September 2024 – Page 33 – Jharkhand Board Solution

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 7 Outcomes of Democracy

September 9, 2024September 6, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 7 Outcomes of Democracy

JAC Class 10th Civics Outcomes of Democracy InText Questions and Answers

Page 91

Question 1.
Can you think of what and how the government knows about you and your family (for example ration cards and voter identity cards)? What are the sources of information for you about the government?
Answer:
The government comes to know about us and our family through:

Census: Every ten years, the government conducts census. The surveyors visit homes to know the age sex, family background, professional background, and home town of residents. These details are analysed and published in general in Census reports.
The government maintains records of birth death and marriage through registrations. We come to know about the policies and programmes of the government through various political parties, Right to Information (RTI) Act, and various governmental department websites.

Page 93

Question 2.
The cartoon on this page and next three pages tell us about the disparities between the rich and poor. Should the gains of economic growth be evenly distributed? How can the poor get a voice for a better share in a nation? What can the poor countries do to receive a greater share in the world’s wealth?
Answer:
Yes, the gains of economic growth should be evenly distributed. Pressure groups or welfare organisations may be formed so that the poor can voice their grievances and opinions to the government. They may write down their suggestions in a letter, do a signature campaign and submit the letter to the Prime Minister for action. They may also form small action groups to utilise their talents and put them to use.

Page 94

Question 3.
What would be your verdict on democracy if you had to base it purely on economic performance of democratic regimes in terms of growth and equal distribution?
Answer:
As seen in Table 1, the growth rate of all democratic regimes has been 3.95 percent while it has been 4.42 percent for all dictatorial regimes for the last 50 years. The dictatorial nations have performed better in terms of economic growth as compared to democratic regimes. However, when we look at the economic growth of poor countries under dictatorship (4.34 percent) and poor countries under democracy (4.28 percent), the difference is negligible. In Table 2, with regards to distribution of national income, in most countries, the top 20 percent of the population fetch more than 50 percent of national income while bottom 20 percent get less than 10 percent of the share in national income. This reflects unequal distribution of national income.

Page 95

Question 4.
Democracy is a rule of the majority. The poor are in majority. So democracy must be a rule of the poor. How can this not be the case?
Answer:
Yes, the poor are in a majority. But rule by majority does not become rule by majority community in terms of religion or race or linguistic group, etc. Rule by majority means that in case of every decision or in case of every election, different persons and groups may and can form a majority. Therefore, it cannot be rule of poor people always as it will cause a division in the society. Democracy remains democracy only as long as every citizen has a chance of being in majority at some point of time.

Page 96

Question 5.
All you are saying is that democracy ensures that people do not break each other’s head. This is not harmony. Should we be happy about it?
Answer:
No society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups. But one can certainly learn to respect these differences and also evolve mechanisms to negotiate the differences. Democracy is best suited to produce this outcome. Democracy stands as much superior to any other form of government in promoting dignity and freedom of the individual.

Page 97

Question 6.
The two images depict two different kinds of effects democratic politics can have on social divisions. Take one example for each image and write a paragraph each on the outcome of democratic politics in both situations.

Answer:
The first image reflects how democratic politics can create a division in the society on the basis of caste, race, religion, etc. It can cause differences amongst people in the society and lead to conflicts. This is not healthy for democracy. The second image reflects that in a democracy, differences can be resolved without conflicts when majority works along with the minority. Rule by majority means in case of every election, different persons and groups may and can form a majority. Democracy remains a democracy only as long as every citizen has a chance of being in a majority at some point of time.

Page 98

Question 7.
Rosa Parks Still Inspires The above cartoon and graph illustrate a point made in this section (Dignity and freedom of the citizens). Underline the sentences from this section which connect to the cartoon or graph.
Answer:
Rosa Parks was an American activist in the civil rights movement in the United States. She refused to vacate her seat in the bus in the ‘coloured section’ to a White passenger, after the Whites – only section was filled. This cartoon reflects the’ discrimination faced by people on the basis of colour, race, caste, etc. Every nation had to struggle for equal rights and equal opportunities.

JAC Class 10th Civics Outcomes of Democracy Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate government?
Answer:
Democracy produces an accountable, responsive and legitimate government:
(i) Accountable government:
The most basic outcome of democracy is that it produces a government that is accountable to the citizens, and responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens.

(ii) Responsive government:
Democratic government develops mechanisms for citizens to hold the government accountable and mechanisms for citizens to take part in decision making whenever they think fit. A citizen has the right and the means to examine the process of decision making. This is known as transparency. This factor is often missing from a non – democratic government.

(iii) Legitimate government:
Democratic government is a legitimate government. It may be slow, less efficient, not always responsive or clean. But a democratic government is people’s own government. That is why there is an overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all over the world. People wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them.

Question 2.
What are the conditions under which democracies accommodate social diversities?
Answer:
Democracies always try to accommodate social diversities.
(i) Democracies usually develop a procedure to conduct their competition. This reduces the possibility of tensions becoming explosive or violent. Democracies accommodate various social divisions. For example, Belgium recognised the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities. It made several adjustments in its constitution to include equal number of Dutch and French speaking ministers in the central government.

(ii) One should learn to respect the differences among various groups and evolve mechanisms to negotiate the differences. Democracy is best suited to produce this outcome. Ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts is a plus point of democratic regimes. Democracy must fulfil two conditions in order to achieve this outcome:

The majority always need to work with the minority so that governments function to represent the general view.
Rule by majority does not become rule by majority community in terms of religion or raceor linguistic group, etc. Rule by majority means that in case of every decision or in case of every election, different persons and groups may and can form a majority. Democracy remains a democracy only as long as every citizen has a chance of being in majority at some point of time.

Question 3.
Give arguments to support or oppose the following assertions:
(a) Industrialised countries can afford democracy but the poor need dictatorship to become rich.
(b) Democracy can’t reduce inequality of incomes between different citizens.
(c) Government in poor countries should spend less on poverty reduction, health, education and spend more on industries and infrastructure.
(d) In democracy all citizens have one vote, which means that there is absence of any domination and conflict.
Answer:
(a) In opposition to this statement:
It is not true that industrialised countries can afford democracy but the poor need dictatorship to become rich. Democracy is the preferred form of governance these days. It is a better form of government when compared with dictatorship or any other alternatives. India became independent in 1947 and was included in Third World countries. Now it is one of the fastest economies. Under Robert Mugabe’s authoritarian regime from 1987 to 2017, there was widespread human rights violation.

(b) In opposition to this statement:
It is not true that democracies cannot reduce inequalities of income between different citizens. The Minimum Wages Act enacted by the government takes care of the small farmers and small industrialists. Several schemes have been introduced by the government such as Jawahar Rojgar Yojna, Integrated Rural Development Program, Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya, Livestock Insurance Scheme, etc.

(c) In opposition to this statement:
In a developing country like India, it is not possible for the government to spend less on poverty reduction, health and education, and spend more on industries and infrastructure. The poor and weaker class need support of the government for basic facilities and it is the responsibility of a democratic government to try to bring about equality in the society through providing services and subsidies for the economically weaker section.

(d) In support of this statement:
Universal Adult Franchise is followed in democracies where each adult citizen gets the right to cast one vote. Though there may be conflicts and differences between various groups and political parties, these are resolved in a constitutional manner.

Question 4.
Identify the challenges to democracy in the following descriptions. Also suggest policy/institutional mechanism to deepen democracy in the given situations:
(a) Following a High Court directive a temple in Orissa that had separate entry doors for dalits and non – dalits allowed entry for all from the same door.
(b) A large number of farmers are committing suicide in different States of India.
(c) Following allegation of killing of Three civilians in Gandwara in a fake encounter by Jammu and Kashmir police, an enquiry has been ordered.
Answer:
(a) A democracy faces several challenges. The challenges of inequality and untouchability have been identified here. There are many divisions in the society. There are ways to deal with such issues. In this case the High Court took action and allowed the dalits and non – dalits to enter from the same door. To deepen democracy, there should be laws instated in the Constitution of India banning discrimination on the basis of caste, religion or any other factors.

(b) The challenges of poverty are being highlighted here. The government should bring out schemes and programmes for the support of farmers. They should be given seeds, fertilisers, pesticides at subsidised rates. The farmers should be given loans at low interest rates.

(c) This issue reflects the challenges of dignity and freedom of citizens, trust of the people in the government and challenges of corruption. There should be transparency in the working of the various government departments, including the police department. There should be a stringent action against such issues and peace should be restored in the State.

Question 5.
In the context of democracies, which of the following ideas is correct – democracies have successfully eliminated:
(a) conflicts among people.
(b) economic inequalities among people.
(c) differences of opinion about how marginalised sections are to be treated.
(d) the idea of political inequality.
Answer:
(d) the idea of political inequality.

Question 6.
In the context of assessing democracy which among the following is odd one out. Democracies need to ensure:
(a) free and fair elections
(b) dignity of the individual
(c) majority rule
(d) equal treatment before law
Answer:
Democracies need to ensure all the above. It needs to hold free and fair elections, promote the dignity of the individual, ensure majority rule and provide equal treatment before law.

Question 7.
Studies on political and social inequalities in democracy show that
(a) democracy and development go together.
(b) inequalities exist in democracies.
(c) inequalities do not exist under dictatorship.
(d) dictatorship is better than democracy.
Answer:
(b) inequalities exist in democracies.

Question 8.
Read the passage below:
Nannu is a daily wage earner. He lives in Welcome Mazdoor Colony, a slum habitation in East Delhi. He lost his ration card and applied for a duplicate one in January 2004. He made several rounds to the local Food & Civil Supplies office for the next three months. But the clerks and officials would not even look at him, leave alone do his job or bother to tell him the status of his application. Ultimately, he filed an application under the Right to Information Act asking for the daily progress made on his application, names of the officials, who were supposed to act on his application and what action would be taken against these officials for their inaction. Within a week of filing application under the Right to Information Act, he was visited by an inspector from the Food Department, who informed him that the card had been made and he could collect it from the office.

When Nannu went tocollect his card next day, he was given a very warm treatment by the Food & Supply Officer (FSO), who is the head of a Circle. The FSO offered him tea and requested him to withdraw his application under the Right to Information Act, since his work had already been done. What does Nannu’s example show? What impact did Nannu’s action have on officials? Ask your parents their experiences when they approach government officials to attend their problems.
Answer:
This example shows that the government officials in certain departments are very relaxed and not proactive to the needs and requirements of the people. The government officials have realised that there are laws which the citizens can use for taking action against people or departments for non-performance or non – functioning. The officials need to perform their duty. The Right to Information Act has been of great help to the people.

The citizens are aware of various laws and can pressurise the officials and take action against them. The government health departments are also sometimes very relaxed. The doctors are often not regular in their duties. They usually get occupied in administrative work and do not look after their patients. Sometimes strict action needs to be taken to wake up the officials and get them into action.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions Civics Chapter 8 Challenges to Democracy

September 9, 2024September 6, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Important Questions Civics Chapter 8 Challenges to Democracy

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Which one of the following statements is true?
(a) The promise of democracy is far from being realised anywhere in the world.
(b) Democracy is better than any other form of government.
(c) Democracy faces many challenges.
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(c) Democracy faces many challenges.

Question 2.
What is not true regarding a challenge?
(a) Any sort of problem or difficulty is called a challenge
(b) A challenge is a difficulty which is significant and which can be overcome.
(c) A challenge is a difficulty that carries within it an opportunity for progress.
(d) Once we overcome a challenge, we go up to a higher level than before.
Answer:
(a) Any sort of problem or difficulty is called a challenge

Question 3.
Which one of the following countries is facing the foundational challenge of democracy?
(a) Ghana
(b) China
(c) Myanmar
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 4.
Which one of the following countries is facing the challenge of expansion of democracy?
(a) India
(b) US
(c) Sri Lanka
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 5.
Democracy in Nepal is facing which type of problem?
(a) Challenge of expansion
(b) Challenge of deepening of democracy
(c) Foundational challenge of democracy
(d) None of these
Answer:
(d) None of these

Question 6.
How many parts of the globe is not under democratic government?
(a) One – sixth
(b) One – fourth
(c) One – third
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) One – fourth

Question 7.
Which of the following statements is/are correct in the context of the foundational challenge of democracy?
(a) Making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic government.
(b) This involves bringing down the existing non-democratic regime and keeping military away from controlling the government.
(c) Establishing a sovereign and functional state
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

Question 8.
What is the tempting way of reforming politics?
(a) Legal ways
(b) Illegal ways
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) Legal ways

Question 9.
Which type of challenge is being faced by most of the democracies of the world?
(a) Foundational challenge
(b) Challenge of expansion
(c) Challenge of deepening of democracy
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Challenge of expansion

Question 10.
Which one of the following is not true regarding ‘Democratic Reforms’?
(a) Legal measures can sometimes prove to be counter-productive.
(b) The media should play an active role.
(c) Legal measures always help in reforming politics.
(d) Political empowerment and participation of citizens can help.
Answer:
(c) Legal measures always help in reforming politics.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1
Define challenge.
Answer:
A challenge is not just any problem. We usually call only those difficulties a ‘challenge’ which are significant and which can be overcome. A challenge is a difficulty that carries within it an opportunity for progress. Once we overcome a challenge we go up to a higher level than before.

Question 2.
Mention the three main challenges faced by a democracy.
Answer:
The three main challenges are the foundational challenge, the challenge of expansion and the challenge of deepening democracy.

Question 3.
What is the foundational challenge of democracy?
Answer:
The foundational challenges of democracy are bringing down the existing non – democratic regime, keeping military away from controlling government and establishing a sovereign and functional state.

Question 4.
How is challenge of ‘deepening of democracy’ faced by democracies?
Answer:
This involves straightening of the institutions and practices of democracy. This should happen in such a manner that people can realise their expectations of democracy.

Question 5.
Give importance of a law in forms of democracy.
Answer:
‘The Right to Information’ Act is a law that empowers the people to find out what is happening in government and act as watch dog of democracy.

Question 6.
How do we define a true democracy?
Answer:

The rulers elected by the people must take all the major decision.
Elections must offer a choice and fair opportunity to the people to change the current rulers.

Question 7.
What are the basic rights of citizens for exercising voting rights?
Answer:

The rulers elected by the people must take all the major decisions.
Elections must offer a choice and fair opportunity to the people to change the current rulers.
The choice and opportunity should be available to all the people on an equal basis.
The exercise of this choice must lead to a government limited by basic rules of the constitution and citizens rights.

Question 8.
What kind of challenge is facing by one – fourth countries of the world?
Answer:
One – fourth countries of the world are facing the foundational challenge of democracy.

Question 9.
What are reforms?
Answer:
The suggestions or proposals about overcoming various challenges to democracy are called ‘democracy reform’ or ‘political reforms’.

Question 10.
Which law empowers the people to act as watch dogs of the government in a democracy?
Answer:
Right to Information Act is the law that empowers the people to act as watch dogs of the government in a democracy.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 7 Lifelines of National Economy

September 9, 2024September 6, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 7 Lifelines of National Economy

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Which is not the national highway?
(a) Grand Trunk Road
(b) Agra-Mumbai Road
(c) Mathura Road
(d) Greater Noida Express Highways
Answer:
(d) Greater Noida Express Highways

Question 2.
The name of the National Highway No. 2 is
(a) Grand Trunk Road
(b) Agra-Mumbai Road
(c) Mathura Road
(d) Delhi-Mumbai Road
Answer:
(a) Grand Trunk Road

Question 3.
National Highway connecting Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata is termed as
(a) Locomotives
(b) Gauge
(c) Golden quadrilateral
(d) Dock
Answer:
(c) Golden quadrilateral

Question 4.
What does BOT stands for?
(a) Bureau of Transport
(b) Bureau of Trans-communication
(c) Build, Operate and Transfer
(d) Bureaucracy Official against Terrorists
Answer:
(c) Build, Operate and Transfer

Question 5.
Kochi in Kerala is the example of which of the following ports?
(a) Tidal Port
(b) Natural Harbour
(c) Artificial Harbour
(d) Recently developed
Answer:
(b) Natural Harbour

Question 6.
Which of the following is not the factor, which-influence the distribution of railway in the country?
(a) Physiographic factors
(b) Economic factors
(c) Administrative factors
(d) Political factors
Answer:
(d) Political factors

Question 7.
Which of the following is not the devel-opment in the field of communication?
(a) Cellular phone
(b) Laptop
(c) Internet e-commerce
(d) pipeline
Answer:
(d) pipeline

Question 8.
Trade carried in cities, towns and villages is called
(a) External Trade
(b) Local Trade
(c) Internal Trade
(d) International Trade
Answer:
(b) Local Trade

Question 9.
Border Roads Organisation was established in
(a) 1950
(b) 1955
(c) 1958
(d) 1960
Answer:
(d) 1960

Question 10.
The air transport was nationalised in the year
(a) 1947
(b) 1950
(c) 1953
(d) 1957
Answer:
(c) 1953

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the two major means of land transport?
Answer:
The two major means of land transport are:

Roadways
Railways

Question 2.
What are express or free highways?
Answer:
Express or free highways are the national highways with 4 to 6 lanes meant to meet the requirement of fast traffic movement across the country.

Question 3.
Name the means of mass communication.
Answer:
Books, Journals, Magazines, Newspapers, Radio, Television and Films.

Question 4.
What are the three names of Express or Freeways?
Answer:
Three names are:

Golden Question uadrilateral
North-South and East-West Corridors
Connectivity of 10 major ports with Golden Question uadrilateral and Corridors

Question 5.
Why International trade is called an “Economic Barometer”?
Answer:
The economic prosperity of a country depends upon international trade. The per capita trade of a country is the index of a country’s development, hence it is called an economic barometer.

Question 6.
What comes under the category of second class mail?
Answer:
Book packets, registered newspapers and periodicals come under the category of second class mail.

Question 7.
What is a railway gauge? Name three types of gauges found in India.
Answer:
A railway gauge refers to the width between two rails. There are three types of railway gauge in India. They are:

Broad Gauge (1.676 metres)
Metre Gauge (1.000 metres)
Narrow Gauge (0.762 metre and 0.610 metre).

Question 8.
Name the two navigational rivers of India.
Answer:
Ganga and the Brahmaputra.

Question 9.
Name ihe four ports which have developed recently.
Answer:
(a) New Mangalore
(b) Haldia
(c) Nhava Sheva
(d) Ennore

Question 10.
Why metalled roads are called all weather roads?
Answer:
Metalled roads are made of cement, concrete or even bitumen of coal. They do not go out of use in the rainy season. Therefore, they are called all weather roads.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are national highways?
Answer:
The highways which link all major cities of extreme parts of the country are known as national highways. These are the primary road systems. They are maintained by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD).

Question 2.
What are state highways?
Answer:
Roads linking a state capital with different district headquarters are known as State Highways. These roads are constructed and maintained by the State Public Works Department (PWD) in States and Union Territories.

Question 3.
What are border roads? Mention its importance.
Answer:
Strategically important roads in the bordering areas of the country are called border roads. These roads are in the northern and north-eastern border areas. Importance of Border roads:

Border roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain.
These roads have helped in the economic development of border areas.
These are used to supply military equipment to the borders of our country.

Question 4.
Describe the importance of Railways in India.
Answer:
Indian Railways

Is the principal mode of transportation for freight and passengers in India.
Is suitable for long distance travel.
Conducts multiple activities like business, sightseeing, and pilgrimage along with transportation of goods.
Plays an important role of national integration.
Binds the economic life of the country as well as accelerates the development of the industry and agriculture.
Is the largest public sector undertaking in the country.

Question 5.
Mention the importance of water transport.
Answer:
Water transport is important because:

Waterways are the cheapest means of transport.
It is the most suitable transport for carrying heavy and bulky goods.
It is a fuel-efficient and environment- friendly mode of transport.

Question 6.
Name three important networks of pipeline transportation in the country.
Answer:
Three important networks of pipelines are:

Pipeline from oil field in upper Assam to Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh).
Pipeline from Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab.
Pipeline from Hazira in Gujarat to Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh.

Question 7.
Describe the importance of communi-cation in modern days.
Answer:
Modem life is so complex that one has to depend on others. The same is true of the countries as well. No country today can prosper without the co-operation and assistance of others. This requires movement of goods and materials between countries. Trade provides us with our necessities and also adds to amenities and comfort of life.

Question 8:
What is mass communication?
Answer:
Mass communication plays a vital role – in creating awareness among the people about? various national programmes and policies. These provide healthy entertainment as well. Important means of mass communication are radio, television, newspapers including magazines, books and films. These means communicate with several people at a time, and, hence, are called means of mass communication.

Question 9.
The Great Plains has more railways than the Himalayan Mountains. Why?
Answer:
The distribution pattern of the railway network in the country has been .influenced by physiographic, economic and administrative factors. Level lands of the great plains of India, with high density of population and rich agriculture and greater industrial activity, have favoured development of railways in these areas. Flood plains of Bihar and Assam, and the rugged topography of the Himalayan region, have very few railway lines.
Sparsely populated sandy deserts of Rajasthan and hilly tracts of the Sahyadri are unfavourable for the development of railways.

Question 10.
Mention the importance of tourism as a trade.
Answer:
The importance of tourism as a trade is:

Our country earns foreign exchange through Tourism.
More than 15 million people are directly engaged in the tourism industry.
Tourism also promotes national integration.
It provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits.
It also helps in the development of international understanding about our culture and heritage.
Heritage tourism, eco-tourism, adventure tourism, cultural tourism, medical tourism and business tourism promote development of all sectors of economy.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain why the means of transport and communication are called lifelines of our national economy.
Answer:
Transport and communication are called lifelines of our national economy because:

They help in increasing cooperation and assistance between countries by easy movement of goods and material between countries.
They help in trade and commerce within a country.
They have reduced distances thus bringing the world closer.
They help in both production and distribution of goods and movement of large number of people and over long distance.
They provide important links between producers and consumers of goods.
They bring people very close to one another by promoting interdependence among people.

Question 2.
‘Roadways have an edge over railways in India.’ Justify the statement with arguments.
Answer:
The growing importance of road transport vis-a-vis rail transport is rooted in the following reasons:

Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines.
Roads can traverse comparatively much dissected and undulating topography.
Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and as such can traverse mountains such as the Himalayas.
Road transport is economical in transportation of few persons and relatively small amount of goods over short distances.
It also provides door-to-door service, thus the cost of loading and unloading is much lower.
Road transport is also used as a feeder to other modes of transport such as they provide a link between railway stations, air and sea ports.

Question 3.
Describe the factors which influence the ‘di&tiribution pattern of Railway network in India.
Answer:
The distribution pattern of the Railway network in the country has been largely influenced by physiographic, economic and administrative factors.

The density of railway network is high in the northern plains because they are vast level land, have high population density and rich agricultural resources. But, a large number of rivers create obstacles because it requires construction of bridges across their wide beds.
In the hilly terrains of the peninsular region, railway tracts are laid through low hills, gaps or tunnels. Therefore, it is difficult to construct railway lines.
The Himalayan mountainous regions are unfavourable for the construction of railway lines due to high relief, sparse population and lack of economic opportunities.
It is difficult to lay railway lines on the sandy plain of western Rajasthan, swamps of Gujarat, forested tracks of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Jharkhand.
Sinking of track in some areas and landslides make it difficult for railways.

Question 4.
Describe the importance of pipelines in India.
Answer:
Pipelines are important because:

They are used for transporting crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas from oil fields and natural gas fields to refineries, fertilizer factories and big thermal power plants.
Solids can also be transported through a pipeline when converted into slurry.
Refineries at Barauni, Mathura, Panipat and gas based fertilizer plants, could be located in the interiors of India due to pipelines.
Initial cost of laying pipelines is high but subsequent running costs are minimal.
Pipelines rule out trans-shipment (during transportation) losses or delays.

Question 5.
Mention the importance of mass communication.
Answer:
The importance of mass communication is as follows:

Mass communication provides entertainment.
It creates awareness among people about various national programmes and policies.
It provides variety of programmes in national, regional and local languages for various categories of people, spread over different parts of the country.
It strengthens democracy in the country by providing news and information to the masses.
It helps in rural development which is suffering from illiteracy and superstitious social practices.
It helps in agriculture sector by providing the farmers information on new agricultural practices.

Activity Based Questions

Question 1.
Locate the four cities came in Golden Quadrilateral and join them in a line map of India.

Golden Question uadrilateral
North-South Corridor, East-West Corridor.

Question 2.
Locate and label the following on an outlined map of India.
(i) Major Ports – Kandla, Mumbai, Marmagao, New Mangalore, Kochi, Tuticorin, Chennai, Vishakhapatnam, Paradip, Kolkata (Haldia).
Answer:

(ii) International Airports – Amritsar, Delhi, Mumbai, Thiruvananthapuram, Chennai, Kolkata, Hyderabad.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 7 Lifelines of National Economy

September 9, 2024September 6, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 7 Lifelines of National Economy

JAC Class 10th Geography Lifelines of National Economy InText Questions and Answers

Page 80

Question 1.
Find out places linked by the National Highway 2 and 3.
Answer:
National Highway 2 – Delhi to Kolkata National Highway 3 – Agra to Mumbai

Page 82

NCERT ‘Activity’

Question 2.
Find out the current Railway zones and their headquarters. Also locate the headquarters of Railway zones on the map of India.
Answer:

Zonal Railways	Headquarters
1. Central Railway	Mumbai
2. Eastern Railway	Kolkata
3. Northern Railway	New Delhi
4. North-Eastern Railway	Gorakhpur
5. North-East Frontier Railway	Maligaon
6. Southern Railway	Chennai
7. Southern-Central Railway	Secunderabad
8. South-Eastern Railway	Kolkata
9. Western Railway	Mumbai
10. East-Central Railway	Headquarters
11. East Coast Railway	Hazipur
12. North-Central Railway	Bhubaneshwar
13. North-Western Railway	Prayagraj
14. South-East Central Railway	Jaipur
15. South-Western Railway	Bilaspur

Follow the given table and locate the points on the map.

Question 3.
Railway line has been extended from Banihal to Baramula in the Kashmir valley. Locate these two towns on the map of India.
Answer:
Do it yourself

Page 86

Question 4.
Why is air travel preferred in the north-eastern states?
Answer:
Air travel is preferred in the north-eastern states because it is difficult to construct roads or railways on the uneven terrain in the north-eastern states. It can easily cover difficult terrain, big and wide rivers (e.g., Brahmaputra), dissected relief (many river valleys between places), dense forests, frequent flooding and also some international frontiers (Bangladesh), etc.

Question 5.
Find out the names of the countries connected by Air India.
Answer:
The countries connected by Air India are: France, Canada, Germany, Israel, Japan, UK, Bangladesh, UAE, Kenya, USA, Australia, Italy, etc.

Page 89

Question 6.
On the map of India show important tourist places of your State/UT and its connectivity with other parts of the country by ailways/roadways/airways.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

JAC Class 10th Geography Lifelines of National Economy Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below.
(i) Which two of the following extreme locations are connected by the east-west corridor?
(a) Mumbai and Nagpur
(b) Silchar and Porbandar
(c) Mumbai and Kolkata
(d) Nagpur and Siligudi
Answer:
(b) Silchar and Porbandar

(ii) Which mode of transportation reduces trans-shipment losses and delays?
(a) Railways
(b) Roadways
(c) Pipeline
(d) Waterways
Answer:
(c) Pipeline

(iii) Which one of the following states is not connected with the H.V.J. pipeline?
(a) Madhya Pradesh
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Gujarat
(d) Uttar Pradesh
Answer:
(b) Maharashtra

(iv) Which one of the following ports is the deepest land-locked and well protected port along the east coast?
(a) Chennai
(b) Paradip
(c) Tuticorin
(d) Vishakhapatnam
Answer:
(d) Vishakhapatnam

(v) Which one of the following is the most important modes of transportation in Indian
(a) Pipeline
(b) Railways
(c) Roadways
(d) Airways
Answer:
(c) Roadways

(vi) Which one of the following terms is used to describe trade between two or more countries?
(b) International trade
(c) External trade
(d) Local trade
Answer:
(b) International trade

Question 2.
Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
(a) State any three merits of roadways.
(b) Where and why is rail transport the most convenient means of transportation?
(c) What is the significance of the border roads?
(d) What is meant by trade? What is the difference between international and local trade?
Answer:
(a) Three merits of roadways are:

Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines.
Roads can traverse comparatively much dissected and undulating topography.
Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and as such can traverse mountains such as the Himalayas.

(b) The northern plains with their vast level land, high population density and rich agricultural resources provide the most favourable condition for the growth of rail transportation.

(c) Border Roads Organisation, a Government of India undertaking constructs and maintains roads in the bordering areas of the country. This organisation was established in 1960 for the development of the roads of strategic importance in the northern and north-eastern border areas. These roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain and have helped in the economic development of these areas.

(d) Trade is the movement of goods and services between regions of economic gain. Trade between two or more countries is termed as International trade, It takes . place through sea, air or land routes. While trade occurring in a region within the same country is called local trade. It takes place in the local markets.

Question 3.
Answer the following questions in about 120 words.
(a) Why are the means of transportation and communication called the lifelines of a nation and its economy?
(b) Write a note on the changing nature of the international trade in the last fifteen years.
Answer:
(a) The means of transportation and commurfication are called the lifelines of a nation and its economy because these are prerequisite for the economic development of the country. Transportation connects one part of the country to the other part. This helps in movement of goods and people from one region to the other.

Industries cannot manufacture goods if the raw materials and finished goods are not transported from one place to the other. Agriculture also depends on transportation as the grains are needed to be transported to the market places. Development of various means of communication has been one of the major factors Miich have facilitated the process of globalisation. Telecommunication systems and the internet have helped in the -development of trade and business activities.

(b) Trade between two countries is called international trade. It may take place through sea, air or land routes. Advancement of international trade of a country is an index to its economic prosperity. It is, therefore, considered the economic barometer for a country. India has trade relations with most of the countries in the world. Her share of international trade has been on an increase in the last few years.

(i) India mainly exported agricultural and allied products gems and jewellery, chemicals and related products.
(ii) Petroleum and petroleum products, gems and jewellery chemicals related products, base metals, electronic items and machinery are some important items of import. India has emerged as a software giant at an international level. It has been earning foreign exchange through the export of information and technology.

NCERT ‘Quiz Drive’

Northern terminal of the North-south corridor.
The name of National Highway No. 2.
The headquarter of the southern railway zone.
The rail gauge with a track width of 1.676 m.
The southern terminal of the National Highway No. 7.
A Riverine Port.
Busiest railway junction in Northern India.

Answer:

Srinagar
Sher Shah Suri Marg
Chennai
Broad Gauge
Kanyakumari
Kolkata Port Trust
Mughalsarai

NCERT ‘Activity’

Start your search vertically, horizontally or diagonally and reach various destinations across the country!

Answer:

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions Civics Chapter 5 Popular Struggles and Movements

September 9, 2024September 6, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Important Questions Civics Chapter 5 Popular Struggles and Movements

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
When was the King Birendra killed in a mysterious massacre of the royal family?
(a) 2000
(b) 2001
(c) 2002
(d) 2003
Answer:
(b) 2001

Question 2.
When did King Gyanendra dismiss the then prime minister and dissolve the Parliament?
(a) In February 2005
(b) In February 2006
(c) In March 2006
(d) In April 2006
Answer:
(a) In February 2005

Question 3.
Against whom the people of Bolivia led a successful struggle?
(a) Limited franchise
(b) Government’s apathy towards public facilities
(c) Privatisation of water
(d) Lack of educational facilities
Answer:
(c) Privatisation of water

Question 4.
Which financial agency/organisation pressurised the government to give up its control of municipal water supply?
(a) International Monetary Fund
(b) World Bank
(c) Central Bank of Bolivia
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) World Bank

Question 5.
What is not true regarding public interest groups?
(a) hey represent some common or general interest
(b) Members of the organisation may not benefit from the cause that the organisation represents
(c) They promote collective rather than selective good
(d) They aim to help their own members
Answer:
(d) They aim to help their own members

Question 6.
Who won Bolivia’s water war?
(a) People
(b) Government
(c) MNC
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) People

Question 7.
Most of the time democracy evolves through what?
(a) Consensus
(b) Popular struggles
(c) Both the above
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) Popular struggles

Question 8.
Which one of the following is not true about the pressure groups?
(a) They are directly engaged in party politics
(b) They take a political stance
(c) They organise protests
(d) They try to gain public support
Answer:
(d) They try to gain public support

Question 9.
Through what outstanding democratic conflicts are usually resolved?
(a) Mass mobilisation
(b) Institutions like the Parliament or the Judiciary
(c) Both the above
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Both the above

Question 10.
Which of these is one of the agencies of organised politics?
(a) Political parties
(b) Pressure groups
(c) Movement groups
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
When was the movement for democracy in Nepal conducted? What was its aim?
Answer:
The movement for democracy in Nepal was conducted in April 2006. Its aim was to restore democracy.

Question 2.
What was SPA in Nepal?
Answer:
SPA was Seven Party Alliance of all the major political parties in the parliament of Nepal.

Question 3.
What was the outcome of the struggle of people in Bolivia?
Answer:
The contract with the MNC was cancelled and water supply was restored to the municipality at old rates.

Question 4.
What are pressure groups?
Answer:
Pressure groups are organizations that attempt to influence government policies.

Question 5.
How are most of the trade unions and students’ union are established or afflicted in India?
Answer:
Most of the unions and students’ organization in India are either established or afflicted to one or other political party e.g. ABVP (BJP), NSUI (Congress).

Question 6.
Some parties grow out movements. Give one example.
Answer:
When the Assam movement led by students against the ‘foreigners’ came to an end, it led to the information of the Asom Gana Parishad.

Question 7.
Which organization led the protest against water privatisation in Bolivia?
Answer:
FEDECOR led the protest against water privatisation in Bolivia.

Question 8.
Name any two sectional interest groups.
Answer:
Two sectional interest groups of India are Hind Mazdoor Sabha and Bengal Jute Mill Workers’ Union.

Question 9.
Who were Maoists?
Answer:
Those communists who believed in the ideology of Mao, the great leader of the Chinese Revolution were called Maoists.

Question 10.
Give one difference between Nepal and Bolivia movements.
Answer:
The movement in Nepal was to establish democracy, while the struggle in Bolivia involved claims on an elected, democratic government.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 5 Popular Struggles and Movements

September 9, 2024September 6, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 5 Popular Struggles and Movements

JAC Class 10th Civics Popular Struggles and Movements Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
In what ways do pressure groups and movements exert influence on politics?
Answer:
Pressure groups and movements exert influence on politics in a variety of ways:

They try to gain public support and sympathy for their goals and their activity by carrying out information campaigns, organizing meetings, file petition, etc.
They often organize protest activity like strikes or disrupting government programs.
Business groups often employ professional lobbyists or sponsors expensive advertisements.
In some instances, the pressure groups are either formed or led by the leaders of political parties or act as extended arms of political parties.
Sometimes political parties grow out of movements.
In most cases, the relationship between parties and interest or movement groups is not so direct.

Question 2.
Describe the forms of relationship between pressure groups and political parties?
Answer:
The relationship between political parties and pressure groups can take different forms. Pressure groups are often formed and led by politicians and political parties. Most trade unions and students organisations in India are either established by or affiliated to one or the other major political party. Political parties sometimes grow out of movements. Parties like DMK and AIADMK were formed this way. Many a times the issues raised by pressure or movement groups are taken up by political parties leading to a change in the policies of the parties.

Question 3.
Explain how the activities of pressure groups are useful in the functioning of a democratic government.
Answer:

It may initially appear that it is not healthy for groups that promote the interest of one section to have influence in democracy.
It may seem that these groups wield power without responsibility!
Pressure groups and movements may not get their funds and support from the people.
Putting pressure on the rulers is not unhealthy activity in a democracy as long as everyone gets this opportunity.
Public interest groups and movements perform a useful role in countering this useful role or countering this undue influence and reminding the government of the needs and concerns of ordinary citizens.

Question 4.
What is a pressure group? Give a few examples.
Answer:
A pressure group is an organisation which attempts to influence government policies through protests and demonstrations. Pressure groups are formed when people with similar opinions get together for similar objectives. Examples of pressure groups are FEDECOR and BAMCEF.

Question 5.
What is the difference between a pressure group and a political party?
Answer:

Pressure Group	Political Party
(i) They attempt to influence gavernment policies.	(i) They aim to directly control or share power.
(ii) People with common interest come together to achieve a common objective.	(ii) It is directly answerable to the people.

Question 6.
Organisations that undertake activities to promote the interests of specific social sections such as workers, employees, teachers, and lawyers are called ……….. groups.
Answer:
Sectional Interest

Question 7.
Which among the following is the special feature that distinguishes a pressure group from a political party?
(a) Parties take political stances, while pressure groups do not bother about political issues.
(b) Pressure groups are confined to a few people, while parties involve larger number of people.
(c) Pressure groups do not seek to get into power, while political parties do.
(d) Pressure groups do not seek to mobilise people, while parties do.
Answer:
(c) Pressure groups do not seek to get into power, while political parties do.

Question 8.
Match List I (organisations and struggles) with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:

List I	List II
1. Organisations that seek to promote the interests of a particular section or group	A. Movement
2. Organisations that seek to promote common interest	B. Political parties
3. Struggles launched for the resolution of a social problem with or without an organisational structure	C. Sectional interest groups
4. Organisations that mobilise people with a view to win political power	D. Public interest groups

	1	2	3	4
(a)	C	D	B	A
(b)	C	D	A	B
(c)	D	C	B	A
(d)	B	C	D	A

Answer:
(b) C,D,A and B

Question 9.
Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:

List I	List II
1. Pressure group	A. Narmada Bachao Andolan
2. Long-term movement	B. Asom Gana Parishad
3. Single issue movement	C. Women’s movement
4. Political party	D. Fertilizer dealers’ association

	1	2	3	4
(a)	D	C	A	B
(b)	B	A	D	C
(c)	C	D	A	B
(d)	B	D	C	A

Answer:
(a) D,C,A and B

Question 10.
Consider the following statements about pressure groups and parties.
A. Pressure groups are the organised expression of the interests and views of specific social sections.
B. Pressure groups take positions on political issues.
C. All pressure groups are political parties.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) A, B, and C
(b) A and B
(c) B and C
(d) A and C
Answer:
(b) A and B

Question 11.
Mewat is one of the most backward areas in Haryana. It used to be a part of two districts, Gurgaon and Faridabad. The people of Mewat felt that the area will get better attention if it were to become a separate district. But political parties were indifferent to this sentiment. The demand for a separate district was rais’ed by Mewat Educational and Social Organisation and Mewat Saksharta Samiti in 1996. Later, Mewat Vikas Sabha was founded in 2000 and carried out a series of public awareness campaigns. This forced both the major parties, Congress and the Indian National Lok Dal, to announce their support for the new district before the assembly elections held in February 2005. The new district came into existence in July 2005. In this example what is the relationship that you observe among movement, political parties and the government? Can you think of an example that shows a relationship different from this one?
Answer:
From the example of Mewat, we can infer that movements take up issues which have been ignored by political parties. Political parties may then be influenced by these demands when they grab their own manifesto. Finally, the party which comes to power ends up implementing steps which fulfil these demands.

The six – year long Assam movement (19791985), led by the All Assam Students Union (AASU), was aimed against the infiltration of foreigners from Bangladesh into Assam. At the end of this movement, the state assembly was dissolved, the government was dismissed, and fresh elections were held. The Asom Gana Parishad, formed out of the AASU, contested and won the elections, forming the Government of Assam. In this example, we see a political party being formed out of a pressure group, which then goes on to form the government.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions Civics Chapter 2 Federalism

September 9, 2024September 6, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Important Questions Civics Chapter 2 Federalism

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Which form of power sharing is most commonly referred to as federalism?
(a) Horizontal division of power
(b) Vertical division of power
(c) Division of power among various comnjunities
(d) Sharing of power among political parties
Answer:
(b) Vertical division of power

Question 2.
Which period saw the rise of regional political’parties in many States of the country?
(a) Period after 1990
(b) Period after 2000
(c) Period after 1980
(d) Period after 1970
Answer:
(a) Period after 1990

Question 3.
Which are the basic objectives of a federal system?
(a) To safeguard and promote unity of the country
(b) To accommodate regional diversity
(c) To share powers among different communities
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Answer:
(d) Both (a) and (b)

Question 4.
What are the kinds of routes through which federations have been formed?
(a) One route involves independent States coming together on their own to form a bigger unit.
(b) The second route is where a large country decides to divide its powers between the States and the national government.
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Both (a) and (b)

Question 5.
In which Schedule of the Indian Constitution are the 22 scheduled languages included?
(a) Tenth schedule
(b) Eighth schedule
(c) Twelfth schedule
(d) Ninth schedule
Answer:
(b) Eighth schedule

Question 6.
Which of the following is incorrect regarding a unitary government?
(a) There is either only one level of government or the sub-units are subordinate to the Central government.
(b) The Central government can pass on orders to the provincial government.
(c) A State government is conservable to Central government.
(d) The powers of State governments are guaranteed by the Constitution.
Answer:
(d) The powers of State governments are guaranteed by the Constitution.

Question 7.
Which body conducts the elections to panchayats and municipalities?
(a) Election Commission
(b) State Election Commission
(c) State High Court
(d) Parliament
Answer:
(b) State Election Commission

Question 8.
What is true regarding sources of revenue in a federal system?
(a) States have no financial powers or independent sources of revenue.
(b) States are dependent on revenue or funds on the Central government.
(c) Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure its financial autonomy.
(d) States have no financial autonomy.
Answer:
(c) Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure its financial autonomy.

Question 9.
When was the use of English for official purposes stopped?
(a) 1956
(b) 1958
(c) 1960
(d) 1965
Answer:
(d) 1965

Question 10.
What is the third tier of government known as?
(a) Village Panchayats
(b) State Government
(c) Local Self-government
(d) Zila Parishad
Answer:
(c) Local Self – government

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define federalism.
Answer:
Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country.

Question 2.
How is a federal government organized?
Answer:
Power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country.

Question 3.
What are the other factors besides politics that keep the federations united?
Answer:
Respect for diversity and desire for living together.

Question 4.
In which list of the Indian Constitution does a railway come? Why?
Answer:
It comes under Union List because it is a subject of national importance and requires a uniform policy throughout the country.

Question 5.
How much majority in the parliament is required to amend any part of the Indian Constitution?
Answer:
Any change to it has to be first passed by both the Houses of Parliament with at least a two-third majority.

Question 6.
What is meant by residuary subjects?
Answer:
The subjects which are not mentioned in Union, State and Concurrent Lists are called residuary subjects. The Union Government has the power to legislate on them.

Question 7.
Which level of government in India can make laws on the subjects included in the Concurrent List?
Answer:
Concurrent List includes subjects of common interest to both Union Government as well as the State Governments.

Question 8.
In a federalism, who resolves the disputes between different levels of the government?
Answer:
The highest court (e.g., Supreme Court in the case of India) acts as an umpire in case disputes arise between different levels of government.

Question 9.
Give an important feature of ‘holding together’ federation. Which are the countries where it exists?
Answer:
In this federation, the Central government tends to be more powerful vis-a-vis the States. ‘Holding together’ federations exist in India, Spain and Belgium.

Question 10.
What is a coalition government?
Answer:
Coalition government refers to a government formed by the coming together of at least two political parties. Usually, partners in a coalition form a political alliance and adopt a common programme.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What makes India a Federal Country?
Answer:

India is a nation with many languages, religions and regions. It emerged as an independent nation after a long and painful partition.
Several princely states became a part of the country soon after independence. India was declared as a Union of States by the Constitution.
The Indian Union is based on the principle of federalism.
The Constitution earlier provided a two – tieir system of government the Union government (Central government) representing the Union of India and the State governments. Later Panchayats and Municipalities were added as a third tier of federalism.
All these different forms of government enjoy separate jurisdiction.

Question 2.
When did Belgium shift from a unitary to a federal form of government? Why?
Answer:

In 1993, Belgium shifted from a unitary to a federal form of government.
It happened because the regional government were given constitutional powers and they were no longer dependent on the central government.

Question 3.
What do you mean by a unitary political system? Does Sri Lanka have a federal political system? What is the major demand of Tamil leaders in Sri Lanka?
Answer:

In a unitary political system, the national government has all the powers in its hands.
No Sri Lanka has a unitary political system.
Tamil leaders want Sri Lanka to become a truly federal system.

Question 4.
How has the special status of Jammu and Kashmir changed?
Answer:

The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill, 2019 was passed by the Indian parliament in August 2019.
The Bill proposed bifurcation of the state into two Union Territories – Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh.
The centre also revoked the special status of Jammu and Kashmir by withdrawing Article 370 of the Indian constitution.
Jammu and Kashmir will have its legislative assembly, and Ladakh will be directly governed by the centre.

Question 5.
Write a brief note on the language policy adopted in India.
Answer:

The ‘Language policy’ was the second test for Indian federation. No language was given the status of National language by our Constitution.
Hindi was identified as the official language. But only about 40 per cent of Indians have Hindi as their mother tongue.
21 other languages besides Hindi, are recognised as Scheduled Languages by the Constitution.
A candidate in an examination conducted for the Central Government positions may opt to take the examination in any of these languages.
States too have their own official languages. Much of the government work takes place in the official language of the concerned State.
The flexibility shown by Indian political leaders helped our country avoid any conflict based on languages.

Question 6.
Write a brief note on village councils.
Answer:

Village councils looked after the affairs of the village, police and judicial powers and were the lines of contact with higher authorities on matters affecting the villages.
Custom and religion elevated them to a sacred position of authority.
These councils were the pivot of administration, the centre of social life, and, a focus of social solidarity.

Question 7.
What is a Gram Sabha? Describe any four functions of a Gram Sabha.
Answer:
Gram Sabha:
A body comprising all adult members of a village or a group of villages. Functions of Gram Sabha are as under:

It elects the members of the Gram Panchayat.
The Gram Sabha supervises the work of the village Panchayat.
It apprqves the annual budget of the Panchayat.
It reviews the performance of the Gram Panchayat.

Question 8.
Why is decentralization favoured in democracy? Identify any two reasons.
Answer:
(i) When power is taken away from Central and State governments and given to local government, it is called decentralization.

(ii) (1) The basic idea behind decentralization is that there are a large number of problems and issues which are best settled at the local level. People have better knowledge of problems in their localities.
(2) They also have better ideas on where to spend money and how to manage things more efficiently.
(3) Besides, at the local level it is possible for the people to directly participate in decision making. This helps to inculcate a habit of democratic participation.

Question 9.
Compare the federations of coming together type and holding together type.

Coming Together Federation	Holding Together Federation
(i) Independent States come together on their own to form a bigger unit.	(i) A large country decides to divide its power between the constituent units and the national government.
(ii) All constituent States usually have equal power and the States enjoy certain amount of autonomy.	(ii) Central government tends to be more powerful.
(iii) The main aim of this federation is to pool their sovereignty and maintain their separate identity to increase their security.	(iii) In this type of federation, there is an absence of pooling sovereignty and maintaining identity.
(iv) Some examples are U.S.A., Australia and Switzerland.	(iv) Some examples are India, Belgium and Spain.

Question 10.
Indian Constitution has a unitary bias. Support the statement with one example.
Answer:
The power sharing arrangement between the Union and the State given in the Constitution of India clearly distributes power between the two In this sense it is federal. But the system becomes unitary when the residuary power rests with the union.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the duties of Central and State governments?
Answer:

The duties of the Union or Central government include subjects of national
foreign affairs banking communications and currency.
This is because a uniform policy on these . matters will be maintained throughout
the country. All the laws pertaining to the above duties must be given only by the Union government.
The duties of the State governments include subjects of the State and local importance such as police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation. All the laws pertaining to the above duties must be given only by the State governments.
Some aspects have to be taken care of, by both, the Union government as well as the State goyemments. These are education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption and succession. Both governments can make laws on these subjects.
If their laws conflict with each other, the law made by the Union Government will prevail.

Question 2.
Explain the power sharing, among government at different levels.
Answer:
The powers of government have been divided into three lists:
1. Union List:
It contains 97 subjects like defense, foreign affairs, railways, post and telegraphs, foreign trade and currency and coinage, etc. The Union government alone can make laws on subjects mentioned in this list.

2. State List:
It includes 66 subjects like police and jails, agriculture, public health, local government, trade and commerce, liquor, etc. The State governments alone can make laws on subjects mentioned in this list.

3. Concurrent List:
It includes 47 subjects like education, forests and trade union, marriage and divorce, etc. Both Union government as well as State governments can make laws on subjects mentioned in this list. In case of conflict, the law made by the Union government will prevail.

4. Residuary subjects:
Powers lie with the Centre. In such cases, only Parliament has the power to make laws on these subjects like computer software.

Question 3.
Critically analyze the Centre – State relations prior to 1990 and after.

Prior to 1990, except for once, the Congress ruled at the Centre for about 40 years. These were the years when the single party made the government.
The government at the Centre ruled the States with biased views. It supported those States which had a government formed by the same party.
The rise of regional politics in many States has changed the Centre-State relations significantly after 1990. This was also the beginning of the era of coalition governments at the Centre.
Since, no single party got a clear majority in the Lok Sabha, major national parties had to enter into an alliance with many small regional parties. Hence, regional parties do take care of their States.
This led to a new culture of power sharing and respect for the autonomy of State government. It became difficult for the Central government to dismiss State governments in an arbitrary manner.

Question 4.
‘India has a large cultural, regional and religious diversity, but there is unity among people.’ What factors are responsible for this? Elaborate.
Answer:
The real success of federalism in India can be attributed to the nature of democratic politics in our country. This ensured that the spirit of federalism, respect for diversity and desire for living together became shared ideals in our country.

(i) The spirit of federalism:
The Constitution clearly provided a three-fold distribution of legislative powers between the Union government and the State governments.

(ii) Respect for diversity:
The creation of Linguistic States was the first and a major test for democratic politics in our country. This was done to ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the same State. Some States were created not on the basis of language but to recognize
differences based on culture, ethnicity or geography.

(iii) Desire for living together:
Country decides to divide its power between the constituent States and the national government. The Constitution declared India as a Union of States, although, it did not use the word federation. In India, we have ‘holding together’ federation. In this second category, the Central Government tends to be more powerful vis-a-vis the State to keep the country united which has large cultural, regional and religious diversities.

(iv) Absence of national language:
Our Constitution did not give the status of national language to any one language. Hindi was identified as the official language. Besides Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognized as Scheduled Languages by the Constitution as safeguard to protect other languages. Much of the government work takes place in the official language of the concerned State.

(v) Independent Judiciary:
The judiciary plays an important role in overseeing the implementation of constitutional provisions and procedures.

Question 5.
In Panchayati Raj system l/3rd of the seats have been reserved for women. Do you feel that the same should be done for State Legislatures and Parliament? Support your answer with arguments.
Answer:
1. In favour:
(i) Many feminists and women’s movement feel that unless women control power their problems will not get adequate attention. This can be ensured with more women as elected representatives.

(ii) This problem can be solved legally binding to have a fair proportion of women in the elected bodies. This is what the Panchayati Raj has done in India. One – third of seats in local government bodies in panchayats and municipalities are now reserved for women.

(iii) Women’s organizations and activists have been demanding a similar reservation of at least one-third of seats in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for women. A reservation bill with this proposal has been pending before the Parliament for more than a decade.

(iv) Aims at eliminating gender inequality and discrimination against women through political empowerment of women.

2. In against:
(i) Question uota is not an answer to women’s problems and quota results in discrimination on the basis of gender violation of the democratic right of people to choose their representatives.

(ii) The reservation will only help elite women who are proxy of powerful men; women candidates may not get party ticket to contest from unreserved constituencies etc. Therefore, there is no need for reservations for women in the Legislatures.

(iii) Political parties should be made responsible to ensure distribution of tickets to various social and economic strata of society especially marginalized and disadvantaged groups, get adequate representation.

Question 6.
Explain the working of Local Self Government in India in rural areas?
OR
Briefly explain the levels of rural local government in India.
OR
How has Panchayat Raj system been organized?
Answer:
Rural local government is known as Panchayati Raj
(i) Village Level:

Each village or a group of villagers in some states has a gram panchayat. This is a council consisting of several ward members, called panch and a president or sarpanch.
They are directly elected by all the adult population living in that ward or village
The Panchayat works under the overall supervision of the gram sabha. All the voters in the village are its members:
- It is the decision – making body for the entire village.
- It has to meet at least twice or thrice in a year to approve the annual budget of the gram panchayat.
- to review the performance of the gram panchayat.

(ii) Block Level

A few gram panchayats are grouped togejher into panchayat samiti or block or mandal.
All the panchayat members in that area elect the members of this representative body.

(iii) District Level

All the panchayat samitis or mandals in a district together constitute the Zilla (district) parishad.
Most members of the Zilla parishad are elected.
Members of the Lok Sabha, MLA’s of that district and other officials of other district level bodies are also its members.
Zilla parishad chairperson is the political head of the Zilla parishad.

Question 7.
What is gram sabha?
Answer:

It is the village parliament (legislature). The panchayat under the supervision of the gram sabha.
All the voters in the village are its members.
It has to meet at least twice or thrice a year to approve the annual budget of the gram panchayat and to review the performance of the gram panchayat.

Question 8.
Explain the working of Local Self Government in India in rural areas?
OR
How are local bodies organized in urban areas?
Answer:
Local government bodies for urban areas:

Municipalities are set up towns
Big cities are constituted into Municipal Corporation.
Elected bodies consisting of people’s representatives control both municipalities and municipal corporations.
Municipal chairperson is the political head of the Municipality.
In a municipal corporation such an officer is called the mayor.

Activity Based Questions

Question 1.
Prepare a linguistic map of India.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 2 Federalism

September 9, 2024September 6, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 2 Federalism

JAC Class 10th Civics Federalism InText Questions and Answers

Page 14

Question 1.
I am confused. What do we call the Indian government? Is it Union, Federal or Central?
Answer:
India is made up of States by ‘holding together,’ so, without any confusion we should call it a federal State and the government at the centre is called the Central government.

Page 15

Question 2.
If federalism works only in big countries, why did Belgium adopt it?
Answer:
Belgium adopted federalism because even though it is a small country, it has diverse population with multilingual groups. .These linguistic groups have their owp intersects which might lead to social conflict. Therefore, it was thought that, possible social conflict and political instability could be avoided by the federal system pf power sharing.

Page 16

Question 3.
Some Nepalese citizens were discussing the proposals on the adoption of federalism in their new Constitution. This is what some of them said:
Khag Raj:
I don’t like federalism. It would lead to reservation of seats for different caste groups as in India.
Sarita: Ours is not a very big country. We don’t needfederalism.
Babu Lai:
I am hopeful that Terai areas will get more autonomy if they get their own state government.
Ram Ganesh:
I like federalism because it will mean that powers that were earlier enjoyed by the king will now be exercised by our elected representatives. If you were participating in this conversation what would be your response to each of these? Which of these reflect a wrong understanding of what federalism is? What makes India a federal country?
Answer:
(i) Response to Khag Raj:
No, It is not true. Different caste groups are given their rights, which they have been kept deprived of for years. Federalism truly serves the purpose when it believes in mutual trust. This is the spirit of democracy.

1.Response to Sarita:
No Sarita, Nepal is also a diverse country consisting of group of people having different interests. For example, Belgium was a small country, but had social conflict. This could only be resolved by making a federation. So a federal system is required that takes care of its people equally.

2. Response to Babu Lai:
No, I do not agree as do not think only about the Terai area. There are other areas as well which need more autonomy. We should contribute to the development of the nation equally.

3. Response to Ram Ganesh:
Yes I agree. When power is concentrated in one hand, it harms the will of the common people. In a democracy, people rule themselves through institution of self-governance. The decentralization of power will ensure due respect to diverse groups and views that exist in the society, and everyone will have a voice in the shaping of public policy.

(ii) Of these Khag Raj and Sarita have a wrong understanding of what federalism is.

(iii) In India there are three levels of government The Central, State and local governments. They have their own jurisdictions. There is a Constitution which declares their powers and duties. There is an apex court under an independent judiciary which can resolve disputes among them. All the State governments have their own sources of income. Income is also shared with the Central government. All these features make India a federal country.

Question 4.
Isn’t that strange? Did our Constitution makers not know about federalism? Or did they wish to avoid talking about it?
Answer:
It is not strange. Our Constitution makers were aware of the concept of federalism. But, intentionally, they did not talk about it. This was because our democracy was passing through a ascent stage where they had to take steps to consolidate different free princely States.

If they had been given more autonomy, we might have faced many divisions of our country. They supposed that with maturity of democracy, proper changes would be brought in the Constitution to make the nation more federal. So they left this issue to the people and future leaders to decide about.

Page 17

Question 5.
If agriculture and commerce are state subjects, why do we have ministers of agriculture and commerce in the Union cabinet?
Answer:
This is because the States have to deal with each other in commerce and agricultural commodities. There are chances when a State will act arbitrarily. In that condition problems will arise regarding price control, tax, etc. The country has to deal with other nations in these subjects. So, a separate ministry for agriculture and commerce is necessary in the Union Cabinet.

Page 18

Question 6.
Pokharan, the place where India conducted its nuclear tests, lies in Rajasthan. Suppose the Government of Rajasthan was opposed to the Central Government’s nuclear policy could it prevent the Government of India from conducting the nuclear tests?
Answer:
No the government of Rajasthan could not prevent the government of India from conducting the nuclear tests.

Question 7.
Suppose the Government of Sikkim plans to introduce new textbooks in its schools. But the Union Government does not like the style and content of the new textbooks. In that case, does the state government need to take permission from the Union Government before these textbooks can be launched?
Answer:
Yes in this case the government of Sikkim will take permission from the Union government because education is a subject of Concurrent list on which both State and Union governments can make laws and in case of any conflict of law, only the Union law prevails.

Question 8.
Suppose the Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Odisha have different policies on how their state police should respond to the naxalites. Can the Prime Minister of India intervene and pass an order that all the Chief Ministers will have to obey?
Answer:
No, police is a State subject on which only the States can make laws.

Page 20

Question 9.
Why Hindi? Why not Bangla or Telugu?
Answer:
The government of India, in its Constitution declares Hindi and English as our official languages. But, being a federal government it cannot impose its will on the people who speak a language other than Hindi. Hindi is the official language but only 40% of its population speaks Hindi. This is the flexibility shown by the Union government that States have their own official languages. We respect the language and culture of each other. So, people are free to speak in the language of their choices. Each State has its official language.

Page 2

Question 10.
Here are two cartoons showing the relationship between Centre and States. Should the State go to the Centre with a begging bowl? How can the leader of a coalition keep the partners of government satisfied?

The state plead for more powers

Perils of Running a Coalition Government
Answer:
Yes, the state should go to the centre not with a begging bowl, not for more powers but for some privileges and financial preferences and security. The leader of a coalition keep the partners of government satisfied by giving some or other powers and privileges to every partner according to the proportions of their participation in the government.

Question 11.
Are you suggesting that regionalism is good for our democracy? Are you serious?
Answer:
In no way regionalism can be good for our democracy. In a country like ours, we have multicoloured cultures, languages and traditions, India’s glory lies in its diversity but it does not mean that one region or State is supported and the other is kept deprived. We grow and develop when each region grows and develops. We should develop with the spirit of mutual trust and living together. Hence, I am serious while saying that there is no place for regionalism in our democracy.

Page 25

Question 12.
Prime Minister runs the country. Chief Minister runs the state. Logically, then, the Chairperson of Zila Parishad should run the district. Why does the D.M. or Collector administer the district?
Answer:
The president of Zila Parishad is the political head. All the decisions are made under his leadership. In fact, the DM is the administrative head, who executes the decisions of the Parishad. This is, an example of sharing of power between legislative and executive. So, it is correct that the DM administers the district.

Question 13.
What do these newspaper clippings have to say about efforts of decentralisation in India?

Answer:

The first clipping of ‘Tamil Nadu’ (TN) shows the misuse of three-tier- system.
The second clipping on mandatory rule of Nayaya Panchayat
The third clipping regarding states oppose direct funding reflects to utilize the proper “channels of Decentralisation”.
The fourth and fifth clipping shows the “Women Empowerment” at the grassroots level.

JAC Class 10th Civics Federalism Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Locate the following States on a blank outline political map of India:
Manipur, Sikkim, Chhattisgarh and Goa.
Answer:

Question 2.
Identify and shade three federal countries (other than India) on a blank outline political map of the world.
Answer:
Federal countries other than India

Question 3.
Point out one feature in the practice of federalism in India that is similar to and one feature that is different from that of Belgium.
Answer:

Similar Feature: Both Belgium and India have a three-tier government.
Different Feature: In Belgium there is a community government as the third tier, while we have a local self-government (not based on races/castes) in India as the third tier of the government.

Question 4.
What is the main difference between a federal form of government and a unitary one? Explain with an example.
Answer:
In a federal form of government, the Central government shares its powers with the various constituent units of the country. For example, in India, power is divided between the government at the Centre and the various State governments. In a unitary form of government, all the power is exercised by only one government. For example, in Sri Lanka, the National government has all powers.

Question 5.
State any two differences between the local government before and after the Constitutional amendment in 1992.

Local government before the Constitutional amendment in 1992	Local government after the Constitutional amendment in 1992
(i) Elections were not held regularly.	(i) It is mandatory to hold regular elections to local government bodies.
(ii) Local governments did not have any power or resources of their own.	(ii) The State governments are required to share some powers and revenue with local government bodies.

Question 6.
Fill in the blanks:
1. Since the United States is a………… type of federation.
Answer:
coming together

2. All the constituent States have equal powers and States are……… vis-a-vis the federal government.
Answer:
strong

3. But India is a……… type of federation and some States have more power than others.
Answer:
holding together

4. In India, the ….. government has more powers.
Answer:
Central

Question 7.
Here are three reactions to the language policy followed in India. Give an argument and an example to support any of these positions.
Sangeeta: The policy of accommodation has strengthened national unity.
Arman: Language – based States have divided us by making everyone conscious of their language.
Harish: This policy has only helped to consQuestion lidate the dominance of English over all other languages.
Answer:
The argument by Sangeeta is more appropriate. Language is not just a tool for communication but a part of the culture and mindset which takes hundreds of years to evolve. People are sentimentally attached to their language. The language policy of India is an attempt to instill a sense of respect of others culture and this has definitely helped in strengthening national unity.

Question 8.
The distinguishing feature of a federal government is:
(a) National government gives some powers to the provincial government.
(b) Power is distributed among the legislature executive and judiciary.
(c) Elected officials exercise supreme power in the government.
(d) Governmental power is divided between different levels of government.
Answer:
(d) Governmental power is divided between different levels of government.

Question 9.
A few subjects in various Lists of the Indian Constitution are given here. Group them under the Union, State and Concurrent Lists as provided in the table below.
A. Defence
B. Police
C. Agriculture
D. Education
E. Banking
F. Forests
G. Communications
H. Trade
I. Marriages
Answer:

Union List	Defence, Banking, Communications
State List	Police, Agriculture, Trade
Concurrent List	Education, Forests, Marriage

Question 10.
Examine the following pairs that give the level of government in India and the powers of the government at that level to make laws on the subjects mentioned against each. Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?

(a) State Government	State List
(b) Central Government	Union List
(c) Central and State Governments	Concurrent List
(d) Local Governments	Residuary Powers

Answer:
(d) Local Governments – Residuary Powers

Question 11.
Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:

List-I	List-II
1. Union of India	A. Prime Minister
2. State	B. Sarpanch
3. Municipal Corporation	C. Governor
4. Gram Panchayat	D. Mayor

	1	2	3	4
(a)	D	A	B	C
(b)	B	C	D	A
(c)	A	C	D	B
(d)	C	D	A	B

Answer:
(c) A,C,D, and B

Question 12.
Consider the following two statements:
(A). In a federation the powers of the federal and provincial governments are clearly demarcated.
(B). India is a federation because the powers of the Union and State Governments are specified in the Constitution and they have exclusive jurisdiction on their respective subjects.
(C). Sri Lanka is a federation because the country is divided into provinces.
(D). India is no longer a federation because some powers of the States have been devolved to the local government bodies. Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) A, B and C
(b) A, C and D
(c) A and B only
(d) B and C only
Answer:
(c) A and B only

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources

September 9, 2024September 6, 2024 by Bhagya

JAC Board Class 10 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources

→ Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives.

They are homogeneous, a naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure.
Minerals are obtained from rocks.
Certain rocks contain only one mineral while
some other rocks contain many minerals.
They vary in colour, lustre, density, and hardness.
Minerals occur in igneous and metamorphic rocks in cracks, crevices, and joints.
The smaller occurrence is called veins and the larger occurrence is called lodes.
In sedimentary rocks, minerals occur in layers or beds, e.g., gypsum and potash.
Certain minerals occur by the decomposition of surface rocks, e.g., bauxite.
Some minerals involve alluvial deposits. These deposits are called placer deposits which are not corroded by water, e.g., gold, silver, etc.
Ocean waters contain a vast quantity of minerals e.g., common salt, magnesium, etc.

→ Distribution of Mineral Resources in India

India is fortunate to have plenty of minerals but they are unevenly distributed.
Peninsular rocks contain reserves of coal, metallic minerals, mica, etc.
Sedimentary rocks in western and eastern coasts, Assam and Gujarat have petroleum deposits.
Rock system in Rajasthan has non-ferrous minerals.
The alluvial plains are devoid of economic minerals.

→ Ferrous Minerals
Ferrous minerals account for about three- fourths of the total value of the production of metallic minerals. They provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries.

→ Iron Ore

It is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development.
Magnetite is the finest iron ore with 70% iron content. Magnetite has magnetic qualities.
Haematite is the most important industrial ore in terms of quantity used. It has 50%- 60% iron content.

→ Major Iron Ore Beits in India

Odisha-Jharkhand Belt: High-grade haematite is found in the Badampahar mines in Odisha, Singhbhum district in Jharkhand.
Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur Belt (Lies in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra): 14 deposits of super high-grade haematite is found. It is exported to Japan and South- Korea.
Ballari-Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru- Tumakuru Belt: It lies in Karnataka. Kudremukh mines are 100% export unit.
Maharashtra-Goa Belt (Lies in Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra): Though the ores are not of good quality, they are exported through Marmagao port.

→ Manganese:

It is used in manufacturing steel.
10 kg of manganese is required to manufacture 1 tonne of steel. Madhya Pradesh (27%) is the largest producer of manganese in India.

→ Non-Ferrous Minerals
Important non-ferrous minerals are: copper, lead, zinc, etc.

→ Copper
India is deficient in the production of copper. They are malleable, ductile and good conductor; used in electrical appliances, electronic and chemical industries. Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh, Khetri mines in Rajasthan are leading producers.

→ Bauxite
Aluminium is obtained from bauxite. Bauxite is strong like iron with extreme lightness. It is malleable and good conductor. 49% of bauxite is produced in Odisha.

→ Non-Metallic Minerals
Mica

It splits easily into thin sheets.
It is an indispensable mineral used in electric and electronic industries due to its dielectric strength, low power loss factor and resistance , to high voltage.

→ Limestone

It is found in sedimentary rocks,’composed in calcium and magnesium carbonates.
It is the basic low material for cement industries and essential for iron ore in the refineries.

→ Conservation of Minerals

Industry and agriculture are strongly dependent on minerals.
The process of mineral formation is very slow in comparison to its present consumption.
They are ,finite and non-renewable.
Continued extraction from greater depth leads to increasing costs and decreases in quality.
Improved technologies need to be evolved to lower the costs.
Recycling of metals, using scrap metals and other substances are the steps to consume the minerals for the future.

→ Energy Resources

Energy is required for all the activities, i.e., to cook, to provide light and heat, to propel vehicles and to drive machinery. Energy resources are of two types:
Conventional Resources: Include firewood, cattle dung cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity.
Non-conventional Resources: Include solar, the wind, tidal, geothermal, bio-gas and atomic energy.

→ Coal
Used for power generation, to supply energy to industry and domestic need.

→ Types of Coal

Peat: Decaying plants in swamps produce peat. It has low carbon, high moisture, and low heating capacity.
Lignite: It is a low grade brown coal.
Neyveli in Tamil Nadu has great reserves of lignite. This is also used for generation of electricity.
Bituminous: It is buried deep and subjected to increased temperatures. Most popular coal in commercial use.
Anthracite: It is the highest quality hard coal.
Coal occurs in rock series of 2 main geological ages- Gondwana and Tertiary.

→ Petroleum

It provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw materials for industries.
Most of the petroleum occurrences are of tertiary age.
Mumbai, Gujarat and Assam are major petroleum-producing states in India.
Assam is the oldest oil producing state in India.

→ Natural Gas

Natural gas is found in association with or without petroleum.
It is an environment-friendly fuel because of the low carbon dioxide emission.
Large reserves are found in the Krishna- Godavari basin.
The 1700 km long Hazira-Vijaypur- Jagdishpur cross-country gas pipeline links Mumbai High and Bassien.

→ Electricity

Per capita consumption of electricity is considered as an index of development.
It is generated in two ways: Hydro electricity and Thermal electricity.

→ Hydro Electricity:
It is generated by fast flowing water. It is a renewable fuel. In India, there are many multi-projects like Bhakra Nangal, Kopili, Hydel project, etc. Thermal Electricity: It is generated by using coal, petroleum and natural gas. It is a non-renewable fossil fuel.

→ Importance of Non-Conventional Source of Energy

Growing consumption of energy resulted in the over dependent on fossil fuels, like coal, petroleum, etc.
Rising prices of oil and gas have raised uncertainties about the supply in future.
Increasing use of fossil fuels results in the environmental problems.
Therefore, there is a pressing need to use renewable resources like solar, wind, tidal energy, etc

→ Nuclear/Atomic Energy

It is obtained by altering the structure of atoms.
Uranium and Thorium are used for generating electricity.
Monazite sands of Kerala are rich in thorium.

→ Solar Energy

Since India is a tropical country, there are enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy.
Photovoltaic technology directly converts sunlight into electricity.
It will minimize the use of firewood and dung cakes in rural areas.

→ Wind Power
The largest wind farm cluster is located in TamilNadu, between Nagercoil and Madurai.

→ Bio-Gas

Shrubs, fast waste animal, and human waste are used to produce bio-gas for domestic use in rural areas.
It has higher thermal efficiency.
The plants using cattle dung are called ‘Gobar Gas Plants’.
It has two benefits: Providing energy for electricity and providing manure.

→ Tidal Energy

Oceanic tides are used to generate electricity.
Gulf of kachchh in Gujarat, Gulf of Khambhat provide tidal energy.

→ Geothermal Energy

Heat and electricity is produced by using the heat from the interior of the Earth.
Ground water absorbs the heat from the rocks and becomes hot.
There are hundreds of hot springs in India.
Two experimental projects have been set up-one in Manikaran (Himachal Pradesh) and the other in Puga valley (Ladakh).

→ Importance of Conservation of Energy Resources

Energy is a basic requirement for economic development.
Every sector of the national economy, i.e., agriculture, industry, domestic, etc. needs inputs of energy.
Consumption of energy has been increasing since independence.
Energy conservations and use of renewable energy are the two features of sustainable energy.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture

September 9, 2024September 6, 2024 by Bhagya

JAC Board Class 10 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture

→ Two-thirds of the population of India are engaged in agricultural activities.

Agriculture is a primary activity, which produces most of the food that we consume.
It produces foodgrains and raw material for various industries.
Few agricultural products like tea, coffee, spices, etc. are exported.

→ Types of Farming

Cultivation methods have changed significantly depending upon the characteristics of physical environment, technological know-how and socio-cultural practices.
The types of farming are primitive subsistence farming, intensive subsistence farming and commercial farming.
Primitive subsistence agriculture is a ‘slash and bum’ agriculture. When the fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation.
Practised on small patches of land, with primitive tools and family or community labourers. ‘This type of farming depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of the soil.
Intensive subsistence farming is practised in the. are.as of high population pressure on land. It is a labour-intensive farming with high dose of biochemical inputs and irrigation to obtain higher production. The size of land holding is uneconomical but the farmers continue to take the maximum output from the limited land.
Commercial farming involves the use of higher doses of modem inputs, like high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity. The degree of commercialisation varies from one region to another. Plantation agriculture is a type of commercial farming where a single crop is grown on a large area. It has an interface of agriculture and industry.

→ Cropping Pattern

The three cropping seasons of India are – rabi, kharif and zaid.
Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer from April to June. Wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard are some rabi crops. Wheat and other rabi crops are grown in Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. Availability of precipitation from western temperate cyclone helps in the success of these crops. Green Revolution has been an important factor in the growth of the rabi crops in the states of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.
Kharif crops are grown with the onset of monsoon and harvested in September- October. Important crops are paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur, moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean. Important rice growing states are Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Maharashtra, Konkan coast, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
Zaid season is a short season between the rabi and kharif seasons. Some of the crops grown in this season are watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables, sugarcane and fodder crops.

→ Major Crops:

Major crops grown are rice, wheat, millets, pulse, tea, coffee, sugarcane, oil seeds, cotton and jute, etc.
Rice is a staple crop of majority of people of India. India is the second largest producer of rice after China. It requires high temperature, high humidity and annual rainfall of above 100 cm. In areas of less rainfall, irrigation is required. It is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal and deltaic regions. Development of dense canal irrigation and tube wells has enabled rice cultivation in areas of less rainfall.
Wheat is the second most important cereal crop. It requires a cool growing season, bright surlshine at the time of ripening, and 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall equally distributed over the growing season. There are two important wheat growing zones. Major wheat producing states are Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and parts of Madhya Pradesh.
Millets, also known as coarse grains, are of high nutritious value. Jowar, bajra and ragi are important millets grown in India.
Maize is used both as food and fodder. It is a kharif crop. It grows in old alluvial soil. In some states it is grown as rabi crop. Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh are major maize producing states.
Pulses: Iifdia is the largest producer as well as the consumer of pulses in the world. It is a major source of protein in vegetarian diet. Except for arhar, all pulses are leguminous crops and help restore soil fertility by fixing nitrogen. Therefore, they are grown in rotation with other crops. Major pulse producing states are Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Karnataka.

→ Food Crops other than Grains

Sugarcane is a tropical as well as subtropical crop. It grows well in hot and humid climate, and annual rainfall between 75 cm and 100 cm. It can grow on variety of soil. It requires manual labour from sowing to harvesting. India is the second largest producer of sugarcane after Brazil. The main sugarcane producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana.
Main oilseeds produced in India are groundnut, mustard, coconut, sesamum, soyabean, castor seeds, cotton seeds, linseed and sunflower seeds. Most of these are edible and used as cooking medium. Some of these are used as raw material in the production of soap, cosmetics and ointments.
Tea is a plantation agriculture. It was introduced by the British in India and is a popular beverage. It grows in tropical and sub-tropical climates. It is a labour-intensive industry. Major tea producing states are Assam, hills of Daijeeling and Jalpaiguri districts, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
Coffee is a plantation crop. The Arabica variety initially brought from Yemen is produced in the country. Its cultivation is confined to the Nilgiri in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables after China. India produces tropical as well as temperate fruits. Variety of fruits and vegetables is grown all over the country.

→ Non-Food Crops:

Rubber: It grows in tropical and sub-tropical areas. It requires moist and humid climate. It is an important industrial raw material. It mainly grows in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Garo hills of Meghalaya and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Fibre crops: Cotton, jute, hemp and natural silk are fibre crops. Cotton, jute and hemp are grown on soil. Natural silk is obtained from cocoons of silkworms fed on mulberry leaves. Rearing of silkworms for the production of silk fibre is known as sericulture.
India is the second largest producer of cotton after China. Cotton grows well in black soil of the Deccan plateau. Major cotton producing states are Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.
Jute is known as the golden fibre. It grows well on the well-drained fertile soils in the flood plains where soils are renewed every year. It is grown in West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Odisha and Meghalaya. It is used for making gunny bags, coir mats, ropes, yam, carpets and’artefacts. It is losing its market to synthetic fibres, especially the nylon because of its high cost.

→ Technological and Institutional Reforms

Sustained uses of land without compatible techno-institutional changes have hindered the pace of agricultural development.
Collectivisation, consolidation of land holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc. were given priority to bring institutional reforms in the country after Independence.
Reforms were introduced by the Government of India in the 1960s and 1970s to improve Indian agriculture.
The Green Revolution, which was based on the use of package technology and the White Revolution (Operation Flood) were some of the strategies initiated to improve the lot of Indian -agriculture.
However the development was in the selected areas only.
Some important steps taken were provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire, disease, establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative societies, etc.
Kissan Credit Card (KCC) and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS), Minimum Support Price, special weather bulletins, etc. for farmers were introduced by the Government of India.
Bhoodan Gramdan or Bloodless Revolution by Vinoba Bhave was a successful movement.

→ Impact of Globalisation on Agriculture

Though globalisation has been in India since the British rule and even before, it affected the farmers after 1990 when they found it difficult to compete with the developed countries because of the highly subsidised agriculture in those countries.
Genetic engineering is recognised as a powerful supplement in inventing new hybrid varieties of seeds. Organic farming is in vogue and encouraged.
There should be a change in cropping pattern from cereals to high-value crops to increase earning from agriculture as the economists feel the future of Indian farmers will be bleak, if they continue with foodgrain production on small landholdings.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions Civics Chapter 4 Gender Religion and Caste

September 9, 2024September 6, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Important Questions Civics Chapter 4 Gender Religion and Caste

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
What did Gandhiji mean when he said that religion and politics can never be separated?
(a) Effect of Hinduism on politics is more
(b) Effect of Islam on politics is more
(c) Need moral values in politics
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Need moral values in politics

Question 2.
In some places in India, by how much the child sex ratio has fallen to as low as?
(a) 927
(b) 840
(c) 820
(d) 800
Answer:
(d) 800

Question 3.
Which of these countries has no official state religion?
(a) Sri Lanka
(b) Pakistan
(c) England
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 4.
The percentage of elected women members in the Lok Sabha has never reached what per cent of its total strength?
(a) 25%
(b) 15%
(c) 10%
(d) 5%
Answer:
(c) 10%

Question 5.
Caste system in modern India has undergone with which great changes?
(a) Fundamental
(b) Socio – economic
(c) Cultural
(d) Professional
Answer:
(b) Socio – economic

Question 6.
What is leading to the breakdown of caste hierarchy?
(a) Large – scale urbanisation
(b) Growth of literacy and education
(c) Occupational mobility
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

Question 7.
What is the exact ratio of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in 2001?
(a) Scheduled castes constitute 17.8% and scheduled tribes 9.2%.
(b) Scheduled castes constitute 20.4% and scheduled tribes 8.2%.
(c) Scheduled castes constitute 15.6% and scheduled tribes 7.8%.
(d) Scheduled castes constitute 16.2% and scheduled tribes 8.2%.
Answer:
(d) Scheduled castes constitute 16.2% and scheduled tribes 8.2%.

Question 8.
Which of these is true about the most ugly form of communalism?
(a) Communal violence
(b) Riots
(c) Massacre
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Question 9.
What is meant by ‘Communal Politics’?
(a) Participation of different communities in politics
(b) When state power is used to establish domination of one religious group over the rest
(c) Communist type of government
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(b) When state power is used to establish domination of one religious group over the rest

Question 10.
Which of these matters deal with the ‘Family Laws’?
(a) Marriage and divorce
(b) Adoption
(c) Inheritance
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Very Shortanswer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is sexual division of labour?
Answer:
A system in which all work inside the home is either done by the women of the family, or organised by them through the domestic helpers.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Feminist?
Answer:
A woman or a man who believes in equal rights and opportunities for women and men is called feminist.

Question 3.
Define patriarchy.
Answer:
Patriarchy literally mean rule by father. This concept is used to refer to a system that values men more and gives them power oyer women.

Question 4.
What are family laws?
Answer:
Those laws that deal with family related matters such as marriage, divorce, adoption, inheritance, etc. In our country, different family laws apply to followers of different religions.

Question 5.
What is urbanisation?
Answer:
Urbanisation is the shift of population from rural areas to urban areas.

Question 6.
What is occupational mobility?
Answer:
Occupational mobility is the shift from one occupation to another, usually when a new generation takes up occupations other than those practised by their ancestors.

Question 7.
What do you mean by caste hierarchy?
Answer:
Caste hierarchy is a ladder like formation in which all the caste groups are placed from the ‘highest’ to the ‘lowest’ castes.

Question 8.
What helped to improve women’s role in public life?
Answer:
Political expression of gender division and political mobilization throughout the world on this question, helped to improve women’s role in public life.

Question 9.
Name few countries where participation of women in public life is very high.
Answer:
In Scandinavian countries such as Sweden, Norway and Finland, the participation of women in public life is very high.

Question 10.
Why did the makers of our Constitution choose India to be a secular state?
Answer:
Communalism was and continues to be one of the major challenges to democracy in our country. The makers of our Constitution were aware of this. This is why they chose the model of a secular state.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
“Gender division is not based on biology but on social expectations and stereotypes”. Support the statement.
Answer:
Gender division is a form of hierarchical & social division which is found everywhere. It tends to be understood as natural and unchangeable.

In our society from the very childhood, boys and girls are brought up to believe I that the main responsibility of women is housework and bringing up children.
There is a sexual division of labour in most families where women do all work inside the home.
It is not that men cannot do the work, but it is the society which makes them understand that these domestic labour is the sole responsibility of women.
Majority of women do some paid work in addition to domestic labour.
As a result, women’s role in public life, specially in politics is minimal in most societies, women face disadvantage, discrimination and oppression in various ways.

Question 2.
What is the official approach of the government of India about the religion?
Answer:

There is no official religion in India.
The constitution provides to all individuals and communities freedom to profess practice and propagate any religion or not to follow any.

Question 3.
What does our Constitution do to ensure equality within religious communities?
Answer:

The Constitution prohibits discrimination on the grounds of religion.
It also allows the State to intervene in the matters of religion in order to ensure equality within religious communities. For example, it bans untouchability.

Question 4.
What is Communalism?
Answer:

The term ‘Communalism’ is widely used across South Asia to describe the systematic misuse of religion for political purposes.
It represents the processes of political construction of community identities along religious lines.
Communal politics represents one’s own religious community in an antagonistic relationship with ‘the other religious community.’ Socially engineered prejudice, tension and conflict between religious communities constitute communalism.
Communalism Combat stands for equal respect to all religions and is opposed to the cynical manipulation of faith in the pursuit of power; therefore, we are opposed to both majority and minority communalism.

Question 5.
Name any three steps which have been taken by the government for the protection of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
Answer:
Three steps taken by the Government of India for the protection and welfare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in India are:

Passing of Untouchability Offences Act, 1995.
Reservation of seats in the local bodies (73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts).
Scholarships and book – bank scheme for children belonging to these groups.

Question 6.
Write a brief note on the Hindu caste system.
Answer:

The Hindu caste system reflects Indian occupational and socially defined hierarchies.
Ancient Sanskrit sources divide society into four major categories, priests or Brahmin, warriors or Kshatriya, traders or Vaishya and labourers or Shudra. In addition to these castes we also have the “untouchables.”
The Indian society is divided into thousands of jatis, which are local groups based on occupation.
Despite economic modernisation and laws countering discrimination against the lower end of the caste structure and outlawing “untouchables,” the caste system remains an important source of social identification and a potent factor in the political life of the country.

Question 7.
What are feminist movements?
Answer:
Women in different parts of the world organised and agitated for equal rights. These agitations demanded enhancing the political and legal status of women and improving their educational and career opportunities. These movements are called feminist movements.

Question 8.
What are the positive aspects of caste system in Indian politics?
Answer:

The caste system plays different kinds of roles in politics. In some situations, expression of caste differences in politics gives many disadvantaged communities the space to demand their share of power.
Caste politics has helped people from Dalits and Backward Castes to gain better access to decision making.
Several political and non-political organisations have been demanding and agitating for an end to discrimination against particular castes, for more dignity and more access to land, resources and opportunities.
Caste privilege and solidarity provide a kind of safety net. This will probably change as economic competition intensifies; but caste assertion largely precludes class solidarity.

Question 9.
How are caste and politics interrelated in India?
Answer:
Caste and politics are interrelated in India in the following ways:

When parties choose candidates in elections, they keep in mind the caste composition of the electorate and nominate candidates from different castes so as to get necessary support to win elections.
Political parties and candidates in elections make appeal to caste sentiment to muster support. Some political parties are known to favour some castes and are seen as their representatives.
Universal adult franchise and the principle of one person one vote compelled political leaders to gear up to the task of mobilizing and securing political support.

Question 10.
Give three reasons why caste hierarchy is breaking down in India.
Answer:
Three reasons of caste hierarchy breaking in India are as follows:

With economic development, large – scale urbanization, growth of literacy and education, occupational mobility and the weakening of the position of landlords in the villages, the old notions of caste hierarchy are breaking down.
Now, most of the times, in urban areas it does not matter much who is walking along next to us on a street or eating at the next table in a restaurant.
The Constitution of India prohibited any caste – based discrimination and laid the foundations of policies to reverse the injustices of the caste system.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How women face disadvantage, discrimination and oppression in various ways?
Answer:
Women face disadvantage, discrimination and oppression in the following ways:
(i) The literacy rate among women is only 54 per cent compared with 76 per cent among men. Similarly, a smaller proportion of girl students goes for higher studies. When we look at school results, girls perform as well as boys, if not better in some places. But they drop out because parents prefer to spend their resources for their sons’ education rather than spending equally for their daughters.

(ii) No wonder the proportion of women among the highly paid and valued jobs is still very small. On an average an Indian woman works one hour more than an average man every day. Yet much of her work is not paid and therefore often not valued.

(iii) The Equal Wages Act provides that equal wages should be paid to equal work. However in almost all areas of work, from sports and cinema, to factories and fields, women are paid less than men, even when both do exactly the same work.

(iv) In many parts of India, parents prefer to have sons and find ways to have the girl child aborted before she is bom. Such sex – selective abortion has led to a decline in child sex ratio (number of girl children per thousand boys) in the country to merely 927.

Question 2.
Unlike gender differences, the religious differences are often expressed in the field of politics. Explain some instances involve a relationship between religion and politics.
Answer:
Some instances which involve a relation ship between religion and politics are as follows:

Gandhiji used to say that religion can never be separated from politics. What he meant by religion was not any particular religion like Hinduism or Islam but moral values that inform all religions. He believed that politics must be guided by ethics drawn from religion.
Human rights groups in our country have argued that most of the victims of communal riots in our country are people from religious minorities. They have demanded that the government take special steps to protect religious minorities.
Women’s movement has argued that FAMILY LAWS of all religions discriminate against women. So they have demanded that government should change these laws to make them more equitable.

Question 3.
How does communalism threaten the Indian Democracy? Explain.
Answer:
The above statement can be explained in the following ways:

Communalism involves religious prejudices, stereotypes of religious community and belief in the superiority of one’s religion over other religions.
A communal mind often leads to a quest for political dominance of one’s own religious unity.
Political mobilization on religious lines is another frequent form of communalism. In electoral politics, this often involves special appeal to the interests or emotions of voters of one religion in preference to others.
Sometimes communalism in India takes its most ugly form of communal violence, riots and massacre.
Communal prejudices and propaganda need to be countered in everyday life and religion based mobilization needs to be countered in the arena of politics.

Question 4.
”The focus on caste in politics can sometimes give an impression that elections are all about caste and nothing else. That is far from true.” Explain the statement.
Answer:
The explanation of the above statement is as follows:
1. No parliamentary constituency in the country has a clear majority of one single caste. So, every candidate and party needs to win the confidence of more than one caste and community to win elections.

2. No party wins the votes of all the voters of a caste or community. When people say that a caste is a ‘vote bank’ of one party, it usually means
that a large proportion of the voters from that caste vote for that party.

3. Many political parties may put up candidates from the same caste (if that caste is believed to dominate the electorate in a particular constituency). Some voters have more than one candidate from their caste while many voters have no candidate from their caste.

4. The ruling party and the sitting MP or MLA frequently lose elections in our country. That could not have happened if all castes and communities were frozen in their political preferences. While caste matters in electoral politics, so do many other factors:

The voters have strong attachment to political parties which is often stronger than their attachment to their caste or community.
People within the same caste or community have different interests depending on their economic condition.
Rich and poor or men and women from the same caste often vote very differently.
People assessment of the performance of the government and the popularity rating of the leaders matter and are often decisive in elections.

Question 5.
Politics must be guided by ethics. Explain the statement with incorporating three values.
Answer:
Politics must be guided by ethics for which following values should be incorporated in our political system:
(i) Equality:
The basis of democracy is equality. All are equal before the law. Every citizen will be provided with the equality of status and opportunity. The traditional social inequalities should come to an end.

(ii) Fraternity:
Our politics must be accommodated by the value of fraternity. All the’Citizens of India have been assured about the dignity of individual and the unity and integrity of the nation. All of us should behave like the members of the family. No one should be treated as inferior.

(iii) Justice:
Every citizen should have social, political and economic justice. Citizens cannot be discriminated on the grounds of caste, religion and gender. The government should work for the reduction of social inequalities and welfare of all.

Activity Based Questions

Population of different religious groups in India, 2011

Question 1.
Picture Interpretation Study the pie chart carefully and answer the following questions:
(a) Which religious groups are minority communities in India?
(b) What is the percentage of Jains in India’s total population?
(c) What is the percentage of Christians in India’s total population?
Answer:
(a) Muslim, Sikh, Christian, Buddhist, Jain, etc., are the minority communities of India.
(b) The percentage of Jains in India’s total population is 0.4%.
(c) The percentage of Christians in India’s total population is 2.3%.