यायी = अष्ट (आठ) अध्यायों का समूह
त्रिभुवन = तीन भुवनों (लोकों) का समूह
पंचवटी = पाँच वट (वृक्षों) का समाहार
नवग्रह = नौ ग्रहों का समाहार
चतुर्वर्ण = चार वर्णों का समूह
चतुष्पदी = चार पदों का समाहार
पंचतत्व = पाँच तत्वों का समूह

5. वंद्व समास :

जिस समस्त पद के दोनों पद प्रधान हों तथा विग्रह (अलग-अलग) करने पर दोनों पदों के बीच ‘और’, ‘तथा’, ‘अथवा’, ‘या’ योजक शब्द लगें, उसे वंद्व समास कहते हैं। जैसे –

अन्न-जल = अन्न और जल
पाप-पुण्य = पाप और पुण्य
धर्माधर्म = धर्म और अधर्म
वेद-पुराण = वेद और पुराण
दाल-रोटी = दाल और रोटी
नाम-निशान = नाम और निशान
दीन-ईमान = दीन और ईमान
लव-कुश = लव और कुश
नमक-मिर्च = नमक और मिर्च
अमीर-गरीब = अमीर और गरीब
राजा-रंक = राजा और रंक
राधा-कृष्ण = राधा और कृष्ण
निशि-वासर = निशि (रात) और वासर (दिन)
देश-विदेश = देश और विदेश
माँ-बाप = माँ और बाप
ऊँच-नीच = ऊँच और नीच
सुख-दुख = सुख और दुख
माता-पिता = माता और पिता
भाई-बहन = भाई और बहन
रात-दिन = रात और दिन
नदी-नाले = नदी और नाले
रुपया-पैसा = रुपया और पैसा
दूध-दही = दूध और दही
आब-हवा = आब (पानी) और हवा
आमद-रफ़्त = आमद (अना) और रफ़्त (जाना)
घी-शक्कर = घी और शक्कर
नर-नारी = नर और नारी
गुण-दोष = गुण तथा दोष
देश-विदेश = देश और विदेश
राम-लक्ष्मण = राम और लक्ष्मण
भीमार्जुन = भीम और अर्जुन
धन-धाम = धन और धाम
भला-बुरा = भला और बुरा
धर्माधर्म = धर्म या अधर्म
पाप-पुण्य = पाप या पुण्य
छोटा-बड़ा = छोटा या बड़ा
जात-कुजात = जात या कुजात
ऊँचा-नीचा = ऊँचा या नीचा
न्यूनाधिक = न्यून (कम) या अधिक
थोड़ा-बहुत = थोड़ा या बहुत

6. बहुव्रीहि समास :

जिस समास का कोई भी पद प्रधान नहीं होता और दोनों पद मिलकर किसी अन्य शब्द (संज्ञा) के विशेषण होते हैं, उसे ‘बहुव्रीहि समास कहते हैं। जैसे –

चक्रधर = चक्र को धारण करने वाला अर्थात विष्णु
कुरूप = कुत्सित (बुरा) है रूप जिसका (कोई व्यक्ति)
बड़बोला = बड़े बोल बोलने वाला (कोई व्यक्ति)
लंबोदर = लंबा है उदर (पेट) जिसका अर्थात गणेश
महात्मा = महान है आत्मा जिसकी (व्यक्ति विशेष)
सुलोचना = सुंदर हैं लोचन (नेत्र) जिसके (स्त्री विशेष)
आजानुबाहु = अजानु (घुटनों तक) लंबी हैं भुजाएँ जिसकी (व्यक्ति विशेष)
दिगंबर = दिशाएँ ही हैं वस्त्र जिसके अर्थात नग्न।
राजीव-लोचन = राजीव (कमल) के समान लोचन (नेत्र) हैं जिसके (व्यक्ति विशेष)
चंद्रमुखी = चंद्र के समान मुख है जिसका (कोई स्त्री)
चतुर्भुज = चार हैं भुजाएँ जिसकी अर्थात विष्णु
अलोना = (अ) नहीं है लोन (नमक) जिसमें ऐसी कोई पकी सब्ज़ी
अंशुमाली = अंशु (किरणें) हैं माला जिसकी अर्थात सूर्य
लमकना = लंबे हैं कान जिसके अर्थात चूहा
तिमंज़िला = तीन हैं मंज़िल जिसमें वह मकान
अनाथ = जिसका कोई नाथ (स्वामी या संरक्षक) न हो (कोई बालक)
असार = सार (तत्व) न हो जिसमें (वह वस्तु)
सहस्नबाहु = सहस्न (हज़ार) हैं भुजाएँ जिसकी अर्थात दैत्यराज
ष्ट्कोण = षट् (छह) कोण हैं जिसमें (वह आकृति)
मृगलोचनी = मृग के समान लोचन हैं जिसके (कोई स्त्री)
वज्रांगी (बजंरगी) = वज्र के समान अंग हैं जिसके अर्थात हनुमान
पाषाण हृदय = पाषाण के समान कठोर हो हृदय जिसका (कोई व्यक्ति)
सतखंडा = सात हैं खंड जिसमें (वह भवन)
सितार = सितार (तीन) हों जिसमें (वह बाजा)
त्रिनेत्र = तीन हैं नेत्र जिसके अर्थात शिव
द्विरद = द्वि (दो) हों रद (दाँत) जिसके अर्थात हाथी
चारपाई = चार हैं पाए जिसमें अर्थात खाट
कलहप्रिय = कलह (क्लेश, झगड़ा) प्रिय हो जिसको (कोई व्यक्ति)
कनफटा = कान हो फटा हुआ जिसका (कोई व्यक्ति)
मनचला = मन रहता हो चलायमान जिसका (कोई व्यक्ति)
मृत्युंजय = मृत्यु को भी जीत लिया है जिसने अर्थात शंकर
सिरकटा = सिर हो कटा हुआ जिसका (कोई भूत-प्रेतादि)
पतझड़ = पत्ते झड़ते हैं जिसमें वह ॠतु
मेघनाद = मेघ के समान नाद है जिसका अर्थात रावण का पुत्र
घनश्याम = घन के समान श्याम है जो अर्थात कृष्ण
मक्खीचूस = मक्खी को भी चूस लेने वाला अर्थात कृपण (कंजूस)
विषधर = विष को धारण करने वाला अर्थात सर्प
गिरिधर = गिरि (पर्वत) को धारण करने वाला अर्थात कृष्ण
जितेंद्रिय = जीत ली है इंद्रियाँ जिसने (संयमी पुरुष)
कृत-कार्य = कर लिया है कार्य जिसने (सफूल व्यक्ति)
इंद्रजीत = इंद्र को जीत लिया है जिसने (मेघनाद)
गजानन = गज के समान आनन (मुख) है जिसका अर्थात गणेश
बारहसिंगा = बारह सींग हैं जिसके ऐसा मृग विशेष
पीतांबर = पीत (पीले) अंबर (वस्त्र) हैं जिसके अर्थात ‘कृष्ण’
चंद्रशेखर = चंद्र है शेखर (मस्तक) पर जिसके अर्थात ‘शिव’
नीलकंठ = नीला है कंठ जिसका अर्थात शिव
शुभ्र-वस्त्र = शुभ्र (स्वच्छ) हैं वस्त्र जिसके (कोई व्यक्ति)
श्वेतांबर = श्वेत हैं अंबर (वस्त्र) जिसके अर्थात सरस्वती
अजातशत्रु = नहीं पैदा हुआ हो शत्रु जिसका (कोई व्यक्ति)

अभ्यास के लिए प्रश्नोत्तर –

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के एक-दो पंक्तियों में उत्तर दीजिए –
(क) तत्पुरुष समास का प्रमुख अभिलक्षण क्या है?
(ख) कर्मधारय समास का प्रमुख अभिलक्षण क्या है?
उत्तर :
(क) जिस समास का दूसरा पद प्रधान होता है और दोनों पदों के बीच कारक चिह्न का लोप होता है, उसे तत्पुरुष समास कहते हैं,
जैसे-‘वनवास’ का विस्तार हुआ ‘वन में वास’- यहाँ ‘में’ कारक चिह्न का लोप हुआ है।
(ख) जिस समास के दोनों पदों में विशेष्य-विशेषण अथवा उपमेय-उपमान संबंध हो और दोनों पदों में केवल कर्ता कारक की विभक्ति आए, उसे कर्मधारय समास कहते हैं, जैसे-‘नीलकमल’। इसका विस्तार हुआ ‘नीला है जो कमल’।

प्रश्न 2.
उपयुक्त शब्द से वाक्य पूरा कीजिए –
………… शब्द कर्मधारय और बहुब्रीहि दोनों का उदाहरण है (पीतांबर/नीलगगन)
उत्तर :
पीतांबर।

प्रश्न 3.
निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में टेढ़े अक्षर वाले शब्दों की जगह समस्त शब्द का उपयोग करते हुए वाक्य बदलकर लिखिए।
नमूना-वह नृत्य की कला जानती है।
वह नृत्यकला जानती है।

उन बच्चों में देश के प्रति बहुत प्रेम है।
ऋषि ध्यान में मग्न थे और मन के पूरे योग से तपस्या कर लेता है।
हे ईश्वर, आप मुक्ति और आनंद देने वाले हैं।
युद्ध के क्षेत्र में राजा के पुत्र ने वायु की गति से घोड़ा दौड़ाया।
रेखा से अंकित शब्दों का संधि-विच्छेद कीजिए।
मोहन में कई गुण हैं वह कार्य में कुशल और धर्म में निष्ठ हैं। इसीलिए इसे सब गुणों से संपन्न होते हैं।

उत्तर :

उन बच्चों में बहुत देशप्रेम है।
ऋषि ध्यानमग्न होकर मनोयोग से तपस्या कर रहे थे।
हे ईश्वर, आप ही मुक्ति -आनंद देने वाले हैं।
युद्ध के क्षेत्र में राजपुत्र ने वायुगति से घोड़ा दौड़ाया।
रेखांकित शब्दों की संधि का विच्छेद कीजिए।
मोहन में कई गुण हैं वह कार्यकुशल और धर्मनिष्ठ है इसलिए इसे सर्वगुणसंपन्न कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
निम्नलिखित समस्त शब्दों में पहले शब्द का मूल रूप पहचानकर लिखिए और पूरे का शब्द-अर्थ बताइए –
घुड़दौड़, बचपन, रहनुमा, तिराहा, खिलवाड़, छुटभैये, बिनमाँगा, बड़बोला, पनचक्की, दुतरफ़ा, पनवाड़ी, सुनहरा।
उत्तर :

घुड़दौड़ = घोड़ा, घोड़ों की दौड़।
बचपन = बच्चा, बच्चा होने की दशा।
रहनुमा = राह, राह दिखाने वाला।
तिराहा = तीन, तीन तरफ़ राह (रास्ता)।
खिलवाड़ = खेल, खेल करना।
छुटभैये = छोटा, छोटे लोग।
बिनमाँगा = बिना, बिना माँगे हुए।
बड़बोला = बड़ा, बढ़-चढ़कर बोलना।
पनचक्की = पानी, पानी से चलने वाली चक्की।
दुतरफ़ा = दो, दोनों तरफ़
पनवाड़ी = पान, पान बेचने वाला।
सुनहरा = सोना, सोने जैसा रंग वाला।

प्रश्न 5.
समास का प्रकार बताइए –
अधपका, रक्तचंदन, पुरुषोत्तम, ध्यानकेंद्रित, लघुकथा, विद्यालय, देश-प्रेम, वनवास, नीलाभ, विचारमग्न
उत्तर :

अधपका = कर्मधारय
रक्तचंदन = कर्मधारय
पुरुषोत्तम = कर्मधारय
ध्यानकेंद्रित = तत्पुरुष
लघुकथा = कर्मधारय
विद्यालय = तत्पुरुष
देश-प्रेम = तत्पुरुष
वनवास = तत्पुरुष
नीलाभ = कर्मधारय
विचारमग्न = तत्पुरुष।

प्रश्न 6.
(i) निम्नलिखित शब्दों का सामासिक पद बनाकर समास के भेद का नाम भी लिखिए:
जन का आंदोलन, नील है जो कमल, मति के अनुसार, तीन गुणों का समूह
विद्या रूपी धन, चंद्र है शिखर पर जिसके अर्थात शिव, युद्ध में वीर
(ii) निम्नलिखित समस्त पदों का विग्रह करके समास के भेद का नाम लिखिए –
नवनिधि, यथासमय
राजदूत, धूप-दीप
यथार्थ, शांतिप्रिय, भीमार्जुन
उत्तर :
(i) जनांदोलन – तत्पुरुष समास
त्रिगुण – द्विगु समास
युद्धवीर – तत्पुरुष समास
नीलकमल – कर्मधारय समास
विद्याधन – कर्मधारय समास
मत्यानुसार – अव्ययीभाव समास
चंद्रशेखर – बहुब्रीहि समास

(ii) नौ निधियों का समूह – द्विगु समास
धूप और दीप – वंद समास
भीम और अर्जुन – वंद समास
समय के अनुसार – अव्ययी भाव समास
यथाअर्थ – अव्ययीभाव समास
राजा का दूत – तत्पुरुष समास
शांति है जिसे प्रिय – कर्मधारय समास

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 3 Why Do We Need A Parliament?

September 3, 2024September 2, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 3 Why Do We Need A Parliament?

JAC Class 8th Civics Why Do We Need A Parliament? InText Questions and Answers

Question 1:
What do you think the artist is trying to convey through the image of Parliament?
Answer:
The artist is trying to convey through the image of Parliament is that it is based on people’s strength and power. These people come from various background and shows unity is strength.

Page 32

Question 2.
Give one reason why you think there should be universal adult franchise.
Answer:
There should be universal adult franchise because it will help to establish equality in the society.

Question 3.
Do you think there would be any difference if the class monitor was selected by the teacher or elected by the students? Discuss.
Answer:
Yes, there would be a difference if the class monitor was selected by the teacher or elected by the students. If the
class monitor is chosen by the teacher then it will not be a democratic process. But, if the students of the class elect the monitor then he will be representative of the class and this shows a democratic process.

Page 35

Question 4.
Use the table to answer the questions below: Results of the 16th Lok Sabha Elections, (May 2014) Political Party No. of MPs National Parties

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) 282
Communist Party of India (CPI) 1
Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPM) 9
Indian National Congress (INC) 44
Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) 6
State Parties (Regional Parties)
Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) 4
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 37
All India Trinamool Congress 34
All India United Democratic Front 3
Biju Janata Dal (BJD) 20
Indian National Lok Dal (INLD) 2
Indian Union Muslim League (IUML) 2
Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party 3
Janata Dal (Secular) 2
Janata Dal (United) 2
Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM) 2
Lok Jan Shakti Party 6
Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) 4
Samajwadi Party (SP) 5
Who will be present for discussions in the Lok
Shiromani Akali Dal 4
Shiv Sena 18
Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) 11
Telugu Desam (TDP) 16
Other Regional Parties 7
Registered Unrecognised Parties 16
Independents 3

Grand Total 543

Who will form the government? Why? Sabha?
Is this process similar to what you have read about in Class VII?

Answer:

BJP will form the government because they have the majority.
The MPs will be present for discussions in the Lok Sabha.
Yes, this process similar.

Question 4.
The photograph on page 28 shows results from the 3rd Lok Sabha elections held in 1962.

Use the photograph to answer the following questions:
(a) Which state has the highest number of MPs in the Lok Sabha? Why do you think this is so?
(b) Which state has the least number of MPs in the Lok Sabha?
(c) Which political party has won the most seats in all states?
(d) Which party do you think will form the government? Give reasons why.
Answer:
(a) Uttar Pradesh. This state has the largest population as compared to other states.
(b) Manipur.
(c) The Congress Party
(d) The Congress Party will form the government because they have won in majority.

Page 38

Question 5.
Lok Sabha Unstarred Question uestion No: 48 Answered On: 15.12.2017 Converge of Schemes for Children Manoj Rajoria Will the Minister of Women and Child Development be pleased to state:
(a) whether the Government proposes to converge various schemes and policies for children in the country;
(b) if so, the details thereof; and;
(c) if not, the reasons therefor?
Answer:
Minister of State in the Ministry of Women and Child Development (Dr. Virendra Kumar). (a) to (c) The Ministry has developed the National Plan of Action for Children 2016 which largely draws upon the existing programmes and schemes of various Ministries/Departments.

It provides a framework for convergence and co-ordination between Ministries/Departments and State/ UTs Governments and encourages collective action from all stakeholders to address multi dimensional vulnerabilities experienced by children. The National Plan of Action for Children 2016 categorizes children’s rights under four key priority areas.

(i) Survival, Health and Nutrition,

(ii) Education and Development,

(iii) Protection and

(iv) Participation. It identifies key programmes, schemes and policies as well as stakeholders for the implementation of different strategies. In the above question, what information is being sought information from the Minister of Women and Child Development? If you were a Member of Parliament (MP), list two questions that you would like to ask.
Answer:
The information which is being sought from the Minister of Women and Child Development were:

whether the Government proposes to converge various schemes and policies for children in the country;
if so, the details thereof; and;
if not, the reasons therefore.

If I were a MP, then I would have asked the following questions:

What is the government doing for women to bring at the level of men?
What is the government doing to give education to every child?

Page 39

Lok Sabha	Election Years	Voter Turnout (%)
1st	1951-52	61.16
4th	1967	61.33
5th	1971	55.29
6th	1977	60.49
8th	1984-85	64.01
10th	1991-92	55.88
14th	2004	57.98
15th	2009	58.19

Looking at this table would you say that people’s participation during the past 65 years has: decreased/increased/been stable after initial increase?
Answer:
After initial increase, it decreased and then increased again. It has been fluctuating.

Page 40

Question 7.
Why do you think there are so few women in Parliament? Discuss.
Answer:
People don’t want to accept women as rulers as our society is still a male dominating society. Hence, they avoid giving crucial roles to women. But, now, slowly perceptions are changing and women are coming in politics

JAC Class 8th Civics Why Do We Need A Parliament? Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why do you think our national movement supported the idea that all adults have a right to vote?
Answer:
Our national movement supported the idea that all adults have a right to vote because the British government did not allow all adults to vote nor could people participate in decision making. Hence, in the struggle for independence people from all walks of life participated. They came from various backgrounds and were united in their aspirations for a free, equal and independent nation where decision-making would be in the hands of the people. The only way in which this would be possible through elections which will allow common people to have consent to and approve of a government that they have a right to choose.

Question 2.
In this 2004 map of Parliamentary constituencies alongside, roughly identify the constituencies in your State. What is the name of the MP from your constituency? How many MPs does your state have? Why are certain constituencies coloured green while others are coloured blue?

Answer:

Students need to do it on their own.
Certain constituencies are coloured green while others are coloured blue because they are reserved constituencies for SC and ST respectively.

Question 3.
You have read in Chapter 1 that the ‘Parliamentary form of government’ that exists in India has three tiers. This includes the Parliament (centra! government) and the various Sta Legislatures (state governments). Fill in the following table with information on the various representatives from your area:

Objective	State Government	CentralGovernment
Which political party/parties is/ are currently in power?
Who (name) is the current representative from your area?
Which political parties currently form the Opposition?
When were elections last held?
When will the next elections be held?
How many women representatives are there (from Question ‘our state)?

Answer:
Students need to do it on their own with the help of teacher.

JAC Class 8th Civics The Why Do We Need A Parliament? Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
In democratic India, people elect their representatives to the Parliament, then, one group from among elected representatives forms the government. How long members are elected for?
(a) Five years
(b) Eight years
(c) Seven years
(d) Ten years
Answer:
(a) Five years

Question 2.
In which year Indian Parliament came to existence?
(a) 1952
(b) 1949
(c) 1950
(d) 1947
Answer:
(d) 1947

Question 3.
The election for Lok Sabha is usually occur once every five years. The elected candidates are known as
(a) Ministers of State
(b) Members of Parliament
(c) Members of Constitution
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Members of Parliament

Question 4.
Which of the following function/s the Parliament needs to perform?
(a) To make law
(b) To select the national government
(c) To control, guide and inform the government
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 5.
It may happen that one political party does not get a clear majority in election. In such a situation a group of parties come together to form a government. This type of government known as a……..
(a) coalition government
(b) admission government
(c) commission government
(d) opposition government
Answer:
(a) coalition government

Question 6.
……. functions primarily as the representative of the states of India in the Parliament.
(a)The Prime Minister
(b) The Judiciary
(c) The Rajya Sabha
(d) The President
Answer:
(c) The Rajya Sabha

Question 7.
Who is the leader of the ruling party in the Lok Sabha?
(a) The President
(b) The Vice President
(c) The Prime Minister
(d) The Chief Minister
Answer:
(c) The Prime Minister

Question 8.
There are elected members plus members nominated by the President.
(a) 233; 12
(b) 133; 15
(c) 233; 15
(d) 123; 20
Answer:
(a) 233; 12

Question 9.
The Parliament keeps a heck on the ministers and their work. MPs have the right to question the ministers about the working of their department. This is usually done during .
(a) the answering hour
(b) the question hour
(c) the listening hour
(d) the analysis hour
Answer:
(b) the question hour

Question 10.
The seats are reserved in Parliament for…….
(a) the people from the army
(b) the royal family members
(c) SCs and STs
(d) both a and c
Answer:
(c) SCs and STs

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by EVM?
Answer:
EVM means Electronic Voting Machine.

Question 2:
When were EVMs used for the first time?
Answer:
EVMs were used throughout the country for the first time in the 2004 general elections.

Question 3.
Name the two Houses of Parliament.
Answer:
The two houses of Parliament are the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha.

Question 4.
How does the Parliament session begins?
Answer:
The Parliament, session begins with a question hour.

Question 5.
What do you mean by constituency?
Answer:
Constituency is an area whose voters elect a representative to a legislative body.

Question 6.
What is the main purpose of parliament?
Answer:
Parliament enables citizens of India to participate in decision making and control the government.

Question 7.
Who presides over Lok Sabha?
Answer:
Lok Sabha (House of the People), with a total membership of 545, is presided over by the Speaker.

Question 8.
How many members does the President nominates in Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha?
Answer:
The President nominates 2 members to the Lok Sabha and 12 members to the Rajya Sabha.

Question 9.
What is the principle of universal adult franchise?
Answer:
The principle of universal adult franchise means that all adult citizens of the country have the right to vote.

Question 10
Who makes the opposition party?
Answer:
The opposition in Parliament is formed by all the political parties that oppose the majority party/coalition formed. The largest amongst these parties is called the Opposition

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Which house of parliament is more powerful with regard to financial matters and how?
Answer:
Lok Sabha is more powerful with regard to financial matters because money bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha. Hence, it controls the finances of the government.

Question 2.
Why do you think that there are reservation of seats in Parliament for SCs and STs?
Answer:
Some seats are reserved in Parliament for SCs and STs. This has been done so that the MPs elected from these constituencies will be familiar with and can represent Dalit and Adivasi’s interests in Parliament.

Question 3.
What is the role of opposition in’ democracy?
Answer:
The opposition parties play a crucial and important role in the healthy functioning of a democracy. They highlight drawbacks in various policies and programmes of the government and mobilise popular support for their own policies.

Question 4.
What are the basic ideals of democracy?
Answer:
The basic ideals of democracy are:
(i) The ideas of participation in decision-making.
(ii) The need for all democratic governments to have the consent of their citizens.

Question 5.
What are the major functions of the parliament?
Answer:
The major functions of the parliament are:

To select the National Government
To control, guide and inform the government
Law-Making for the people of the country.

Question 6.
What are the main components of Indian Parliament?
Answer:
The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body of the Republic of India. It is a two chambered legislature composed of the President of India and the two houses- the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (House of the People).

Question 7.
Which are the three categories of ministers that assist the Prime minister?
Answer:
The three categories of Council of Ministers are:

The Cabinet Ministers:
The Cabinet Ministers hold important portfolios like Home, Defence, Finance, External Affairs, Railways, etc.
Ministers of State:
They may or may not hold an independent charge of any portfolio.
Deputy Ministers:
They assist the Cabinet Ministers and the Council of Ministers.

Question 8.
‘With the coming of Independence we are going to be citizens of a free country’. What did it imply?
Answer:
With the coming of independence, we were going to be citizens of a free country. This implies that the government could not do what it felt like and the government had to be sensitive to people’s needs and demands. The dreams and aspirations of the freedom struggle were made concrete in the Constitution of Independent India that laid down the principle of universal adult franchise, i.e., that all adult citizens of the country have the right to vote.

Question 9.
What were the demands of the Indian National Congress in 1885?
Answer:
The nationalists began to openly criticise the British government and make demands. The Indian National Congress in 1885 demanded that there be elected members in the legislature with a right to discuss the budget and ask questions.

Question 10.
What do you mean by reserved constituencies? What is the purpose behind such constituencies?
Answer:
Reserved constituencies are those constituencies in which seats are reserved for SCs and STs on the basis of their population. This has been done so that the MPs elected from these constituencies will be familiar with and can represent Dalit and Adivasi’s interests in Parliament.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How the political party forms the government? How are the representatives elected to the Parliament in India?
Answer:
After the Lok Sabha elections, a list is prepared showing how many MPs belong to each political party. For a political party to form the government, they must have a majority of elected MPs. Since there are 543 elected (plus 2 Anglo-Indian nominated) members in Lok Sabha and to have a majority a party should have at least half the number, i.e., 272 members or more. The Parliament in our system has immense powers because it is the representative of the people.

Elections to the Parliament are held in a similar manner as they are for the state legislature. The Lok Sabha is usually elected once every five years. The country is divided into numerous constituencies. Each of these constituencies elect one person to the Parliament. The candidates who contest elections usually belong to different political parties. Once elected, these candidates become Members of Parliament or MPs. These MPs together make up the Parliament.

Question 2.
Why do you think our national movement supported the idea that all adults have a right to vote?
Answer:
Our national movement supported the idea that all adults have a right to vote because in our struggle for independence people from all walks of life participated. They came from various backgrounds and were united in their aspirations for a free, equal and independent nation where decision-making would be in the hands of the people. The only way in which this would be possible would be through elections-allowing common people advantage point from where they can consent to and approve of a government that “they” have a right to choose.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism

September 3, 2024September 2, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism

JAC Class 8th Civics Understanding Secularism InText Questions and Answers

Page 19

Question 1.
Re-read the introduction to this chapter. Why do you think retaliation is not the proper response to this problem? What would happen if different groups followed this path?
Answer:
Retaliation is not the proper response to this problem because it generates lots of negative effects in the society. The security of the nation would break if different groups follow this way.

Page 20.

Question 2.
Discuss in class: Can there be different views within the same religion?
Answer:
Yes, there can be different views within the same religion. Can discuss with examples in the class answer given by the teacher.

Page 22

Answer:
The teacher answered that the school declares holidays on the occasions of national festivals and no religious ceremony is organized in the school. This is not done because we can not give importance to only one festival or religion. Though people are free to celebrate there festivals on their own way.

Question 4.
Government schools often have students from different religious backgrounds. Re-read the three objectives of a secular State and write two sentences on why it is important that government schools do not promote any one religion?
Answer:
It is important that government schools do not promote any one religion because if the government itself does not follow the rules in the Constitution, a nonnal citizen will also not understand the importance of following it. Also, it results in the discrimination between the students belonging to different religious backgrounds.

Page 25

Question 5 .
Can you think of a recent incident, from any part of India, in which the secular ideals of the Constitution were violated and persons were persecuted and killed because of their religious backgrounds?
Answer:
Students can do it on their own with the help of journals, old newspaper and internet.
Hint:
Communal riots in 2002 where there is a clear violation of secular ideas of the constitution).

JAC Class 8th Civics Understanding Secularism Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
List the different types of religious practice that you find ¡n your neighbourhood. This could be different forms of prayer, worship of ditTerent gods, sacred sites, different kinds of religious music and singing, etc. Does this indicate freedom of religious practice’?
Answer:
The different types of religious practices that we can see in our neighbourhood are as follows:

Hindus visit Temple. They perform puja and worship the idols of their Gods and Goddesses. They do kirtans, satsang, jagran and yagna.
Muslims visit mosque and worship their sacred book the Question uran. They offer namaaz.
Sikhs visit Gurudwara. worship their sacred book Guru Granth Sahib by offering prayers and listening to shabad-kirtan.
Christians visit Church and worship Jesus Christ. They sing carols. Yes, this indicates freedom of religious practice as the people in India have the freedom to practice the religion of their choice while living together in peace and harmony.

Question 2.
Will the government intervene if some religious group says that their religion allows them to practise infanticide? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
Yes, the Government will intervene if some religious group says that their religion allows them to practice infanticide. Infanticide involves the killing of an infant (a small child) which is clearly a cruel and harsh crime. This practice violates the human right ‘Right to Life’.

Question 3.
Complete the followig table:

Objective	One religious community does not dominate another.
Why is this important?	The State does not enforce any particular religion nor take away the religious freedom of individuals.
Example of a violation of this objective	That some members do not dominate other members of the same religious community.

Answer:

Objective	Why is this important?	Example of a violation of this objective
One religious community does not dominate another.	This is important for maintain peace and harmony in the country.	A hindu religious procession was not allowed to cross the roads passing through the mosque.
The State does not enforce any particular religion nor take away the religious freedom of individuals.	This is important to uphold the ideals of a democratic nation which gives freedom to citizens to follow any religion.	Demolition of Babri Masjid Lower caste people are discouraged to enter the temple.
That some members do not dominate other members of the same religious community.	This is important to establish the sense of equality.	Example of a violation of this objective

Question 4.
Look up the annual calendar of holidays of your school. How many of them pertain to different religions? What does this indicate?
Answer:
The annual calendar of our school marks several holidays that pertain to different religions. Various festivals for which holidays are declared are mentioned below:

Religion	Holidays
Hindu festivals	Diwali, Holi, Dussehra, Shivratri, Ram Navmi
Muslim festivals	Id-ul-zuha, Id-ul-fitar, Muharram
Sikh festivals	Gum Nanak Jayanti. Gum Gobind Singh Jayanti, Vaisakhi, Lohri
Christian festivals	Christmas, Good Friday

This clearly proves that India is a secular country and here all the religions are equally respected.

Question 5.
Find out some examples of different views within the same religion.
Answer:
Many religions in our country are further divided into groups and communities that hold opinions differing from each other. Some examples of such groups and communities existing within the same religion are given below:

In Hindu religion, there are hundreds of gods and goddesses that are worshipped by different groups of people and in different forms.
Jains are divided into Shwetambar and Digambar.
Muslims are divided into Shias and Sunnis.
Buddhist followers are divided into Mahayana and Hinayana.

Question 6.
The Indian State both keeps away from religion as well as intervenes in religion. This idea can be quite confusing. Discuss this once again in class using examples from the chapter as well as those that you might have come up with.
Answer:
The Indian state both keeps away from religion, as well as intervenes in religion. The central as well as state governments declare holidays on the occasions of festivals belonging to different religions, but no religious function is celebrated by any of the governments. People of the country are free to celebrate these religious festivals in their own way. However, the Indian state comes to intervene only if any religious practice disturbs the peace and harmony of the country. If some section of the people belonging to the same religion are denied the right to enter their place of worship then the state can intervene to resolve the issue and help the deprived section regain its rights.

Question 7.
This poster alongside highlights the need for ‘Peace’. It says, “Peace is a never-ending process…. It cannot ignore our differences or overlook our common interests.” Write in your own words what you think the above sentences are trying to convey? How does it relate to the need for religious tolerance?

This chapter had three drawings on religious tolerance made by students of your age. Design your own poster on religious tolerance for your peers.
Answer:
This poster gives us a message for the establishment of peace and harmony. It clarifies that peace is a long-cherished process and we cannot ignore the differences or interests. Only after establishing a coordination between the common interests, peace can be maintained. It relates to the religious tolerance because it is the most sensitive issue. Students need to do this part on their own as they have to draw posters on religious tolerance.

JAC Class 8th Civics Understanding Secularism Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Only a secular State can realise its objectives to ensure the following which is according to the Constitution:
(a) One religious community does not dominate another.
(b) Some members do not dominate other members of the same religious community.
(c) The State does not enforce any particular religion nor take away the religious freedom of individuals.
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 2.
Secularism is important because
(a) Acts of discrimination take place more easily when one religion is given official recognition by the State at the expense of other religions.
(b) Acts of discrimination does not take place more easily when one religion is given official recognition by the other countries at the expense of other religions.
(c) Acts of discrimination take place more easily when one religion is not given official recognition by the State at the expense of other religions.
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Acts of discrimination take place more easily when one religion is given official recognition by the State at the expense of other religions.

Question 3.
India follows a strategy of non interference because:
(a) For faster economic development of the country.
(b) To achieve objectives of a truly religious State.
(c) To achieve objectives of a secular State.
(d) All of these
Answer:
(c) To achieve objectives of a secular State.

Question 4.
The term secularism refers to the separation between the power of and the power of the State.
(a) law
(b) religion
(c) science
(d) colonisation
Answer:
(b) religion

Question 5.
Everyone should wear helmets while riding a two-wheeler but Sikh people are not wearing helmets because
(a) Pagri (turban) protects person’s head equal to helmet.
(b) the Indian State recognises that wearing a pagri (turban) is central to a Sikh religious practice and inorder not to interfere with this, allows an exception in the law.
(c) the Indian State recognises that wearing a pagri (turban) is in fashion to a Sikh religious practice and in order not to interfere with this, allows an exception in the law.
(d) All of these
Answer:
(b) the Indian State recognises that wearing a pagri (turban) is central to a Sikh religious practice and inorder not to interfere with this, allows an exception in the law.

Question 6.
Untouch ability is an old age practice of……..
(a) Islam
(b) Sikhism
(c) Hinduism
(d) Buddhism
Answer:
(c) Hinduism

Question 7.
………….. can not be done in government schools.
(a) Celebrate religious festivals
(b) Celebrate national festivals
(c) Sing the national song
(d) All of these
Answer:
(a) Celebrate religious festivals

Question 8.
………is not in Indian Constitution.
(a) Fundamental Rights
(b) Reservations
(c) Equality
(d) Discrimination
Answer:
(d) Discrimination

Question 9.
During Hitler’s rule, in Germany.
(a) assassination of Mahatma Gandhi
(b) killing of Jews
(c) end of World War
(d) none of these
Answer:
(b) killing of Jews

Question 10.
Majority of the population of Israel is ……
(a) Jewish
(b) Muslim
(c) Christian
(d) Buddhism
Answer:
(a) Jewish

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you understand by ‘freedom to interpret’?
Answer:
‘Freedom to interpret’ means an individual’s liberty to develop his own understanding and meaning of the religious teachings.

Question 2.
What do you mean by the concept of ‘principled distance’?
Answer:
The concept of ‘principled distance’ means that any interference in religion by the State has to be based on the ideals laid out in the Constitution.

Question 3.
How are non-Muslims treated in Saudi Arabia?
Answer:
In Saudi Arabia, non-Muslims are not allowed to build a temple, church, etc., nor can they gather in a public place for prayers.

Question 4.
Define the word ‘establishment’.
Answer:
The word ‘establishment’ means that the legislature cannot declare any religion as the official religion. Nor can they give preference to one religion.

Question 5.
State the most important aspect of secularism.
Answer:
The most important aspect of secularism is its separation of religion from State power. This is important for a country to function democratically.

Question 6.
List the former French colonies.
Answer:
The former French colonies are Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.

Question 7.
Can anyone criticize the unpopular laws? If yes, by which medium?
Answer:
Yes, anyone criticize the unpopular laws. The medium can be newspaper, journals, social media, Television, etc.

Question 8.
What do you mean by controversial law?
Answer:
A law when it supports a group or community or disregard a group or community is called as a controversial law.

Question 9.
What do you mean by coercion?
Answer:
Coercion is a process in which we the people make other people do something forcefully or oppressing them with power.

Question 10.
Define majority.
Answer:
The people who are more in number in a fixed geographical area or in a fixed demography is known as majority.

Question 11.
When does a Bill become an Act?
Answer:
A Bill becomes an Act after the assent of the President.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What provision has been made by the government to follow religious equality in government spaces, schools and offices?
Answer:
In India, government spaces like law courts, police stations, government schools and offices are not supposed to display or promote any one religion. Government schools cannot promote any one religion either in their morning prayers or through religious celebrations.

Question 2.
How the act of discrimination took place?
Answer:
The act of discrimination takes place when members of one religious community either oppress, ill-treat or discriminate against members of other religious communities. These occurs more easily when one religion is given official recognition by the State at the expense of other religions.

Question 3.
For what reason government schools are not allowed to celebrate religious festival?
Answer:
Government schools are not allowed to celebrate religious festival because the celebration would be a violation of the government’s policy of treating all religions equally. Government schools cannot promote any one religion either in their morning prayers or through religious celebrations.

Question 4.
What is secularism in Indian context?
Answer:
Secularism refers to the separation of religion from the State. The Indian Constitution allows individuals the freedom to live by their religious beliefs and practices as they interpret these ideas. In keeping with this idea of religious freedom for all, India had adopted a strategy of separating the . power of religion and the power of the State.

Question 5.
When was law passed by French government banning religious symbols in school? What was its impact?
Answer:
In February 2004, France passed a law banning students from wearing any conspicuous religious or political signs or symbols such as the Islamic headscarf, the Jewish skullcap, or large Christian crosses. This law has encountered a lot of resistance from immigrants who are mainly from the former French colonies of Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco.

Question 6.
How does the Indian constitution ensure its objectives of secular state?
Answer:
The Indian Constitution ensures its objectives of a secular state in the following manner:

One religious community does not dominate another.
Some members do not dominate other members of the same religious community.
State does not enforce any particular religion nor take away the religious freedom of individuals.

Question 7.
With the help of a situation prove that the Indian secular state can intervene to prevent the religious domination concerning different groups of the same religion.
Answer:
Where members of the same religion, the upper-caste Hindus dominate other members the lower castes within it. In order to prevent this religion-based and excludes and that violates the Fundamental Rights of people who are citizens of this country. exclusion and discrimination of lower castes, the Indian Constitution banned untouchability. In this situation, the State is intervening in religion in order to end a social practice that it believes discriminates and excludes that violates the Fundamental Rights of lower castes who are citizens of the country.

Question 8.
State Article 17 in the Right to Equality, in the Indian constitution.
Answer:
Article 17 in the Right to Equality is related to the ‘Abolition of Untouchability’ in the Indian constitution.
It states that ‘Untouchability’ is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability rising out of Untouchability shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law.”

Question 9.
In which way the different laws are made by the government?
Answer:
When the government feels the necessity to implement certain rules and regulations inside the country for the people, it derives a law and passes it in both the parliament houses. Finally with the assent and approval from the President this becomes the law and act as a force.

Question 10.
What do you understand by Indian Secularism.
Answer:
India Secularism can be understood by the following ways:
(i) Here, one religion community does not dominate the other religion community.
(ii) Some groups of religious community does not dominate the another group of same religious community.
(iii) The States provides security to every religious community and does not imposes their own religion to other community.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How does the Indian state work to prevent domination of the majority religious group?
Answer:
The Indian State works in various ways to prevent the domination of the majority religious groups in the following manner:

(i) First, it uses a strategy of distancing itself from religion. The Indian State is not ruled by a religious group and nor does it support any one religion. In India, government spaces like law courts, police stations, government schools and offices are not supposed to display or promote any one religion.

(ii) Secondly, Indian secularism works to prevent the above domination is through a strategy of non¬interference. This means that in order to respect the sentiments and give respect to all religions and not interfere with religious practices, the State makes certain exceptions for particular religious communities.

(iii) Third, Indian secularism works to prevent the domination listed earlier is through a strategy of intervention. The State intervenes in religion in order to end a social practice that it believes discriminates and excludes and that violates the Fundamental Rights of people who are citizens of this country.

Question 2.
Explain the Hindu Succession Amendment Act, 2005.
Answer:
The Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005 was enacted to remove gender discriminatory provisions in the Hindu Succession Act, 1956. According to the Hindu Succession Amendment Act, 2005 sons, daughters and their mothers can get an equal share of family property after the death of their father. Before this act, only the son of the family was eligible to inherit the property of his father.

There were several cases in front of the court of law regarding the discrimination taking places in families ‘ for the properties of their father. To tackle this gender discrimination and biasedness, the government brought the Hindu Succession Amendment Act, 2005. This was applied on all the religions – Hindus, Jains, Sikhs, and Buddhists. This Act enabled comprehensive system of inheritance without any sort of discrimination.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 1 The Indian Constitution

September 3, 2024September 2, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 1 The Indian Constitution

JAC Class 8th Civics The Indian Constitution InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Discuss with your teacher what you understand by the term ‘constitutive’. Provide one example of ‘constitutive rules’ from your everyday life.
Answer:
Students need to attempt it on their own (with the help of their teacher).
Hint:
Constitutive means fundamental.

Question 2.
Why did the people of Nepal want a new Constitution?
Answer:
The people of Nepal wanted a new Constitution because the country got a new democratic government and they were free from monarch rule. Hence, they need to change all its constitutive rules to make a new country for the people of Nepal.

Page 7

Question 3.
In what way is the class monitor misusing his power?
Answer:
The class monitor made false complains about Anil to the teacher. In this way, he was misusing his power. Though Anil did not do anything but the class monitor convinced the teacher that Anil was not obeying him and was talking loudly in the absence of teacher. When the teacher heard this, she was angry • with Anil and didn’t listen to Anil and scolded and punished him.

Question 4.
In which of the following situations is a minister misusing his power:
(a) refuses to sanction a project of his ministry for sound technical reasons;
(b) threatens to send his security staff to rough up his neighbour;
(c) calls up the police station asking them not to register a complaint that is likely to be filed against his relative.
Answer:
A minister misusing his power in thefollowing situations:
(b) threatens to send his security staff to rough up his neighbour;
(c) calls up the police station asking them not to register a complaint that is likely to be filed against his relative.

Page 8

Question 5.
Who is in a minority in the above storyboard? In what way is this minority being dominated by the decision taken by the majority?
Answer:
In the above storyboard, girls are in a minority. The minority are being dominated by the majority as they imposed their wish. Hence, girls have to do what the boys want.

Page 9

Question 6.
Why was Shabnam happy that she had not watched TV? What would you have done in a similar situation?
Answer:
Shabnam was happy that she had not watched TV because instead of watching her favoutite show, she revised her 2 chapters for the test. As a result, she performed well in the rest as most of the questions came from that 2 chapters only.
If I would have been in Shabnam’s place, I would have done the same.

Page 13

Question 7.
Discuss the difference between State and Government with your teacher.
Answer:

State	Government
The state refers to the political institution that represents a sovereign people who occupied a definite area. Such as the different states of India.	It is responsible for administering and enforcing law in the whole country. It can change with elections.

Question 8.
Which Fundamental Rights will the following situations violate:
(a) If a 13-year-old child is working in a factory manufacturing carpets.
(b) If a politician in one state decides to not allow labourers from other states to work in his state.
(c) If a group of people are not given permission to open a Telugu- medium school in Kerala.
(d) If the government decides not to promote an officer of the armed forces for being a woman.
Answer:
Fundamental Rights that violate the situations:
(a) Right against Exploitation
(b) Right o Freedom
(c) Cultural and Educational Rights
(d) Right to Equality.

Page 15

Question 9.
The Constitution also mentions Fundamental Duties. Find out with the help of your teacher what these include and why it is important for citizens in a democracy to observe these.
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own with the help of teacher.

Question 10.
Illustrate each of the 11 Fundamental Duties with drawings, pictures, poems or songs and discuss them in the classroom.
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own.

JAC Class 8th Civics The Indian Constitution Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why does a democratic country need a Constitution?
Answer:
A democratic country needs a Constitution because of the following reasons:

Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in.
It lays out all important instructions and regulations that govern decision making within different societies of the country.
Constitution provides as a strength of rules and principles as the basis of the way in which people want their country to be governed.
It presents rules and regulations to safeguard the interests of minorities and prevent them from being dominated by the majority section.
It also lays down certain directives based on which people belonging to different religions and communities can co-exist in harmony.
It provides rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders.
It also provides certain fundamental rights to its citizens and protects their freedom.

Question 2.
Look at the wordings of the two documents given below. The first column is from the 1990 Nepal Constitution. The second column is from the more recent Constitution of Nepal.

1990 Constitution of Nepal Part 7: Executive	2015 Constitution of’ Nepal Part 7: Federal Executive
Article 35: Executive Power: The executive power of the Kingdom of Nepal shall be vested in His Majesty and the Council of Ministers.	Article 75: Executive Power: The executive power of Nepal shall, pursuant to this Constitution and law, be vested in the Council of Ministers

What is the difference in who exercises ‘Executive Power’ in the above two Constitutions of Nepal?
Answer:
The difference in exercises ‘Executive Power’ in the above two Constitutions of Nepal are:

1990 Constitution of Nepal Part 7: Executive	2015 Constitution of’ Nepal Part 7: Federal Executive
Article 35 of the 1990 Constitution of Nepal states that the whole powers to rule the country is vested in the king of the country and the ministers appointed under him.	Article 75 of the 2015 Constitution of Nepal states that the rules and management of the country will be based on the laws mentioned in the Constitution of the country under the supervision of the council of ministers.

Question 3.
What would happen if there were no restrictions on the power of elected representatives?
Answer:
If there are no restrictions on the power of the elected representatives then the leaders might misuse their powers and authority. The outcome would have emerged as injustice against the people of the country. Therefore, the Indian constitution has provided certain guidelines to safeguard the country against such misuse of power by our political leaders.

Question 4.
In each of the following situations, identify the minority. Write one reason why you think it is important to respect the views of the minority in each of these situations.
(a) In a school with 30 teachers, 20 of them are male.
(b) In a city, 5 per cent of the population are Buddhists.
(c) In a factory mess for all employees, 80 per cent are vegetarians.
(d) In a class of 50 students, 40 belong to more well-off families.
Answer:
The minorities are:
(a) Female teachers :
The 10 female teachers teaching in the school come under the minority category. It is important to respect the views of the minority so that they do not feel underpowered by the majority. They also contribute to the standard of teacher.

(b) Buddhists:
Buddhist population are in minority and their views should be respected. People should be careful while taking any decision for the interest of the majority as it should not hurt the religious feelings or beliefs of the Buddhist population.

(c) Non-Vegetarians:
20 percent of non-vegetarians are minority. In the factory mess, it is important that the food prepared must be prepared to fulfill the diet requirements of both vegetarians and non-vegetarians.

(d) Not from well-off families – The 10 students come under the minority category who do not belong to well- off families. It is important to respect their views as they are also equal to others and there should be no kind of discrimination based on the financial backgrounds of students in the class.

Question 5.
The column on the left lists some of the key features of the Indian Constitution. In the other column write two sentences, in your own words, on why you think this feature is important:

Key Features Significance
Federalism
Separation of Powers
Fundamental Rights
Parliamentary Form of Government

Key Features	Significance
Federalism	Both Center and states have their respective powers and cooperate with each other keeping in view the integrity and unity of the nation.
Separation of Powers	Separate powers are given to legislatives, executives
Fundamental Rights	Rights are given to all citizens without any discrimination for their development on the basis of caste, creed, religion or sex.
Parliamentary Form	Parliament has two wings – Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. A bill becomes an act after passing from both the wings and consented by the President of India. To be a member of Lok Sabha, every citizen can contest an election and had to win it.

Question 6.
Write down the names of the Indian States, which share borders with the following neighbouring nations:
(a) Bangladesh
(b) Bhutan
(c) Nepal

Answer:
Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura, West Bengal, Assam, are the Indian states, shared boarders with Bangladesh. Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, share boarder with Bhutan. Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Sikkim, West Bengal share boarder with Nepal.

JAC Class 8th Civics The Indian Constitution Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Question

Question 1.
On which date the Indian Constitution came into effect?
(a) On 26 November 1949
(b) On 26 January 1950
(c) On 26 September 1949
(d) On 26 March 1950
Answer:
(b) On 26 January 1950

Question 2.
The important fundamental rights to Equality is mentioned in of the constitution?
(a) Article 14-18
(b) Article 29-30
(c) Article 23-24
(d) Article 19-22
Answer:
(a) Article 14-18

Question 3.
Which one of the following is not a key feature of the Indian Constitution?
(a) Separation of Power
(b) Presidential form of Government
(c) Secularism
(d) Federalism
Answer:
(b) Presidential form of Government

Question 4.
Fundamental rights refer to:
(a) The list of subjects of the state government.
(b) The list of subjects of both the state and central governments.
(c) The list of subjects of the central government.
(d) The basic rights which are granted to citizens for the holistic growth of the individuals.
Answer:
(d) The basic rights which are granted to citizens for the holistic growth of the individuals.

Question 5.
The fundamental right that guarantees the citizens the right to practise and propagate the religion they desire is
(a) Freedom of Belief
(b) Freedom of Faith
(c) Freedom of Religion
(d) Freedom of Caste
Answer:
(c) Freedom of Religion

Question 6.
……….was the President of the Constituent Assembly.
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Lala Fajpat Rai
(c) Jawaharlal Nehru
(d) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
Answer:
(d) Dr. Rajendra Prasad

Question 7.
Dr B.R. Ambedkar is the……..
(a) Father of the Indian Constitution
(b) Father Of the Nation
(c) Nation’s pride
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Father of the Indian Constitution

Question 8.
Answer:
…….. is the third tier of Government in India.
(a) State Government
(b) Municipal Government
(c) Panchayati Raj
(d) Central Government
Answer:
(c) Panchayati Raj

Question 9.
The monarchy system was in……. till 2006.
(a) Bhutan (b) Sri Lanka
(c) Burma
(d) Nepal
Answer:
(d) Nepal

Question 10.
……. was/were the member/s of the Constituent Assembly.
(a) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) AKAyyar
(d) A11 of these
Answer:
(d) Nepal

Very Short Answer Type Question

Question 1.
Name the Father of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Dr B.R. Ambedkar is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution.

Question 2.
In Nepal, when did the Interim Constitution come into effect?
Answer:
In Nepal, the Interim Constitution came into effect from January 15, 2007.

Question 3.
What do you mean by monarchy?
Answer:
A form of government in which final authority and power are rested with the King is known as monarchy.

Question 4.
What do you mean by a ‘State’?
Answer:
A political institution that represents a sovereign people who occupy a definite territory is known as a ‘State’.

Question 5.
What is universal adult franchise?
Answer:
Universal Adult Franchise means that the right to vote should be given to all adult citizens without the discrimination of caste, class, colour, religion or gender.

Question 6.
How does the Indian Constitution protect minority rights?
Answer:
The Constitution usually contains rules and regulations that ensure that minorities are included in everything that is routinely available to the majority.

Question 7.
State any three provisions made in the Constitution to prevent exploitation.
Answer:
Three provisions made in the Constitution to prevent exploitation are as follows:

prohibits human trafficking,
forced labour,
employment of children under 14 years of age.

Question 8.
What do you mean by Right to Constitutional Remedies?
Answer:
Right to Constitutional Remedies means that this allows citizens to move to the court if they believe that any of their Fundamental Rights have been violated by the State.

Question 9.
What do you mean by Right to Freedom of Religion?
Answer:
Right to Freedom of Religion means religious freedom is provided to all citizens. Every person has the right to practice, profess and propagate the religion of their choice.

Question 10.
Write in brief on Cultural and Educational Rights.
Answer:
Cultural and Educational Rights means the Constitution states that all minorities, religious or linguistic can set up their own educational institutions in order to preserve and develop their own culture.

short answer type questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by tyranny of majority?
Answer:
Tyranny of the majority refers to unhealthy situations where a majority continuously enforces decisions that exclude minorities and go against their interests. Every society is prone to this tyranny of the majority. The Constitution usually contains rules that ensure that minorities are not excluded from anything that is routinely available to the majority. Constitution is precisely prevent this tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority.

Question 2.
What are the functions of the three main organs of the government?
Answer:
Three main organs are the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. The functions of these three main organs of government are:

The basic function of Legislative body is to make laws, introduce new legislation in the Parliament or State Assembly and the members of these bodies are directly elected by the citizens for Lower Houses and indirectly in the case of Upper Houses.
The Executive body has the duty to execute and implement the laws & legislation laid out the legislative body and the duty lie with Chief Minister of a State and Prime Minister of India, both represent executive organ of State and Union respectively.
However, since some laws and legislation made needs to be interpreted as well, then in that situation Judiciary has its jurisdiction, highest court in India is Supreme Court, state highest court is High Court and rest are District Courts.

Question 3.
What are the factors the drafting committee had to take into consideration while drafting the constitution?
Answer:
The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages, belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures and traditions. Also, when the Constitution was being written, India was going through considerable turmoil. The partition of the country into India and Pakistan was imminent, some of the Princely States remained undecided about their future, and the socio-economic condition of the vast mass of people appeared dismal. All of these issues played on the minds of the members of the Constituent Assembly as they drafted the Constitution.

Question 4.
What is the importance of constitution?
Answer:
Importance of constitution:

A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed.
The Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders.
Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other, less powerful people or groups.
The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in.

Question 5.
How constitution of India is formed?
Answer:
The long experience of authoritarian rule under the colonial state convinced Indians that free India should be a democratic country in which everyone should be treated equally and be allowed to participate in government. To work out the ways in which a democratic government would be set up in India and the rules that would determine its functioning was being planned. This was done not by one person but by a group of around 300 people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write India’s Constitution. Between December 1946 and November 1949, the Constituent Assembly drafted a constitution for independent India.

Question 6.
What do you mean by the legislature, the executive and the judiciary?
Answer:
The legislature refers to our elected representatives. The executive is a smaller group of people who are responsible for implementing laws and running the government. The judiciary refers to the system of courts in this country.

Question 7.
What were the important points of the text prepared by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, who was the Chairman of the constitution drafting committee? The Answer:
important points of the text prepared by Dr. Ambedkar are:

Constitutional guarantees and protections for individual citizens
Freedom of religion
Abolition of untouchability
Outlawing of all forms of discrimination
Economic and social rights for women
Reservations of jobs in the civil services, schools and colleges for members of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes.

Question 8.
What do you think are the negative things of a democratic society?
Answer:
The negative things in a democratic society is that power can be misused. Sometimes the majority can suppress the minority. The citizens need certain rules to save themselves from folly.

Question 9.
Define the term Constitution.
Answer:
In large societies in which different communities of people live together, the rules are formulated through consensus, and in modem countries this consensus is usually available in written form. A written document in which we find such rules is called a Constitution.

Question 10.
What did Dr Ambedkar state about scheduled caste?
Answer:
Dr. Ambedkar stated about scheduled caste that although the laws might exist, scheduled castes still had reason to fear because the administration of these laws were in the hands of ‘caste Hindu officers’. Therefore, he urged scheduled castes to join the government as well as the civil services.

Long Answer Type Question

Question 1.
Describe in detail the various features of Indian constitution.
Answer:
The various features of Indian Constitution are as follows:
Federalism:
Federalism refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country. In India, we have governments at the state level, at the center and Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government.

Parliamentary Form of Government: The different tiers of government consist of representatives and authorities who are elected by the people. The constitution of Indian guarantees universal adult franchise for all citizens. This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their leaders or representatives. Apart from this, every citizen of the country, irrespective of his/ her social background, can also contest j- in elections. These representatives are accountable to the people.

Separation of Powers:
According to the Constitution, there are three organs of government. They are the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. In order to prevent the misuse of power by any one branch of government, the Constitution says that each of these organs should exercise different powers.

Fundamental Rights:
The section on Fundamental Rights has often been referred to as the ‘conscience’ of the Indian Constitution. Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute exercise of power by the State. The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State as well as against other individuals. The Constitution also guarantees the rights of minorities against the majority.

The Constitution also has a section called Directive Principles of State Policy. This section was designed by the members of the Constituent Assembly to ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses.

Secularism:
A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion.

Question 2.
Describe briefly on the struggle for freedom in Nepal.
Answer:
Nepal has witnessed several people’s struggles for freedom and democracy. There was a people’s struggle in 1990 that established democracy which lasted for 12 years until 2002. In October 2002, King Gyanendra, citing the Maoist uprising in the countryside as his reason, began taking over different aspects of the government with the army’s assistance. The King then finally took over as the head of government in February 2005. In November 2005, the Maoists joined other political parties to sign a 12-point agreement. This agreement signalled to the larger public an imminent return to democracy and peace. In 2006, this people’s movement for democracy began gaining immense force. It repeatedly refused the small concessions that the King made and finally in April 2006 the King restored the Third Parliament and asked the political parties to form a government. In 2007, Nepal adopted an Interim Constitution.