September 2024 – Page 34 – Jharkhand Board Solution

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries

September 9, 2024September 6, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
How is the industry classified on the basis of their main role?
(a) Agro-based and mineral-based industry
(b) Small-scale and large-scale industry
(c) Heavy and light industry
(d) Basic and consumer industry
Answer:
(d) Basic and consumer industry

Question 2.
Which is an example of agro-based industry?
(a) Cement industry
(b) Iron and steel industry
(c) Jute textile industry
(d) Ele’ctronics industry
Answer:
(c) Jute textile industry

Question 3.
Where was the first textile mill set up in India?
(a)’Mutnbai
(b) Gujarat
(c) Kolkata
(d) Kerala
Answer:
(a)’Mutnbai

Question 4.
Which is a private sector industry?
(a) BHEL
(b) Coal India
(c) SAIL
(d) TISCO
Answer:
(d) TISCO

Question 5.
Which country is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods?
(a) Bangladesh
(b) Myanmar
(c) India
(d) Indonesia
Answer:
(c) India

Question 6.
Which industry is seasonal in nature?
(a) Automobile industry
(b) Sugar industry
(c) Chemical industry
(d) Fertiliser industry
Answer:
(b) Sugar industry

Question 7.
Which country is the world’s largest consumer of steel?
(a) India
(b) China
(c) Japan
(d) Germany
Answer:
(b) China

Question 8.
Which region in India has the largest concentration of iron and steel industries?
(a) South India
(b) Himalayan belt
(c) North-east India
(d) Chhotanagpur Plateau
Answer:
(d) Chhotanagpur Plateau

Question 9.
Which is the second most important metallurgical industry in India?
(a) Aluminium smelting
(b) Chemical industry
(c) Iron and steel industry
(d) Fertiliser industry
Answer:
(a) Aluminium smelting

Question 10.
Which state has emerged as the electronic capital of India?
(a) Mumbai
(b) Noida
(c) Bengaluru
(d) Chennai
Answer:
(c) Bengaluru

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are secondary activities?
Answer:
Secondary activities are those which process

Question 2.
How is the economic strength of a country measured?
Answer:
The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of its manufacturing industries.

Question 3.
What are the factors that influence the location of an industry?
Answer:
The factors that influence the location of an industry are availability of raw material, labour, capital, power, market, etc. The key to decision of the factory location is the least cost. Government policies and specialised labour also influence the location of industry.

Question 4.
What are consumer industries?
Answer:
Consumer industries produce goods for direct use by consumers, such as sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans, etc.

Question 5.
What are joint sector industries?
Answer:
Joint sector industries are run jointly by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly owned by public and private sector.

Question 6.
Which is the only industry in the country, which is self-reliant?
Answer:
The textile industry is the only industry which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain, i.e., from raw material to the highest value added products.

Question 7.
Why maximum iron and steel industries are concentrated in Chhotanagpur Plateau region?
Answer:
Maximum iron and steel industries are concentrated in Chhotanagpur Plateau region because of the relative advantages in this region for the development of this industry. This includes low cost of iron ore, high grade raw materials in proximity, cheap labour and vast growth potential in the home market.

Question 8.
Though India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world, yet it is not able to perform to its full potential. Why?
Answer:
Though India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world, yet it is not able to perform to its full potential because of

high costs and limited availability of coking coal,
lower productivity of labour,
irregular supply of power, and
poor infrastructure.

Question 9.
What has been the major impact of information technology and electronics industry? |
Answer:
The major impact of information technology and electronics industry has been on employment generation. Liberalisation resulted in the demand for new and contemporary models in the market.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Agriculture and industry move hand in hand. Discuss.
Answer:
Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other. They move hand in hand. For instance, the agro-industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity. They depend on the latter for raw materials and sell their products, such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools, etc. to the farmers. Thus, development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has not only assisted agriculturists in increasing their production but also made the production processes very efficient.

Question 2.
Industrialisation and urbanisation go hand in hand. Explain.
Answer:
After an industrial activity starts, urbanisation follows. Sometimes, the industries are located in or near the cities. Thus, industrialisation and urbanisation go hand in hand. Cities provide markets, and services, such as banking, insurance, transport, labour, consultants and financial advice, etc. to the industry. Many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages offered by the urban centres known as agglomeration economies. Gradually, a large industrial agglomeration takes place.

Question 3.
With the help of a flow chart describe the industry and market linkage.
Answer:

Question 4.
Discuss the classification of industries on the basis of ownership.
Answer:
On the basis of ownership, industries are classified into:

Public sector:
Owned and operated by government agencies, e.g., BHEL, SAIL, .etc.
Private sector industries:
Owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals. For example, TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries, etc.
Joint sector industries:
Jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals, e.g., Oil India Ltd. (OIL).
Cooperative sector industries:
Owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately, such as, sugar industry in Maharashtra, coir industry in Kerala, etc.

Question 5.
Explain the close link of cotton textiles with agriculture. How does it support other industries?
Answer:
The cotton textiles industry has close links with agriculture. It provides a living to farmers, cotton boll pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing. The industry by creating demands supports many other industries, such as chemicals and dyes, mill stores, packaging materials and engineering works.

Question 6.
Give the factors responsible for the location of jute textile industries in the Hugli basin.
Answer:
Factors responsible for the location of jute textile industries in the Hugli basin are proximity of the jute producing areas, inexpensive water transport, support of good network of railways, roadways and waterways to facilitate movement of raw material to the mills, abundant water for processing raw jute, and cheap labour from West Bengal, and adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh.

Question 7.
Why, in recent years, there is a tendency for the sugar mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and western states?
Answer:
In recent years there has been a tendency for the sugar mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and western states, especially in Maharashtra because the cane produced here has higher sucrose content and the cooler climate ensures a longer crushing season. The cooperatives are also more successful here.

Question 8.
Give the differences between mini steel plants and an integrated steel plant.
Answer:
Mini steel plants are smaller than the integrated steel plants. They have electric furnaces, use steel scrap and sponge iron. They have re-rollers that use steel ingots as well. They produce mild and alloy steel of given specifications. On the other hand, an integrated steel plant is large. It handles everything in one complex, from putting together raw material to steel making, rolling and shaping.

Question 9.
How is aluminium useful and what it is used to manufacture? Where are aluminium smelting plants located?
Answer:
Aluminium is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat, malleable and becomes strong when it is mixed with other metals. It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires. It has gained popularity as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries. Aluminium smelting plants are located in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.

Question 10.
Describe the chemical industries of India.
Answer:
The chemical industry in India is fast growing and diversifying. It comprises both large and small scale manufacturing units. Rapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic sectors. The chemical industry is its own largest consumer. Basic chemicals are processed to further produce other chemicals that are used in industrial application, agriculture or directly for consumer markets.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Manufacturing industry is considered the backbone of development in general and economic development in particular. Justify.
Answer:
Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development in general and economic development in particular because:

Manufacturing industries not only help in modernising agriculture, but also help to reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
Industrial development aims to eradicate unemployment and poverty. Public sector industries and joint sector ventures were started with the philosophy to bring down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
Export of manufactured goods brings in foreign exchange and expands trade and commerce.
Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide range of furnished goods of higher value are prosperous. India’s prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries as quickly as possible.

Question 2.
Briefly describe the fertiliser industry of India.
Answer:
The fertilizer industry is centred around the production of nitrogenous fertilizers (mainly urea), phosphatic fertilizers and ammonium phosphate (DAP) and complex fertilizers which have a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and potash (K) Potash is entirely imported as the country does not have any reserves of commercially usable potash or potassium compounds in any form.

After the Green Revolution, the industry has spread to several other parts of the country. Half of the fertiliser production is from the states of Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala. Other significant producers are Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal, Goa, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.

Question 3.
Discuss the effect of industries on air and water.
Answer:
Industries are responsible for four types of pollution: air, water, land and noise. The thermal power plants also cause pollution. Air pollution: It is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide. Air-bome particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles like dust, sprays mist and smoke. Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore polluting norms. Toxic gas leaks are hazardous and can have long-term effects.

Water pollution:
It is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents discharged into rivers. Pollution is caused by paper, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries that release dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury, pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, etc. into the water bodies. Fly ash, phospogypsum, iron and steel slags are the major solid wastes in India.

Question 4.
Explain the steps taken by NTPC to control and reduce pollution.
Answer:
NTPC, a major power providing corporation in India, has ISO certification for EMS (Environment Management System) 14001. The corporation has a pro-active approach for preserving the natural environment and resources, such as water, oil and gas, fuel in places where it is setting up power plants. They have .’ made If possible through

Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.
Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special purpose vehicles for afforestation.
Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management.
Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database management for all its power stations.

Activity Based Questions

Question 1.
Which industry am I?
1. I am a basic industry as all other industries heavy, medium and light, depend on me for their machinery. I am needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods.

2. My basic ingredient is bauxite. I am a good substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries.

3. Decontrol of my price and distribution since 1989 and other policy reforms have led to rapid strides in my capacity, process, technology and production. Efforts are being made to generate adequate domestic demand and supply in order to sustain me.

4. After the liberalisation, the coming in of new and contemporary models stimulated the demand for me in the market, which led to the healthy growth of my industry. I am located around Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bengaluru.

5. I cover a wide range of products from transistor sets to television, telephones, cellular telecom, telephone exchange, radars, computers and many other types of equipment.
Answer:

Iron and steel industry
Aluminium smelting industry
Cement industry
Automobile industry
Information technology and electronics industry

Question 2.
On a political map of India, mark the major cotton textiles industries.
Answer:

Question 3.
On a political map of India, mark the major Iron and Steel plants of India.

Question 4.
On a political map of India, mark the major software technology parks of India.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries

September 9, 2024September 6, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries

JAC Class 10th Geography Manufacturing Industries InText Questions and Answers

Page 63

Question 1.
Do you have some ideas about these industries?
Answer:
The diyas are usually handcrafted by the people in the cottage industries. Factories which make sugar are agro – based industries. Industries which depend on agricultural raw materials for manufacturing products are known as agro – based industries, e.g. sugar, tea, coffee. Shoes, utensils and clothes are made in factories which may be small or large, may be owned jointly or by the government or by an individual or a group.

Page 65

Question 2.
Classify the following into two groups on the basis of bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods. Oil, Knitting needles, Brassware, Fuse wires, Watches, Sewing machines, Shipbuilding, Electric bulbs, Paint brushes, Automobiles
Answer:
On the basis of bulk and weight of raw materials and finished goods, industries can be classified as heavy industries and light industries.

1. Heavy industries:
Oil, brassware, ship-building, automobiles.

2. Light industries:
Knitting needles, fuse wires, watches, sewing machines, electric bulbs, paint brushes.

Page 66

Question 3.
Why did Mahatma Gandhi lay emphasis on spinning yarn and weaving khadi?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi laid emphasis on spinning. yam and weaving khadi because it could generate employment in rural areas and make the villagers more self – sufficient. It encouraged the use of country – made clothes instead of purchasing imported machine – made clothes.

Question 4.
Why is it important for our country to keep the mill sector loomage lower than power loom and handloom?
Answer:
The mill sector employs less people than the power loom and handloom industries. Less importance is to be given to mill sector loomage to encourage the power looms and handloom which generates lot of employment in the rural areas. It gives a boost to the rural economy and tries to make the villagers self – sufficient. It is to sustain the livelihoods of the weavers and the growth of the village community.

Page 68

Question 5.
Why is it important for us to improve our weaving sector instead of exporting yarn in large quantities?
Answer:
Yam is an unprocessed product. Therefore, exporting it would bring less profit. If the weaving sector is improved, it will offer employment to many workers and the fabric can be sold at a much higher value. This will bring in more profit.

Page 69

Question 6.
Make a list of all such goods made of steel that you can think of.
Answer:
Some goods made of steel are auto parts, surgical tools, defence equipment, household items like cutlery, etc.

Question 7.
Why is the per capita consumption of steel so low in India?
Answer:
The per capita consumption of steel is low in Iqdia because:

Infrastructure is poor. Steel needs to be transported and hence, transport network needs to be improved. Power supply is erratic.
High cost of steel makes it difficult to manufacture it and many to buy it.

Question 8.
Collect information about products of steel plants in India.
Answer:
Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods.

Page 71

Question 9.
Have you read about the Kalinganagar controversy? Collect information from different sources and discuss.
Answer:
Kalinganagar is a planned industrial town in Jajpur district, Odisha. It is rich in iron ore. It is a tribal area and when Tata Steel decided to set up their plant, there was resistance by the local tribal people of the region as they would have lost their land and subsequently their livelihood. On January 2, 2006 there was police firing where few tribals were killed. This led to issues of setting up of steel plant and industrialisation in Odisha. Read journals, magazines and visit the archives to read the old newspapers to find out details of the controversy.

Page 72

Question 10.
A factory produces aluminium sauce pans with plastic handles. It obtains aluminium from a smelter and a plastic component from another factory. All the manufactured saucepans are sent to a warehouse.
(a) (i) Which raw material is likely to be most expensive to transport and why?
(ii) Which raw material is likely to be the cheapest to transport and why?
(b) Do you think the cost of transporting the finished products after packaging is likely to be cheaper or more expensive than the cost of transporting aluminium and plastic? Why?
Answer:
(a) (i) Aluminium smelting requires bauxite which is very bulky and heavy. Therefore, aluminium is likely to be expensive to transport as aluminium smelting becomes expensive.

(ii) Plastic is likely to be cheapest to transport because plastic factories are widely spread all over the country. Plastic is not heavy and can be easily transported.

(b) Transporting the finished product after packaging will be expensive because packaging needs care and the finished products need to be handled carefully.

Page 73

Question 11.
Where would it be economically viable to set up the cement manufacturing units?
Answer:
Cement requires heavy raw materials like limestone, silica, gypsum and alumina. It also requires coal and power. Therefore, cement industries will be ideally located near the source of raw material and where coal is found in abundance, andthere is a good power supply.

Question 12.
Find out where the plants are located in other states of India. Find their names.
Answer:
The names of the major companies in cement industry and locations of their major eement plants in India are given below:

1. India Cements:
4 plants in Andhra Pradesh at Yerraguntla, Chilamkur, Vishnupuram and Malkapur. 3 plants in Tamil Nadu at Sankir Nagar, Dalavoi and Sankari.

2. Jaypee Group Century Cement:

Cluster of plants at Satna, Madhya Pradesh Plants at
Baikunth, Dist. Raipur in Chhattisgarh,
Sarlanagar, Dist. Satna, in Madhya Pradesh
Gadchandur, Dist. Chandrapur, Maharashtra
Sagardighi, Dist. Murshidabad, Paschim Banga

3. L & T Cement: 5 plants at:

Jafrabad, Gujarat
Hirmi, Chhattisgarh
Chandrapur, Maharashtra
Tadipatri, Andhra Pradesh
Arakonam, Tamil Nadu

4. ACC Cement:
17 plants spread over the states of Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Paschim Banga

5. Cement Corporation of India: 41 plants all over India

6. Ambuja Cement:
16 plants spread over the states of Gujarat, Paschim Banga, Chhattisgarh, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Kerala and Maharashtra

7. JK Cement: Gotan, Mangrol and IMiimbahera, all in Rajasthan

JAC Class 10th Geography Manufacturing Industries Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the different forms of power sharing in modern democracies? Give an example of each of these.
(i) Which one of the following industries uses limestone as a raw material?
(a) Aluminium
(b) Cement
(c) Plastic
(d) Automobile
Answer:
(b) Cement

(ii) Which one of the following agencies markets steel for the public sector plants?
(a) HAIL
(b) SAIL
(c) TATA Steel
(d) MNCC
Answer:
(b) SAIL

(iii) Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material?
(a) Aluminium Smelting
(b) Cement
(c) Paper
(d) Steel
Answer:
(a) Aluminium Smelting

(iv) Which one of the following industries manufactures telephones, computer, etc.
(a) Steel
(b) Electronic
(c) Aluminium Smelting
(d) Information Technology
Answer:
(b) Electronic

Question 2.
Answer the following briefly in not more than 30 words.
(a) What is manufacturing?
(b) Namp any three physical factors for the location of the industry.
(c) Name any three human factors for the location of an industry.
(d) What are basic industries? Give an example.
(e) Name the important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement?
Answer:
(a) Manufacturing is production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products.

(b) Three physical factors for the location of the industry are:

Availability of raw material
Cheap and efficient power supply
Suitable climate for the establishment of an industry, especially the agro-based industries.

Availability of cheap and skilled labourers.
Availability and access to services, such as banking, insurance, consultants and financial advice, etc.
Market

(d) Basic industries are those industries on which other industries depend for the supply of raw materials to produce other goods. For example, iron and steel industry is a basic industry, which is required for the manufacture of automobiles, engineering goods, medicines, scientific equipment, etc.

(e) The important raw materials used in the manufacture of cement are limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum.

Question 3.
Write the answers of the following questions in 120 words.
(a) How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants? What problems does the industry face? What recent developments have led to a rise in the production capacity?
(b) How do industries pollute the environment?
(c) Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry?
Answer:
(a) An integrated steel plant is large. It handles everything in one complex from putting together raw material to steel making, rolling and shaping. Mini steel plants are smaller than the integrated steel plants. They have electric furnaces, use steel scrap and sponge iron. They produce mild and alloy steel of given specifications. Though India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world, it is not able to perform to its full potential because of the following problems:

high costs and limited availability of coking coal,
lower productivity of labour,
irregular supply of power, and
poor infrastructure.

Liberalisation and Foreign Direct Investment along with the efforts of private entrepreneurs have given a boost to the industry. There is a need to allocate resources for research and development to produce steel more computatively.

(b) Industries cause four types of pollution: air, water, thermal and noise.
(i) Air pollution:
It is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide; solid and liquid air – borne particulate matters like dust, smoke, etc. Smoke is emitted by various factories, refineries, and by burning of fossil fuels. Gas leaks can be hazardous with long term effects.

(ii) Water pollution:
It is caused by the organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents discharged into rivers from factories, such as paper and pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries, electroplating industries, etc. Pollutants like dyes, detergents, acids, mercury, pesticides, and fertilisers get released into water bodies. Fly ash, phosphogypsum and iron and steel slags are the major solid wastes in India.

(iii) Thermal pollution:
It occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling. Wastes from nuclear power plants and weapon production facilities cause cancers, birth defects and miscarriages. Soil becomes polluted from dumping of wastes, such as glass, chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, etc. which contaminate the ground water.

(iv) Noise pollution:
It results in irritation and anger, also causes hearing impairment, increase in heart rate, blood pressure and psychological effects also. It is a source of stress.

Minimising the use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.
Harvesting rainwater to meet water requirements
Treating hot water and effluents releasing them in rivers and ponds. Industrial effluents can be treated in three phases
- Primary treatment by mechanical means, such as screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.
- Secondary treatment by biological process.
- Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of wastewater.
Overdrawing of groundwater should be regulated.
Factories should be fitted with smoke stacks, electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators to reduce particulate matter and smoke.
Oil and gas can be used instead of coal.
Machineries and generators should be fitted with silencers.

NCERT ‘Activity’

Question 1.
Give one word for each of the following with regard to industry. The number of letters in each word are hinted in brackets.
(a) Used to drive machinery
(b) People who work in a factory
(c) Where the product is sold
(d) A person who sells goods
(e) Thing produced
(f) To make or produce
(g) Land, Water and Air degraded
Answer:
(a) Power
(b) Workers
(c) Markets
(d) Retailer
(e) Produce
(f) Manufacture
(g) Pollution

NCERT ‘Project’ Work

Select one agro-based and one mineral based industry in your area.
1.What are the raw materials they use?
2. What are the other inputs in the process of manufacturing that involve transportation cost?
3. Are these factories following environmental norms?
Hints:

Take an appointment with the owner or manager of these industries and arrange a visit.
List the raw materials, machines and number of people employed.
Classify the industry.
Where do the processed goods go? Are these goods sold in the market or they go for further processing?
Who are the buyers or consumers of these products?
Find out what steps they are taking to control the pollution from their factories. Find out if any nearby river or any water body is getting polluted by the discharge from the industries.

NCERT ‘Activity’

Question 1.
Solve the puzzle by following your search horizontally and vertically to find the hidden answers.

Textiles, sugar, vegetable oil and plantation industries deriving raw materials from agriculture are called.
The basic raw material for sugar industry.
This fibre is also known as the ‘Golden Fibre.
Iron – ore, coking coal, and limestone are the chief raw materials of this industry.
A public sector steel plant located in Chhattisgarh.
Railway diesel engines are manufactured in Uttar Pradesh at this place.

Answer:

AGROBASED
SUGARCANE
JUTE
IRON AND STEEL
BHILAI
VARANASI

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 3 Water Resources

September 9, 2024September 6, 2024 by Bhagya

JAC Board Class 10 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 3 Water Resources

→ Three-fourth of the earth’s surface is covered with water but only a small proportion of it is freshwater that can be put to use.

Freshwater is mainly obtained from precipitation, surface run-off and groundwater.
Groundwater isTieing continually renewed and recharged through the hydrological cycle.
It is predicted that by 2025 nearly two billion people will live in absolute water scarcity.

→ Water Scarcity7 and the Need for Water Conservation and Management

The availability of water resources varies over time and space because of variations in seasonal and annual precipitation.
Water scarcity in most cases is caused by over-exploitation, excessive use and unequal access to water among different social groups.
Water scarcity may be due to outcome of large and growing population and consequent gfeater demands for water and unequal access to it.
This means higher food grain production.
This leads to exploitation of water resources to expand irrigated areas and dry-season agriculture. .
Most farmers have their own wells and tube wells in their farms for irrigation to increase their produce. This may reduce the level of groundwater which may adversely affect the availability of water and food security of the people.
The existing freshwater resources are under tremendous pressure from the ever- increasing number of industries, multiplying urban centres and urban lifestyles.
Scarcity of water may also be due to bad quality of water. Water may be polluted by domestic and industrial wastes, chemicals, pesticides and fertilisers used in agriculture, thus, making it hazardous for human use.
It is necessary to conserve and manage water resources to safeguard ourselves from health hazards, to ensure food security, continuation of our livelihoods and productive activities and to prevent degradation of natural ecosystems.
Overexploitation and mismanagement of water resources will deplete this resource and cause ecological crisis which may affect our lives deeply.

→ Multi-Purpose River Projects and Integrated Water Resources Management

Archaeological and historical records show that in the ancient times construction of sophisticated hydraulic structures, such as dams built of stone rubble, reservoirs, lakes, embankments and canals for irrigation.
Traditionally dams were built to impound rivers and rainwater that could be used later for irrigating agricultural fields. These days dams are constructed not only for irrigation, but also for electricity generation, flood control, domestic and industrial water supply, fish breeding, inland navigation and recreation. They are now known as multi¬purpose river projects.
The multi-purpose projects were launched after Independence with their integrated water resource management approach with aim of leading the nation to development and progress. Jawaharlal Nehru proclaimed dams as the‘temples of modem India’.
However, multi-purpose projects have their disadvantages. These projects lead to sedimentation, which obstructs the natural flow, resulting in rockier stream beds; make it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate, especially for spawning; submerge the floodplains and vegetation, leading to decomposition of soil over a period of time.
Multi-purpose projects also lead to large- scale displacement of local communities, tearing them off of their livelihood and resources. Social movements like Narmada Bachao Andolan and Tehri Dam Andolan resist these projects.
Irrigation has changed the cropping pattern as farmers have shifted to water-intensive cropping causing salinisation of soil.
Inter-state water disputes have increased.
These dams have triggered floods due to sedimentation in the reservoif, induced earthquakes, and caused land degradation, water-borne diseases, pests and pollution due to excessive use of water.

→ Rainwater Harvesting:

Water harvesting is a viable alternative, both socio-economically and environmentally as compared to the multi-purpose projects.
In ancient India, there had been sophisticated hydraulic systems of rainwater harvesting.
People had in-depth knowledge of rainfall regimes, wide range of techniques to harvest rainwater, river water, flood water and recharge the groundwater sources, keeping in mind the ecological conditions and their water needs.
In the mountainous regions, people built channels like ‘kuhls’ or ‘guls’ for agriculture. In Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields.
In the arid and semi-arid regions ofRajasthan, farmers converted their agricultural fields into rain-fed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the ‘khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan. In Bengal, people carved out inundation channels to irrigate their fields.
In Bikaner, Phalodi and Banner, Rajasthan, people had well-structured rooftop rainwater harvesting system which were connected with underground tanks or tankas for storing water also called ‘Palar pani’.
This water was used during the dry season when there was scarcity of water.
Today, in western Rajasthan plenty of water is available due to the perennial Indira Gandhi Canal.
Gendathur, a remote backward village of Mysuru, Karnataka has earned the rare distinction of being rich in rainwater by practising rooftop rainwater harvesting system.
Tamil Nadu is the first state to make rooftop rainwater harvesting compulsory to all houses across the state. There are legal provisions to punish the defaulters.
Shillong in Meghalaya, 200-year old bamboo drip irrigation system is followed for irrigating plants.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 2 Forest and Wildlife Resources

September 9, 2024September 6, 2024 by Bhagya

JAC Board Class 10 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 2 Forest and Wildlife Resources

→ We share this planet with millions of other living beings, starting from micro¬organisms and bacteria, lichens to banyan trees, elephants and blue whales. This entire habitat that we live in has immense biodiversity. We humans along with all living organisms form a complex web of ecological system in which we are only a part and very much dependent on this system for our own existence.

→ Forests plays a key role in the ecological system as these are also the primary producers on which all other living beings depend.

→ Biodiversity or Biological Diversity is immensely rich in wildlife and ‘cultivated species, diverse in form and function but closely integrated in a system through multiple network of interdependencies.

→ Flora and Fauna in India

India is one of the world’s richest countries in terms of its vast array of biological diversity, and has nearly 8 per cent of the total number of species in the world (estimated to be 1.6 million).
Some estimates suggest that at least 10 per cent of India’s recorded wild flora and 20 per cent of its mammals are on the threatened list. Many of these would now be categorised as ‘critical’, that is on the verge of extinction like the cheetah, pink-headed duck, mountain quail, etc.

Based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), we can classify as follows:
(a) Normal Species: Species whose population levels are considered to be normal for their survival, such as cattle, sal, pine, rodents, etc.

(b) Endangered Species: These are species which are in danger of extinction. The survival of such species is difficult if the negative factors that have led to a decline in their population continue to operate. The examples of such species are black buck, crocodile, Indian wild ass, Indian rhino, lion tailed macaque, sangai (brow antlered deer in Manipur), etc.

(c) Vulnerable Species: These are species whose population has declined to levels from where it is likely to move into the endangered category in the near future if the negative factors continue to operate. The examples of such species are blue sheep, Asiatic elephant, Gangetic dolphin, etc.

(d) Rare Species: Species with small population may move into the endangered or vulnerable category if the negative factors affecting them continue to operate. The examples of such species are the Himalayan brown bear, wild Asiatic buffalo, desert fox and hombill, etc.

(e) Endemic Species: These are species which are only found in some particular areas usually isolated by natural or geographical barriers. Examples of such species are the Andaman teal, Nicobar pigeon, Andaman wild pig, mithun in Arunachal Pradesh.

(f) Extinct Species: These are species which are not found after searches of known or likely areas where they may occur. A species may be extinct from a local area, region, country, continent or the entire earth. Examples of such species are the Asiatic cheetah, pink head duck.

→ Reasons for Depletion of Biodiversity (Flora and Fauna)

The greatest damage inflicted on Indian forests was’ during the colonial period due to the expansion of the railways, agriculture, commercial and scientific forestry and mining activities.
Even after Independence, agricultural expansion continues to be one of the major causes of depletion of forest resources.
Large-scale development projects have also contributed significantly to the loss of forests. Since 1951, over 5,000 sq km of forest was cleared for river valley projects.
Mining is another important factor behind deforestation. The Buxa Tiger Reserve in West Bengal is seriously threatened by the ongoing dqlomite mining.
Habitat destruction, hunting, poaching, over-exploitation, environmental pollution, poisoning and forest fires are factors, which have led tcfthe decline in India’s biodiversity.
Other important causes of environmental destruction are unequal access, inequitable consumption of resources and differential sharing^ of responsibility for environmental well-being. Over-population in third world countries is often cited as the cause of environmental degradation.

→ Methods or Measures to Conserve Biodiversity

Deforestation should be totally stopped. Instead, trees should be replanted on degraded land and on land where forest had been cleared earlier.
People should initiate movement against tree cutting such as ‘Chipko Movement’.
‘Van Mahotsava’ and similar kind of events should be celebrated to conserve forest.
Mass media, e.g., TV, radio, newspapers, etc., should be used for creating awareness.
Govt, should pass and implement strict laws like Indian Wildlife Protection Act – 1972 against illegal cutting of trees, hunting and poaching.
Various projects like Project Tiger, Project Rhino, etc., should be started.
More National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserve should be identified.
There should be frequent survey and census to count population of different species found in the forest.

→ Short Note on Project Tiger:
Tiger is one of the most important species among fauna. It was estimated that population of tigers has decreased rapidly in the last one hundred years. Major reasons identified behind depletion of tiger were hunting and poaching, deforestation, depletion of prey etc. Project Tiger was started in 1973 to protect the tigers from extinction. There are 50 tiger reserves in India. Project Tiger has successfully improved the condition.

→ Types of Forests in India
(a) Reserved Forests: More than half of the total forest land has been declared reserved forests. Reserved forests are
regarded as the most valuable as far as the conservation of forest and wildlife resources are concerned.
(b) Protected Forests: These forests are protected from further depletion. About one-third forests comes under protected forests.
(c) Unclassed Forests: These forests belong to government, private individuals and communities.

→ Distribution of Forest in India

Only 24.16% land is under forest in India. Distribution of forest in India is not uniform.
Madhya Pradesh has the largest area under pennanent forests with 75% of its total forest area. The other states like Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, West Bengal and Maharashtra have large percentage of reserved forests.
States like Bihar, Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Orissa and Rajasthan have large areas of protected forests.
All the north-eastern states and parts of Gujarat have large percentages of unclassed forests which are managed – by local communities.

→ Role of Community (local people) in Conserving Forest and Wildlife

Community or local people are very helpful in conserving biodiversity i.e. plants and animals. Many communities live in the forest. Forest is home of many traditional people.
In Rajasthan, local people came forward to stop.mining activities to protect Sariska Tiger Reserve.
People of five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have declared 1200 hectares of land as ‘Bhairodev Dakav Sonchuri’ in which hunting is not allowed.
In Jharkhand, Munda tribe worship Mahua and Kadamba trees and they protect them.
Famous Chipko Movement in Himalayas was started by local community only. Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya have produced crops without the use of synthetic chemicals.
Joint Forest Management [JFM] started in Odisha is good method of involving local community in management and restoration of degraded forest.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 4 Gender Religion and Caste

September 9, 2024September 6, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 4 Gender Religion and Caste

JAC Class 10th Civics Gender Religion and Caste InText Questions and Answers

Page 41

Question 1.
Discuss all these perceptions of an ideal woman that prevail in our society. Do you agree with any of these? If not what is your image of an ideal woman?

Answer:
It is good to see that women are showing their talent in every walk of life. It is not right to be agreed with any one perception of women, shown through the figures, along. In my view, an ideal woman is that who has the quality of managing both house work and work outside the house. Of course this needs an equal cooperation of man.

Question 2.
Can you identify your district on this map? What is the child sex ratio in it? How is it different from others with a different colour?
Answer:
Do it yourself.
Hint: First, locate your State and then identify your district. For finding child sex ratio, take the help of legends shown on the map.

Question 3.
Identify the States where most districts have child sex ratio below 850.
Answer:
Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana are the states where most districts have child sex ratio below 850.

Question 4.
Compare this map with the poster on the next page. How do the two of them tell us about the same issue?

Answer:
Both map and poster are concerned about the decreasing trend of child sex ratio.

Page 44

Question 5.
Could you think of some reasons why women’s representation is so low in India? Do you think America and Europe have achieved a satisfactory level of women’s representation?
Answer:
(i) The women’s literacy rate is very low and if some are educated, they are not politically motivated. They and their male family members think that politics is not the profession of women. Political parties are also not giving tickets to women candidates to fight election in proportion to their population.

(ii) No, neither America nor Europe has achieved a satisfactory level of women’s representation. In America there are only 20.2 per cent and in Europe only 19.6 per cent women in the national Parliament. These percentages are not proportional to their population in the respective countries.

Page 45

Question 6.
If casteism and communalism are bad, what makes feminism a good thing? Why don’t we oppose all those who divide the society on any lines caste, religion or gender?
Answer:
(i) Feminism believes in equal rights and opportunities for men and women. It is a collection of movements and ideologies aimed at defining, establishing and defending equal political, economic and social rights for women. A feminist advocates or supports the rights and equality of women. Enhanced women power can make our society more strong.

(ii) Thus feminism can not be regarded as a bad thing. But casteism and communalism usually divide the society and enhance inequality. These two are major challenges to our democracy. Our onstitution makers were aware of these challenges.

(iii) That is why they chose the model of a secular State. Also the Constitution of India prohibited any caste – based discrimination and laid the foundations of policies to reverse the injustices due to casteism. So we must oppose casteism and communalism but not feminism.

Question 7.
This cartoon offers an understanding of why the Women’s Reservation Bill has not been passed in the Parliament. Do you agree with this reading.

Answer:
Yes, the cartoon reflects that our legislature is man – dominated. Every gate to the parliament is well narrated by men who do not wish women to enter the course. But they pretend to show that very soon they are going to pass a bill regarding women’s reservation in the house.

Page 46

Question 8.
I am not religious. Why should I bother about communalism and secularism?
Answer:
(i) If I am not religious, it means I don’t believe in god, i.e., there are no deities.

(ii) Communalism is a social phenomenon which is based on the idea that religion is the principal basis of social community. It believes that people who follow different religions can not belong to the same social community. Sometimes it takes most ugly form of communal violence, riots and massacre. So communalism needs to be combated.

(iii) Secularism means there is no State religion. State should respect all religions. India does not have an official State religion. So whether I am religious or not, I must be secular and should not favour or discriminate against any religion. This attitude only can maintain a healthy atmosphere in our country.

Page 47

Question 9.
I often crack jokes about people from one religion. Does that make me communal?
Answer:

Cracking joke is not a bad thing. It decreases our mental stress. But if we often crack jokes about people from one particular religion it becomes a serious matter.
Religion means a belief or the worship of god or the supernatural. The faith is very much based on personal and community grounds.
We should not make jokes about people of any religion. Religion is a very sensitive issue. Ridiculing one’s religion may result in communal tension in the society and we will be responsible for it.

Page 51

Question 10.
I don’t care what my caste is. Why are we discussing all this in the textbook? Are we not promoting casteism by talking about caste?
Answer:
India is a multilingual, multireligious and caste based country. There are people of different castes living together in Indian society. So reality cannot be hidden. This is the reason why there is a discussion on caste in this textbook. We cannot promote casteism only by talking about castes.

Question 11.
Now you don’t like it! Didn’t you tell me that wherever there is domination, we should discuss it in Political Science? Will caste disappear if we keep mum about it?
Answer:

Caste has become a very strong phenomenon in Indian politics. That is why whenever and wherever there is the domination of one caste over others, we discuss it in political science.
Caste will not disappear from the Indian politics and from the society merely by keeping mum about it. Because it has become a part and parcel of our political and social system.

Page 53

Question 12.
Do you think that political leaders are right to treat people belonging to a caste as ‘vote banks’?
Answer:
I think that political leaders are not right in treating people belonging to a caste as vote banks. The reason is that making a vote bank based on caste will divide the velocity into different groups by dirty game of politicians and political parties during elections to win the election. It can create tension among different castes, as a result there may be blood sheds on the occasion of polling.

JAC Class 10th Civics Gender Religion and Caste Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Mention different aspects of life in which women are discriminated or disadvantaged in India.
Answer:
(i) Literacy Rate:
The literacy rate among women is only 54% as compared with 76% among men. A smaller proportion of girl students go for higher studies because parents prefer to spend their resources on their sons’ education than spending equally on their daughters.

(ii) Unpaid Work:
The proportion of women among the highly paid and valued jobs is still very small. Though on an average, Indian women works one hour more than men eveiy day, most of them are not paid equally and their work is often not valued.

(iii) The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 – Provides that equal wages should be paid to equal work in almost all areas of work. Women are paid less than men, even when both do exactly the same work.

(iv) Sex Ratio:
In many parts of India, parents prefer to have sons and find ways to have the girl “child aborted before she is born. This has led to a decline in the child sex ratio (the number of girl children per thousand boys) in the country to merely 919.

(v) Domestic Violence:
There are reports of various kinds of harassment, exploitation and violence against women. Both urban and rural areas have become unsafe for women. They are not safe even within their own homes from beating and other forms of domestic violence.

Question 2.
State different forms of communal politics with one example each.
Answer:
Communalism can take various forms in politics
(i) The most common expression of communalism is in everyday beliefs. These routinely involve religious prejudices, stereotypes of religious communities and belief in the superiority of one’s religion over other religions. This is so common that we often fail to notice it, even when we believe in it.

(ii) A communal mind often leads to a quest for political dominance of one’s own religious community. For those belonging to majority community, this takes the form of majoritarian dominance. For those belonging to the minority community, it can take the form of a desire to form a separate political unit.

(iii) Political mobilisation on religious lines is another frequent form of communalism. This involves the use of sacred symbols, religious leaders, emotional appeal and plain fear in order to bring the followers of one religion together in the political arena. In electoral politics this often involves special appeal to the interests or emotions of voters of one religion in preference to others.

(iv) Sometimes communalism takes its most ugly form of communal violence, riots and massacre. India and Pakistan suffered some of the worst communal riots at the time of partition. The post – Independence period has also seen large scale communal violence.

Question 3.
State how caste inequalities are still continuing in India.
Answer:

Still people prefer to establish marriage relationships in their own caste or .community.
People tend to cast vote in favour of candidates belonging to their community.
Despite constitutional provisions, untouchability has not ended completely.
Some of the older aspects of caste have persisted even today. Effects of centuries of advantages and disadvantages continue to be felt.
Caste continues to be closely linked to economic status.
It has been politicized now. So, it can be said that caste inequalities are still continuing in India.

Question 4.
State two reasons to say that caste alone cannot determine election results in India.
Answer:
Caste alone cannot determine election results in India because:

(i) No Parliamentary constituency has a clear majority of one single caste.
(ii) No party wins all the votes of a particular caste. A caste is a ‘vote bank’ of one party.

Question 5.
What is the status of women’s representation in India’s legislative bodies?
Answer:

In India, the proportion of women in legislature has been very low.
For example, the percentage of elected women members in Lok Sabha has never reached even 10 per cent of its total strength.
Their share in the State Assemblies is less than 5 per cent.
India is among the developing nations of Latin America and Africa.
Reservation of one – third seats for women in Panchayati Raj and municipalities.
If a women becomes a Prime Minister, most of its ministers are men.
The women Reservation Bill has been pending in parliament due to lack of consensus among political parties.

Question 6.
Mention any two constitutional provisions that make India a secular state.
Answer:
The two constitutional provisions that make India a secular State are:
(i) There is no official religion for the Indian State. Unlike the status of Buddhism in Sri Lanka, that of Islam in Pakistan and that of Christianity in England, our Constitution does not give a special status to any religion.

(ii) The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities freedom to profess, practise and propagate any religion, or not to follow any.

Question 7.
When we speak of gender divisions, we usually refer to:
(a) Biological difference between men and women
(b) Unequal roles assigned by the society to men and women
(c) Unequal child sex ratio
(d) Absence of voting rights for women in democracies
Answer:
(b) Unequal roles assigned by the society to men and women

Question 8.
In India seats are reserved for women in
(a) Lok Sabha
(b) State Legislative assemblies
(c) Cabinets
(d) Panchayati Raj bodies
Answer:
(d) Panchayati Raj bodies

Question 9.
Consider the following statements on the meaning of communal politics. Communal politics is based on the belief that:
(i) One religion is superior to that of others.
(ii) People belonging to different religions can live together happily as equal citizens.
(iii) Followers of a particular religion constitute one community.
(iv) State power cannot be used to establish the domination of one religious group over others.
Which of the statements is/are correct?
(a) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(b) (i), (ii) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (iii) only
(d) (ii) and (iv) only.
Answer:
(c) (i) and (iii) only

Question 10.
Which among the following statements about India’s Constitution is wrong?
(a) prohibits discrimination on ground of religion.
(b) gives official status to one religion.
(c) provides to all individuals freedom to profess any religion.
(d) ensures equality of citizens within religious communities.
Answer:
(c) provides to all individuals freedom to profess any religion.

Question 11.
Social divisions based on……………. are peculiar to India.
Answer:
Caste

Question 12.
Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the Lists:

List – I	List – II
(i) A person who believes in equal rights and opportunities for women and men	A. Communalist
(ii) A person who says that religion is the principal basis of community	B. Feminist
(iii) A person who thinks that caste is the principal basis of community	C. Secularist
(iv) A person who does not discriminate others on the basis of religious beliefs	D. Castiest

(a)	(i) – B	(ii) – C	(iii) – A	(iv) – D
(b)	(i) – B	(ii) – A	(iii) – D	(iv) – C
(c)	(i) – D	(ii) – C	(iii) – A	(iv) – B
(d)	(i) – C	(ii) – A	(iii) – B	(iv) – D

Answer:
(b) (i) – B (ii) – A (iii) – D (iv) – C

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 1 Resource and Development

September 9, 2024September 6, 2024 by Bhagya

JAC Board Class 10 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 1 Resource and Development

→ Everything, that is available in our environment and can be used to satisfy our needs, is termed as resources, provided, it is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable.

→ Resources are a function of human activities. Human beings themselves are essential components of resources.

→ Types of Resources: Resources can be classified into different categories:
(a) On the basis of origin: Biotic and abiotic.
(b) On the basis of exhaustibility: Renewable and non-renewable.
(c) On the basis of ownership: Individual, community, national and international.
(d) On the basis of status of development: Potential, developed stock and reserves.

→ Resource Planning: This is a technique or skill of proper utilisation of resources.

→ Resource Planning in India: Resource planning ,is a complex process which involves:
(a) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources.
(b) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.
(c) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.

→ Conservation of Resources: Irrational consumption and over-utilisation of resources may lead to socio-economic and environmental problems. To overcome these problems, resource conservation at various levels is important.

→ Land Resources:

India has land under variety of relief features like mountains, plateaus, plains and islands. About 43 per cent of the land area is plain, which is either used for agriculture or industry. 30 per cent of the total surface area of the country are mountains and ensure perennial flow of some rivers, provide facilities for tourism and ecological aspects.
The plateau region accounts for about 27 per cent of the area of the country. It possesses rich reserves of minerals, fossil fuels and forests.
The use of land is determined both by physical factors such as topography, climate, soil types and human factors such as population density, technological capability and culture and tradition, etc.

→ Land Degradation and Conservation Measures: Human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, mining and quarrying have contributed significantly in land degradation. Measures like afforestation, proper management of grazing, planting of shelter belts of plants, control on overgrazing, etc., can help to reduce land degradation in dry areas.

→ Soil as a Resource: Soil is a living system. It takes millions of years to form soil upto a few cm in depth. The important factors in the formation of soil are relief, parent rock or bed rock, climate, vegetation and other forms of life and time.

→ Types of Soil
(a) Alluvial soil: Alluvial soil as a whole is very fertile. Mostly this soil contains adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops. Due to its high fertility, regions pf alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely populated.

(b) Black soil: This soil is black in colour and is also known as regur soil. Black soil is ideal for growing cotton and is also known as black cotton soil. Black soil consists of higher proportion of clay and thus can retain moisture for a long time. The soil is sticky and when wet, it is difficult to work unless tilled immediately after the monsoon.

(c) Red soil: This soil develops a reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks. Red soil develops on crystalline igneous rocks in the areas of low rainfall.

(d) Laterite soil: Laterite soil develops in the areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall. This is the result of intense leaching due to heavy rain. This soil is very useful for growing tea and coffee.

(e) Arid soil: Arid soil ranges from red to brown in colour. It is generally sandy in texture and saline in nature. In some areas Hie salt content is very high and common salt is obtained by evaporating the water.

(f) Forest soil: This soil is found in the hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain forests are available.

→ Soil Erosion and Conservation: Some human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, mining and quarrying have contributed significantly in land degradation.

→ Some methods of soil conservation are:
(a) Afforestation
(b) Controlled grazing
(c) Contour Ploughing
(d) Terrace Farming
(e) Strip Cropping
(f) Shelter belts
(g) Crop Rotation

→ Biotic: These are obtained from biosphere and have life.

→ Abiotic: Those things which are composed of non-living things.

→ Renewable Resources: The resources which can be renewed or reproduced.

→ Non-Renewable Resources: These resources take millions of years in their formation.

→ Individual Resources: Resources which are owned privately by the individuals.

→ Community Owned Resources: Resources which are accessible to all the members of the community.

→ National Resources: Resources belonging to the nation.

→ International Resources: International institutions which regulate some resources.

→ Potential Resources: Resources which are found in a region, but have not been utilised.

→ Developed Resources: Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined for utilisation.

→ Sustainable Development: Sustainable economic development means ‘development should take place without damaging the environment.

→ Soil Erosion: The removal of top fertile soil cover due to various reasons like wind, glacier and water.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 3 Our Changing Earth

September 6, 2024September 5, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 3 Our Changing Earth

JAC Class 7th Geography Our Changing Earth InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Find out the names of a few rivers of the world that form a delta?
Answer:
Some of the rivers of the world that form a delta are Niger, Mississippi, Nile, Rhine, Ganga, Brahmaputra.

JAC Class 7th Geography Our Changing Earth Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions.
(i) Why do the plates move?
Answer:
There is a movement of the molten magma inside the earth hence the plates move. .

(ii) What are exogenic and endogenic forces?
Answer:
Exogenic forces are the forces that act on the surface of the earth. Endogenic forces are the forces that act in the interior of the earth.

(iii) What is erosion?
Answer:
Wearing away of the landscape by different agents such as wind, water and ice is known as erosion.

(iv) How are flood plains formed?
Answer:
Layers of fine soil and other materials called sediments are deposited on the river bank during floods. This leads to the evolution of a flat fertile and productive flood plains.

(v) What are sand dunes?
Answer:
In the desert, the low-hill like structures formed by the deposition of sand are known as sand dunes.

(vi) How are beaches formed?
Answer:
When the sea waves deposits sediments along the shores of the sea, the beaches are formed.

(vii) What are ox-bow lakes?
Answer:
Ox-bow lakes are formed when the meander loop is cut-off from the main river, it forms a cut-off lake and the shape is like an ox-bow.

Tick (√) the correct answer.

Question 2.
(i) Which is not an erosional feature of sea waves?
(a) Cliff
(b)Beach
(c) Sea cave
Answer:
(b)Beach

(ii) The depositional feature of a glacier is:
(a) Flood plain
(b) Beach
(c) Moraine
Answer:
(c) Moraine

(iii) Which is caused by the sudden movements of the earth?
(a) Volcano
(b) Folding
(c) Flood plain
Answer:
(a) Volcano

(iv) Mushroom rocks are found in:
(a) Deserts
(b) River valleys
(c) Glaciers
Answer:
(a) Deserts

(v) Ox bow lakes are found in:
(a) Glaciers
(b) River valleys
(c) Deserts
Answer:
(b) River valleys

Question 3.

Match the following.

(i) Glacier	(a) Sea shore
(ii) Meanders	(b) Mushroom rock
(iii) Beach	(c) River of ice
(iv) Sand dunes	(d) Rivers
(v) Waterfall	(e) Vibrations of earth
(vi) Earthquake	(f) Sea cliff
	(g) Hard bed rock
	(h) Deserts

Answer:

(i) Glacier	(c) River of ice
(ii) Meanders	(d) Rivers
(iii) Beach	(a) Sea shore
(iv) Sand dunes	(h) Deserts
(v) Waterfall	(g) Hard bed rock
(vi) Earthquake	(e) Vibrations of earth

Question 4.
Give reasons.
(i) Some rocks have a shape of a mushroom.
Answer:
Winds usually erode the lower section of the rock much more than the upper portion in desert. Hence, such hocks take the shape of a mushroom which have narrower base and wider top.

(ii) Flood plains are very fertile.
Answer:
The deposition of fine soil and other materials called sediments on the river banks helps in the formation of flood plains. By flood water, the soil and sediments are brought hence they are very fertile.

(iii) Sea caves are turned into stacks.
Answer:
At the rocks, sea waves strikes. Cracks develops as a result and it becomes bigger over the period and hollow like caves are formed on the rocks. These are the sea caves. These cavities becomes bigger and bigger and a times come when only the roof of the caves remain to make sea arches. To some extent, erosion breaks the roof and only walls are left. These wall like features are called stacks hence, in this manner sea waves are turned into stacks,

(iv) Buildings collapse due to earthquakes.
Answer:
Most of the buildings are not earthquake proof and safe enough to withstand the pressure of the vibrations of the earthquake. They collapse tearing apart due to insubstantial foundation and lack of adequate good materials such as steel in the interior design.

Activity

Question 5.
Observe the photographs given below. These are various features made by a river. Identify them and also tell whether they are erosional or depositional or landforms formed by both.

Answer:

(For Fun)

Question 6.
Solve the crossword puzzle with the help of given clues.

Across:
2. Loop like bend of river 4. Solid form of water
7. Moving mass of ice
9. Sudden descent of water in bed of river
11. Natural cavity on weak rocks formed by action of waves
12.Embankment on river that keeps river in its channel
13. Large body of sea water
14. Dry area where sand dunes are found
15. Small hill of sand piled by action of wind
16. Flat plain formed by river depoits during time of flood

Down:
1. Rise and fall of water caused by friction of wind on water surface
3. Flow of water in channel
5. Steep perpendicular face of rock along sea coast
6. Debris of boulder and coarse material carried by glacier
8. Crescent shaped lake formed by river meander
10. Fine sand deposited by action of wind
13. Isolated mass of rising steep rock near coastline
14. Alluvial tracts of land at mouth of river formed by river deposits

Across	Down
2. Meander	1. Wave
4. Ice	3. River
7. Glacier	5. Cliff
9.Waterfall	6. Moraine
11. Caves	8. Ox Bow lakes
12. Levee	10. Loess
13. Sea	13. Stack
14. Desert	14. Delta
15. Sand dune
16. Flood Plain

JAC Class 7th Geography Our Changing Earth Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The earthquake is measured with the help of
(a) Compass
(b) Seismograph
(c) Thermometer
(d) Lactometer
Answer:
(b) Seismograph

Question 2.
Sand dunes are
(a) hill like structure
(b) cave like structure
(c) wall like structure
(d) none of these
Answer:
(a) hill like structure

Question 3. Inside the earth, the molten magma moves in a……manner.
(a) circular
(b) vertical
(c) horizontal
(d) spiral
Answer:
(b) vertical

Question 4.
The highest waterfall in the world is
(a) Jog Falls
(b) Victoria Falls
(c) Niagra Falls
(d) Horseshoe Falls
Answer:
(c) Niagra Falls

Question 5.
Loess is found in
(a) mountains
(b) sea
(c) plains
(d) deserts
Answer:
(d) deserts

Question 6.
Colour of infrared images that represent sandy areas, sand dunes and beaches is
(a) yellow
(b) white – cream
(c) red magenta
(d) pink – white
Answer:
(b) white – cream

Question 7.
Broken plates are known as
(a) Farallon plate
(b) Scotia plate
(c) Tectonic plate
(d) Lithospheric plate
Answer:
(d) Lithospheric plate

Question 8.
The forces which act in the interior of the earth is known as
(a) Endogenic Force
(b) Magnetic Force
(c) Exogenic Force
(d) Gravitational Force
Answer:
(a) Endogenic Force

Question 9.
One of the Endogenic Force is theSudden Force. These include/s
(a) Volcano
(b) Landslides
(c) Earthquake
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 10: The activity in a river which erodes the landscape is
(a) Swimming of humans
(b) Growth of weeds
(c) Running water
(d) Boating
Answer:
(c) Running water

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
During an earthquake we should keep away from which places?
Answer:
During an earthquake we should keep away from the places such as chimneys, windows that shatter including mirrors and picture frames and fire places.

Question 2.
Name the major agents of erosion.
Answer:
The major agents of erosion are wind, water and ice.

Question 3.
What do you meant by vent?
Answer:
Vent is the narrow opening of the volcano.

Question 4.
Name the scale that is used to measurethe earthquake.
Answer:
The Richter Scale is used to measure themagnitude of the earthquake.

Question 5.
What do you mean by distributaries?
Answer:
When the river begins to break up to a number of streams are known as distributaries.

Question 6.
Which are the two methods that wear away the landscape?
Answer:
The two methods that wear away the landscape are weathering and erosion.

Question 7.
What are the activities on the surface of the earth that create different landforms?
Answer:
The activities on the surface of the earth that create different landforms are the process of erosion and deposition.

Question 8.
What do you mean by focus?
Answer:
The focus is the place in the crust where the movement starts.

Question 9.
When the river tumbles at the steep angle over very hard rocks or down a steep valley side then what is formed?
Answer:
When the river tumbles at the steep angle over very hard rocks or down a steep valley side then waterfall is formed.

Question 10.
What is formed when the river enters the plain and twists and turns forming large bends?
Answer:
Meander is formed when the river enters the plain and twists and turns forming large bends.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In which manner glacial morains form?
Answer:
The materials which are carried by the glacier such as rocks small and big; sand and silt gets deposited. These depositions form glacial moraines.

Question 2.
What do you understand by the term delta?
Answer:
A feature is formed when river drops off the sediments in low-lying areas usually as they enter the sea, ocean or estuary is known as delta. It has triangular shape sometimes.

Question 3.
What are the three types of earthquake waves?
Answer:
The three types of earthquake waves are

Longitudinal waves or P waves
Transverse waves or S waves
Surface waves or L waves

Question 4.
Where are Victoria Falls and Niagra Falls located?
Answer:
Victoria Falls is located on the borders of Zambia and Zimbabwe in Africa. Niagra Falls is situated on the borders of United States of America and Canada.

Question 5.
List the important lithospheric plates.
Answer:
The important lithospheric plates are

The Indo-Australian Plate
The Eurasian Plate
The North American Plate
The South American Plate
The African Plate
The Pacific Plate
The Antarctic Plate

Question 6.
What are the agents of denudation?
Answer:
Denudation is the effect of two main processes – Endogenous and Exogenous.

The agents of denudation are
Wind
Running water
Sea waves
Glaciers

Question 7.
How do we measure the intensity of an earthquake?
Answer:
Seismograph is a machine which helps to measure an earthquake and the magnitude is measured on the Richter Scale. Hence, the intensity of the earthquake is measured in the following way:

Magnitude	Affect
4.0 or less	only little can be felt
Over 5.0	cause damages such as things falling
6.0 or more	feel very strong
7.0 or higher	major damage of this earthquake

Question 8.
When does ox-bow lakes form?
Answer:
When there is a continuous erosion and deposition occurs along the sides of the meander, the ends of the meander loop come very closer. Hence, in due period of time the meander loop cuts off from the river and forms a cut-off lake which is known as ox-bow lakes.

Question 9.
What are the two types of tectonic movement?
Answer:
The two types of tectonic movements are Vertical earth movement and Horizontal earth movement.

Question 10.
Where do you think volcanoes are found?
Answer:
The place where the tectonic plates are pulled apart or come together, the volcanoes are found there. These are also found where there is thinning and stretching of earth’s crust happens such as in the rift valley (Africa).

Long Answer Type Questions

Due to continuous erosion and deposition along the sides of the meander, the ends of the meander loop come very close. In due period of time the meander loop cuts off from the river and forms a cut-off lake which is also called as an oxbow lake.
At times the river overflows its banks and and this leads to the flooding of the neighbouring areas. As it floods heavily, it deposits

Question 1.
Discuss the work of a river.
Answer:
Work of a river:

1. In the river, the running water erodes the landscape. When the river tumbles at steep angle over very hard rocks or down a steep valley side it forms a waterfall.layers of fine soil and other materials which is known as sediments along its banks. This leads to the formation of a flat fertile flood plain. This raised banks are known as levees.

2. As the river proceeds towards the sea, the speed of the flowing water
decreases and the river begins to break up into a number of streams which are known as distributaries. The river becomes so slow that it begins to deposit its load. And, each distributary forms its own mouth. The collection of sediments from all the mouths hence forms a delta.

Question 2.
Write short note on the work of sea waves.
Answer:
Work of sea waves:

The sea waves gives rise to coastal landforms with the help of erosion and deposition. Sea waves . continuously strike at the rocks and the cracks develop. Over the period, they become larger and wider. Hence, hollow like caves are formed on the rocks. They are known as sea caves.
As these cavities become bigger and bigger only the roof of the caves remain at last and thus forms the sea arches.
Furthermore, erosion breaks the roof and only the walls are left. These walls like features are known as stacks.
Above sea water, the steep rocky coast rises almost vertically is known as sea cliff”.
The sea waves which deposits sediments along the shores forms beaches.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 1 Resource and Development

September 6, 2024September 5, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 1 Resource and Development

JAC Class 10th Geography Resource and Development InText Questions and Answers

Page 1

Question 1.
Can you identify and name the various items used in making life comfortable in our villages and towns. List the items and name the material used in their making.
Answer:

Location

Item

Material used in making them

Villages

Proper houses Bicycles and motorcycles Kerosene stoves and LPG Bulbs and tube lights

Bricks, cement, wood, glass, other building materials

Steel, rubber, etc.

Steel, brass, etc.

Copper, tungsten, glass, etc.

Towns

Cooking gas stove and cylinder Cars and motorcycles Fans, room coolers and air conditioners Refrigerators and TV sets

Steel, brass, rubber, etc.

Steel, plastic, brass, etc.

Steel, copper, plastics, etc.

Steel, copper, plastics, glass, etc.

Page 2

Question 2.
Identify at least two resources from each category.
Answer:
Types of resources based on origin

Biotic Resources: Animals and human beings
Abiotic Resources: Metals and rocks
Renewable Resources: Solar and wind energy.
Non-Renewable Resources: Coal and petroleum
Individual Resources: Plots and houses
Community Resources: Playing grounds and public parks
National Resources: Forests and wildlife
International Resources: Ocean and sky (beyond certain limits)

Question 3.
Prepare a list of stock and reserve resources that you are familiar with from your local area.
Answer:
Try to find out information about different resources as you can. Below, there is an example of how you can write about one or two of them.
Stock

Water in isolated form. We do not have adequate technology to make it fit for drinking.
There is oxygen in my area because many trees are present here, so due to lack of technology we can’t take oxygen gas and hydrogen gas to form a water molecule.

Reserve

There is a dam few kilometres away from my town which has reserved water for future generations.
There are some granaries which has reserved foodgrains for future generations.

Question 4.
Imagine, if the oil supply gets exhausted one day, how would this affect our life style.
Answer:
Do it yourself. Sample answer is given. Transport plays a major role in the society, i. e., it is helpful for transporting of goods or grains from one place to another. So this will also affect their modem lifestyle. It would be harder for the people to generate electricity. Oil is needed to produce electricity through generators.

Question 5.
Plan a survey in your colony/village to investigate people’s attitude towards recycling of the domestic/agricultural wastes. Ask questions about:
(a) What do they think about resources they use?
(b) What is their opinion abQuestion ut the wastes, and its utilisation?
(c) Collage your results.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Page 4

Question 6.
Prepare a list of resources found in your state and also identify the resources that are important but deficit in your state.
Answer:
Do it yddrself activity. Sample answer is given. A number of minerals are found in our state. Some of them are Potassium, Calcium, Sodium, Coal, Petroleum, Iron ore, etc. But all these are not available in abundant quantity. We have a deficit of coal and bauxite.

Question 7.
What resources are being developed in your surroundings by the community/village panchayats/ward level communities with the help of community participation?
Answer:
Biomass energy, bio-gas, water (by digging well), solar energy (by setting up solar panels), etc., are developed in our surroundings by the community village . panchayats/ward level communities with community participation.

Question 8.
Find out reasons for the low proportion of net sown area in these states.
Answer:
Net sown area in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram and Manipur is low mainly due to the hilly and rocky terrain. They are also largely covered with dense forests, which will need to be cut to develop agriculture. Andaman and Nicobar Islands are covered with dense tropical forests and so net sown area is low.

Question 9.
Try to do a comparison between the two pie charts given for land use and find out why the net sown area and the land under forests have changed from 1960¬61 to 2014-15 very marginally.

Answer:

Change in net sown area:In 2014-15, net sown area was = 45.5%
In 1960-61, net sown area was = 46.26%
Change in this year = 46.26%-45.5% = .76%
Change in land under forest = 23.3%-18.11% = 5.19%

JAC Class 10th Geography Resource and Development Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below.
(i) Which one of the following type of resource ¡s iron ore?
(a) Renewable
(b) Biotic
(c) Flow
(d) Non-renewable
Answer:
(d) Non-renewable

(ii) Under which of the following type of resourçe can tidal energy be put?
(a) Rplenishab1e
(b) Human-made
(c) Abiotic
(d) Non-recyclable
Answer:
(a) Rplenishab1e

(iii) Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab?
(a) Intensive cultivation
(b) Deforestation
(c) Over irrigation
(d) Overgrazing
Answer:
(c) Over irrigation

(iv) In which one of the following states is terrace cultivation practised?
(a) Punjab
(b) Plains of Uttar Pradesh
(c) Haryana
(d) Uttarakhand
Answer:
(d) Uttarakhand

(v) In which of the following states black soil is predominantly found?
(a) Jammu and Kashmir
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Rajasthan
(d) Jharkhand
Answer:
(b) Maharashtra

Question 2.
Answer the following questions in about 30 words:
(a) Name three states having black soil and the crop which is mainly grown in it.
(b) What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give three main features of this type of soil.
(c) What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas?
(d) What are the biotic and abiotic resources? Give some examples.
Answer:
(a) States having black soil are Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. This type of soil is typical of the Deccan trap (Basalt) region spread over northwest Deccan plateau and is made up of lava flows. Black soil is ideal for growing cotton and is also known as black cotton soil.

(b) Alluvial soil is found in the entire northern plains and river deltas of the eastern coast. Three main features of alluvial soil are:

Alluvial soil consists of proportions of sand, silt and clay.
Alluvial soil as a whole is very fertile. This soil contains adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops.
Soils in the drier areas are more alkaline and can be productive after proper treatment and irrigation.

(c) To stop soil erosion in the hilly areas following steps can be taken:
(i) Afforestation- planting of trees on slopes.

(ii) Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the slopes. This is called contour ploughing.

(iii) Steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces. Terrace cultivation restricts erosion.

(iv) Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind. This method is known as strip cropping. birds, marine life and human beings are some of the examples of biotic resources. Abiotic Resources: Resources which are composed of non-living things are abiotic resources. Land, water, soil and minerals are some of the examples of abiotic resources.

Question 3.
Answer the following questions in about 120 words:
(a) Explain land use pattern in India and why has the land under forest not increased much since 1960-61?
(b) How have technical and economic development led to more consumption of resources?
Answer:
(a) In India, land resources are primarily divided into agricultural land, forest land, land for pasture and grazing and waste land. According to the data, about 54% of the total land area is cultivable or fallow, 23.3% is covered by forests, and 3.3% is used for grazing. The rest is waste land.
The land under forest has not increased since 1960-61 because:

After independence demand for more land to expand agriculture, mainly after Green Revolution.
Developmental works and infrastructural facilities led to clearance of forests areas.
Industrialization and urbanization also decreased the forest area.

(b) (i) Technical and economic development involves more utilization and exploitation of resources for the purpose of present development.

(ii) The history of colonization reveals that it was the higher level of technological development of the colonizing countries that helped them to exploit resources of other regions and establish their supremacy over the colonies

(iii) According to Gandhiji, the greedy and selfish individuals and exploitative nature of modem technology are the root cause for resource depletion at global level.

(iv) Economic development takes place through proper utilization of available resources for the purpose of advancement of present generation.

(v) With economic development the capacity of accessing or consuming of resources by the people increases and technical development makes further resources available at their disposal.

(vi) Technical development makes resources accessible and usable. It aids in further exploitation as well as creation of new resources.

NCERT ‘Project’ Activity

Question 1.
Make a project showing consumption and conservation of resources in your locality.
Answer:
Make aproject/chart with these guidelines.

Resources	How we consume
Agricultural Resources	For food, clothing, etc.
Water Resources	For drinking,-washing, irrigation, etc.
Industrial Resources	Such as kitchenware, washing machine, electronic goods, etc.

Question 2.
Have a discussion in the class: how to conserve various resources used in your school.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Question 3.
Imagine if oil supplies get exhausted, how will this affect our life style?
Answer:
If oil supplies get exhausted, it will adversely affect our life style.

Without oil, it will be difficult to run industries.
Transportation facilities will be affected
Agricultural production will suffer and come to a standstill.

Question 4.
Solve the puzzle by following your search horizontally and vertically to find the hidden answers:

Natural endowments in the form of land, water, vegetation and minerals.
A type of non-renewable resource.
Soil with high water retaining capacity.
Intensively leached soils of the monsoon climate.
Plantation of trees on a large scale to check soil erosion.
The Great Plains of India are made up of these soils.

Answer:

Resource
Minerals
Black
Laterite
Afforestation
Alluvial

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 1 Resource and Development

September 6, 2024September 5, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 1 Resource and Development

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Resource which can be renewed again are
(a) National resource
(b) Potential resource
(c) Renewable resource
(d) Stock
Answer:
(c) Renewable resource

Question 2.
Balancing the need to use resources and also conserve them for the future is called
(a) sustainable development
(b) resource conservation
(c) resource development
(d) human resource development
Answer:
(a) sustainable development

Question 3.
How much percentage of land is plain in India?,
(a) 41%
(b) 45%
(c) 43%
(d) 47%
Answer:
(c) 43%

Question 4.
The thin layer of grainy substance covering the surface of the earth is called
(a) soil
(b) sand
(c) mineral
(d) organic matter
Answer:
(a) soil

Question 5.
Land degradation due to over irrigation can be seen in the states of:
(a) Punjab and Haryana
(b) Assam
(c) Odisha
(d) Mizoram
Answer:
(a) Punjab and Haryana

Question 6.
How many Economic zones are there in India? *
(a) Five
(b) One
(c) Two
(d) Ten
Answer:
(a) Five

Question 7.
Which dhe of the following resources can be acquired by a Nation?
(a) Potential resources
(b) International resources
(c) National resources
(d) Public resources
Answer:
(c) National resources

Question 8.
Which one of the following soil is the best for cotton cultivation?
(a) Red soil
(b) Black soil
(c) Laterite soil
(d) Alluvial soil
Answer:
(b) Black soil

Question 9.
Which one of the following term is used to identify the old and new alluvial respectively?
(a) Khadar & Tarai
(b) Tarai & Bangar
(c) Bangar & Khadar
(d) Tarai & Dvars
Answer:
(c) Bangar & Khadar

Question 10.
Which type of soil develops due to high temperature and evaporation?
(a) Arid Soil
(b) Forest Soil
(c) Black Soil
(d) Red Soil
Answer:
(a) Arid Soil

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the main purpose of resources?
Answer:
Resources are a function of human activities. The main purpose of resources is to satisfy the basic needs of mankind.

Question 2.
On the basis of status of development resources are classified into how many categories?
Answer:
On the basis of status of development resources are classified into four categories – Potential, Developed, Stock and Reserved.

Question 3.
What can lead to socio-economic and environmental problems?
Answer:
Irrational consumption and over¬utilisation of resources may lead to socio¬economic and environmental problems.

Question 4.
Name four ecological crisis.
Answer:
Global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation.

Question 5.
Name the soil which covers the largest part of India.
Answer:
Alluvial soil

Question 6.
The use of land is determined by which factors?
Answer:
The use of land is determined by both physical factors such as topography, climate, soil types and human factors such as population density, technological capability and culture and traditions, etc.

Question 7.
What is fallow land?
Answer:
It is the land cultivated once in two or three years which is then left for one or two seasons to regain its fertility.

Question 8.
How can resources contribute to development?
Answer:
Resources can contribute to development only when they are accompanied by appropriate technological development and institutional changes.

Question 9.
Name two factors responsible for the formation of soil.
Answer:
Climate and rocks are the two factors responsible for the formation of soil.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by resources? How are resources classified?
Answer:
Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs provided it is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable. Resources can be classified on the following ways:

On the basis of origin: Biotic and abiotic.
On the basis of exhaustibility: Renewable and non-renewable.
On the basis of ownership: Individual, Community, National and International.
On the basis of status of development: Potential, Developed, Stock and Reserves.

Question 2.
What is resource planning? Give three phases of resource planning?
Answer:
Resource planning means proper and judicious use of resource. Resource planning is a complex process which involves:

Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources.
Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.
Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.

Question 3:
What is the difference between Stock resources and reserves?
Answer:

Stock Resources	Reserves
(i) The things present in the nature which have the potential to satisfy the human needs but due to non-availability of appropriate technology, these cannot be used for the time being, are called Stock.	(i) These are the subset of stock which can be put to use with the help of existing technology but they are still unused.
(ii) For example, water. It has oxygen and hydrogen. These can be used as a source of energy but we do not have technology _ to use it.	(ii) These can be used for meeting future generation requirements.

Question 4.
Give two factors that determine soil fertility.
Answer:

Soil fertility depends on its composition. Sandy soil is not suitable for agriculture as they do not retain water which is needed for survival. The ideal soils contain a mixture of sand and clay.
The humus content determines soil fertility. Organic farm manures improve humus content.

Question 5.
Soil is the most important renewable natural resource. Explain.
Answer:
It is the medium of plant growth and supports different types of living organisms on the earth. Soil is a living system. It takes millions of years to form soil upto a few cm in depth. Relief, parent rock or bed rock, climate, vegetation and other forms of life and time are important factors in the formation of soil.

Various forces of nature such as change in temperature, actions of running water, wind and glaciers, activities of decomposers, etc., contribute to the formation of soil. Chemical and organic changes, which take place in the soil, are equally important. Soil also consists of organic (humus) and inorganic materials.

Question 6.
Give a brief note on the productivity of alluvial soil.
Answer:
Alluvial soils are very fertile. Mostly these soils contain proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and oth$r cereal and pulse crops. Due to its high fertility, regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely populated. Soils in the drier areas are more alkaline and can be productive after proper treatment and irrigation.

Question 7.
What are the ways to solve the problems of land degradation?
Answer:
There are many ways to solve the problems of land degradation: Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent. Planting of shelter belts of plants, control on overgrazing, stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes. Proper management of waste lands, control of mining activities, proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment can reduce land and water degradation in industrial and suburban areas.

Question 8.
Explain the importance of conservation of resources.
Answer:
Conservation of resources is necessary for the following reasons:

Resources are important for any development activity but irrational consumption and overuse of resources may lead to socio-economic and environmental problems. To overcome these problems, resource conservation at every level is necessary.
If resources are not conserved at this point of time, then our future generation will be left with no resources at all. So it is very important to start conserving resources now.

Question 9.
What is the inter-relationship between nature, technology institutions?
Answer:
Human beings interact with nature to fulfil their needs using the resources that are available. They also transform the natural stuff into resources through technology and create institutions to accelerate their economic development.

Question 10.
State three characteristics of black soil.
Answer:
Three characteristics of black soil are:

Black soil consists of higher proportion of clay and thus can retain moisture for a long time.
It develops deep cracks during summer which helps in aeration.
Black soil is sticky and when wet, it is difficult to work unless tilled immediately after the monsoon.

Question 11.
What is Agenda 21?
Answer:
It is the declaration signed by the world leaders in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), which took place at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It aims at achieving global sustainable development. It is an agenda to combat environmental damage, poverty, disease through global co-operation on common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities.

Question 12.
What is sustainable development?
Answer:
Sustainable economic development means ‘development should take place without damaging the environment, and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations.’

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable resources.
Answer:

Renewable resources	Non-renewable resources
(i) The resources which get renewed by physical, chemical or mechanical processes are known as renewable resources.	(i) These resources occur over a very long geological time. They gradually get exhausted with use.
(ii) These resources are generally available throughout the world.	(ii) These resources are generally unevenly distributed on the earth.
(iii) Some of the examples are water, solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy and k forest.	(iii) Some of the examples are minerals, coal and petroleum.

Question 2.
Distinguish between biotic resources and abiotic resources.

Biotic resources	Abiotic resources
(i) These resources are obtained from Biosphere. –	(i) Basically, they are those things which are composed of non-living things.
(i) These include flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock, human beings, etc.	(ii) These include rocks, metals, lands, air, mountains, rivers, etc.
(iii) Minerals such as coal and petroleum are included in this category because they are , formed from decayed organic matter.	(iii) Minerals such as gold, iron, copper, silver, etc., come in this category.

Question 3.
Describe the different types of soils in India emphasizing on any two characteristics.
Answer:
India has varied relief features, landforms, climatic realms and vegetation types. All of these have contributed in the development of various types of soils.
(i) Alluvial soil

Alluvial soil as a whole is very fertile. Mostly this soil contains adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops.
Due to its high fertility, regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely populated.

(ii) Black soil

Black soil is made up of extremely fine, i.e., clayey material. It is well-known for their capacity to hold moisture. In addition, it is rich in soil nutrients, such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime.
This soil is black in colour and is also known as regur soil. Black soil is ideal for growing cotton and is also known as black cotton soil.

(iii) Red soil

Red soil develops on crystalline igneous rocks in the areas of low rainfall in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau.
This soil develops a reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks.

(iv) Laterite soil

Laterite soil develops in the areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall. This is the result of intense leaching due to heavy rain.
It is suitable for cultivation with adequate doses of manures and fertilizers. After adopting appropriate soil conservation techniques particularly in the hilly areas of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, this soil is very useful for growing tea and coffee.

(v) Arid soil

Arid soil ranges from red to brown in colour. It is generally sandy in texture and saline in nature. In some areas the salt content is very high and common salt is obtained by evaporating the water.
Due to the dry climate and high temperature, evaporation is faster and the soil lacks humus and moisture.

(vi) Forest soil

This soil is found in the hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain forests are available. The soil’s texture varies according to the mountain Environment where it is formed. It is loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained in the upper slopes.
In the snow covered areas ofthe Himalayas, this soil experiences denudation and is acidic with low humus content.

Question 4.
Explain any four human activities which are mainly responsible for land degradation in India.
Answer:
Human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, construction and mining have contributed significantly to land degradation.

Mining sites are abandoned after mining work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of over-burdening.
In the states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha deforestation has occurred due to mining.
In the states like Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation.
In Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh, over-irrigation is one of the main reasons for land degradation due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.
The mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generates huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere which retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil after it settles down on the land.
Industrial effluents as waste have become a maj or source of land and water pollution.

Question 5.
What are the steps taken to promote soil conservation?
Answer:
Methods for soil conservation are :

Afforestation:
In some areas the original vegetation cover has been removed, such as in the Shiwalik hills. In such areas, both afforestation and reforestation are dneeded to hold the soil. Development of deserts can be checked by planting trees along the margins of desert.
Controlled grazing:
The number of cattle to be grazed on slopes should be according to the capacity of the pastures.
Terraced farming:
Slopes can be cut into a series of terraces for cultivation, so as to slow down the flow of rain water.
River dam: River dams are built in the upper course of rivers to control floods and check soil erosion.
Contour ploughing:
Contour ploughing, terracing and bunding is done to check soil wash on slopes. Ploughing is done at right angles to the hill slopes.
Crop rotation:
Crop rotation system should be used and the land should be left fallow for some time. Soil fertility can be maintained in this way.

Question 6.
Explain the land use pattern of India.
Answer:
(i) Total geographical area of India is 3.28 million sq km. Land use data, however, is available only for 93 per cent of the total area because the land use reporting for most of the north-east states except Assam has not been done fully. Some areas of Jammu & Kashmir occupied by Pakistan and China have also not been surveyed.

(ii) The land under permanent pasture has also decreased.

(iii) Most of the lands other than the current fallow lands are either of poor quality or the cost of cultivation of such lands is very high. Hence, these lands are cultivated once or twice in about two to three years and if these are. included in the net sown area, the percentage of NSA in India comes to about 54 of the total reporting area.

(iv) The pattern of net sown area varies greatly from one state to another. It is over 80 per cent of the total area in Punjab and Haryana and less than 10 per cent in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

(v) Forest area in the country is far lower than the. desired 33 per cent of geographical, area, as it was outlined in the National Forest Policy (1952).

Activity Based Questions

Question 1.
Look at the picture carefully and explain the formation for soil.

Answer:
The soil is a living system. It takes millions of years to form soil upto a few cm in depth. The important factors in the formation of soil are relief, parent rock or bed rock, climate, vegetation and other forms of life and time. Various forces of nature such as change in temperature, actions of running water, wind and glaciers, activities of decomposers etc., contribute to the formation of soil. Chemical and organic changes which take place in the soil are equally important. Soil also consists of organic and inorganic materials.

Question 2.
Explain the distribution of relief features in India through the diagram.

Question 3.
Explain the types of soil found in different regions of India on a map.
Answer:
See the given map of India.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

September 6, 2024September 5, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

JAC Class 7th Geography Natural Vegetation and Wild Life InText Questions and Answers

Page 39

Question 1.
Salima was excited about the summer camp she was attending. She had gone to visit Manali in Himachal Pradesh along with her class mates. She recalled how surprised she was to see the changes in the landform and natural vegetation as the bus climbed higher and higher. The deep jungles of the foothills comprising sal and teak slowly disappeared.

She could see tall trees with thin pointed leaves and cone shaped canopies on the mountain slopes. She learnt that those were coniferous trees. She noticed blooms of bright flowers on tall trees. These were the rhododendrons. From Manali as she was travelling up to Rohtang pass she saw that the land was covered with short grass and snow in some places.

Question 1.
Now can you tell why Salima saw changes in the natural vegetation as she climbed higher and higher? What type of vegetations did she see in the Himalayas starting with the foothills and going to the higher altitudes?
Answer:
Salima saw changes in the natural vegetation as she climbed higher and higher because of change in climate, slope, thickness of soil. The type of vegetation she saw in the Himalayas starting with the foothills and going to the. higher altitudes are trees such as cedar, pine, chir; snow covered coniferous forests and short grass.

Question 2.
Like Salima, when you go to visit any new place, notice the type of natural vegetation occurring there and try to think of factors responsible for the growth of such vegetation in that habitat.
Answer:
Students need to do it themselves.

Question 3.
Note down if any human interference has taken place in that area in terms of deforestation, grazing, cultivation of cash crops, constructional activities etc.
Answer:
Students need to do it themselves.

Page 41

Question 4.
Where in India do tropical evergreen and tropical deciduous forests occur? Name the states.
Answer:
In India, the tropical evergreen and tropical deciduous forests occur are

Tropical evergreen forests: Assam, West Bengal, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Tripura, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu.
Tropical deciduous forests: Odisha, Jharkhand Chhattisgarh, Kerala.

Question 5.
Which type of forest dominates most part of India?
Answer:
The tropical deciduous forests dominates part of India.

Page 43

Question 6.
Look around in your surroundings and find out the articles made of hard wood and soft wood.
Answer:
The articles made of Hard wood Doors, windows, tables, chairs, beds, cupboards, etc. Soft wood Match boxes, packaging materials, boats, etc.

Question 7.
Find out and learn few names of trees of your locality.
Answer:
We see mango, neem, guava, peepal, jamun trees in our locality.

JAC Class 7th Geography Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions.
(i) Which are the two factors on which the growth of vegetation mostly depends?
Answer:
The temperature and moisture are the two factors on which the growth of vegetation mostly depends.

(ii) Which are the three broad categories of natural vegetation?
Answer:
Forests, grasslands and shrubs are the three broad categories of natural vegetation.

(iii) Name the two hardwood trees commonly found in tropical evergreen forest.
Answer:
Mahogany and rosewood are the two hardwood trees commonly found in tropical evergreen forest.

(iv) In which part of the world and tropical deciduous forest is found?
Answer:
The tropical deciduous forest are found in northern Australia, Central America and in large part of India.

(v) In which climatic conditions, citrus fruits cultivated?
Answer:
In hot dry summers and mild rainy winters, citrus fruits are cultivated.

(vi) Mention the uses of coniferous . forest.
Answer:
The coniferous forests are used for manufacturing paper and newsprint, match boxes, packing boxes.

(vii) In which part of the world is seasonal grassland is found?
Answer:
In the mid-latitudinal zones and in the interior parts of the continents of the world, the seasonal grasslands are found.

Tick (√) the correct answer.

Question 2.
(i) Mosses and Lichens are found in
(a) Desert vegetation
(b) Tropical evergreen forest
(c) Tundra vegetation
Answer:
(c) Tundra vegetation

(ii) Thorny bushes are found in
(a) Hot and humid tropical climate
(b) Hot and dry desertic climate
(c) Cold polar climate
Answer:
(b) Hot and dry desertic climate

(iii) In tropical evergreen forest, one of the common animals is
(a) Monkey
(b) Giraffe
(c) Camel
Answer:
(a) Monkey

(iv) One important variety of coniferous forest is:
(a) Rosewood
(b) Pine
(c) Teak
Answer:
(b) Pine

(v) Steppe grassland is found in
(a) S. Africa
(b) Australia
(c) Central Asia
Answer:
(c) Central Asia

Question 3.
Match the following.

(i) Walrus	(a) Soft wood tree
(ii) Cedar	(b) An animal of tropical deciduous forest
(iii) Olives	(c) A polar animal
(iv) Elephants	(d) Temperate grassland in Australia
(v) Campos	(e) Thorny shrubs
(vi) Downs	(f) A citrus fruit

Answer:

(i) Walrus	(c) A polar animal
(ii) Cedar	(a) Soft wood tree
(iii) Olives	(f) A citrus fruit
(iv) Elephants	(b) An animal of tropical deciduous forest
(v) Campos	(g) Tropical grassland of Brazil
(Vi) Downs	(d) Temperate grassland in Australia

Question 4.
Give reasons.

The animals in polar region have thick fur and thick skin.
Tropical deciduous trees shed their leaves in the dry season.
The type and thickness of vegetation changes from place to place.

Answer:

The animals in polar region have thick fur and thick skin to protect themselves from extreme cold climatic conditions.
Transpiration occurs through leaves. To reduce transpiration in dry season, the tropical deciduous trees shed their leaves in dry season.
Due to variation in temperature and moisture, the type and thickness of vegetation changes from place to place.

(For Fun)

Question 5.
In the given crossword table given below, some words are hidden. They are all about vegetation and wildlife and are to be found horizontally and vertically. Two have been worked out for you. Work in pairs with a friend

Vegetation	Wildlife
1. Neem	1. Bear
2. Bamboo	2. Whale
3. Flora	3. Ox
4. Lichen	4. Zebra
5. Pine	5. Goat
6. Chir	6. Tiger
7. Grass	7. Yak
8. Taiga	8. Owl
9. Tulsi	9. Deer
10. Fir	10. Lion
11. Tundra	11. Fowl
12. Ebony	12. Horse
13. Pampas	13. Pig
14. Llanos	14. Camel
15. Oak	Wildlife
16. Mosses

JAC Class 7th Geography Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Coniferous forests are also known as
(a) Mediterranean
(b) Taiga
(c) Tundra
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Taiga

Question 2.
The forest which comprises both hard wood and softwood trees is
(a) Coniferous forest
(b) Tropical evergreen forest
(c) Temperate evergreen forest
(d) Tropical deciduous forest
Answer:
(c) Temperate evergreen forest

Question 3.
Tropical deserts are found on the margins of the continents.
(a) Northern
(b) Western
(c) Southern
(d) Eastern
Answer:
(b) Western

Question 4.
Tropical grasslands in East Africa is
(a) Campos
(b) Llanos
(c) Savannah
(d) Prairie
Answer:
(c) Savannah

Question 5.
kind of vegetation is found in steppes.
(a) Temperate grasslands
(b) Tropical evergreen forests
(c) Tropical grasslands
(d) Temperate deciduous forests
Answer:
(a) Temperate grasslands

Question 6.
The given below is a coniferous tree
(a) Teak
(b) Cedar
(c) Rosewood
(d) Pine
Answer:
(d) Pine

Question 7.
Given below tree is not a hardwood tree
(a) Rosewood
(b) Eucalyptus
(c) Ebony
(d) Mahogany
Answer:
(b) Eucalyptus

Question 8.
The most commonly found primate in India is
(a) The Rhesus Macaque
(b) The Red-faced baboon
(c) The Proboscis monkey
(d) The Grey langur
Answer:
(a) The Rhesus Macaque

Question 9.
The only species of bears found in India are
(a) Sloth bear
(b) Himalayan Black bear
(c) Asian Sun Bear
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Himalayan Black bear

Question 10.
Thorny bushes are mainly found in
(a) Cold polar climate
(b) Hot and humid tropical climate
(c) Hot and dry desert climate
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Hot and dry desert climate

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do the term Taiga mean in Russian language?
Answer:
The term taiga means untouched or pure in the Russian language.

Question 2.
What is the reason which makes the coniferous forest unique?
Answer:
The reason which makes the coniferous forest unique is the tall and softwood evergreen trees. .

Question 3.
What is the alternate name of tropical evergreen forests?
Answer:
The alternate nathe of tropical evergreen forests is tropical rainforests.

Question 4.
Where is Veld Temperate Grassland situated?
Answer:
Veld Temperate Grassland is situated in Africa.

Question 5.
What is the main feature of polar region?
Answer:
The main feature of polar region is that it is very cold.

Question 6.
Where are Campos found?
Answer:
Campos are found in Brazil.

Question 7.
What animals are found in the tropical grasslands?
Answer:
Animals which are found in the tropical grasslands are elephants, zebras, giraffes, deer, leopards, etc.

Question 8.
Where are Savannah grasslands found?
Answer:
Savannah grasslands are found in Africa.

Question 9.
Which place is known as ‘Orchards of the World’ and why?
Answer:
Mediterranean places are known as ‘Orchards of the World’ because for their fruit cultivation.

Question 10.
In which region temperate evergreen forests are found?
Answer:
The thick forests are found in the regions near the equator and close to the tropics.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
The equatorial forests are considered as the lungs of the earth. Why?
Answer:
The tropical evergreen forest or the equatorial forests in Brazil are so enormous that it is like the lungs of the earth.

Question 2.
What are the features of Mediterranean trees?
Answer:
The features of Mediterranean trees are that they adapt themselves to dry summers with the help of their thick barks and wax coated leaves which help them to lessen the transpiration.

Question 3.
Write a note on anaconda.
Answer:
Anaconda is one of the world’s largest snakes. They are very huge and non- poisonous snakes. They are found in the tropical rainforest. Anaconda can kill and eat a large animal such as a crocodile.

Question 4.
Does altitude affect vegetation? If yes then-how?
Answer:
Yes, altitude affects vegetation. A close relationship between height of land and the character of vegetation is present. With the change in height, the climate changes and thus changes the natural vegetation.

Question 5.
Name the different types of grasslands. Answer: Different grasslands are:

Savannah in East Africa
Campos in Brazil
Llanos in Venezuela
Pampas in Argentina
Prairie in North America
Veld in South Africa
Steppe in Central Asia
Down in Australia.

Question 6.
Write the important features of tropical evergreen forests.
Answer:
Important features of tropical evergreen forests are:

These forests are so dense and opaque that thick canopies and sunshades are developed which do not allow the sunlight to penetrate and go inside the forest.
There is no particular dry season, hence the trees do not shed their leaves altogether. This keeps the forest evergreen.
Hardwood trees such as rosewood, ebony and mahogany, etc., are found here.

Question 7.
Brief about the tropical grasslands.
Answer:
The tropical grasslands develop on either side of the equator and extend till the tropics. This vegetation grows in the regions of moderate to low amount of rainfall. The grass can grow very tall to a height of about 3 to 4 metres. One of this type of grasslands are Savannah grasslands of Africa. Some ; of the animals found here are elephants, zebras, giraffes, deer and leopards.

Question 8.
What are the different kinds of h natural forests found?
Answer:
The different kinds of natural forests’ found are

Tropical evergreen forest
Tropical deciduous forest
Temperate evergreen forest
Temperate deciduous forest
Mediterranean vegetation
Coniferous forest

Question 9:
Write a short note on the natural vegetation and wildlife found in the polar regions.
Answer:
The growth of natural vegetation is very limited here as the polar regions are extremely cold. Only mosses, lichens and very and small shrubs are found here and grow during the very short summer. This is known as Tundra type of vegetation and found in the polar regions of Europe, Asia and North America. The animals found here have thick fur and skin which protect them from the cold and harsh climatic

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 10.
Explain different types of forests.
Answer:
Different types of forests are:

Tropical evergreen forests
Tropical deciduous forests
Temperate evergreen forests
Temperate deciduous forests
Mediterranean vegetation
Coniferous forests

Tropical evergreen forests :
These forests are very dense and thick and found in the regions near the equator and close to the tropics. They receive heavy rain all through the year. The trees of these forests do not shed their leaves altogether and therefore they remain green all the time and called as evergreen. Hardwood trees like rosewood, ebony and mahogany are found here.

Tropical deciduous forests:
These forest are found in the areas which experience seasonal changes and trees shed their leaves in the dry season to conserve water. The hardwood trees such as sal, teak, neem and shisham are found in this region. Animals like tigers, lions, elephants, langoors and monkeys are found in these forests.

Temperate evergreen forests:
These forests are found along the eastern margin of the continents. They contains both hard and softwood trees such as oak, pine, eucalyptus, etc.

Temperate deciduousf orests:
Trees of these forests shed their leaves in dry season. Trees found here are oak, ash, beech, etc. Deer, foxes, wolves, etc., are some of the animals found in these forests.

Mediterranean vegetation :
It is found in the areas around the Mediterranean sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. Citrus fruits like oranges, figs, olives and grapes are cultivated in the Mediterranean regions.

Coniferous forests :
These forests are also known as Taiga. They are tall, softwood evergreen trees. Chir, pine, cedar are important types of trees found in these forests. Silver, fox, mink, polar bear are the some of the animals found here.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Inside Our Earth

September 6, 2024September 5, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Inside Our Earth

JAC Class 7th Geography Inside Our Earth InText Questions and Answers

Page 9

Question 1.
Collect pictures of some monuments and find out which are the rocks used to build them.
Answer:
Students can collect pictures of monuments which are made of

White marbles: Victoria Memorial in Kolkata; Lake Palace in Udaipur; Taj Mahal in Agra.
Red Sandstones: Hawa Mahal in Jaipur; Buland Darwaza in Fatehpur Sikri near Agra Red Fort in Delhi.

Page 10

Question 2.
What are the minerals found in your state? Collect some samples to show in your class.
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own.

JAC Class 7th Geography Inside Our Earth Questions and Answers

Answer the following questions.

Question 1.

What are the three layers of the earth?
What is a rock?
Name three types of rocks.
How are extrusive and intrusive rocks formed?
What do you mean by a rock cycle?
What are the uses of rocks?
What are metamorphic rocks?

Answer:
1. The three layers of our earth are Mantle

2. A rock is made up of a natural mass of mineral matter that makes up the earth’s cmst. They can be of different shape, colour, size and texture.

3. Three types of rocks are:

Igneous rocks and primary rocks
Sedimentary rocks
Metamorphic rocks

4. When the molten lava comes down, it cools down very fast and becomes solid. In this way, the rocks formed on the crust are called the extrusive rocks. For example – basalt. Sometimes the molten magma cools down deep inside the crust of the earth. So, the solid rocks are thus formed and called the intrusive rocks. For example – granite.

5. One certain type of rock changes to another type under certain conditions in a cyclic way. This process of transformation of the rock from one to another is called the rock cycle such as igneous rocks change into sedimentary rocks. When the igneous and sedimentary rocks exposed to extreme heat. and pressure, they change into metamorphic rocks. The metamorphic rocks which are still under heat and pressure meet down to form molten magma. This again cool down and solidify into igneous rocks.

6. The rocks are used for making houses, buildings, roads. Stones are used in many games such as hopscotch (stapu / kitkit), five stones (gitti), seven stones (pitthoo) etc.

7. The igneous and the sedimentary rocks are exposed to heat and pressure, they changes into metamorphic rocks. Such as clay changes into slate, limestone changes into marble.

Tick (√) the correct answer.

Question 2:
(i) The rock which is made up of molten magma is
(a) Igneous
(b) Sedimentary
(c) Metamorphic
Answer:
(a) Igneous

(ii) The innermost layer of the earth is
(a) Crust
(b) Core
(c) Mantle
Answer:
(b) Core

(iii) Gold, petroleum and coal are examples of
(a) Rocks
(b) Minerals
(c) Fossils
Answer:
(b) Minerals

(iv) Rocks which contain fossils are
(a) Sedimentary rocks
(b) Metamorphic rocks
(c) Igneous rocks
Answer:
(c) Igneous rocks

(v) The thinnest layer of the earth is
(a) Crust
(b) Mantle
(c) Core
Answer:
(c) Core

Question 3.
Match the following.

(i) Core	(a) Changes into slate
(ii) Minerals	(b) Used for roads and buildings
(iii) Rocks	(c) Made of silicon and alumina
(iv) Clay	(d) Has definite chemical composition
(v) Sial	(e) Innermost layer
	(f) Changes into slate
	(g) Process of transformation of the rock

Answer:

(i) Core	(e) Innermost layer
(ii) Minerals	(d) Has definite chemical composition
(iii) Rocks	(b) Used for roads and buildings
(iv) Clay	(f) Changes into slate
(v) Sial	(c) Made of silicon and alumina

Question 4.
Give reasons.

We cannot go to the centre of the earth.
Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments.
Limestone is changed into marble.

Answer:
1. We cannot go to the centre of the earth because we need to dig around 6000 km under the ocean bed which is not possible. Also, the centre of the earth has very high temperature and pressure.

2. Rocks break down into small pieces called the sediments. These sediments are transported and deposited by water, wind, etc. These loose sediments are composed and hardened to form layers of rocks called the sedimentary rocks.

3. Limestone is changed to marble because sedimentary rocks changes into metamorphic rocks under a extensive pressure and heat. (For Fun)

Question 5.

What are the minerals most commonly used in the following objects?
Identify some more objects made up of different minerals.

Answer:

Karhai, Pan, Taw CL Hammer – Iron, steel Bell, lamp – brass, iron Ornaments – gold, pearl
Utensils – aluminium, steel, copper, brass Wires – copper, aluminium Almirah – Iron Doors – Iron Windows – Iron, glass, aluminium

JAC Class 7th Geography Inside Our Earth Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The continental mass of the crust is about km and km on the ocean floor.
(a) 5,65
(b) 45,10
(c) 35, 5
(d) 10, 50
Answer:
(c) 35, 5

Question 2.
……… is the deepest mine in the world.
(a) South Africa
(b) Australia
(c) South America
(d)Asia
Answer:
(a) South Africa

Question 3.
Rock sediments are transported and deposited by
(a) wind
(b) water
(c) Both ‘a’ and ‘b’
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Both ‘a’ and ‘b’

Question 4.
We use the following as fuel /s:
(a) petroleum
(b) coal
(c) natural gas
(d) all of these
Answer:
(d) all of these

Question 5.
The Deccan plateau is made up of
(a) clay and sandstone
(b) granite and basalt
(c) limestone
(d) basalt
Answer:
(d) basalt

Question 6.
From the sand grains is made.
(a) silicon
(b) sandstone
(c) limestone
(d) granite
Answer:
(b) sandstone

Question 7.
Below the crust, the mantle extends upto a depth of
(a) 2900 km
(b) 2000 km
(c) 2100 km
(d) 3900 km
Answer:
(a) 2900 km

Question 8.
The thickness of the outer layer of the earth is
(a) 40 km
(b) 60 km
(c) 70 km
(d) 100 km
Answer:
(b) 60 km

Question 9.
The main mineral constituents of the continental mass are
(a) silica and magnesium
(b) nickel and iron
(c) silica and alumina
(d) nickel and magnesium
Answer:
(c) silica and alumina

Question 10. The oceanic crust mainly consists of silica and magnesium called as
(a) sial
(b) sima
(c) nife
(d) nima
Answer:
(b) sima

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the radius of the core of the earth?
Answer:
The radius of the core of the earth is 3500 km.

Question 2.
What is the crust of the earth made up of?
Answer:
The crust of the earth is made up of different types of rocks.

Question 3.
In which rock igneous and sedimentary rocks change?
Answer:
In metamorphic rocks the igneous and sedimentary rocks changes.

Question 4.
What are the main components of the core?
Answer:
The main components of the core are nickel and iron. It is generally called as nife.

Question 5.
What is the special trait of the uppermost layer of the earth?
Answer:
The special trait of the uppermost layer of the earth is that it is the thinnest of all the layers.

Question 6.
What are the components of the oceanic crust?
Answer:
The components of the oceanic crust are silica and magnesium.

Question 7.
What do you mean by lava?
Answer:
A raging and fiery red molten magma coming out from the interior of the earth on its surface is called as lava.

Question 8.
What do you mean by volcano?
Answer:
Volcano happens when magma from deep below forces its way upto earth’s outer surface.

Question 9.
What are minerals?
Answer:
Naturally occurring substances which have specific physical and definite chemical properties and composition are called the minerals.

Question 10.
What do you understand by crust?
Answer:
Crust is the uppermost layer of the earth’s surface.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why the igneous rocks are called the primary rocks or the basic rocks?
Answer:
Our earth consists of a hot molten material which have high temperatures and pressure deep below. Igneous rocks are formed on cooling and solidification of the matter and they make up about two-thirds of the earth’s crust. Hence, they are called primary or basic rocks.

Question 2.
Volcanic ashes are found after the volcano’s eruption. What are these volcanic ashes?
Answer:
The material that comes out of the volcano are generally of three types; they are solid, liquid and gases. The solid materials are large and small fragments and pieces of rocks which are known as cinder and fine particles of these are called volcanic ashes.

Question 3.
Why formation of rocks is a slow process?
Answer:
Formation of rocks is a slow process because:

Climate and weather breaks the parent rocks into numerous smaller pieces.
Plants and animals organism helps in weathering of rocks.
Elevation or topography also helps in weathering of rocks.
Time and period also plays major role in the slow process.

Question 4.
Give examples of each of the following:
(a) Igneous rocks
(b) Sedimentary rocks
(c) Metamorphic rocks
Answer:
Examples of each of the following:
(a) Igneous rocks – basalt
(b) Sedimentary rocks – limestone, coal, sandstone, shale
(c) Metamorphic rocks – marble, slate, gnesis

Question 5.
What do you mean by fossils?
Answer:
Fossils are the remains of the dead plants and animals trapped and confined in the layer of rocks. They generally formed from the hard parts bones or shells of living things.

Question 6.
How minerals are useful for mankind?
Answer:
Some of the minerals such as coal, natural gas and petroleum are used as fuels and also in industries. Iron, aluminium, gold, uranium, etc., are used in medicine, in fertilizers, etc. Hence, minerals are very useful for mankind.

Question 7.
What do you mean by mantle?
Answer:
The intermediate layer which lies between the crust and the core of the earth is called the mantle. Its average thickness is about 2900 km and is believed to comprises of solid ultra basic rocks which are rich in iron and magnesium.

Question 8.
Why the outer crust is important to us?
Answer:
The outer crust is important to us because the solidified outer crust of the earth is having a thin crust forms the base on which human life and civilization have developed. It also consists of the valuable soil and gives us most of our minerals.

Question 9.
Differentiate between mantle and core.
Answer:

Mantle	Core
• Just underneath the crust means it is the middle or centric layer of the earth.	• The innermost layer of the earth.
• It has a density of 3.5 km.	• It has a density of 5.1 km.
• The main components of minerals are silica and magnesium i.e.; SIMA.	• The main components of minerals are nickel and ferrous (iron) i.e; NIFE.

Question 10.
Differentiate between minerals and rocks.

Minerals	Rocks
• Minerals have atomic structure and contains ore.	• Rock is a collection and cluster of minerals.
• They have a specific and definite chemical composition.	• -They does not have a definite chemical composition.
• There are about 2000 types of minerals.	• Mainly they are of three types – igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
• It is the natural inorganic compound which forms in the rocks.	• It is a solid natural material formed in the earth’s crust.
Minerals	Rocks

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write and describe the different types and features of the rocks.
Answer:
The different types of rocks are:

Igneous rocks
Sedimentary rocks
Metamorphic rocks

Igneous Rocks :
When the molten magma cools down it solidifies and rocks formed in this way are called igneous rocks. They are also known as primary rocks. These are mainly of two types:

Extrusive rocks :
When the molten lava comes on the surface of the earth, „ it cools down very fast and solidifies. Thus, rocks formed in this way on the crust are called extrusive rocks such as basalt.

Intrusive rocks:
When the molten magma cools down deep inside the earth’s crust and solidifies. Thus, rocked formed in this way are called intrusive rocks such as granite. They cool down slowly and form large grains.

Sedimentary rocks:
Small and tiny pieces of rocks are called sediments. These sediments are carried from and deposited by wind, water, etc. These ‘ loose sediments are compressed and hardened to form sedimentary rocks such as sandstone.

Metamorphic rocks:
When igneous and sedimentary rocks are exposed to enormous heat and pressure they gradually change into metamorphic rocks such as clay changes into slate.

Important Features of Rocks:

They are found in different shapes, sizes, textures and colours.
On the earth’s crust, different types of rocks are found.
They can be as soft as clay or chalk and hard as granite.

Question 2:
Differentiate between crust and core.
Answer:

Crust	Core
• Crust is the uppermost layer of the earth’s surface.	• Core is the innermost layer of the earth’s surface.
• The main mineral components are silica and alumina i.e; SIAL.	• The main mineral components are nickel and iron (ferrous) i.e; NIFE.
• The density is only 1.5 km.	• The density is only 5.1 km.
• The temperature is between 50 degree to 55 degree Celcius.	• It has pressure and the temperature is much higher than the crust.
• On continental mass the crust is about 35 km and on the ocean floors it is about 5 km.	• It has a radius of 3500 km.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions