JAC Class 8 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism

JAC Board Class 8th Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism

→ The acts of discrimination take place more easily when one religion is given official recognition by the State at the expense of other religions.

→ What is Secularism?

  • The Indian Constitution allows individuals the freedom to live by their religious beliefs and practices as they interpret these.
  • In keeping with this idea of religious freedom for all, India also adopted a strategy of separating the power of religion and the power of the State.
  • Secularism refers to this separation of religion from the State.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism

→ Why is it Important to Separate Religion from the State?

  • The most important aspect of secularism is its separation of religion from State power. This is important for a country to function democratically.
  • If the majority religious group has access to State power. then it could quite easily use this power and financial resources to discriminate against and persecute persons of other religions.
  • This tyranny of the majority could result in discrimination, coercion and at times even the killing of religious minorities.
  • The tyranny of the majority and the violation of Fundamental Rights that can result is one reason why it is important to separate the State and religion in democratic societies.
  • Another reason that is important to separate religion from the State in democratic societies is because we also need to protect the freedom of individuals to exit from their religion, embrace another religion or have the freedom to interpret religious teachings differently.

→ What is Indian Secularism?

  • The Indian Constitution mandates that the Indian State be secular.
  • According to the Constitution, only a secular State can realise its objectives to ensure the following:
    • That one religious community does not dominate another;
    • That some members do not dominate other members of the same religious community;
    • That the State does not enforce any particular religion nor take away the religious freedom of individuals.
  • The Indian State works in various ways to prevent the domination. First, it uses a strategy of distancing itself from religion.
  • The Indian State is not ruled by a religious group and nor does it support any one religion.
  • Government schools cannot promote any one religion either in their morning prayers or through religious celebrations. This rule does not apply to private schools.
  • The second way in which Indian secularism works to prevent the domination is through a strategy of non-interference.
  • The third way in which Indian secularism works to prevent the domination is through a strategy of intervention.
  • In order to prevent the religion-based exclusion and discrimination of Tower castes’, the Indian Constitution bans untouchability.
  • To ensure that laws relating to equal inheritance rights are respected, the State may have to intervene in the religion-based ‘personal laws’ of communities.
  • The intervention of the State can also be in the form of support.
  • The Indian Constitution grants the right to religious communities to set up their own schools and colleges.
  • The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution prohibits the legislature from making laws ‘respecting an establishment of religion’ or that ‘prohibit the free exercise of religion’.
  • In the U.S.A., the separation between State and religion means that neither the State nor religion can interfere in the affairs of one another.
  • Unlike the strict separation between religion and the State in American secularism, in Indian secularism the State can intervene in religious affairs. This is the difference.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism

→ In Indian secularism, though the State is not strictly separate from religion it does maintain a principled distance vis-a-vis religion.

  • This means that any interference in religion by the State has to be based on the ideals laid out in the Constitution.
  • The Indian State is secular and works in various ways to prevent religious domination.
  • The Indian Constitution guarantees Fundamental Rights that are based on these secular principles.
  • The knowledge that such rights exist makes us sensitive to the violations that occurs and enables us to take action when these violations take place.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 8 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 3 Why Do We Need A Parliament?

JAC Board Class 8th Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 3 Why Do We Need A Parliament?

→ The Parliament enables citizens of India to participate in decision making and control the government, thus making it the most important symbol of Indian democracy and a key feature of the Constitution.

→ Why should People Decide?

  • People from various backgrounds joined the struggle and they were inspired by the ideas of freedom, equality and participation in decision- making.
  • As far back as 1885, the Indian National Congress demanded that there be elected members in the legislature with a right to discuss the budget and ask questions.
  • The Government of India Act 1909, allowed for some elected representation.
  • While these early legislatures under the British government were in response to the growing demands of the nationalists, they did not allow for all adults to vote nor could people participate in decision making.
  • With the coming of independence, we were going to be citizens of a free country.
  • This did not mean that the government could do what it felt like, it meant that the government had to be sensitive to people’s needs and demands.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 3 Why Do We Need A Parliament?

→ People and their Representatives

  • The take-off point for a democracy is the idea of consent, i.e., the desire, approval and participation of people.
  • The basic idea in the democratic government is that the individual or the citizen are the most important person and that in principle the government as well as other public institutions need to have the trust of these citizens.
  • People would elect their representatives to the Parliament, then, one group from among these elected representatives form the government.
  • The Parliament, which is made up of all representatives together, controls and guides the government.

→ The Role of the Parliament

  • Created after 1947, the Indian Parliament is an expression of the faith that the people of India have in principles of democracy.
  • The Parliament in our system has immense powers because it is the representative of the people.
  • The Lok Sabha is usually elected once every five years.
  • Each of these constituencies elects one person to the Parliament. The candidates who contest elections usually belong to different political parties.
  • Once elected, these candidates become Members of Parliament or MPs. These MPs together make up the Parliament.
  • Once elections to the Parliament have taken place, the Parliament needs to perform the following functions:

→ To Select the National Government

  • Parliament of India consists of the President, the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha.
  • After the Lok Sabha elections, a list is prepared showing how many MPs belong to each political party.
  • For a political party to form the government, they must have a majority of elected MPs.
  • The Opposition in Parliament is formed by all the political parties that oppose the majority party/coalition formed.
  • The largest amongst these parties is called the Opposition party.
  • One of the most important functions of the Lok Sabha is to select the executive.
  • The Prime Minister of India is the leader of the ruling party in the Lok Sabha.
  • From the MPs who belong to the majority party, the Prime Minister selects ministers to work with her to implement decisions.
  • These ministers then take charge of different areas of government functioning like health, education, finance, etc.
  • The different political parties join together with similar interests as they didn’t get majority of votes and who are interested in similar concerns to form what is known as a coalition government.
  • The Rajya Sabha functions primarily as the representative of the states of India in the Parliament.
  • The Rajya Sabha can also initiate legislation and a bill is required to pass through the Rajya Sabha in order to become a law.
  • The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of various states.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 3 Why Do We Need A Parliament?

→ To Control, Guide and Inform the Government

  • The question hour is an important mechanism through which MPs can elicit information about the working of the government.
  • This is a very important way through which the Parliament controls the executive.
  • Asking questions of the government is a crucial task for every MP.
  • The Opposition parties play a critical role in the healthy functioning of a democracy.
  • The government gets valuable feedback and is kept on its toes by the questions asked by the MPs.
  • The MPs as representatives of the people have a central role in controlling, guiding and informing Parliament and this is a key aspect of the functioning of Indian democracy.

→ Law-Making
Law-making is a significant function of Parliament.

→ Who are the People in Parliament?

  • Parliament now has more and more people from different backgrounds.
  • There has also been an increase in political participation from the Dalits and backward classes.
  • There is a realisation that when interests and experiences separate us it is important to ensure that communities that have been historically marginalised are given adequate representation.
  • With this in mind, some seats are reserved in Parliament for SCs and STs.
  • Similarly, it has more recently been suggested that there should be reservation of seats for women.
  • It is issues of this kind that force the country to ask certain difficult and often unresolved questions about whether our democratic system is representative enough.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 8 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 4 Understanding Laws

JAC Board Class 8th Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 4 Understanding Laws

→ Do Laws Apply to All?

  • Members instituted several provisions in the Constitution that would establish the rule of law.
  • The most important of these was that all persons in independent India are equal before the law.
  • The law cannot discriminate between persons on the basis of their religion, caste or gender.
  • What the rule of law means is that all laws apply equally to all citizens of the country and no one can be above the law7.
  • Any crime or violation of law has a specific punishment as well as a process through which the guilt of the person has to be established.
  • In ancient India, there were innumerable and often overlapping local laws.
  • Different communities enjoyed different degrees of autonomy in administering these laws among their own.
  • The British colonialists introduced the rule of law in India.

→ Historians have disputed this claim on several grounds, two of which include:

  • first that colonial law was arbitrary, and
  • second that the Indian nationalists played a prominent role in the development of the legal sphere in British India.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 4 Understanding Laws

→ The Sedition Act of 1870 – The idea of sedition was very broadly understood within this Act. Any person protesting or criticising the British government could be arrested without due trial.

  • Indian nationalists also began fighting for greater equality and wanted to change the idea of law from a set of rules that they were forced to obey, to law as including ideas of justice.
  • By the end of the nineteenth century, the Indian legal profession also began emerging and demanded respect in colonial courts.
  • There w7ere several ways in which Indians played a major role in the evolution of the rule of law during the colonial period.
  • Every year our representatives pass several new laws as well as amend existing ones.

→ How Do New Laws Come About?

  • The Parliament has an important role in making laws.
  • An important role of Parliament is to be sensitive to the problems faced by people.
  • The role of citizens is crucial in helping Parliament frame different concerns that people might have into laws.
  • The voice of citizen can be heard through TV reports, newspaper editorials, radio broadcasts, local meetings, all of which help in making the work that Parliament does more accessible and transparent to the people.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 4 Understanding Laws

→ Unpopular and Controversial Laws:

  • Sometimes a law can be constitutionally valid and hence legal, but it can continue to be unpopular and unacceptable to people because they feel that the intention behind it is unfair and harmful.
  • In a democracy like ours, citizens can express their unwillingness to accept repressive laws framed by the Parliament.
  • When a large number of people begin to feel that a wrong law has been passed, then there is pressure on the Parliament to change this.
  • If the law favours one group and disregards the other it will be controversial and lead to conflict.
  • People who think that the law is not fair can approach the court to decide on the issue.
  • The court has the power to modify or cancel laws if it finds that they don’t adhere to the Constitution.
  • We should bear in mind that it is the extent, involvement and enthusiasm of the people that helps Parliament perform its representative functions properly.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 8 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 5 Judiciary

JAC Board Class 8th Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 5 Judiciary

→ As an organ of government, the judiciary plays a crucial role in the functioning of India’s democracy. It can play this role only because it is independent.

→ What is the Role of the Judiciary?

  • Courts take decisions on a very large number of issues.
  • The work that the judiciary does can be divided into the following:
  • Dispute Resolution: The judicial system provides a mechanism for resolving disputes between citizens, etc.
  • Judicial Review: As the final interpreter of the Constitution, the judiciary also has the power to strike down particular laws passed by the Parliament if it believes that these are a violation of the basic structure of the Constitution. This is called judicial review.
  • Upholding the Law and Enforcing Fundamental Rights: Every citizen of India can approach the Supreme Court or the High Court if they believe that their Fundamental Rights have been violated.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 5 Judiciary

→ What is an Independent Judiciary?

  • Rich and powerful people in India sometimes try to influence the judicial
    process, the Indian Constitution protects against this kind of situation by providing for the independence of the judiciary.
  • One aspect of this independence is the ‘separation of powers’.
  • The other branches of government, the legislature and the executive cannot interfere in the work of the judiciaiy. The courts are not under the government and do not act on their behalf.
  • It is the independence of the judiciary that allows the courts to play a central role in ensuring that there is no misuse of power by the legislature and the executive.
  • It also plays a crucial role in protecting the Fundamental Rights of citizens because anyone can approach the courts if they believe that their rights have been violated.

→ What is the structure of Court in India?

  • There are three different levels of courts in our country.
  • The courts that most people interact with are called subordinate or district courts. These are usually at the district or Tehsil level or in towns and they hear many kinds of cases.
  • Each state is divided into districts that are presided over by a District Judge.
  • Each state has a High Court which is the highest court of that state.
  • At the top is the Supreme Court which is located in New Delhi and is presided over by the Chief Justice of India.
  • In India, we have an integrated judicial system, meaning that the decisions made by higher courts are binding on the lower courts.
  • A person can appeal to a higher court if they believe that the judgment passed by the lower court is not just.

→ What are the Different Branches of the Legal System?
In addition to criminal law, the legal system also deals with civil law cases.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 5 Judiciary

→ Does Everyone Have Access to the Courts?

  • In principle, all citizens of India can access the courts in this country. This implies that every citizen has a right to justice through the courts.
  • While the courts are available for all, in reality access to courts has always been difficult for a vast majority of the poor in India.
  • Legal procedures involve a lot of money and paper work as well as take up a lot of time.
  • The Supreme Court in the early 1980s devised a mechanism of Public Interest Litigation or PIL to increase access to justice.
  • The legal process was greatly simplified and even a letter or telegram addressed to the Supreme Court or the High Court could be treated as a PIL.
  • For the common person, access to courts is access to justice.
  • The courts exercise a crucial role in interpreting the Fundamental Rights of citizens and the courts interpreted Article 21 of the Constitution on the Right to Life to include the Right to Food.
  • There are also court judgments that people believe work against the best interests of the common person.
  • Another issue that affects the common person’s access to justice is the inordinately long number of years that courts take to hear a case.
  • The members of the Constituent Assembly had quite correctly envisioned a system of courts with an independent judiciary as a key feature of our democracy.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 8 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System

JAC Board Class 8th Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System

→ After a person is arrested, it is a court of law that decides whether the accused person is guilty or not.

  • According to the Constitution, every individual charged of a crime has to be given a fair trial.
  • According to Article 22 of the Constitution, ‘ every person has a Fundamental Right to be
    defended by a lawyer.
  • Article 39A of the Constitution places a duty upon the State to provide a lawyer to any citizen who is unable to engage one due to poverty or other disability.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System

→ What is the Role of the Police in Investigating a Crime?

  • One important function of the police is to investigate any complaint about the commission of a crime.
  • An investigation includes recording statements of witnesses and collecting different kinds of evidence.
  • Police investigations always have to be conducted in accordance with law and with full respect for human rights.

→ Article 22 of the Constitution and criminal law guarantee to every arrested person the following Fundamental Rights:

  • The Right to be informed at the time of arrest of the offence for which the person is being arrested.
  • The Right to be presented before a magistrate within 24 hours of arrest.
  • The Right not to be ill-treated or tortured during arrest or in custody.
  • Confessions made in police custody cannot be used as evidence against the accused.
  • A boy under 15 years of age and women cannot be called to the police station only for questioning.

→ What is the Role of the Public Prosecutor?

  • A criminal offence is regarded as a public wrong.
  • What is meant by this is that it is considered to have been committed not only against the affected victims but against society as a whole.
  • In court, it is the Public Prosecutor who represents the interests of the State.
  • As an officer of the court, it is his/ her duty to act impartially and present the full and material facts, witnesses and evidence before the court to enable the court to decide the case.

→ What is the Role of the Judge?

  • The judge decides whether the accused person is guilty or innocent on the basis of the evidence presented and in accordance with the law.
  • If the accused is convicted, then the judge pronounces the sentence.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System

→ What is a Fair Trial?

  • A fair trial ensures that Article 21 of the Constitution is upheld.
  • For a trial to be fair, several different procedures have to be observed. Article 21 of the Constitution that guarantees the Right to Life states that a person’s life or liberty can be taken away only by following a reasonable and just legal procedure.
  • It is significant that the judge decided the matter only on the basis of the evidence before the court.
  • All need to work to ensure that every citizen, irrespective of their class, caste, gender, religious and ideological backgrounds get a fair trial when accused.
  • The rule of law which says that everyone is equal before the law would not make much sense if every citizen were not guaranteed a fair trial by the Constitution.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 8 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 3 Mineral and Power Resources

JAC Board Class 8th Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 3 Mineral and Power Resources

→ A mineral is a naturally occurring substance that has a definite chemical composition.

  • Minerals are not evenly distributed over the areas. They are concentrated in a particular area or rock formations.
  • Some minerals are found in regions which are not easily accessible such as the Arctic ocean bed and Antarctica.
  • Minerals are created by natural processes without any human interference. On the basis of their physical properties such as colour, density, hardness and chemical property such as solubility, they are classified and identified.

→ Types of Minerals:

  • On earth, there are over three thousand different minerals.
  • On the basis of composition, minerals are categorised as:
    • Metallic minerals
    • non-metallic minerals.
  • Metals in raw form are present in metallic minerals.
  • The hard substances that conduct heat and electricity and have a characteristic lustre or shine are known as metals. Iron ore, bauxite, manganese ore are some examples.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 3 Mineral and Power Resources

→ Metallic minerals are of two types:

  • Ferrous minerals are such as iron ore, manganese and chromites contain iron.
  • A non-ferrous mineral does not contain iron but may contain some other metal such as gold, silver, copper or lead.

→ Non-metallic minerals do not contain metals.

  • Limestone, mica and gypsum are non- metallic minerals.
  • The mineral fuels like coal and petroleum are also non-metallic minerals.
  • Minerals can be extracted by mining, drilling or quarrying.
  • Mining is the process of taking out minerals from rocks buried under the earth’s surface.

→ Mining is categorised into two:

  • Open cast mining
  • Shaft mining

→ In open-cast mining, minerals that lie at shallow depths are taken out by removing the surface layer.

  • In shaft mining, deep bores known as shafts, have to be made to reach mineral deposits that lie at great depths.
  • Petroleum and natural gas occur deep below the earth’s surface. Drilling is done to take them out and deep wells are bored.
  • Quarrying is the method in which minerals that lie near the surface are simply dug out.

→ Distribution of Minerals:

  • Metallic minerals are found in igneous and metamorphic rock formations that form large plateaus.
  • Iron-ore in north Sweden, copper and nickel deposits in Ontario, Canada, iron, nickel, chromites and platinum in South Africa are some of the examples of minerals found in these rocks.
  • Non-metallic minerals are found in sedimentary rock formations of plains and young fold mountains contain such as limestone.
  • Limestone deposits of Caucasus region of France, manganese deposits of Georgia and Ukraine and phosphate beds of Algeria are some examples. Coal and petroleum, the mineral fuels are also found in the sedimentary strata.

→ Asia:

  • China and India have large iron ore deposits. The continent produces more than half of the world’s tin.
  • The world’s leading tin producers are China, Malaysia and Indonesia.
  • China is in the leading position in production of lead, antimony and tungsten.
  • Asia also has deposits of manganese, bauxite, nickel, zinc and copper.

→ Europe:

  • Europe is the leading producer of iron-ore in the world.
  • Russia, Ukraine, Sweden and France have the large deposits of iron ore.
  • In eastern Europe and European Russia, minerals found are copper, lead, zinc, manganese and nickel.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 3 Mineral and Power Resources

→ North America:

  • The mineral deposits are situated in three zones:
    • the Canadian region north of the Great Lakes,
    • the Appalachian region and
    • the mountain ranges of the west.
  • In the Canadian Shield Region, iron ore, nickel, gold, uranium and copper are found.
  • In the Appalachians region, coal is found.
  • In Western Cordilleras, vast deposits of copper, lead, zinc, gold and silver are found.

→ South America:

  • The largest producer of high grade iron-ore in the world is Brazil.
  • The leading producers of copper are Chile and Peru.
  • Among the world’s largest producers of tin are Brazil and Bolivia.
  • In Venezuela, Argentina, Chile, Peru and Columbia, mineral oil is found.

→ Africa:

  • The world’s largest producer of diamonds, gold and platinum is Africa.
  • A major portion of the world’s gold is produced by South Africa, Zimbabwe and Zaire.
  • Copper, iron ore, chromium, uranium, cobalt and bauxite are found here.
  • In Nigeria, Libya and Angola, oil is found.

→ Australia:

  • The largest producer of bauxite in the world is Australia.
  • The largest deposits of gold is found in Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie areas of western Australia.
  • It is a leading producer of gold, diamond, iron ore, tin and nickel.

→ Antarctica:

  • Iron ore, gold, silver and oil are present in commercial quantities.
  • Sufficient and significant amount of deposits of coal in the Transantarctic Mountains and iron near the Prince Charles Mountains of East Antarctica is predicted.

→ Uses of Minerals:

  • Minerals are used in many industries in different forms.
  • Minerals which are used for gems and jewellery are usually hard. These are later processed.
  • Copper is used in almost everything from coins to pipes.
  • Silicon is used in the computer industry and is obtained from quartz.
  • Aluminum obtained from its ore.
  • In automobiles, airplanes, bottling industry, buildings and even in kitchen cookware, bauxite is used.

→ Conservation of Minerals:

  • Minerals are a non-renewable resource.
  • In the process of mining, it is necessary to reduce the wastage.
  • Another way in which the mineral resources can be conserved is recycling of metals.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 3 Mineral and Power Resources

→ Power Resources:

  • We need power or energy for industry, agriculture, transport, communication and defense.
  • Power resources may be broadly categorised as:
    • conventional resources
    • non-conventional resources.

→ Conventional Sources:

  • Those energy which have been in common use for a long time are known as the conventional energy.
  • The two main conventional energy sources are:
    • Firewood
    • Fossil fuels

→ Firewood:

  • More than fifty per cent of the energy used by villagers comes from firewood in our country.
  • It is mainly used for cooking and heating.

→ Fossil Fuel:

  • Fossil fuels are the fuel which are formed by the natural processes.
  • For millions of years, remains of plants and animals which were buried under the earth got converted by the heat and pressure into fossil fuels.
  • Fossil fuel such as coal, petroleum and natural gas are the main sources of conventional energy.

→ Coal:

  • Electricity from coal is known as thermal power.
  • Coal is also known as Buried Sunshine because the coal which we are using today was formed millions of years ago when giant ferns and swamps got buried under the layers of earth.
  • In India, the coal producing areas are Raniganj, Jharia, Dhanbad and Bokaro in Jharkhand.
  • The leading coal producers of the world are China, USA, Germany, Russia, South Africa and France.

→ Petroleum:

  • A thick black liquid is known as Petroleum. Since they are very valuable, petroleum and its derivatives are called Black Gold.
  • Petroleum is found between the layers of rocks and is drilled from oil fields which is located in off-shore and coastal areas. Then sent to refineries which process the crude oil and produce a variety of products such as diesel, petrol, kerosene, wax, plastics and lubricants.
  • The chief petroleum producing countries are Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Qatar.
  • The leading producers in India are Digboi in Assam, Bombay High in Mumbai and the deltas of Krishna and Godavari rivers.

→ Natural Gas:

  • Natural gas is found with petroleum deposits and is released when crude oil is brought to the surface. Very few countries in the world have sufficient amount of natural gas reserves of their own.
  • Russia, Norway, UK and the Netherlands are the major producers of natural gas. In India, Jaisalmer, Krishna Godavari delta, Tripura and some areas off shore in Mumbai have natural gas resources.
  • The consumption of fossil fuels has increased which led to their depletion at an alarming rate. The toxic and poisonous pollutants released from burning these fuels are major cause for concern.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 3 Mineral and Power Resources

→ Hydel Power:

  • Rainwater or river water stored in dams produce electricity by a specific method. This electricity is known as Hydro electricity.
  • The water discharged after the generation of electricity is used for irrigation. The world’s electricity is produced by hydel power is one fourth.
  • Paraguay, Norway, Brazil, and China are the leading producers of hydroelectricity.
  • In India, some important hydel power stations are Bhakra Nangal, Gandhi Sagar, Nagarjun Sagar and Damodar valley projects.

→ Non-Conventional Sources of Energy:
There is need for using non-conventional sources such as solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy which are renewable because the increasing use of fossil fuels is leading to its shortage.

→ Solar Energy:

  • Solar energy trapped from the sun can be used in solar cells to produce electricity. Many of these cells are joined into solar panels to generate power for heating and lighting purpose.
  • Solar energy is also used in solar heaters, solar cookers, solar dryers and traffic signals.

→ Wind Energy:

  • Wind mills have been used for grinding grain and lifting water since ancient times. In modem time, the wind mills with high speed winds rotate the wind mill which is connected to a generator to produce electricity.
  • Windfarms are found in Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, UK, USA and Spain which are known for their wind energy production.

→ Nuclear Power:

  • Nuclear power is obtained from energy stored in the nuclei of atoms of naturally occurring radioactive elements such as uranium and thorium.
  • Rajasthan and Jharkhand have large deposits of Uranium. Thorium is found in large quantities in the Monozite sands of Kerala.
  • In India, the nuclear power stations are situated in Kalpakkam in Tamilnadu, Tarapur in Maharashtra, Ranapratap Sagar near Kota in Rajasthan, Narora in Uttar Pradesh and Kaiga in Karnataka.

→ Geothermal Energy:

  • Geothermal energy is the heat energy which is obtained from the earth. This heat energy can be used to generate power.
  • USA has the world’s largest geothermal power plants followed by New Zealand, Iceland, Philippines and Central America. In India, geothermal plants are situated in Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh and Puga Valley in Ladakh.

→ Tidal Energy:

  • Tidal energy is the energy generated from tides.
  • Electricity is produced during high tide the energy of the tides is used to turn the turbine installed in the dam.
  • Russia, France and the Gulf of Kachchh in India have huge tidal mill farms.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 3 Mineral and Power Resources

→ Biogas:

  • Biogas is a gaseous fuel made of organic waste such as dead plant and animal material, animal dung and kitchen waste. These wastes are converted into the gaseous fuel.
  • The organic waste is decomposed by bacteria in biogas digesters to emit biogas which is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory: The Company Establishes Power

JAC Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory: The Company Establishes Power

JAC Class 8th History From Trade to Territory: The Company Establishes Power InText Questions and Answers

Page 15

Question 1 .
Imagine that you are a young Company official who has been in India for a few months. Write a letter home to your mother telling her about your luxurious life and contrasting it with your earlier life in Britain.
Answer:
Do it yourself.
Hint. students can use these points in letter – Well-furnished and embellished house has been allotted to you. House maids, gardener and servants are there to do the daily household works. Local landlords are supportive and helpful.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory: The Company Establishes Power

Page 18
Question 2.
Imagine that you have come across two old newspapers reporting on the Battle of Seringapatam and the death of Tipu Sultan. One is a British paper and the other is from Mysore. Write the headline for each of the two newspapers.
Answer:
Headline for the British newspaper “The East India Company gets another victory and crushes Tipu Sultan”. Headline for the local newspaper – “Tipu Sultan, the tiger of Mysore sacrifices his life for the country”.

Page 19

Question 3.
Imagine that you are a nawab’s nephew and have been brought up thinking that you will one day be king. Now you find that this will not be allowed by the British because of the new Doctrine of Lapse. What will be your feelings? What will you plan to do so that you can inherit the crown?
Answer:
My feelings would be of disappointment, aggression and anger. I would try to make an army and train them and fight with the British and get victory in the war. I would join with other Indian kings and withdraw the Doctrine of Lapse and inherit the crown of my uncle as he is no more.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory: The Company Establishes Power

Page 24
Question 4.
You are living in England in the late eighteenth or early nineteenth century. How would you have reacted to the stories of British conquests? Remember that you would have read about the immense fortunes that many of the officials were making.
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own.The following points may help you.

  1. As a lay person who is not associated with East India company, nor part of the government I would have surely resented British conquest and its policies of colonialism.
  2. As it amounted to subjugation and oppression of the colonial people.
  3. It resulted in the massive drain of wealth, exploitation of the colonial people.
  4. I would have also criticized British policy of divide and rule, of pitting one group against another.
  5. The British conquest reveals it dual face, which on one hand talks of freedom, liberty, in its own country and at the same time denies such values to colonial people.
  6. The British were only motivated by their economic interests, with the prospects of getting cheap labour, raw material, and market, they did nothing to improve the condition of the people.
  7. Whatever administrative changes they introduced served their own interest.
  8. The Company officials made huge money at the expense of innocent population.
  9. It in fact, brought about massive deprivation of the people in the colonies.

JAC Class 8th History From Trade to Territory: The Company Establishes Power Textbook Questions and Answers

Let’s Recall

Question 1.
Match the following.

Diwani Tipu Sultan
“Tiger of Mysore” right to collect land revenue
faujdari adalat Sepoy
Rani Channamma criminal court led an anti-British movement in Kitoor
sipahi Tipu Sultan

Answer:

Diwani right to collect land revenue
“Tiger of Mysore” Tipu Sultan
faujdari adalat criminal court
Rani Channamma led an anti-British movement in Kitoor
sipahi Sepoy

 

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks.
(a) The British conquest of Bengal began with the Battle of
(b) Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan were the rulers of .
(c) Dalhousie implemented the Doctrine of .
(d) Maratha kingdoms were located mainly in the part of India.
Answer:
(a) Plassey
(b) Mysore
(c) Lapse
(d) western

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory: The Company Establishes Power

Question 3.
State whether true or false.
(a) The Mughal empire became stronger in the eighteenth century.
(b) The English East India Company was the only European company that traded with India.
(c) Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the ruler of Punjab.
(d) The British did not introduce administrative changes in the territories they conquered.
Answer:
(a) False
(b) False
(c) True
(d) False

Let’s Discuss

Question 4.
What attracted European trading companies to India?
Answer:
European trading companies were attracted to India because of the following reasons. The fine qualities of cotton and silk roduced in India had a big market in Europe. Spices such as pepper, cloves, cardamom and cinnamon too were in great demand. These things were easily available in India at very low price.

Question 5.
What were the areas of conflict between the Bengal nawabs and the East India Company?
Answer:
The areas of conflict between the Bengal nawabs and the East India Company were.

  1. The nawabs refused to grant the Company concessions.
  2. They demanded large tributes for the Company’s right to trade.
  3. They denied it any right to mint coins.
  4. They also stopped it from extending its fortifications.
  5. They claimed that the Company was depriving the Bengal government of huge amounts of revenue and undermining the authority of the nawab by refusing to pay taxes, writing disrespectful letters, and trying to humiliate the nawab and his officials.
  6. The Company on its part declared that the unjust demands of the local officials were ruining the trade of the Company and trade could flourish only if the duties were removed.

Question 6.
How did the assumption of Diwani benefit the East India Company?
Answer:
The assumption of Diwani benefitted the East India Company in many ways.

  1. The Diwani allowed the Company to use the vast revenue resources of Bengal.
  2. The major problem was solved by Diwani which the east India Company had earlier faced.
  3. Though the trade has expanded and grown, a lot of items they had to buy with gold and silver which was imported from Britain.
  4. This overflow stopped after the assumption of Diwani. Now revenue from India could capitalise the Company expenses.
  5. These were used to purchase goods in India, maintain Company troops and meet the expenses to build forts and offices at Calcutta.

Question 7.
Explain the system of “subsidiary alliance”.
Answer:
According to the system of subsidiary alliance, Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces. They were to be protected by the East India Company but also had to pay for the “subsidiary forces” that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection. If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment, then part of their territory was taken away as penalty. The states which had to lose their territories on this ground were Awadh and Hyderabad.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory: The Company Establishes Power

Question 8.
In what way was the administration of the Company different from that of Indian rulers?
Answer:

^Administration of the Company Administration ^ of Indian Ruler
The administrative units of the company was known as Presidencies. They were divided into 3 units – Bengal, Bombay and Madras. The main administrative units in India were the districts.
Each Presidency were governed by a Governor. Each districts were governed by the Collector.
Governor- General was the supreme head of the company. The king was the supreme head of India.
The main job of the Governor- General was to introduce different administrative policies and make amendments and bring reform in work. V The main job of the Collector in India was to collect revenue and taxes and properly maintain law and order in the assigned district with the help of judges, police officers and darogas.

Question 9.
Describe the changes that occurred in the composition of the Company’s army.
Answer:
The changes that occurred in the composition of the Company’s army are.

  1. The East India Company started recruiting peasants into their armies and trained them as professional soldiers and were known as the sepoy army.
  2. As technology of warfare changed from the 1820s, the cavalry requirements of the East India Company’s army declined.
  3. The soldiers of the Company’s army had to keep pace with changing military requirements and its infantry regiments which now became more important.
  4. In the early nineteenth century the British began to develop a uniform military culture. Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European- style training, drill and discipline that regulated their life far more than before.

Let’s Do
Question 10.
After the British conquest of Bengal, Calcutta grew from a small village to a big city. Find out about the culture, architecture and the life of Europeans and Indians of the city during the colonial period.
Answer:
Calcutta was the capital of the British Indian rule until 1911 and after that it was relocated to Delhi. In 1772, Warren Hastings made Calcutta, the capital. It went through rapid industrial growth from 1850s. Many famous architectural buildings and monuments were built. It became the ‘cultural capital of India’ The contribution of Bengal Renaissance on the independence of India was immense.

Question 11.
Collect pictures, stories, poems and information about any of the following – the Rani of Jhansi, Mahadji Sindhia, Haidar Ali, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Lord Dalhousie or any other contemporary ruler of your region.
Answer:
Students need to do it their own.

JAC Class 8th History From Trade to Territory: The Company Establishes Power Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The last powerful Mughal Emperor was………..
a. Aurangzeb
b. Bahadur Shah Zafar
c. Akbar
d. Babur
Answer:
a. Aurangzeb

Question 2.
Mercantile trading companies in those days made profit by.
a. buying at high prices and selling at low.
b. educating people about sea travel.
c. excluding competition.
d. none of these
Answer:
c. excluding competition.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory: The Company Establishes Power

Question 3.
The items that all European countries wanted to buy from India were
a. cotton, silk, pepper, steel, cardamom.
b. cotton, pepper, cloves, cardamom, silk, cinnamon.
c. cotton, cloves, electronic, silk, cinnamon.
d. cotton, cardamom, rubber, pepper, cloves.
Answer:
b. cotton, pepper, cloves, cardamom, silk, cinnamon.

Question 4.
Robert Clive led the Company’s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey in…………
a. 1756
b. 1758
c. 1757
d.1759
Answer:
c. 1757

Question 5.
The Battle of Buxar was fought in the year………..
a. 1763
b. 1764
c. 1765
d. 1766
Answer:
b. 1764

Question 6.
Under ‘subsidiary alliance’, when Richard Wellesley was Governor- General, the Nawab of ………..was forced to give over half of his territory to the Company in 1801 as he failed to pay for the ‘subsidiary forces’.
a. Bengal
b. Mysore
c. Hyderabad
d. Awadh
Answer:

Question 7.
The third battle of Panipat was fought in the year…… .
a. 1761
b. 1861
c. 1791
d. 1891
Answer:
d. 1891

Question 8.
The ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ was introduced by the Governor-General
a. Warren Hastings
c. Dalhousie
b. Clive Lloyd
d. Mountbatten
Answer:
c. Dalhousie

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory: The Company Establishes Power

Question 9.
Sadar Nizamat Adalat was set up in………..
a. Madras
b. Mysore
c. Bombay
d. Calcutta
Answer:
d. Calcutta

Question 10.
The three Presidencies in British India were………
a. Bengal, Mysore and Bombay
b. Bengal, Madras and Bombay
c. Bengal, Bombay and Delhi
d. Bengal, Madras and Awadh
Answer:
b. Bengal, Madras and Bombay

Very Short Answer Type Question

Question 1.
What was the earliest name of the present day Kolkata?
Answer:
The earliest name of the present day Kolkata was Kalikata.

Question 2.
What do you mean by farmanl
Answer:
Farman means a royal order.

Question 3.
When did the East India Company take over Awadh?
Answer:
The East India Company took over Awadh in 1856.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory: The Company Establishes Power

Question 4.
What was the main goal of East India Company?
Answer:
The main goal of East India Company was the expansion of trade.

Question 5.
Who was made the Nawab of Bengal after the Battle of Plassey?
Answer:
Mir Jafar was made the Nawab of Bengal after the Battle of Plassey.

Question 6.
Who led the Company’s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey?
Answer:
Robert Clive led the Company’s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey.

Question 7.
Who arrested Bahadur Shah Zafar and his sons?
Answer:
Bahadur Shah Zafar and his sons were arrested by Captain Hudson.

Question 8.
Whom did the Company install in place of Mir Jafar and why?
Answer:
When Mir Jafar protested, the Company deposed him and installed Mir Question asim in his place.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory: The Company Establishes Power

Question 9.
Who commenced the policy of paramountcy?
Answer:
Lord Hastings (Governor- General from 1813 to 1823) commenced the new policy of “paramountcy”.

Question 10.
Why did Tipu Sultan develop a close relationship with the French in India?
Answer:
Tipu Sultan established a close relationship with the French in India in order to modernise his army with their help.

Short Answer Type Question

Question 1.
What do you mean by puppet?
Answer:
Puppet means a toy that you can move with strings. The term is used disapprovingly to refer to a person who is controlled by someone else. The East India Company also wanted someone who can rule but on their orders.

Question 2.
Why did the East India Company wanted a puppet ruler?
Answer:
The East India Company wanted a puppet ruler because he would willingly give trade concessions and other privileges to them.

Question 3.
What do you understand by “Mercantile”.
Answer:
Mercantile means a business enterprise that makes profit primarily through trade, buying goods cheap and selling them at higher prices.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory: The Company Establishes Power

Question 4.
What do you understand by ‘nabobs’?
Answer:
East India Company officials who managed to return Britain with enormous wealth, led flashy and very comfortable lives and flaunted their riches. These officials were called “nabobs” , an anglicised version of the Indian word nawab.

Question 5.
How Plassey got its name?
Answer:
Plassey is an anglicised pronunciation of Palashi and the place derived its name from the palash tree known for its beautiful red flowers that yield colour or gulal, the powder used in the festival of Holi.

Question 6.
What has happened in second Anglo- Maratha war?
Answer:
The Second Anglo-Maratha war happened in 1803-05 and was fought on different fronts, resulting in favour of the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi.

Question 7.
Why the East India Company had to buy most of the goods in India with gold and silver imported from Britain?
Answer:
The East India Company had to buy most of the goods in India with gold and silver imported from Britain because at that time Britain had no other goods to sell in India.

Question 8.
The appointment of residents in Indian states help the East India Company. How?
Answer:
The appointment of residents in Indian states helped the East India Company in many ways. Through the Residents, the East India Company officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian states. They tried to decide who was to be the successor to the throne, and who was to be appointed in administrative posts.

Question 9.
Who led an anti-British movement in Kitoor? What was the end result?
Answer:
When the British tried to annex the small state of Kitoor (in Karnataka today), Rani Channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement. The new policy of ‘paramountcy’ was challenged by her. She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory: The Company Establishes Power

Question 10.
What happened in the Battle of Seringapatam?
Answer:
Four wars were fought between the East India Company and Mysore in 1767-69, 1780-84, 1790-92 and 1799. Only in the last war known as the Battle of Seringapatam did the East India Company finally gets a victory over Mysore. Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam. Under the former ruling dynasty of the Wodeyars, Mysore was placed and a subsidiary alliance was imposed on the state.

Long Answer Type Question

Question 1.
In which manner the East India Company begin trade in Bengal? Discuss.
Answer:
East India Company begin trade in Bengal in the following manner.

  1. In the year 1651, the first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugh. This was the base from which the East India Company’s traders known at that time as factors, operated. The factory had a warehouse where goods for export were stored and it had offices where Company officials sat.
  2. The Company persuaded merchants and traders to come and settle near the factory as trade expanded.
  3. The Company began to build a fort around the settlement by 1696.
  4. Two years later it bribed Mughal officials into giving the Company zamindari rights over three villages. One of these was Kalikata, which later grew into the city of Calcutta or Kolkata as it is known today.
  5. It also persuaded and induced the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb to issue a farman granting the East India Company the right to trade duty free.

Question 2.
Explain in brief about Tipu Sultan.
Answer:
Tipu Sultan Under the leadership of powerful rulers like Haidar Ali (ruled from 1761 to 1782) and his famous son Tipu Sultan, Mysore had grown in strength. Tipu Sultan ruled from 1782 to 1799 was known as ‘Tiger of Mysore’ as he fought bravely with the tiger. Mysore controlled the profitable trade of the Malabar coast where the Company purchased pepper and cardamom.
Tipu Sultan was a scholar and great soldier. Tipu Sultan stopped the export of sandalwood, pepper and cardamom through the ports of his kingdom, and disallowed local merchants from trading with the Company in 1785.

He also established a close relationship with the French in India and modernized his army with their help. The British were angry and furious. They saw Haidar and Tipu as ambitious, arrogant and dangerous for them. Four battles were fought with Mysore in the years 1767-69, 1780-84, 1790-92 and 1799. In the last, the Battle of Seringapatam, the East India Company ultimately gets a victory. Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 How, When and Where

JAC Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 How, When and Where

JAC Class 8th History How, When and Where InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Look carefully at Fig. 1 and write a paragraph explaining how this image projects an imperial perception.
JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 How, When and Where 1
Answer:
This image clearly and precisely portrays the imperial superiority. Superior power symbolises the lion. It shows that the empire is the giver and its subjects are always loyal to the throne. This figure also tries to suggest that Indians willingly gave their ancient texts (shashtras) to Britannia, the symbol of British Power. It shows they are asking for protection of Indian culture from them.

Page 3

Question 2.
Interview your mother or another member of your family to find out about their life. Now, divide their life into different periods and list out the significant events in each period. Explain the basis of your periodisation.
Answer:
Student need to do it on their own

Page 7

Question 3.
Look at Sources 1 and 2. Do you find any differences in the nature of reporting? Explain what you observe.
Source 1.
Reports to the Home Department In 1946 the colonial government in India was trying to put down a mutiny that broke out on the ships of the Royal Indian Navy’. Here is a sample of the kind of reports the Home Department got from the different dockyards.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 How, When and Where

Bombay.
Arrangements have been made for the Army to take over ships and establishment. Royal Navy ships are remaining outside the harbour.

Karachi.
301 mutineers are under arrest and a few more strongly suspected are to be arrested … All establishments … are under military guard.

Vizagapatnam.
The position is completely under control and no violence has occurred. Military guards have been placed on ships and establishments. No further trouble is expected except that a few men may refuse to work. Director of Intelligence, HQ. India Command, Situation Report No. 7. File No. 5/21/46 Home (Political), Government of India

Source 2.
Not fit for human consumption” Newspapers provide accounts of the movements in different parts of the country. Here is a report of a police strike in 1946. More than 2000 policemen in Delhi refused to take their food on Thursday morning as a protest against their low salaries and the bad quality of food supplied to them from the Police Lines kitchen. As the news spread to the other police stations, the men there also refused to take food … One of the strikers said. “The food supplied to us from the Police Lines kitchen is not fit for human consumption. Even cattle would not eat the chappatis and dal which we have to eat.“ Hindustan Times, 22 March, 1946”
Answer:
Yes, we find differences in the nature of reporting.

Source 1.
It describes the incident observed by the Director of Intelligence. Hence, it is a report provided by the Director.

Source 2.
It is a newspaper report of a police strike happened in 1946 and observations were done by reporters and editors. Hence, there may be some differences in the reports.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 How, When and Where

Question 4.
Imagine that you are a historian wanting to find out about how agriculture changed in a remote tribal area after independence. List the different ways in which you would find information on this.
Answer:
Hint. As a historian, I would like to seek information from administrative documents which are related to agriculture in tribal areas and survey records. Would refer to manuscripts and notes of the officials, also refer to document written by different historians.

JAC Class 8th History How, When and Where Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
State whether true or false.
(a) James Mill divided Indian history into three periods – Hindu, Muslim, Christian.
(b) Official documents help us understand what the people of the country think.
(c) The British thought surveys were important for effective administration.
Answer:
(a) False
(b) False
(c) True

Let’s Discuss

Question 2.
What is the problem with the periodisation of Indian history that James Mill offers?
Answer:
James Mill divided Indian history into three periods Hindu, Muslim and British. This periodisation has its own problem.

  1. It is not correct to refer to any period of history as ‘Hindu’ or ‘Muslim’ because a variety of faiths existed simultaneously in these periods.
  2. It is also not justified to specify an age through the religion of the rulers of the time. To do so is to suggest that the lives and practices of the others do not really matter.
  3. Even rulers in ancient India did not all share the same faith which is worth noting.

Question 3.
Why did the British preserve official documents?
Answer:
The British preserved official documents because they believed that the act of writing was very important. Every instruction, plan, policy decision, agreement, investigation had to be clearly written up. Once this was done, things could be properly studied, discussed and debated. This conviction produced an administrative culture of memos, notings and reports.

Question 4.
How will the information historians get from old newspapers be different from that found in police reports?
Answer:
The information historians get from old newspaper is usually affected by the views and opinions of the reporters and editor. The information which the historians get from police reports are different from newspaper as the reports of police are usually true and realistic.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 How, When and Where

Question 5.
Can you think of examples of surveys in your world today? Think about how toy companies get information about what young people enjoy playing with or how the government finds out about the number of young people in school. What can a historian derive from such surveys?
Answer:
In the present day scenario various kinds of surveys are carried on both by the government as well as private enterprises. The government surveys include census in which various details of a family are collected. Private companies also carry surveys for the use of their products and to find the prospective customers. We can take example of the toy companies. These companies prepare a questionnaire and put them on a sheet of paper. They engage a number of representatives.

For this purpose, they visit school and distribute these papers among young people after the school is over. Young people are asked to take or cross options of their choice. Then they get these papers back through which they derive their conclusion about the toy liked by young people. The government carries out census every 10 years. Each household provides details of its children. It is from this detail that the government comes to know about the number of young people in the school. Historians study these data and come to know about the education level and other details.

JAC Class 8th History How, When, and Where Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
The aim of the study of history is/are.
a. improving general awareness.
b. understanding changes that occur over time.
c. predicting future trends.
d. all of these
Answer:
d. all of these

Question 2.
……….. is/are the sources of historical information which is commonly used to learn about the lives of people who lived many years ago.
a. Old paintings
b. Old maps
c. Newspaper
d. All of these
Answer:
a. Old paintings

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 How, When and Where

Question 3.
We ask many questions based on our curiosity which are actually historical. Like travelling in a train, what all questions you might ask?

a. When did railway service start in India?
b. Who invented the train?
c. Which was the first railway station in India and world?
d. All of these
Answer:
d. All of these

Question 4.
To most people, history is about………
a. numbers
b. politics
c. dates
d. none of these
Answer:
c. dates

Question 5.
The first map of India was made by James Rennel in………
a. 1765
b. 1782
c. 1865
d. 1872
Answer:
b. 1782

Question 6.
…………..thought that surveys were important for good administration.
a. British
b. Portuguese
c. Dutch
d. Spanish
Answer:
a. British

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 How, When and Where

Question 7.
The last Viceroy of India was ………
a. Lord Wellesley
b. Lord Clive
c. Lord Mountbatten
d. Lord Ripon
Answer:
c. Lord Mountbatten

Question 8.
Calligraphers are those persons who
a. are specialized in the art of speaking.
b. are specialized in the art of painting.
c. are specialized in the art of music.
d. are specialized in the art of writing.
Answer:
d. are specialized in the art of writing.

Question 9.
The British felt that all-important ……. and letters needed to be carefully preserved.
a. toys
c. books
b. guns
d. documents
Answer:
d. documents

Question 10.
Census operations are held every………
a. five years
b. ten years
c. fifteen years
d. twenty years
Answer:
b. ten years

Very Short Answer Type Question

Question 1.
Who was the first Governor-General of British India?
Answer:
The first Governor-General of India was Warren Hastings in 1773.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 How, When and Where

Question 2.
What was the thinking of James Mills about all Asian societies?
Answer:
Mill thought that all Asian societies were at a lower level of civilisation than Europe.

Question 3.
When did The National Archives of India formed?
Answer:
The National Archives of India was formed in the 1920s.

Question 4.
How did paintings project Governor- Generals?
Answer:
Paintings projected Governor-Generals as powerful figures.

Question 5.
How have historians divided Indian history?
Answer:
Historians have usually divided Indian history into ‘ancient’, ‘medieval’ and ‘modem’.

Question 6.
What do you understand by ‘colonisation’?
Answer:
When one country subjugate another country which leads to political, economic, social and cultural changes refer to colonisation.

Question 7.
Who is the author of “A History of British India”?
Answer:
The author of “A History of British India” was James Mill. He wrote this three volume book in 1817.

Question 8.
Who created the first map of India?
Answer:
An English geographer, historian and pioneer of oceanography who prepared the first map of India was Major James Rennell. He was directed by Major General Sir Robert Clive to prepare the map.

Question 9.
What are the events that are usually recorded in history?
Answer:
The events that are usually recorded in history are crowning of events, wars, events related to kingdoms and lives of the rulers.

Question 10.
According to James Mill, what evil practices dominated the Indian social life before the British came to India?
Answer:
According to James Mill, the evil practices which dominated the Indian social life before the British came to India were religious intolerance, caste taboos and superstitious practices.

Short Answer Type Question

Question 1.
With what did the British historians associate the modern period?
Answer:
The British modem period was associated with the growth of all the forces of modernity – science, reason, democracy, liberty and equality.

Question 2.
What was an important aspect of the histories written by the British historians in India?
Answer:
In the histories written by British historians in India, the rule of each Governor- General was important.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 How, When and Where

Question 3.
What were the points which the official records didn’t tell? From where do we get such information?
Answer:
Official records do not tell us that what the citizen of the country felt and what lay behind their actions and works. For that we have diaries of people, accounts of pilgrims and travellers, autobiographies of important personalities, and popular booklets that were sold in the local bazaars.

Question 4.
Many historians refer to modern period as colonial. Why?
Answer:
Many historians refer to modem period as ‘colonial’ because under British rule people did not have equality, freedom or liberty. Nor was the period one of economic growth and progress.

Question 5.
By what criteria do we choose a set of dates as important?
Answer:
The dates we select, the dates around which we compose our story of the past, are not important on their own. They become vital because we focus on a particular set of events as important. If our focus of study changes, if we begin to look at new issues, a new set of dates will appear significant.

Question 6.
The British conquer India and establish their rule. How?
Answer:
British came to conquer the country and establish their rule, subjugating local nawabs and rajas. For this, they established control over the economy and society, collected revenue to meet all their expenses, bought the goods they wanted at low prices, produced crops they needed for export. They also brought changes about in values and tastes, customs and practices.

Question 7.
The invention of the printing press helped in spreading news and information. How it happened?
Answer:
In the early years of the nineteenth century documents were carefully copied out and beautifully written by calligraphists. By the middle of the nineteenth century, with the spread of printing, multiple copies of these records were printed as proceedings of each government department. As printing spread, newspapers were published and issues were debated in public. Leaders and reformers wrote to spread their ideas, poets and novelists wrote to express their feelings.

Question 8.
What was the reason behind the use of dates in history?
Answer:
There was a time when history was an account of battles and big events only. It was about rulers and their policies. Historians wrote about the year a king was crowned, the year he married, the year he had a child, the year he fought a particular war, the year he died, and the year the next mler succeeded to the throne. For events such as these, specific dates can be determined, and in histories such as these, debates about dates continue to be important.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Historians have divided Indian history into ‘ancient’, ‘medieval’ and ‘modern’. What problems does this division has?
Answer:
Historians have usually divided Indian history into ‘ancient’, ‘medieval’ and ‘modem’, if we move away from British classification. This division too has its many problems.

  1. It is a periodisation that is borrowed from the West where the modem period was associated with the growth of all the forces of modernity such as science, democracy, liberty and equality. Medieval was a term used to describe a society where these features of modem society did not exist.
  2. It is difficult to accept this description and depiction of the modem period because under British rule people did not have equality, freedom or liberty. Nor it was the period one of economic growth and progress. Many historians therefore refer to this period as ‘colonial’.

Question 2.
Surveys become important under the colonial administration. Explain briefly?
Answer:
The practice of surveying also became important under the colonial administration. The British believed that a country had to be properly known before it could be effectively administered. By the early nineteenth century detailed surveys were being carried out to map the entire country. In the villages, revenue surveys were conducted.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 How, When and Where

The main concern was to know the topography, the soil quality, the flora, the fauna, the local histories, and the cropping pattern and all the facts seen as necessary and important to know about to administer the region. From the end of the nineteenth century, Census operations were held every ten years. These prepared detailed records of the number of people in all the provinces of India, recording the information on castes, religions and occupation. There were many other surveys such as botanical surveys, zoological surveys, archaeological surveys, anthropological surveys, forest surveys.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 8 Social Science Notes in Hindi & English Jharkhand Board

JAC Jharkhand Board Class 8th Social Science Notes in Hindi & English Medium

JAC Board Class 8th Social Science Notes in English Medium

Jharkhand Board Class 8th History Notes

Jharkhand Board Class 8th Geography Notes

Jharkhand Board Class 8th Civics Notes

JAC Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions in Hindi Medium

JAC Board Class 8th History Notes in Hindi

  • Chapter 1 कैसे, कब और कहाँ Notes
  • Chapter 2 व्यापार से साम्राज्य तक कंपनी की सत्ता स्थापित होती है Notes
  • Chapter 3 ग्रामीण क्षेत्र पर शासन चलाना Notes
  • Chapter 4 आदिवासी, दीकु और एक स्वर्ण युग की कल्पना Notes
  • Chapter 5 जब जनता बगावत करती है (1857 और उसके बाद) Notes
  • Chapter 6 बुनकर, लोहा बनाने वाले और फैक्ट्री मालिक Notes
  • Chapter 7 देशी जनता को सभ्य बनाना राष्ट्र को शिक्षित करना Notes
  • Chapter 8 महिलाएँ, जाति एवं सुधार Notes
  • Chapter 9 राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन का संघटन : 1870 के दशक से 1947 तक Notes
  • Chapter 10 स्वतंत्रता के बाद भारत Notes

JAC Board Class 8th Geography Notes in Hindi

  • Chapter 1 संसाधन Notes
  • Chapter 2 भूमि, मृदा, जल, प्राकृतिक वनस्पति और वन्य जीवन संसाधन Notes
  • Chapter 3 खनिज और शक्ति संसाधन Notes
  • Chapter 4 कृषि Notes
  • Chapter 5 उद्योग Notes
  • Chapter 6 मानव संसाधन Notes

JAC Board Class 8th Civics Notes in Hindi

  • Chapter 1 भारतीय संविधान Notes
  • Chapter 2 धर्मनिरपेक्षता की समझ Notes
  • Chapter 3 हमें संसद क्यों चाहिए? Notes
  • Chapter 4 कानूनों की समझ Notes
  • Chapter 5 न्यायपालिका Notes
  • Chapter 6 हमारी आपराधिक न्याय प्रणाली Notes
  • Chapter 7 हाशियाकरण की समझ Notes
  • Chapter 8 हाशियाकरण से निपटना Notes
  • Chapter 9 जन सुविधाएँ Notes
  • Chapter 10 कानून और सामाजिक न्याय Notes

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions in Hindi & English Jharkhand Board

JAC Jharkhand Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions in Hindi & English Medium

JAC Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions in English Medium

Jharkhand Board Class 8th Social Science History: Our Pasts – III

Jharkhand Board Class 8th Social Science Geography: Resources and Development

Jharkhand Board Class 8th Social Science Civics: Social and Political Life – III

JAC Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions in Hindi Medium

JAC Board Class 8th Social Science History: Our Pasts – III (इतिहास – हमारे अतीत – III)

  • Chapter 1 कैसे, कब और कहाँ
  • Chapter 2 व्यापार से साम्राज्य तक कंपनी की सत्ता स्थापित होती है
  • Chapter 3 ग्रामीण क्षेत्र पर शासन चलाना
  • Chapter 4 आदिवासी, दीकु और एक स्वर्ण युग की कल्पना
  • Chapter 5 जब जनता बगावत करती है (1857 और उसके बाद)
  • Chapter 6 बुनकर, लोहा बनाने वाले और फैक्ट्री मालिक
  • Chapter 7 देशी जनता को सभ्य बनाना राष्ट्र को शिक्षित करना
  • Chapter 8 महिलाएँ, जाति एवं सुधार
  • Chapter 9 राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन का संघटन : 1870 के दशक से 1947 तक
  • Chapter 10 स्वतंत्रता के बाद भारत

JAC Board Class 8th Social Science Geography: Resources and Development (भूगोल – संसाधन एवं विकास)

  • Chapter 1 संसाधन
  • Chapter 2 भूमि, मृदा, जल, प्राकृतिक वनस्पति और वन्य जीवन संसाधन
  • Chapter 3 खनिज और शक्ति संसाधन
  • Chapter 4 कृषि
  • Chapter 5 उद्योग
  • Chapter 6 मानव संसाधन

JAC Board Class 8th Social Science Civics: Social and Political Life – III (नागरिक शास्त्र – सामाजिक एवं राजनीतिक जीवन – III)

  • Chapter 1 भारतीय संविधान
  • Chapter 2 धर्मनिरपेक्षता की समझ
  • Chapter 3 हमें संसद क्यों चाहिए?
  • Chapter 4 कानूनों की समझ
  • Chapter 5 न्यायपालिका
  • Chapter 6 हमारी आपराधिक न्याय प्रणाली
  • Chapter 7 हाशियाकरण की समझ
  • Chapter 8 हाशियाकरण से निपटना
  • Chapter 9 जन सुविधाएँ
  • Chapter 10 कानून और सामाजिक न्याय