JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Shemushi Chapter 5 सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Shemushi Chapter 5 सूक्तिमौक्तिकम् Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

JAC Board Class 9th Sanskrit Solutions Shemushi Chapter 5 सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्

JAC Class 9th Sanskrit सूक्तिमौक्तिकम् Textbook Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
एकपदेन उत्तरं लिखत-(एक शब्द में उत्तर लिखिए-)
(क) वित्ततः क्षीणः कीदृशः भवति? (धन से क्षीण कैसा होता है?)
उत्तरम् :
अक्षीणः (क्षय रहित)।

(ख) कस्य प्रतिकूलानि कार्याणि परेषां न समाचरेत्? (किसके प्रतिकूल कार्य दूसरों के साथ न करें?)
उत्तरम् :
आत्मनः (अपने)।

(ग) कुत्र दरिद्रता न भवेत् ? (कहाँ दरिद्रता नहीं होनी चाहिए?)
उत्तरम् :
मधुर वचने (मीठा बोलने में।)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 5 सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्

(घ) वृक्षाः स्वयं कानि न खादन्ति? (वृक्ष स्वयं क्या नहीं खाते?)
उत्तरम् :
फलानि। (फलों को)

(ङ) का पुरा लध्वी भवति? (पहले छोटी क्या होती है?)
उत्तरम् :
सज्जनानां मैत्री (सज्जनों की दोस्ती)।

प्रश्न 2.
अधोलिखितप्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि संस्कृतभाषया लिखत –
(निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर संस्कृत भाषा में लिखिए-)
(क) यलेन किं रक्षेत् वित्तं वृत्तं वा? (प्रयत्नपूर्वक किसकी रक्षा करनी चाहिए वित्त की या वृत्त की?)
उत्तरम् :
यत्नेन वृत्तं रक्षेत्। (प्रयत्नपूर्वक आचरण/ चरित्र की रक्षा करनी चाहिए।)

(ख) अस्माभिः (किं न समाचरेतोकीदृशम् आचरणं न कर्तव्यम्? (हमें कैसा आचरण नहीं करना चाहिए?) ।
उत्तरम् :
आत्मनः प्रतिकूलानि परेषां न समाचरेत्। (जैसा हमें अपने लिए पसन्द न हो, वैसा आचरण दूसरों के साथ नहीं करना चाहिए।)

(ग) जन्तवः केन तुष्यन्ति? (प्राणी किस से सन्तुष्ट होते हैं?)
उत्तरम :
जन्तवः प्रियवाक्यप्रदानेन तष्यन्ति। (प्राणी प्रिय वचन बोलने से सन्तष्ट होते हैं।)

(घ) सज्जनानां मैत्री कीदृशी भवति? (सज्जनों की मित्रता किस प्रकार की होती है?)
उत्तरम् :
सज्जनानां मैत्री दिनस्य परार्द्धस्य छायेव पुरा लध्वी पश्चात् च वृद्धिमती भवति।
(सज्जनों की मित्रता दिन के मध्याहन की (दोपहर के बाद) छाया के समान पहले छोटी और बाद में बढ़ने वाली होती है।)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 5 सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्

(ङ) सरोवराणां हानिः कदा भवति? (सरोवरों की हानि कब होती है?)
उत्तरम् :
यदा मरालैः सह सरोवराणां विप्रयोगः भवति तदा सरोवराणां हानिः भवति।
(जब हंसों के साथ सरोवरों का वियोग होता है, तब सरोवरों की हानि होती है।)

प्रश्न 3.
‘क’ स्तम्भे विशेषणानि ‘ख’ स्तम्भे च विशेष्याणि दत्तानि, तानि यथोचितं योजयत
(‘क’ स्तम्भ में विशेषण और ‘ख’ स्तम्भ में विशेष्य दिये गये हैं, उनको यथोचित मिलाइये-)

‘क’ स्तम्भः ‘ख’ स्तम्भः
(क) आस्वाद्यतोयाः 1. खलानां मैत्री
(ख) गुणयुक्तः 2. सज्जनानां मैत्री
(ग) दिनस्य पूर्वार्द्धभिन्ना 3. नद्यः
(घ) दिनस्य परार्द्धभिन्ना 4. दरिद्रः

उत्तरम् :

‘क’ स्तम्भः ‘ख’ स्तम्भः
(क) आस्वाद्यतोयाः 3. नद्यः
(ख) गुणयुक्तः 4. दरिद्रः
(ग) दिनस्य पूर्वार्द्धभिन्ना 1. खलानां मैत्री
(घ) दिनस्य परार्द्धभिन्ना 2. सज्जनानां मैत्री

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 5 सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्

प्रश्न 4.
अधोलिखितयोः श्लोकद्वयोः आशयं हिन्दीभाषया आङ्ग्लभाषया वा लिखत
(निम्नलिखित दोनों श्लोकों का आशय हिन्दी भाषा में अथवा अंग्रेजी भाषा में लिखिए-)
(क) आरम्भगुर्वी क्षयिणी क्रमेण
लघ्वी पुरा वृद्धिमती च पश्चात्।
दिनस्य पूर्वार्द्धपरार्द्धभिन्ना
छायेव मैत्री खलसज्जनानाम्॥
उत्तरम् :
हिन्दी-आशय – दुर्जनों और सज्जनों की मित्रता पूर्वार्द्ध और परार्द्ध में दिन की छाया के समान भिन्न होती है। जिस प्रकार मध्याह्न से पहले छाया आरम्भ में बड़ी होती है और बाद में क्रमशः कम होती जाती है, उसी प्रकार दुर्जनों की मित्रता आरम्भ में प्रगाढ़ होती है और फिर शनैः-शनैः कम होकर समाप्त हो जाती है। मध्याह्न के समय छाया सबसे कम अर्थात् नहीं के बराबर होती है, इसके पश्चात् वह क्रमशः वृद्धि को प्राप्त होती है और सायंकाल को उसकी लम्बाई. अनन्त होती है। इसी प्रकार सज्जनों की मित्रता मध्याह्न के पश्चात् की छाया के समान आरम्भ में कम और बाद में क्रमशः प्रगाढ़ होती जाती है। उनकी यह मित्रता अनन्त अर्थात् कभी न समाप्त होने वाली होती है।

(ख) प्रियवाक्यप्रदानेन सर्वे तुष्यन्ति जन्तवः।
तस्माद् तदेव वक्तव्यं वचने का दरिद्रता॥
उत्तरम् :
हिन्दी-आशय – इस संसार में जितने भी प्राणी हैं, चाहे वे पशु-पक्षी हों अथवा मानव, सभी मधुर वचनों को सुनकर अत्यन्त प्रसन्न और सन्तुष्ट होते हैं। अत: व्यक्ति को सदैव ही प्रिय अर्थात् मधुर वचनों का प्रयोग करना चाहिए। भला वैसे वचन बोलने में भी क्या कंजूसी, जिनसे सारा संसार सन्तुष्ट होता है। अर्थात् व्यक्ति को कटु वचनों के स्थान पर सदैव मधुर वचनों का ही प्रयोग करना चाहिए, क्योंकि मधुर वचनों का प्रयोग करने से उसके मान-सम्मान और यश में वृद्धि होती है, हानि किसी प्रकार की नहीं होती। फिर ऐसे वचन बोलने में कंजूसी करना तो मूर्खता ही है।

प्रश्न 5.
अधोलिखितपदेभ्यः भिन्न प्रकृतिकं पदं चित्वा लिखत – (निम्नलिखित पदों में से भिन्न प्रकृति के पद चुनकर लिखिए-)
(क) वक्तव्यम्, कर्त्तव्यम्, सर्वस्वम्, हन्तव्यम्।
(ख) यत्नेन, वचने, प्रियवाक्यप्रदानेन, मरालेन।
(ग) श्रूयताम्, अवधार्यताम्, धनवताम्, क्षम्यताम्।
(घ) जन्तवः, नद्यः, विभूतयः, परितः।
उत्तरम् :
(क) सर्वस्वम्
(ख) वचने
(ग) धनवताम्
(घ) परितः।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 5 सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्

प्रश्न 6.
स्थूलपदान्यधिकृत्य प्रश्ननिर्माणं कुरुत –
(मोटे छपे पदों को आधार बनाकर प्रश्न निर्माण कीजिए-)
(क) वृत्ततः क्षीणः हतः भवति।
(ख) धर्मसर्वस्वं श्रुत्वा अवधार्यताम्।
(ग) वृक्षाः फलं न खादन्ति।
(घ) खलानां मैत्री आरम्भगुर्वी भवति।
उत्तरम् :
प्रश्न:-कस्मात् क्षीणः हतः भवति?
प्रश्न:-किं श्रुत्वा अवधार्यताम्?
प्रश्न:-के फलं न खादन्ति?
प्रश्न:-केषां मैत्री आरम्भगुर्वी भवति?

प्रश्न 7.
अधोलिखितानि वाक्यानि लोट्लकारे परिवर्तयत –
(निम्नलिखित वाक्यों को लोट्लकार में परिवर्तित कीजिए-)
यथा-स: पाठं पठति।               सः पाठं पठतु।
(क) नद्यः आस्वाद्यतोयाः सन्ति। – ……………..
(ख) स: सदैव प्रियवाक्यं वदति। – ……………..
(ग) त्वं परेषां प्रतिकूलानि न समाचरसि। – ……………..
(घ) ते वृत्तं यत्नेन संरक्षन्ति। – ……………..
(ङ) अहं परोपकाराय कार्यं करोमि। – ……………..
उत्तरम् :
(क) नद्यः आस्वाद्यतोयाः सन्तु।
(ख) सः सदैव प्रियवाक्यं वदतु।
(ग) त्वं परेषां प्रतिकूलानि न समाचर।
(घ) ते वृत्तं यत्नेन संरक्षन्तु।
(ङ) अहं परोपकाराय कार्य करवाणि।

JAC Class 9th Sanskrit सूक्तिमौक्तिकम् Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न: 1.
वित्तस्य प्रवृत्तिः का अस्ति? (धन की प्रवृत्ति क्या है?)
उत्तरम् :
वित्तस्य प्रवृत्तिः अस्ति यत् इदम् एति च याति च। (धन की प्रवृत्ति है कि यह आता है और चला जाता है।)

प्रश्न: 2.
वित्ततः क्षीणः मनुष्यः कथं भवति? (धन के क्षीण होने पर मनुष्य कैसा होता है?)
उत्तरम् :
वित्ततः क्षीणः मनुष्यः अक्षीणः भवति। (धन के क्षीण होने पर मनुष्य अक्षीण होता है।)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 5 सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्

प्रश्न: 3.
वृत्ततः क्षीणः मनुष्यः कथं भवति? (चरित्र/आचरण के क्षीण होने पर मनुष्य कैसा होता है?)
उत्तरम् :
वृत्ततः क्षीणः मनुष्यः हतो हतः। (चरित्र/आचरण के क्षीण होने पर मनुष्य मरा हुआ है।)

प्रश्न: 4.
वृत्तं कथं संरक्षेत्? (चरित्र/आचरण की कैसे रक्षा करनी चाहिए?)
उत्तरम् :
वृत्तं यत्नेन संरक्षेत्। (चरित्र/आचरण की प्रयत्नपूर्वक रक्षा करनी चाहिए।)

प्रश्नः 5.
किंकत्वा किम अवधार्यताम? (क्या करके क्या धारण करना चाहिए?)
उत्तरम् :
धर्मसर्वस्वं श्रुत्वा तम् अवधार्यताम्। (धर्म अर्थात् कर्त्तव्य के सार को सुनकर उसे धारण करना चाहिए।)

प्रश्नः 6.
प्रियवाक्यप्रदानेन किं भवति? (प्रिय वचन बोलने से क्या होता है?)
उत्तरम् :
प्रियवाक्यप्रदानेन सर्वे जन्तवः तुष्यन्ति ।(प्रिय वचन बोलने से सभी प्राणी सन्तुष्ट होते हैं।)

प्रश्न: 7.
कस्मिन् विषये दरिद्रता न कर्तव्या? (किस विषय में कंजूसी नहीं करनी चाहिए?)
उत्तरम् :
प्रियवचने दरिद्रता न कर्तव्या। (प्रिय वचनों में कंजूसी नहीं करनी चाहिए।)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 5 सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्

प्रश्न: 8.
नद्यः किं न कुर्वन्ति? (नदियाँ क्या नहीं करती हैं ?)
उत्तरम् :
नद्यः स्वयमेव अम्भः न पिबन्ति। (नदियाँ स्वयं ही (अपने) जल को नहीं पीती हैं।)

प्रश्न: 9.
वृक्षाः किं न कुर्वन्ति? (वृक्ष क्या नहीं करते हैं ?)
उत्तरम् :
वृक्षाः स्वयं फलानि न खादन्ति। (वृक्ष स्वयं (अपने) फलों को नहीं खाते हैं।)

प्रश्नः 10.
सस्यं खलु के न अदन्ति? (अन्न को निश्चय ही कौन नहीं खाते हैं ?)
उत्तरम् :
सस्यं खलु वारिवाहाः न अदन्ति। (अन्न को निश्चय ही मेघ नहीं खाते हैं।)

प्रश्न: 11.
केषां विभूतयः परोपकाराय भवन्ति? (किनकी सम्पत्तियाँ परोपकार के लिए होती हैं?)
उत्तरम् :
सतां विभूतयः परोपकाराय भवन्ति। (सज्जनों की सम्पत्तियाँ परोपकार के लिए होती हैं।)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 5 सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्

प्रश्न: 12.
पुरुषैः सदा किमर्थं प्रयत्नः कर्तव्यः? (पुरुषों को सदा किसलिए प्रयत्न करना चाहिए?)
उत्तरम् :
पुरुषैः सदा गुणेषु एव प्रयत्नः कर्तव्यः। (पुरुषों को सदैव गुणों को धारण करने में प्रयत्न करना चाहिए।)

प्रश्न: 13.
कः अगुणैः ईश्वरैः समः न? (कौन गुणहीन धनवानों के समान नहीं है?)
उत्तरम् :
गुणयुक्तः दरिद्रः अपि अगुणैः ईश्वरैः समः न। (गुणयुक्त निर्धन भी गुणहीन धनवानों के बराबर नहीं होता, अपितु गुणहीन धनवानों से श्रेष्ठ होता है।)

प्रश्न: 14.
खलानां मैत्री कीदृशी भवति? (दुर्जनों की मित्रता कैसी होती है?)
उत्तरम् :
खलानां मैत्री आरम्भगुर्वी पश्चात् च क्रमेण क्षयिणी भवति। (दुर्जनों की मित्रता प्रारम्भ में बढ़ने वाली और बाद में क्रमशः कम होने वाली होती है।)

प्रश्न: 15.
अत्र महीमण्डलमण्डनोपकरणाः के कथिताः? (यहाँ पर पृथ्वी की शोभा बढ़ाने वाले किन्हें कहा गया है?)
उत्तरम् :
अत्र महीमण्डलमण्डनोपकरणाः हंसाः कथिताः। (यहाँ पृथ्वी की शोभा बढ़ाने वाले हंसों को कहा गया है।)

प्रश्न: 16.
गुणाः कदा गुणाः भवन्ति? (गुण कब गुण होते हैं?)
उत्तरम् :
गुणाः यदा गुणेषु निवसन्ति तदा गुणाः भवन्ति। (गुण जब गुणी पुरुष में रहते हैं तब गुण होते हैं।)

प्रश्न: 17.
गुणाः कदा दोषाः भवन्ति? (गुण कब दोष हो जाते हैं?)
उत्तरम् :
गुणाः निर्गुणं प्राप्य दोषाः भवन्ति। (गुण निर्गुणी पुरुष में पहुँचकर दोष हो जाते हैं।)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 5 सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्

स्थूलाक्षराणि आधृत्य प्रश्ननिर्माणं कुरुत-(रेखांकित अक्षर वाले शब्दों के आधार पर प्रश्ननिर्माण कीजिए-)

प्रश्न: 1.
वृत्तं यत्नेन रक्षेत। (वृत्त की यत्नपूर्वक रक्षा करनी चाहिए।)
उत्तरम् :
किम् यत्नेन रक्षेत्? (यत्नपूर्वक किसकी रक्षा करनी चाहिए।)

प्रश्न: 2.
अक्षीणो वित्ततः क्षीणः। (धन से क्षीण अक्षीण होता है।)
उत्तरम् :
कस्मात् क्षीणः अक्षीणः? (किससे क्षीण अक्षीण है?)

प्रश्न: 3.
आत्मनः प्रतिकूलानि परेषां न समाचरेत्। (अपने प्रतिकूल दूसरों के साथ आचरण नहीं करना चाहिए।)
उत्तरम् :
परेषां कानि न समाचरेत् ? (दूसरों के साथ क्या आचरण नहीं करना चाहिए?)

प्रश्न: 4.
प्रियवाक्यप्रदानेन सर्वे तुष्यन्ति जन्तवः। (प्रिय वाणी बोलने से सभी प्राणी सन्तुष्ट हो जाते हैं।)
उत्तरम् :
केन सर्वे तुष्यन्ति जन्तवः? (सभी प्राणी किससे सन्तुष्ट होते हैं?)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 5 सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्

प्रश्नः 5.
पिबन्ति नद्यः स्वयमेव नाभ्यः। (नदियाँ स्वयं पानी नहीं पीती।)
उत्तरम् :
काः स्वयमेव अम्भः न पिबन्ति। (कौन स्वयं पानी नहीं पीर्ती?)

प्रश्नः 6.
स्वयं न खादन्ति फलानि वृक्षाः। (वृक्ष स्वयं फल नहीं खाते हैं।)
उत्तरम् :
वृक्षाः स्वयं कानि न खादन्ति? (वृक्ष स्वयं क्या नहीं खाते हैं? )

प्रश्नः 7.
नादन्ति सस्यं वारिवाहा। (बादल फसल नहीं खाते।)
उत्तरम् :
वारिवाहाः किम् न अदन्ति ? (बादल क्या न खाते हैं?)

प्रश्न: 8.
परोपकाराय सतां विभूतयः। (सज्जनों का वैभव परोपकार के लिए होता है।)
उत्तरम् :
सतां विभूतयः कस्मै भवति? (सज्जनों का वैभव किसके लिए होता है?)

प्रश्न: 9.
गुणेषु एव कर्तव्यः प्रयत्नः पुरुषैः सदा। (पुरुषों को सदा गुणों में ही प्रयत्नशील होना चाहिए।)
उत्तरम् :
पुरुषे सदा केषु एव प्रयत्नः कर्त्तव्यः? (पुरुषों को किनमें प्रयत्न करना चाहिए?)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 5 सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्

प्रश्नः 10.
निर्गुणं प्राप्य गुणाः दोषा भवन्ति। (गुणहीन को प्राप्त कर गुण दोष हो जाते हैं।)
उत्तरम् :
कम् प्राप्य गुणाः दोषा भवन्ति? (किसको प्राप्त कर गुण दोष हो जाते हैं ?)

परियोजनाकार्यम्

(क) परोपकारविषयकं श्लोकद्वयम् अन्विष्य स्मृत्वा च कक्षायां सस्वरं पठ।
(परोपकार सम्बन्धी दो श्लोक ढूँढ़कर और याद करके कक्षा में स्वर सहित पढ़िए।)
उत्तरम् :
(1) अष्टादशपुराणेषु व्यासस्य वचनद्वयम्।
परोपकारः पुण्याय पापाय परपीडनम्॥

हिन्दी-आशय – अठारह पुराणों में व्यास जी के दो वचन (ही) हैं। दूसरों की भलाई पुण्य के लिये और दूसरों को पीड़ा पाप के लिए है।

(2) परोपकाराय फलन्ति वृक्षाः परोपकाराय वहन्ति नद्यः।
परोपकाराय दुहन्ति गावः परोपकाराय इदं शरीरम्॥

हिन्दी-आशय – वृक्ष दूसरों की भलाई के लिए फल देते हैं, नदियाँ दूसरों की भलाई के लिए बहती हैं। गायें दूसरों की भलाई के लिए दूध देती हैं, यह शरीर (भी) दूसरों की भलाई के लिए (ही) है।

(ख) नद्याः एकं सुन्दरं चित्रं निर्माय संकलय्य वा वर्णयत यत् तस्याः तीरे मनुष्याः, पशवः खगाश्च निर्विघ्नं जलं पिबन्ति।
(नदी का एक सुन्दर चित्र बनाकर अथवा संकलन करके वर्णन कीजिए कि उसके किनारे पर मनुष्य, पशु और पक्षी निर्विघ्न जल पीते हैं।)
उत्तर :
छात्र स्वयं करें।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 5 सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्

भावविस्तारः

(क) आस्वाद्यतोयाः प्रवहन्ति नद्यः समुद्रमासाद्य भवन्त्यपेयाः।
खारे समुद्र में मिलने पर स्वादिष्ट जल वाली नदियों का जल अपेय (खारा) हो जाता है। इसी भावसाम्य के आधार पर कहा गया है कि “संसर्गजाः दोषगुणाः भवन्ति।” अर्थात् संगति से (ही) दोष और गुण उत्पन्न होते हैं। ।

(ख) छायेव मैत्री खलसज्जनानाम्।
दुष्ट व्यक्ति मित्रता करता है और सज्जन व्यक्ति भी मित्रता करता है। परन्तु दोनों की मैत्री, दिन के पूर्वार्द्ध एवं परार्द्ध की छाया की भाँति भिन्न-भिन्न होती है। वास्तव में दुष्ट व्यक्ति की मैत्री के लिए श्लोक का प्रथम चरण “आरम्भगुर्वी क्षयिणी क्रमेण” (प्रारम्भ में बढ़ने वाली और बाद में कम होने वाली) कहा गया है तथा सज्जन की मैत्री के लिए द्वितीय चरण ‘लध्वीपुरा वृद्धिमती च पश्चात्’ (पहले लघु रूप वाली और बाद में बढ़ी हुई रूप वाली)कहा गया है।

भाषिकविस्तारः

1. वित्ततः – वित्त शब्द से तसिल प्रत्यय किया गया है। पंचमी विभक्ति के अर्थ में लगने वाले तसिल प्रत्यय का तः (तस् = तः) ही शेष रहता है। उदाहरणार्थ – सागर + तसिल = सागरतः, प्रयाग + तसिल = प्रयागतः, देहली + तसिल = देहलीतः आदि । इसी प्रकार वृत्ततः शब्द में भी तसिल प्रत्यय लगा करके वृत्ततः शब्द बनाया गया है।
समाचरेत् – सम् + आङ् (आङ्-आ) + चर् + विधिलिङ् + प्रथम पुरुष + एकवचन।
तुष्यन्ति – तुष् + लट्लकार + प्रथमपुरुष + बहुवचन।
संरक्षेत् – सम् + रक्ष् + विधिलिङ् + प्रथमपुरुष + एकवचन।
हतः – हन् + क्त प्रत्यय (पुल्लिङ्ग प्र. वि. ए. व.)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 5 सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्

2. उपसर्ग – क्रिया के पूर्व जुड़ने वाले प्र, परा आदि शब्दों को उपसर्ग कहा जाता है। इन उपसर्गों के जुड़ने से क्रिया के अर्थ में परिवर्तन आ जाता है।
जैसे – ‘ह’ धातु से उपसर्गों का योग होने पर निम्नलिखित रूप बनते हैं –
प्र + हृ = प्रहरति, प्रहार (हमला करना)
वि + है = विहरति, विहार (भ्रमण करना)
उप + ह = उपहरति, उपहार (भेंट देना) .
सम् + ह = संहरति, संहार (मारना)

3. शब्दों को स्त्रीलिङ्ग में परिवर्तित करने के लिए स्त्री प्रत्यय का प्रयोग किया जाता है। इन प्रत्ययों में टाप व डीप मुख्य हैं। ‘टाप्’ में से ट् और प् का लोप होन पर ‘आ’ शेष रहता है। ‘डीप’ में से ङ् और प् का लोप होने पर ‘ई’ शेष रहती है।
जैसे – बाल + टाप् (आ) = बाला
अध्यापक + टाप् (आ) = अध्यापिका
लघु + ङीप् (ई) = लघ्वी
गुरु + ङीप् (ई) = गुर्वी।
साधु + ङीप् (ई) = साध्वी।

सूक्तिमौक्तिकम् Summary and Translation in Hindi

पाठका सारांश – संस्कृत-साहित्य के नीति-ग्रन्थों में सारगर्भित और अत्यन्त सरल रूप में नैतिक शिक्षायें दी जाती रही। हैं, जिससे मनुष्य अपने जीवन में उन शिक्षाओं पर अमल करते हुए अपने जीवन को सफल और समृद्ध बना सकता है। ऐसे ही मनोहारी और दुर्लभ वचन सुभाषित रूप में यहाँ संकलित हैं। पहले सुभाषित में सदाचार की महत्ता बताते हुए। कहा गया है कि हमें अपने आचरण को पवित्र बनाये रखना चाहिए।

धन तो आता है और चला जाता है, धन के क्षीण होने पर कुछ भी क्षीण नहीं होता लेकिन आचरण के नष्ट हो जाने पर सब कुछ नष्ट हो जाता है। दूसरे सुभाषित में कहा गया है कि स्वयं के प्रतिकूल आचरण को दूसरों के साथ नहीं करना चाहिए। तीसरे सुभाषित में प्रिय वचन बोलने के महत्त्व को दर्शाया गया है।

चौथे सुभाषित में परोपकार करना सज्जनों का स्वभाव होता है, बताया। गया है। पाँचवें सुभाषित में सद्गुणों को ग्रहण करने का उपदेश दिया गया है। छठे सुभाषित में दुर्जनों और सज्जनों की मित्रता में भिन्नता बतायी गई है। सातवें और आठवें सुभाषितों में उत्तम पुरुष के सम्पर्क से होने वाली शोभा की प्रशंसा तथा सत्संग की महिमा का वर्णन किया है।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 5 सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्

1. वृत्तं यत्नेन संरक्षेद् वित्तमेति च याति च।
अक्षीणो वित्ततः क्षीणो वृत्ततस्तु हतो हतः॥

शब्दार्थाः – वृत्तम् = आचरणम् (आचरण, चरित्र), यत्नेन = प्रयत्नपूर्वकं (प्रयत्नपूर्वक), संरक्षेत् = रक्षा कर्तव्या (रक्षा करनी चाहिए), वित्तम् = धनम् (धन/ ऐश्वर्य), एति = आगच्छति (आता है), च = और, याति = गच्छति (चला जाता है), वित्ततः = धनस्य (धन के), क्षीणः = नष्टे (नष्ट होने पर), अक्षीणः = न क्षीणः (नष्ट न हुआ), तु = तो, वृत्ततः = आचरणस्य (आचरण के / चरित्र के), क्षीणः = नष्टे (नष्ट होने पर), हतो हतः = पूर्णरूपेण क्षीणः (पूरी तरह नष्ट हुए के समान/मरे हुए के समान होता है)।

अन्वयः – वृत्तम् यत्नेन संरक्षेत् वित्तम् एति च याति च। वित्ततः क्षीण: अक्षीणः वृत्ततः तु क्षीणः हतः हतः। हिन्दी अनुवादः

सन्दर्भ – यह श्लोक हमारी पाठ्यपुस्तक ‘शेमुषी’ के ‘सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्’ नामक पाठ से अवतरित है। यह ‘मनुस्मृति’ से संकलित किया गया है।

प्रसंग – प्रस्तुत सुभाषित में सदाचार की महत्ता को बताया गया है। हिन्दी-अनुवाद – (मनुष्य को) आचरण की प्रयत्नपूर्वक रक्षा करनी चाहिए (धन की नहीं क्योंकि) धन तो आता है और चला जाता है। धन के नष्ट हो जाने पर (मानव का) कुछ भी नष्ट नहीं होता है, लेकिन चरित्र के नष्ट हो जाने पर (मानव) मरे हुए के समान होता है अर्थात् उसका सब कुछ नष्ट हो जाता है।

संस्कत व्यारव्याः

सन्दर्भ:-श्लोकोऽयम् अस्माकं ‘शेमुषी’ इति पाठ्यपुस्तकस्य’ ‘सूक्तमौक्तिकम्’ इति पाठात् उद्धृतः। श्लोकोऽयं मनुस्मृति तः सङ्कलितः। (यह श्लोक हमारी ‘शेमुषी’ पाठ्यपुस्तक के ‘सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्’ पाठ से लिया गया है। यह श्लोक मनुस्मृति से संकलित है।)
प्रसङ्गः – श्लोकेऽस्मिन् नीतिकारः सदाचारस्य महत्वं वर्णयन् कथयति। (इस श्लोक में नीतिकार सदाचार का महत्व वर्णन करते हुए कहता है।)

व्याख्याः -सदाचरणं स्वस्य चरित्रं वा तु प्रयासपूर्वकं रक्षणीयम् न च वित्तं धनं वा। यतः धनं तु आगच्छति गच्छति वा।
अतः धने क्षीणे तु अक्षय एव परञ्च नष्टे चरित्रे तु मानव: नश्यति एव। (सदाचार अथवा अपने चरित्र की तो प्रयत्नपूर्वक रक्षा करनी चाहिए, वित्त अथवा धन की नहीं, क्योंकि धन तो आता है जाता है अत: धन क्षीण होने पर भी अक्षय ही है, परन्तु चरित्र के नष्ट होने पर तो मान ही नष्ट हो जाता है।)

अवबोधन कार्यम्

प्रश्न 1.
एकपदेन उत्तरत- (एक शब्द में उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) कं यत्नेन संरक्षेत्? (किसकी यत्नपूर्वक रक्षा करनी चाहिए?)
(ख) कस्मात् क्षीणः मानवः हतः? (किससे क्षीण हुआ मानव मारा जाता है?)

प्रश्न 2.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत- (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) वित्तं कीदृशं भवति? (वित्त कैसा होता है?).
(ख) वित्तवृत्तयोः को भेदः? (वित्त और वृत्त में क्या अन्तर है?)

प्रश्न 3. यथानिर्देशम् उत्तरत-(निर्देशानुसार उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) ‘आगच्छति’ इति क्रियापदस्य स्थानेऽत्रं श्लोके किं पदं प्रयुक्तम्?
‘आगच्छति’ क्रियापद के स्थान पर श्लोक में क्या. शब्द प्रयोग किया है?)
(ख) कः मनुष्यः हतः? (कौन व्यक्ति मारा जाता है?)
उत्तराणि-
(1) (क) वृत्तम् (आचरणम्)।
(ख) वृत्ततः। (आचरण)।

(2) (क) वित्तः तु एति याति च। (धन तो आता है जाता है।)
(ख) अक्षीणे वित्ततः क्षीणो वृत्ततस्तु हतोहतः। (धन के नष्ट होने पर कुछ भी नष्ट नहीं होता परन्तु वृत्त के
क्षीण होने पर मरे हुए के समान होता है।)

(3) (क) एति (आता है)।
(ख) क्षीणवृत्तः (जिसका आचरण क्षीण हो गया हो)।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 5 सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्

2. श्रूयतां धर्मसर्वस्वं श्रुत्वा चैवावधार्यताम्।
आत्मनः प्रतिकूलानि परेषां न समाचरेत्॥

शब्दार्था: – श्रूयताम् = आकर्ण्य (सुनो), धर्मसर्वस्वम् = कर्तव्यसारम् (धर्म के सार को), च = (और), श्रुत्वा = आकर्ण्य (सुनकर), एव = निश्चयेन (ही), अवधार्यताम् = धारणं कुरु (धारण करो), आत्मनः = स्वस्य (अपने), प्रतिकूलानि = विपरीतानि (अनुकूल नहीं है जो), परेषाम् = अन्येषां (दूसरों के साथ), न = मा (नहीं), समाचरेत् = व्यवहारं कर्तव्यम् (व्यवहार करना चाहिए)।

अन्वयः – धर्मसर्वस्वम् श्रूयताम् च एव अवधार्यताम्। आत्मनः प्रतिकूलानि परेषाम् न समाचरेत्।

हिन्दी अनुवादः

सन्दर्भ – यह श्लोक हमारी पाठ्यपुस्तक ‘शेमुषी’ के ‘सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्’ नामक पाठ से अवतरित है। यह ‘विदुरनीति’ से संकलित किया गया है।

प्रसंग – प्रस्तुत श्लोक में जो स्वयं को पसन्द न हो, ऐसा आचरण दूसरों के साथ न करने की सलाह दी गई है।

हिन्दी-अनुवाद – धर्म अर्थात् कर्तव्य के सार को सुनो और सुनकर (उसे व्यवहार में) धारण करना चाहिए। अपने विपरीत (अर्थात् जो आचरण या व्यवहार व्यक्ति को स्वयं के प्रति पसन्द न हो ऐसा आचरण) दूसरों के साथ व्यवहार में नहीं लाना चाहिए। आशय यह है कि व्यक्ति जिस कार्य अथवा आचरण को अपने लिए ठीक नहीं समझता, उसे वैसा आचरण दूसरों के साथ नहीं करना चाहिए।

संस्कत-व्यारव्याः

सन्दर्भ: – श्लोकोऽयम् अस्माकं ‘शेमुषी’ इति पाठ्यपुस्तकस्य ‘सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्’ इति पाठात् उद्धृत। श्लोकोऽयं च …. विदुर नीति ग्रन्थात् सङ्कलितः। (यह श्लोक हमारी ‘शेमुषी’ पाठ्य-पुस्तक के ‘सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्’ पाठ से उद्धृत है। यह श्लोक विदुर नीति ग्रन्थ से संकलित है।)

प्रसंग: – श्लोकेऽस्मिन् नीतिकारः विदुरः कथयति यत् यदाचरणं स्वस्य प्रतिकूलो भवति तन्न अन्येभ्यः सह आचरणीयम्।
निश्चितमेव धरणीय पुस्तकच याश्चादी स्वस्थ

(इस श्लोक में नीतिज्ञ विदुर कहता है कि जो आचरण अपने अनुकूल न हो उसका दूसरे के साथ आचरण नहीं करना चाहिए।)

व्याख्या: – सर्वेषां धर्माणां कर्त्तव्यानाम् च सम्यक् रूपेण आकर्ण्य निश्चितमेव धारणीयम् परञ्च यत् कार्यं स्वस्य प्रतिकूलं भवति तस्य अन्येभ्यः सह व्यवहारं न कर्त्तव्यम्। (सभी धर्मों और कर्तव्यों को अच्छी तरह सुनकर निश्चित ही धारण करना चाहिए, परन्तु जो कार्य स्वयं के प्रतिकूल होता है। वह दूसरों के साथ व्यवहार नहीं करना चाहिए।)

अवबोधन कार्यम्

प्रश्न 1.
एकपदेन उत्तरत- (एक शब्द में उत्तर दीजिए-),
(क) किं श्रूयताम् अवधार्यं च? (क्या सुनना और समझना चाहिए?)
(ख) गुत्वा कि करणीयम्? (धर्म-सर्वस्व को सुनकर क्या करना चाहिए?)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 5 सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्

प्रश्न 2.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत- (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) परेषां कानि न समाचरेत् ? (किनका आचरण नहीं करना चाहिए?)
(ख) किम् अवधार्यम् ? (क्या धारण करना चाहिए?)

प्रश्न 3.
यथानिर्देशम् उत्तरत-(निर्देशानुसार उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) ‘अनुकूलानि’ इति पदस्य विलोमपदं श्लोकात् चित्वा लिखत्।
(‘अनुकूलानि’ पद का विलोम पद श्लोक से चुनकर लिखिए।)
(ख) ‘आकर्ण्य’ इति पदस्य पर्यायवाचि पदं श्लोकात् चित्वा लिखत।
(‘आकर्ण्य’ पद का समानार्थी पद श्लोक से चुनकर लिखिए।)
उत्तराणि :
(1) (क) धर्म सर्वस्वम् (धर्म का सार)।
(ख) अवधारणीय (धारण करना चाहिए)।

(2) (क) आत्मनः प्रतिकूलानि परेषां न समाचरेत्। (अपने अनुकूल न हो उसको दूसरे के साथ व्यवहार नहीं करना चाहिए।)
(ख) श्रुतं धर्म सर्वस्वम् अवधार्य। (सुने धर्म के सार को धारण करना चाहिए।)

(3) (क) प्रतिकूलानि (विरुद्ध)।
(ख) श्रुत्वा (सुनकर)।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 5 सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्

3. प्रियवाक्यप्रदानेन सर्वे तुष्यन्ति जन्तवः।
तस्माद् तदेव वक्तव्यं वचने का दरिद्रता॥

शब्दार्थाः – प्रियवाक्यप्रदानेन = स्नेहयुक्तेन भाषणेन (प्रिय वाक्य (वचन) बोलने से), सर्वे = समस्ताः (सभी), जन्तवः = प्राणिनः (प्राणी), तुष्यन्ति = सन्तुष्टाः भवन्ति (सन्तुष्ट होते हैं), तस्मात् = अतः (इसलिए), तदेव = असौ एव (वह ही, वैसे ही), वक्तव्यम् = भणितव्यं (बोलना चाहिए), वचने का दरिद्रता = कथने का दारिद्रयं (बोलने में क्या दरिद्रता अर्थात् कंजूसी)।

अन्वयः – प्रियवाक्यप्रदानेन सर्वे जन्तवः तुष्यन्ति। तस्मात् तदेव वक्तव्यम्, वचने का दरिद्रता।

हिन्दी अनुवादः

सन्दर्भ – यह श्लोक हमारी पाठ्यपुस्तक ‘शेमुषी’ के ‘सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्’ नामक पाठ से अवतरित है। यह ‘चाणक्यनीतिः’ से संकलित किया गया है।
प्रसंग – प्रस्तुत श्लोक में प्रियवचन बोलने का उपदेश दिया गया है।
हिन्दी-अनुवाद – प्रिय वाक्य (वचन) बोलने से सभी प्राणी सन्तुष्ट होते हैं अतः (व्यक्ति को) वैसे ही वचन बोलने चाहिए। वचनों में (बोलने में) क्या दरिद्रता अर्थात् मीठा बोलने में कंजूसी नहीं करनी चाहिए।

संस्कत-व्यारव्याः

सन्दर्भ: – श्लोकोऽयम् अस्माकं ‘शेमुषी’ इति पाठ्यपुस्तकस्य ‘सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्’ इति पाठात् उद्धृत। श्लोकोऽयं चाणक्य नीतिः ग्रन्थात् सङ्कलितः। (यह श्लोक हमारी ‘शेमुषी’ पाठ्य-पुस्तक के ‘सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्’ पाठ से उद्धृत है। यह श्लोक चाणक्य नीति ग्रन्थ से संकलित है।)

प्रसंग: – श्लोकेऽस्मिन् नीतिकारः चाणक्यः उपदिशति यत् मानवेन सदैव मधुरा वाणी एव प्रयोज्या। (इस श्लोक में नीतिकार चाणक्य उपदेश देता है कि मनुष्य को सदैव मधुर वाणी का ही प्रयोग करना चाहिए।)

व्याख्या: – स्नेहयुक्त मधुरवाण्या प्राणिनः सन्तुष्टा भवन्ति अनेनैव कारणेन सैव मधुरा वाणी वचनीयम्। यतः कथने किं दारिद्रयम् ? (स्नेह युक्त मधुर वाणी से सभी प्राणी सन्तुष्ट होते हैं। अतः डी अर्थात् मधुर वाणी ही बोलनी चाहिए क्योंकि कहने में क्या गरीबी आती है।)

अवबोधन कार्यम्

प्रश्न 1.
एकपदेन उत्तरत- (एक शब्द में उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) जन्तवः केन तुष्यन्ति ? (प्राणी किससे सन्तुष्ट होते हैं?)
(ख) अतः किं वक्तव्यम्? (अत: क्या बोलना चाहिए?)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 5 सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्

प्रश्न 2.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत- (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) सर्वे जन्तवः केन तुष्यन्ति ? (सभी जन्तु किससे सन्तुष्ट होते हैं ?)
(ख) प्रियवाक्यस्य का विशेषता? (प्रिय वचनों की क्या विशेषता है?)

प्रश्न 3.
यथानिर्देशम् उत्तरत-(निर्देशानुसार उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) ‘प्राणिनः’ इति पदस्य समानार्थी पदं श्लोकात् लिखत। (‘प्राणिनः’ पद का समानार्थी पद श्लोक से लिखिए।)
(ख) ‘तस्मात् तदेव वक्तव्यम्’ अत्र ‘तदेव’ सर्वनाम पदं कस्य स्थाने प्रयुक्तम्।। – (तस्मात् तदेव वक्तव्यम्’ यहाँ तदेव’ सर्वनाम पद किसके स्थान पर प्रयोग किया है?)
उत्तराणि :
(1) (क) प्रियवाक्येन (प्रिय वचनों से)।
(ख) प्रिय वाक्यम् (मधुर वचन)।

(2) (क) सर्वे जन्तवः प्रियवाक्य प्रदानेन तुष्यन्ति। (सभी जन्तु प्रियवचन बोलने से सन्तुष्ट होते हैं।)
(ख) प्रियवाक्य वचने न कापि दरिद्रता। (प्रियवचन में कोई दरिद्रता नहीं होती।)

(3) (क) जन्तवः (जीव)।
(ख) प्रियवाक्यम् (मधुरवचन)।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 5 सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्

4. पिबन्ति नद्यः स्वयमेव नाम्भः स्वयं न खादन्ति फलानि वृक्षाः।
नादन्ति सस्यं खल वारिवाहाः परोपकाराय सतां विभूतयः ॥

शब्दार्था: – नद्यः = सरितः (नदियाँ), स्वयमेव = आत्मना एव (स्वयं ही), अम्भः = जलम् (जल), न = मा (नहीं), पिबन्ति = पानं कुर्वन्ति (पीती हैं), वृक्षाः = तरवः (वृक्ष), स्वयम् = आत्मना (स्वयं), न फलानि = फलों को, न खादन्ति = न भक्ष्यन्ति (नहीं खाते हैं), वारिवाहाः = मेघाः (जलवहन करने वाले बादल), सस्यम् = अन्नम् (अन्न को, फसल को), खलु = निश्चयेन (निश्चित ही), न = मा (नहीं), अदन्ति = खादन्ति (खाते हैं), सताम् = सज्जनानां (सज्जनों की), विभूतयः = समृद्धिः (सम्पत्तियाँ), परोपकाराय = परेषाम् उपकाराय (परोपकार के लिए/ दूसरों के उपकार के लिए), भवन्ति = वर्तन्ते (होती हैं)।

अन्वयः – नद्यः स्वयमेव अम्भः न पिबन्ति, वृक्षाः (च) स्वयम् फलानि न खादन्ति । वारिवाहाः सस्यम् खलु न अदन्ति सताम् विभूतयः परोपकाराय। हिन्दी अनुवादः
सन्दर्भ – यह श्लोक हमारी पाठ्यपुस्तक ‘शेमुषी’ के ‘सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्’ नामक पाठ से अवतरित है। यह “सुभाषितरत्नभाण्डागारम्’ से सकलित किया गया है।
प्रसंग – प्रस्तुत श्लोक में सज्जनों का स्वभाव परोपकार करना ही होता है, बताया गया है।
हिन्दी-अनुवाद – नदियाँ अपना जल स्वयं नहीं पीती हैं (और) वृक्ष स्वयं (अपने) फलों को नहीं खाते हैं। मेघ (बादल) (अपने द्वारा उगाये गए) अन्नों को नहीं खाते हैं। निश्चय ही सज्जनों की सम्पत्तियाँ परोपकार के लिए होती हैं।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 5 सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्

संस्कत-व्यारव्याः

सन्दर्भ:-श्लोकोऽयम् अस्माकं ‘शेमुषी’ इति पाठ्यपुस्तकस्य ‘सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्’ इति पाठात् उद्धृत। श्लोकोऽयं ‘सुभाषितरत्न-भांडागारम्’ इति ग्रन्थात् सङ्कलितः। (यह श्लोक हमारी ‘शेमुषी’ पाठ्य-पुस्तक के ‘सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्’ पाठ से उद्धृत है। यह श्लोक ‘सुभाषित-रत्नभांडागारम्’ ग्रन्थ से संकलित है।)

प्रसंग: – श्लोकेऽस्मिन् कवि कथयति यत् ‘परेषामुपकारं करणीयम्’ इत्येव सज्जनानां स्वभावः भवति। (इस श्लोक में कवि कहता है कि ‘परोपकार करना चाहिए’ यह सज्जनों का स्वभाव ही होता है।)
व्याख्या: – सरितः आत्मनः जलं न पानं कुर्वन्ति। तरवः अपि आत्मनः फलानि न अदति भक्षयन्ति वा। वारिदाः (मेघाः) निश्चितमेव अन्नं न खादन्ति। (अनेन स्पष्ट) यत् सज्जनानां समृद्धिः परेषाम् उपकाराय एव भवति। (नदियाँ अपना जल नहीं पीती हैं, वृक्ष अपने फल नहीं खाते हैं, मेघ निश्चित ही अन्न नहीं खाते हैं। उससे स्पष्ट है कि सज्जनों की समृद्धि दूसरों के उपकार के लिए ही होती है।)

अवबोधन कार्यम्

प्रश्न 1.
एकपदेन उत्तरत- (एक शब्द में उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) स्वाम्भः का: न पिबन्ति? (अपना पानी कौन नहीं पीती हैं।)
(ख) वृक्षाः किं न खादन्ति ? (वृक्ष क्या नहीं खाते?)

प्रश्न 2.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत- (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) सतां विभूतयः कस्मै भवन्ति? (सज्जनों का वैभव किसलिए होता है?)
(ख) वारिवाहाः किं न खादन्ति? (बादल क्या नहीं खाते?)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 5 सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्

प्रश्न 3.
यथानिर्देशम् उत्तरत-(निर्देशानुसार उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) ‘खादन्ति’ इति क्रियापदस्य स्थाने श्लोके किं पदं प्रयुक्तम्?
(‘खादन्ति’ क्रियापद के स्थान पर श्लोक में किस पद का प्रयोग किया गया है?)
(ख) ‘पिबन्ति’ पदे मूल धातुं लिखत। (‘पिबन्ति’ पद में मूल धातु लिखिए।)
उत्तराणि :
(1) (क) नद्यः (नदियाँ)।
(ख) सस्यम् (फसल को)।

(2) (क) सतां विभूतयः परोपकाराय भवन्ति। (सज्जनों का वैभव परोपकार के लिए होता है।)
(ख) वारिवाहा सस्यं नादन्ति। (बादल फसल नहीं खाते।)

(3) (क) अदन्ति (खाते हैं)।
(ख) पा (पीना)।

5. गुणेष्वेव हि कर्तव्यः प्रयत्नः पुरुषैः सदा।
गुणयुक्तो दरिद्रोऽपि नेश्वरैरगुणैः समः॥

शब्दार्थाः – पुरुषैः = मानवैः (पुरुषों/ मानवों के द्वारा), सदा = सर्वदा (हमेशा/ सदैव), गुणेषु एव = सद्गुणेषु एव (गुणों को धारण करने में ही, प्रयत्नः = प्रयत्न, कर्तव्यः = करणीयः (करना चाहिए), गुणयुक्तः = गुणसम्पन्नः (गुणों से युक्त), दरिद्रः अपि = धनहीनोऽपि (निर्धन व्यक्ति भी), अगुणैः = गुणों से हीन, ईश्वरैः = श्रीयुक्तैः (ऐश्वर्यवानों से/ ६ नवानों से), समः = तुल्यः अस्ति (समान/बराबर है)।

अन्वयः – पुरुषैः सदा गुणेषु एव प्रयत्नः कर्तव्यः हि गुणयुक्तः दरिद्रः अपि न अगुणैः ईश्वरैः समः।

हिन्दी अनुवादः

सन्दर्भ – यह श्लोक हमारी पाठ्यपुस्तक ‘शेमुषी’ के ‘सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्’ नामक पाठ से अवतरित है। यह ‘मृच्छकटिकम्’
से संकलित किया गया है।
प्रसंग – प्रस्तुत श्लोक में गुणों की महिमा को बताते हुए कहा गया है कि गुणवान् व्यक्ति निर्धन होते हुए भी गुणहीन धनवान् से श्रेष्ठ होता है।
हिन्दी-अनुवाद – मनुष्यों को सदैव ही गुणों को धारण करने में प्रयत्नशील रहना चाहिए क्योंकि संसार में गुणों से युक्त निर्धन व्यक्ति भी गुणों से हीन धनवान् के बराबर नहीं होता अपितु उससे श्रेष्ठ होता है। अर्थात् गुणों से युक्त निर्धन व्यक्ति गुणहीन धनवान् से श्रेष्ठ होता है।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 5 सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्

संस्कत-व्याख्याः

सन्दर्भ: – श्लोकोऽयम् अस्माकं ‘शेमुषी’ इति पाठ्यपुस्तकस्य ‘सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्’ इति पाठात् उद्धृत। श्लोकोऽयं महाकवि शूद्रक-विरचितात् ‘मृच्छकटिकम्’ नाटकात् सङ्कलितः। (यह श्लोक हमारी ‘शेमुषी’ पाठ्य-पुस्तक के ‘सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्’ पाठ से उद्धृत है। यह श्लोक मूलतः महाकवि शूद्रक विरचितं ‘मृच्छकटिक’ नामक नाटक-ग्रन्थ से संकलित है।)

प्रसंग: – श्लोकेऽस्मिन् गुणानां महिमा वर्णिता। अत एव गुणवान् मानवः निर्धनोऽपि सन् निर्गुणात् धनवतः श्रेष्ठतर; भवति। (इस श्लोक में गुणों की महिमा वर्णित है। अतएव गुणवान् मानव निर्धन होते हुए भी निर्गुण (गुणहीन) धनवान से अच्छा होता है।)

व्याख्याः – मानवै सदैव सद्गुणेषु एव प्रयत्नं (प्रयासं) करणीयम् (यतः) गुण सम्पन्नः धनहीनोऽपि सन् गुणहीनेन् समः (तुल्या) एव भवति। (मानव को सदैव अच्छे गुणों में ही प्रयत्नशील होना चाहिए क्योंकि गुण सम्पन्न धनहीन व्यक्ति भी गुणहीन धनवान के समान होता है।)

अवबोधन कार्यम्

प्रश्न 1.
एकपदेन उत्तरत – (एक शब्द में उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) केषु प्रयत्नः कर्त्तव्यः? (किनमें प्रयत्न करना चाहिए?)
(ख) गुणयुक्त दरिद्रस्य गुणहीन धनिकस्य च मध्ये कः श्रेष्ठः? (गुणयुक्त दरिद्र से गुणहीन धनी में कौन श्रेष्ठ है?)

प्रश्न 2.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत- (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) पुरुषैः सदैव केषु प्रयत्न: करणीयः? (पुरुषों द्वारा किसमें प्रयत्न किया जाना चाहिए?)
(ख) को मनुष्यः श्रेष्ठतरः? (कौन व्यक्ति अधिक अच्छा है?)

प्रश्न 3.
यथानिर्देशम् उत्तरत-(निर्देशानुसार उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) ‘करणीयः’ इति क्रियापदस्य पर्यायवाचिपदं श्लोकात् चित्वा लिखत्।
(‘करणीयः’ क्रिया का समानार्थी पद श्लोक से लिखिए।)
(ख) ‘विषमः’ इति पदस्य विलोमपदं श्लोकात् चित्वा लिखत।
(‘विषमः’ पद का विलोम श्लोक से चुनकर लिखिए।)
उत्तराणि :
(1) (क) गुणेषु (गुणों में)।
(ख) गुणयुक्त दरिद्रः (गुणी गरीब)।

(2) (क) पुरुषैः सदैव गुणेषु एव प्रयत्नः करणीयः। (मनुष्यों को सदा गुण अर्जित करने में प्रयत्न करना चाहिए।)
(ख) गुणयुक्तोऽपि निर्धनः श्रेष्ठः भवति। (गुणों से युक्त भी गरीब व्यक्ति श्रेष्ठ होता है।)

(3) (क) कर्त्तव्यः (करना चाहिए)।
(ख) समः (समान)।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 5 सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्

6. आरम्भगुर्वी क्षयिणी क्रमेण लघ्वी पुरा वृद्धिमती च पश्चात्।
दिनस्य पूर्वार्द्धपरार्द्धभिन्ना छायेव मैत्री ख़लसज्जनानाम्॥

शब्दार्थाः – आरम्भगुर्वी = आदौ दीर्घा (आरम्भ में लम्बी), क्रमेण = क्रमशः (लगातार, धीरे-धीरे), क्षयिणी = क्षयशीला (घटने वाली), पुरा = प्रारम्भे (पहले), च = और, लध्वी = अल्पा (कम), पश्चात् = अनन्तरम् (पश्चात्), वृद्धिमती = वृद्धिं प्राप्ता (लम्बी होती हुई /लम्बी हुई), दिनस्य = दिवसस्य (दिन के), पूर्वार्द्ध = दोपहर के पहले, परार्द्ध = दोपहर के बाद, भिन्ना = इतरा (अलग होती है), छाया = छाया, इव = समा (समान), खलानाम् = दुष्टानां (दुष्टों की), सज्जनानाम् = सताम् (सज्जनों की), मैत्री = सख्यं (मित्रता)।

अन्वयः – आरम्भगुर्वी क्रमेण क्षयिणी पुरा च लघ्वी पश्चात् (च) वृद्धिमती दिनस्य पूर्वार्द्धपरार्द्धभिन्ना छाया इव खलसज्जनानाम् मैत्री (भवति)।

सन्दर्भ – यह श्लोक हमारी पाठ्यपुस्तक ‘शेमुषी’ के ‘सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्’ नामक पाठ से अवतरित है। यह ‘नीतिशतकम्’ से संकलित किया गया है।
प्रसंग – प्रस्तुत श्लोक में दुष्टों और सज्जनों की मित्रता की भिन्नता का वर्णन किया गया है।
हिन्दी-अनुवाद – दुष्टों की मित्रता दोपहर से पहले की छाया के समान प्रारम्भ में लम्बी लेकिन लगातार घटने वाली तथा सज्जनों की मित्रता दोपहर के बाद की छाया के समान पहले कम और बाद में बढ़ने वाली होती है।

संस्कत-व्यारव्याः

सन्दर्भ: – श्लोकोऽयन् अस्माकं ‘शेमुषी’ इति पाठ्यपुस्तकस्य ‘सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्’ इति पाठात् उद्धृत। श्लोकोऽयं भर्तृहरेः नीतिशतकम् ग्रन्थात् सङ्कलितः। (यह श्लोक हमारी ‘शेमुषी’ पाठ्य-पुस्तक के ‘सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्’ पाठ से उद्धृत है। यह श्लोक भर्तृहरि के नीतिशतकम् ग्रन्थ से संकलित है।)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 5 सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्

प्रसंग: – श्लोकेऽस्मिन् कविः सज्जनानां दुर्जनानां च मित्रतायाः तुलनां करोति। यतः सज्जनानां मैत्री स्थायी दुर्जनानां च अस्थायी भवति। (इस श्लोक में कवि सज्जनों और दुर्जनों की मित्रता की तुलना की है। क्योंकि सज्जनों की मित्रता स्थायी और दुर्जनों की अस्थायी होती है।)

व्याख्या: – दुर्जनानां मित्रता आदौ तु पूर्वाह्न छाया इव दीर्घा भवति परञ्च क्रमशः क्षयशीला भवति (यावत्) सज्जनां (सतां) मित्रता आदौ अपराह्न छाया इव अल्पी भवति (परञ्च) मध्याह्नोपरान्त तु यदि प्राप्नोति। (दुर्जनों की मित्रता आरम्भ में दोपहर-पूर्व की छाया के समान बड़ी होती है परन्तु क्रमशः घटती है जबकि सज्ज की मित्रता आरम्भ में दोपहर बाद की छाया के समान थोड़ी होती है तथा मध्याह्न के बाद वृद्धि को प्राप्त होती है।)

अवबोधन कार्यम्

प्रश्न 1. एकपदेन उत्तरत- (एक शब्द में उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) केषां मैत्री आरम्भगुर्वी क्रमेण क्षयिणी भवति?
(किनकी दोस्ती आरम्भ में बड़ी तथा क्रमशः क्षीण होने वाली होती है?)
(ख) दिनस्य उत्तरार्द्धभि केषां मैत्री भवति? (उत्तरार्ध के समान किनकी मित्रता होती है?)

प्रश्न 2.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत- (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) खलानां मैत्री कीदृशी भवति? (दुष्टों की दोस्ती कैसी होती है?)
(ख) सज्जनानां मैत्री कीदृशीं भवति? (सज्जनों की दोस्ती कैसी होती है?)

प्रश्न 3. यथानिर्देशम् उत्तरत्- (निर्देशानुसार उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) ‘लध्वी’ इति पदस्य विलोमपदं श्लोकात् अन्विष्य लिखत्।
(‘लघ्वी’ पद का विलोम श्लोक से चुनकर लिखिए।)
(ख) ‘सौहार्द’ इति पदस्य समानार्थी पदं श्लोकात् चित्वा लिखत्।
(‘सौहार्द’ पद का समानार्थी पद श्लोक से चुनकर लिखिए।)
उत्तराणि :
(1) (क) खलानाम् (दुर्जनों की)।
(ख) सज्जनानाम् (सज्जनों की)।

(2) (क) खलानां मैत्री आरम्भगुर्वी क्रमेण च क्षीण भवति। (दुष्टों की दोस्ती आरम्भ में बड़ी तथा क्रमशः क्षीण होने वाली होती है।)
(ख) सज्जनानां मैत्री पुरा लघ्वी पश्चात् च वृद्धिमती भवति। (सज्जनों की दोस्ती पहले कम (छोटी) तथा
बाद में बढ़ने वाली होती है।)

(3) (क) गुर्वी (बड़ी अधिक)।
(ख) मैत्री (मित्रता)।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 5 सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्

7. यत्रापि कुत्रापि गता भवेयुहंसा महीमण्डलमण्डनाय।
हानिस्तु तेषां हि सरोवराणां येषां मरालैः सह विप्रयोगः॥

शब्दार्थाः – हंसाः = मरालाः (हंस), महीमण्डलमण्डनाय = भूमि सज्जीकर्तुम् (पृथ्वी को सुशोभित करने के लिए), यत्रापि कुत्रापि = यदपि स्थानम् (जहाँ कहीं भी), गताः भवेयुः = गच्छेयुः (जायें), हि = निश्चयेन (निश्चय ही), हानिः तु = हानिः तु (हानि तो), तेषाम् = उनकी, सरोवराणाम् = जलाशयानाम् (सरोवरों की), येषाम् = जिनका, मरालैः सह = हंसैः सह (हंसों के साथ), विप्रयोगः = वियोगः (वियोग, अलग होना)।

अन्वयः-हंसा महीमण्डलमण्डनाय यत्रापि कुत्रापि गताः भवेयुः। हि येषाम् सरोवराणाम् हानिः तु येषाम् मरालैः सह विप्रयोगः (अस्ति)।

हिन्दी अनुवादः

सन्दर्भ – यह श्लोक हमारी पाठ्यपुस्तक ‘शेमुषी’ के ‘सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्’ नामक पाठ से अवतरित है। यह ‘भामिनी विलास’ से संकलित किया गया है।
प्रसंग – प्रस्तुत श्लोक में सत्संग की महिमा का वर्णन किया गया है।
हिन्दी-अनुवाद – हंस पृथ्वी की शोभा बढ़ाने के लिए जहाँ भी चले गये हों (किसी की कोई हानि नहीं होती) अर्थात् हंस जहाँ कहीं भी जाते हैं उसी भूमि की शोभा बढ़ाते हैं। हानि तो उन सरोवरों की होती है, जिनका हंसों के साथ वियोग होता है।

संस्कत-व्यारव्याः

सन्दर्भ: – श्लोकोऽयम् अस्माकं ‘शेमुषी’ इति पाठ्यपुस्तकस्य ‘सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्’ इति पाठात् उद्धृत। श्लोकोऽयं मूलतः पण्डितराज जगन्नाथ विरचितात् ‘भामिनी विलासात्’ सङ्कलितः। (यह श्लोक हमारी ‘शेमुषी’ पाठ्य-पुस्तक के ‘सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्’ पाठ से उद्धृत है। यह श्लोक मूलतः पण्डितराज जगन्नाथ द्वारा रचित भामिनी विलास से संकलित है।)
प्रसंग: – श्लोकेऽस्मिन् कविः सत्संगस्य महिमानं वर्णयति। सः कथयति। (इस श्लोक में कवि सत्संग की महिमा का वर्णन करता है। वह कहता है।)
व्याख्या: – मरालाः यत् स्थानमपि यान्ति (गच्छेयुः) ते निश्चप्रचमेव भूमि एव भवन्ति। हानिः तु तेषां जलाशयानां भवति येषाम् हंसैः संह वियोगः भवति। (हंस जिस स्थान पर भी जाते हैं वे निश्चय ही पृथ्वी की शोभा बढ़ाने के लिए गये। हैं। हानि तो उन जलाशयों की होती है जिनका हंसों से वियोग (बिछुड़ना) होता है।)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 5 सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्

अवबोधन कार्यम्

प्रश्न 1.
एकपदेन उत्तरत- (एक शब्द में उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) हंसाः किं कुर्वन्ति ? (हंस क्या करते हैं?)
(ख) हंसेषु गतेषु केषां हानिः भवति? (हंसों के चले जाने पर किनकी हानि होती है?)

प्रश्न 2.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत – (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) हंसाः किं कुर्वन्ति? (हंस क्या करते हैं?) ।
(ख) सरोवरस्य हानिः कदा भवति? (सरोवर की हानि कब होती है?)

प्रश्न 3.
यथानिर्देशम् उत्तरत-(निर्देशानुसार उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) ‘हंसैः’ इति पदस्य समानार्थी पदं श्लोकात् चित्वा लिखत। (‘हंस’ पद का समानार्थी पद श्लोक से लिखिए।)
(ख) ‘लाभः’ इति पदस्य विलोमार्थकं पदं श्लोकात् लिखत। (‘लाभ:’ पद का विलोम श्लोक से चुनकर लिखो।)
उत्तराणि :
(1) (क) महीमण्डल मण्डनाम्। (पृथ्वीमंडल को शोभित करने के लिए।)।
(ख) सरोवराणाम् (सरोवरों की)।

(2) (क) हंसाः पृथिव्याः मण्डनं कुर्वन्ति। (हंस पृथ्वी का मंडन करते हैं।)
(ख) सरोवरस्य हानिः हंसानां विप्रयोगे भवति। (सरोवर की हानि हंसों के वियोग (बिछुड़ने) से होती है।)

(3) (क) मरालैः।
(ख) हानिः (नुकसान)।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 5 सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्

8. गुणा गुणज्ञेषु गुणा भवन्ति, ते निर्गुणं प्राप्य भवन्ति दोषाः।
आस्वाद्यतोयाः प्रवहन्ति नद्यः, समुद्रमासाद्य भवन्त्यपेयाः॥

शब्दार्थाः-गुणाः = श्रेष्ठलक्षणानि (सद्गुण), गुणज्ञेषु = गुणग्राहकेषु (गुणियों में) (रहकर ही), गुणाः = श्रेष्ठलक्षणानि (गुण), भवन्ति = वर्तन्ते (होते हैं), ते = अमी (वे) (गुण), निर्गणम = मुर्ख (गुणहीन को), प्राप्य = प्राप्तं कृत्वा (प्राप्त करके), भवन्ति = वर्तन्ते (होते हैं), दोषाः = विकाराः (दोष), आस्वाद्यतोयाः = स्वादुजलसम्पन्नाः (स्वादयुक्त जल वाली), प्रवहन्ति = वहन्ति (बहती हैं), नद्यः = सरितः (नदियाँ), समुद्रमासाद्य = सागरं प्राप्य (समुद्र में मिलने पर/ समुद्र को प्राप्त करके), भवन्ति = वर्तन्ते (होती हैं), अपेयाः = न पेयाः/न पानयोग्याः (न पीने योग्य)।

अन्वयः – गुणाः गुणज्ञेषु गुणाः भवन्ति, ते निर्गुणं प्राप्य दोषाः भवन्ति। नद्यः आस्वाद्यतोयाः प्रवहन्ति। समुद्रम् आसाद्य अपेयाः भवन्ति।

हिन्दी अनुवादः

सन्दर्भ – यह श्लोक हमारी पाठ्यपुस्तक ‘शेमुषी’ के ‘सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्’ नामक पाठ से अवतरित है। यह ‘हितोपदेशः’ से संकलित किया गया है।
प्रसंग – प्रस्तुत श्लोक में संगति के प्रभाव का वर्णन किया गया है।

हिन्दी-अनुवाद – गुण गुणियों में (रहकर) गुण होते हैं, निर्गुणों (बुरे लोगों) को प्राप्त कर वे दोष हो जाते हैं। स्वादयुक्त जल वाली नदियों का जल तभी तक पीने योग्य होता है जब तक वे बहती रहती हैं। समुद्र को प्राप्त करके उनका जल अपेय हो जाता है। अर्थात् जब तक स्वादयुक्त जलवाली नदियाँ बहती रहती हैं, वे पीने योग्य रहती हैं। किन्तु जब वही नदी निर्गुण समुद्र के खारे जल में मिल जाती है तो वह (खारी होने के कारण) पीने योग्य नहीं रह जाती। आशय यह है कि संगति का बड़ा प्रभाव पड़ता है। संस्कत-व्यारव्याः

सन्दर्भ: – श्लोकोऽयम् अस्माकं ‘शेमुषी’ इति पाठ्यपुस्तकस्य ‘सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्’ इति पाठात् उद्धृत। श्लोकोऽयं नारायण पण्डित विरचितात् ग्रन्थात् सङ्कलितः। (यह श्लोक हमारी ‘शेमुषी’ पाठ्य-पुस्तक के ‘सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्’ पाठ से उद्धृत है। यह श्लोक नारायण पण्डित द्वारा रचित हितोपदेश कथाग्रन्थ से संकलित है।)

प्रसंग: – श्लोकेऽस्मिन् कविः नारायणपण्डितः सङ्गतेः प्रभावं वर्णयति। (इस श्लोक में कवि नारायण पंडित संगति के प्रभाव का वर्णन करता है।)

व्याख्या: – सद्गुणाः तु गुणग्राहकेषु श्रेष्ठ लक्षणानि एव वर्तन्ते अमी एव गुणाः मूर्ख प्राप्य विकाराः इति वर्तन्ते। यथा सरितः सदैव स्वादिष्टं जलं वहन्ति परञ्च तदैव सागरं प्राप्य न पान योग्यम् एव भवति। (सद्गुण तो गुणग्राहकों में श्रेष्ठ लक्षण ही होते हैं, ये ही गुण मूर्ख को प्राप्त कर विकार बन जाते हैं। जैसे नदियाँ सदैव स्वादिष्ट जल बहाती हैं परन्तु वही जल समुद्र में पहुँचकर न पीने योग्य हो जाता है।)

अवबोधन कार्यम् –

प्रश्न 1.
एकपदेन उत्तरत – (एक शब्द में उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) गुणाः कुत्र गुणा एव भवन्ति? (गुण कहाँ गुण ही रहते हैं ?)
(ख) गुणाः कदा दोषाः भवन्ति? (गुण कब दोष हो जाते हैं?)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 5 सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्

प्रश्न 2.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत- (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) नद्यः तोयाः कदा अपेयाः भवन्ति? (नदी का पानी कब न पीने योग्य हो जाता है?)
(ख) श्लोकेऽस्मिन् मानवाय का शिक्षा प्रदत्ता? (इस श्लोक में मानव के लिए क्या शिक्षा दी गई है?)

प्रश्न 3.
यथानिर्देशम् उत्तरत-(निर्देशानुसार उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) ‘पेयाः’ इति पदस्य विलोमपदं श्लोकात् चित्वा लिखत्।
(‘पेयाः’ इस पद का विलोम पद श्लोक से चुनकर लिखिए।)
(ख) ‘ते निर्गुणं प्राप्य’ अत्र ते इति सर्वनामपदं कस्य स्थाने प्रयुक्तम्?
(ते ‘निर्गुणं प्राप्य’ यहाँ ‘ते’ सर्वनाम पद किसके स्थान पर प्रयोग किया गया है।)
उत्तराणि :
(1) (क) गुणज्ञेषु (गुणों के जानकारों)।
(ख) निर्गुणेषु (गुणहीनों में)।

(2) (क) नद्यः तोयाः समुद्रं प्राप्य अपेयाः भवन्ति। (नदी का जल समुद्र को पाकर न पीने योग्य हो जाता है।)
(ख) श्लोकेऽस्मिन् संगत्याः प्रभावं दर्शितम्। (इस श्लोक में संगति का प्रभाव बताया गया है।)

(3) (क) ‘अपेयाः’ (न पीने योग्य)।
(ख) निर्गुणंप्राप्य (गुणहीन को पाकर)।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Shemushi Bhag 1 Jharkhand Board

JAC Jharkhand Board Class 9th Sanskrit Solutions शेमुषी भाग 1

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit अपठितावबोधनम्

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit व्याकरणम्

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit रचनात्मक कार्यम्

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Shemushi Chapter 4 कल्पतरुः

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Shemushi Chapter 4 कल्पतरुः Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

JAC Board Class 9th Sanskrit Solutions Shemushi Chapter 4 कल्पतरुः

JAC Class 9th Sanskrit कल्पतरुः Textbook Questions and Answers

1. एकपदेन उत्तरं लिखत-(निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर संस्कृत भाषा में लिखिए-)
(क) जीमूतवाहनः कस्य पुत्रः अस्ति? (जीमूतवाहन किसका पुत्र है?)
उत्तरम् :
जीमूतकेतोः (जीमूतकेतु का)।

(ख) संसारेऽस्मिन् कः अनश्वरः भवति? (इस संसार में अनश्वर कौन है?)
उत्तरम् :
परोपकारः (परोपकार)।

(ग) जीमूतवाहनः परोपकारैकफलसिद्धये कम् आराधयति?
(जीमूतवाहन परोपकार की एकमात्र फलसिद्धि के लिए किसकी आराधना करता है?)
उत्तरम् :
कल्पवृक्षपादपम्। (कल्पवृक्ष के पौधे की)।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 4 कल्पतरुः

(घ) जीमूतवाहनस्य सर्वभूतानुकम्पया सर्वत्र किं प्रथितम्?
(जीमूतवाहन की सभी प्राणियों की अनुकम्पा से किसकी वृद्धि हुई ?)
उत्तरम् :
यशः। (यश की)।

(ङ) कल्पतरुः भुवि कानि अवर्ष?
(कल्पतरु ने पृथ्वी पर क्या बरसाया?)
उत्तरम् :
वसूनि। (धन)।

2. अधोलिखितानां प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि संस्कृतभाषया लिखत
(निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर संस्कृत भाषा में लिखिए-)
(क) कञ्चनपुरं नाम नगरं कुत्र विभाति स्म? (कञ्चनपुर नामक नगर कहाँ सुशोभित था?)
उत्तरम् :
हिमवतः नगेन्द्रस्य सानोरुपरि कञ्चनपुरं नाम नगरं विभाति स्म। (पर्वतराज हिमालय के शिखर के ऊपर कंचनपुर नामक नगर सुशोभित था।)

(ख) जीमूतवाहनः कीदृशः आसीत्? (जीमूतवाहन कैसा था?)
उत्तरम् :
जीमूतवाहनः महान् दानवीरः सर्वभूतानुकम्पी च आसीत्। (जीमूतवाहन महान् दानवीर तथा सभी प्राणियों पर दया करने वाला था।)

(ग) कल्पतरो: वैशिष्ट्यमाकर्ण्य जीमूतवाहनः किम् अचिन्तयत्? (कल्पवृक्ष की विशेषता को सुनकर जीमूतवाहन ने क्या सोचा?)
उत्तरम् :
जीमूतवाहनः अचिन्तयत् यत् अहम् एतत्कल्पतरोः स्वकामनां मनोरथमभीष्टं साधयामि। (जीमतवाहन ने सोचा कि मैं इस कल्पवक्ष से अपनी कामना सिद्ध करता हैं।)

(घ) हितैषिण: मन्त्रिण: जीमूतवाहनं किम् उक्तवन्तः? (हितैषी मन्त्रियों ने जीमूतवाहन से क्या कहा?)
उत्तरम् :
“युवराज! योऽयं सर्वकामदः कल्पतरुः तवोद्याने तिष्ठति स तव सदा पूज्यः। अस्मिन् अनुकूले स्थिते सति शक्रोऽपि अस्मान् बाधितुं न शक्नुयात्” इति अकथयत्। (“हे युवराज! जो यह सारी कामनाओं को पूरा करने वाला कल्पवृक्ष तुम्हारे बाग में खड़ा है, वह तुम्हारे लिए सदा पूज्य है। इसके अनुकूल होने पर इन्द्र भी हमें कोई बाधा नहीं पहुँचा सकता है।” इस प्रकार से कहा।)

(ङ) जीमूतवाहनः कल्पतरुम् उपगम्य किम् उवाच? (जीमूतवाहन कल्पतरु के समीप जाकर क्या बोला?)
उत्तरम् :
“देव! त्वया अस्मत्पूर्वेषाम् अभीष्टाः कामाः पूरिताः, तन्ममैकं कामं पूरय। यथा पृथिवीम् अदरिद्राम् पश्यामि तथा करोतु देव” इति। (देव! आपने हमारे पूर्वजों की इच्छित कामनाएं पूरी की तो मेरी भी एक कामना पूरी कर दीजिए, जिस प्रकार मैं पृथ्वी को दरिद्रततारहित देखें, ऐसा कर दीजिए।)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 4 कल्पतरुः

3. अधोलिखितवाक्येषु स्थूलपदानि कस्मै प्रयुक्तानि? (निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में मोटे पद किसके लिए प्रयुक्त हुए हैं ?)
(क) तस्य सानोरुपरि विभाति कञ्चनपुरं नाम नगरंम्। (उसकी चोटी के ऊपर कञ्चनपुर नामक नगर सुशोभित था)
उत्तरम् :
हिमवते नगेन्द्राय प्रयुक्तम्। (पर्वतराज हिमालय के लिए प्रयुक्त हुआ है।)

(ख) राजा सम्प्राप्तयौवनं तं यौवराज्ये अभिषिक्तवान्? (राजा ने युवावस्था को प्राप्त हुए उसे युवराज के पद पर अभिषिक्त कर दिया।)
उत्तरम् :
जीमूतवाहनाय प्रयुक्तम्। (जीमूतवाहन के लिए प्रयुक्त हुआ है।)

(ग) अयं तव सदा पूज्यः। (यह तुम्हारा सदा पूजनीय है।)
उत्तरम् :
कल्पवृक्षाय प्रयुक्तम्। (कल्पवृक्ष के लिए प्रयुक्त हुआ है।)

(घ) तात ! त्वं तु जानासि यत् धनं वीचिवच्चञ्चलम्। (हे पिताजी, तुम तो जानते हो कि धन जल की तरंग के समान चंचल है।)
उत्तरम् :
जीमूतकेतवे प्रयुक्तम्। (जीमूतकेतु के लिए प्रयुक्त हुआ है।)

4. अधोलिखितानां पदानां पर्यायपदं पाठात् चित्वा लिखत –
(निम्नलिखित पदों के पर्यायपद पाठ से चुनकर लिखिए-)
(क) पर्वतः – …………..
(ख) भूपतिः – …………..
(ग) इन्द्रः – …………..
(घ) धनम् – ………….
(ङ) इच्छितम् – ………….
(च) समीपम् – …………..
(छ) धरित्रीम् – …………
(ज) कल्याणम् – …………..
(झ) वाणी – ………..
(ब) वृक्षः – …………
उत्तर :
(क) नगेन्द्रः
(ख) राजा
(ग) शक्रः
(घ) अर्थः, वसूनि
(ङ) अभीष्टम्
(च) अन्तिकम्
(छ) पृथ्वीम्
(ज) हितम्
(झ) वाक्
(ज) तरुः।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 4 कल्पतरुः

5. ‘क’ स्तम्भे विशेषणानि ‘ख’ स्तम्भे च विशेष्याणि दत्तानि। तानि समचितं योजयत
(‘क’ स्तम्भ में विशेषण और ‘ख’ स्तम्भ में विशेष्य दिये हुए हैं। उन्हें ठीक से मिलाइये-)

‘क’ स्तम्भ ‘ख’ स्तम्भ
कुलक्रमागतः परोपकारः
दानवीरः मन्त्रिभिः
हितैषिभिः जीमूतवाहनः
वीचिवच्चञ्चलम् कल्पतरुः
अनश्वरः धनम्

उत्तरम् :

‘क’ स्तम्भ ‘ख’ स्तम्भ
कुलक्रमागतः कल्पतरुः
दानवीरः जीमूतवाहनः
हितैषिभिः मन्त्रिभिः
वीचिवच्चञ्चलम् धनम्
अनश्वरः परोपकारः

6. स्थूलपदान्यधिकृत्य प्रश्ननिर्माणं कुरुत – (मोटे छपे पदों के आधार पर प्रश्न निर्माण कीजिए-)
(क) तरोः कृपया सः पुत्रम् अप्राप्नोत्।
(ख) स: कल्पतरवे न्यवेदयत्।
(ग) धनवृष्ट्या कोऽपि दरिद्रः नातिष्ठत्।
(घ) कल्पतरुः पृथिव्यां धनानि अवर्षत्।
(ङ) जीवानुकम्पया जीमूतवाहनस्य यशः प्रासरत्।
उत्तरम् :
प्रश्न: – कस्य कृपया सः पुत्रम् अप्राप्नोत् ?
प्रश्न: – सः कस्मै न्यवेदयत् ?
प्रश्न: – कथं कोऽपि दरिद्रः नातिष्ठत् ?
प्रश्न: – कल्पतरुः कुत्र धनानि अवर्षत् ?
प्रश्न: – कथं जीमूतवाहनस्य यशः प्रासरत्?

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 4 कल्पतरुः

7. (क) “स्वस्ति तुभ्यम्” स्वस्ति शब्दस्य योगे चतुर्थी विभक्तिः भवति। इत्यनेन नियमेन अत्र चतुर्थी विभक्तिः प्रयुक्ता। एवमेव (कोष्ठकगतेषु पदेषु) चतुर्थी विभक्तिं प्रयुज्य रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत –
(“स्वस्ति तुभ्यम्” स्वस्ति शब्द के योग में चतुर्थी विभक्ति होती है। इस नियम से यहाँ चतुर्थी विभक्ति प्रयुक्त हुई है। इसी प्रकार (कोष्ठक में दिये शब्दों में) चतुर्थी विभक्ति का प्रयोग करके रिक्त स्थानों को पूर्ण कीजिए
(i) स्वस्ति ………… (राजा)
(ii) स्वस्ति ………… (प्रजा)
(ii) स्वस्ति ………… (छात्र)
(iv) स्वस्ति …………… (सर्वजन)
उत्तरम् :
(i) राज्ञे
(ii) प्रजाभ्यः
(iii) छात्राय
(iv) सर्वजनेभ्यः

(ख) कोष्ठकगतेषु पदेषु षष्ठी विभक्तिं प्रयुज्य रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत (कोष्ठक में दिये शब्दों में षष्ठी विभक्ति का प्रयोग करके रिक्त स्थानों को पूर्ण कीजिए-)
(i) तस्य ……… उद्याने कल्पतरुः आसीत्। (गृह)
(ii) सः ………… अन्तिकम् अगच्छत्। (पितृ)
(iii) …………. सर्वत्र यशः प्रथितम्। (जीमूतवाहन)
(iv) अयं ………. तरुः ? (किम्)
उत्तर :
(i) गृहस्य
(ii) पितुः
(iii) जीमूतवाहनस्य
(iv) कस्य।

JAC Class 9th Sanskrit कल्पतरुः Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न: 1.
सर्वरत्नभूमिः कः अस्ति ? (सभी रत्नों का उत्पत्ति स्थान क्या है?)
उत्तरम् :
हिमवान् नाम नगेन्द्रः सर्वरत्नभूमिः अस्ति। (पर्वतराज हिमालय सभी रत्नों का उत्पत्तिस्थान है।)

प्रश्नः 2.
कल्पतरुः कुत्र स्थितः? (कल्पवृक्ष कहाँ स्थित था?)
उत्तरम् :
कल्पतरुः जीमूतकेतोः गृहोद्याने स्थितः। (कल्पतरु जीमूतकेतु के घर के बगीचे में स्थित था।)

प्रश्न: 3.
जीमूतवाहनः कीदृशः आसीत् ? (जीमूतवाहन कैसा था?)
उत्तरम् :
जीमूतवाहनः दानवीरः सर्वभूतानुकम्पी च आसीत्। (जीमूतवाहन दानवीर और समस्त जीवों पर दया करने वाला था।)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 4 कल्पतरुः

प्रश्न: 4.
जीमूतवाहनः कल्पवृक्षविषये कैः उक्तः? (जीमूतवाहन से कल्पवृक्ष के बारे में किन्होंने कहा?)
उत्तरम् :
जीमूतवाहनः कल्पवृक्षविषये हितैषिभिः पितृमन्त्रिभिः उक्तः। (जीमूतवाहन से कल्पवृक्ष के विषय में हितैषी पिता के मन्त्रियों ने कहा।)

प्रश्न: 5.
मन्त्रिभिः जीमूतवाहनः किम् उक्तः ? (मन्त्रियों ने जीमूतवाहन से क्या कहा?)
उत्तरम् :
मन्त्रिभिः जीमूतवाहन: उक्तः यत् योऽयं सर्वकामदः कल्पतरुः तवोद्याने तिष्ठति, स तव सदा पूज्यः।
(मन्त्रियों ने जीमतवाहन से कहा कि जो यह समस्त कामनाओं को प्रदान करने वाला कल्पवक्ष आपके बगीचे में है, वह तुम्हारा हमेशापूजनीय है।)

प्रश्न: 6.
जीमूतवाहनस्य पूर्वैः पुरुषैः कीदृशं फलं नासादितम्?
(जीमूतवाहन के पूर्वजों ने किस प्रकार का फल प्राप्त नहीं किया?)
उत्तरम् :
जीमूतवाहनस्य पूर्वैः पुरुषैः परोपकारस्य फलं न आसादितम्। (जीमूतवाहन के पूर्वजों के द्वारा परोपकार का फल प्राप्त नहीं किया गया।)

प्रश्न: 7.
जीमूतवाहनः कल्पतरुम् उपगम्य किम् उवाच? (जीमूतवाहन ने कल्पवृक्ष के पास जाकर क्या कहा?)
उत्तरम् :
जीमूतवाहनः कल्पतरुम् उपगम्य उवाच-यत् देव ! यथा पृथ्वीमदरिद्रां पश्यामि तथा करोतु। (जीमूतवाहन ने कल्पवृक्ष के पास जाकर कहा कि हे देव! जिससे पृथ्वी को दरिद्रता से रहित देखू, वैसा ही कीजिए।)

प्रश्न: 8.
तस्मात् कल्पवृक्षात् का वाक् उद्भूत्? (उस कल्पवृक्ष से क्या वाणी उत्पन्न हुई?)
उत्तरम् :
तस्मात् कल्पवृक्षात् “त्यक्तस्त्वया एषोऽहं यातोऽस्मि” इति वाक् उद्भूत्। (उस कल्पवृक्ष से “तुम्हारे द्वारा त्यागा गया यह मैं जाता हूँ” इस प्रकार की वाणी उत्पन्न हुई।)

प्रश्न: 9.
कल्पतरुः दिवं समुत्पत्य किम् अकरोत्? (कल्पवृक्ष ने स्वर्ग को उड़कर क्या किया?)
उत्तरम :
कल्पवृक्षः दिवं समुत्पत्य पृथिव्यां तथा वसूनि अवर्षत् यथा कोऽपि दुर्गतः न आसीत्। (कल्पवृक्ष ने स्वर्ग को उड़कर भूमि पर उस प्रकार से धन की वर्षा की जिससे कोई भी पीड़ित/निर्धन नहीं रहा।)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 4 कल्पतरुः

प्रश्न: 10.
‘कल्पतरुः’ इति कथा कस्मात् ग्रन्थात् गृहीता? (‘कल्पतरुः’ कहानी किस ग्रन्थ से ली गई है?)
उत्तरम् :
‘कल्पतरुः’ इति कथा ‘वेतालपञ्चविंशतिः’ इति ग्रन्थात् गृहीता। (‘कल्पतरुः’ कथा ‘वेतालपंचविंशतिः’ कथा ग्रन्थ से ली गई है।)

प्रश्न: 11.
कल्पतरुः’ इति कथायां केषां निरूपणं वर्तते। (‘कल्पतरुः’ कथा में किनका निरूपण किया गया है?)
उत्तरम् :
‘कल्पतरुः’ कथायां जीवनमूल्यानां निरूपणं वर्तते। (‘कल्पतरुः’ कथा में जीवन-मूल्यों का निरूपण किया है।)

प्रश्न: 12.
जीमूतकेतुः केषां नृपः अभवत्? (जीमूतकेतु किनका राजा हुआ?)
उत्तरम् :
जीमूतकेतु विद्याधराणां राजा आसीत्। (जीमूतवाहन विद्याधरों का राजा था।)

प्रश्न: 13.
जीमूतवाहनः कस्य अंशात् सम्भवः आसीत्? (जीमूतवाहन किसके अंश से पैदा हुआ था?)
उत्तरम् :
जीमूतवाहनः बोधिसत्वस्य अंशात् सम्भवः आसीत्। (जीमूतवाहन बोधिसत्व के अंश से पैदा हुआ था।)

प्रश्न: 14.
जीमूतवाहनस्य अभीष्टं किमासीत्? (जीमूतवाहन की इच्छा क्या थी?)
उत्तरम् :
जीमूतवाहनस्य अभीष्टं आसीत् यत् सः पृथिवीं अदरिद्रां पश्येत्। (जीमूतवाहन का अभीष्ट था कि वह धरती को दीनतारहित देखे।)

प्रश्न: 15.
जीमूतवाहनस्य प्रार्थनां श्रुत्वा कल्पतरुः किमवदत्? (जीमूतवाहन की प्रार्थना सुनकर कल्पतरु ने क्या कहा?)
उत्तरम् :
कल्पतरुः अवदत् यत्-‘त्यक्तस्त्वया एषोऽहं यातोऽस्मि। (कल्पतरु ने कहा- तुम्हारे द्वारा त्यागा हुआ यह मैं जाता हूँ।)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 4 कल्पतरुः

प्रश्न: 16.
कल्पतरुः उत्प्लुत्य कुत्र अगच्छत्? (कल्पवृक्ष उड़कर कहाँ चला गया?)
उत्तरम् :
कल्पतरु समुत्लुत्य दिवम् अगच्छत्। (कल्पवृक्ष उड़कर आकाश में चला गया।)

प्रश्न: 17:
जीमूतवाहनः कस्मै वरं याचते? (जीमूतवाहन किसके लिए वर माँगता है?)
उत्तरम् :
जीमूतवाहनः सांसारिक प्राणिनां दुःखानि अपाकरणाय वरं याचते। (जीमूतवाहन सांसारित पाणिनों के दुःखों को दूर करने के लिए वर माँगता है।)

प्रश्न: 18.
लोकभोग्या भौतिक पदार्थाः कीदृशाः सन्ति?
(लोक के भोगने योग्य भौतिक पदार्थ केसे हैं?)
उत्तरम् : लोकभोग्या भौतिक पदार्थाः जलतरंगवद् अनित्याः सन्ति।
(लोक द्वारा भोग्य भौतिक पदार्थ जल की लहरों की तरह नश्वर हैं।)

रेखांकितानि पदानि आधृत्य प्रश्ननिर्माणं कुरुत-(रेखांकित शब्दों को आधार पर प्रश्ननिर्माण कीजिए-)

प्रश्न: 1.
जीमूतकेतुः कल्पवृक्षम् आराध्य जीमूतवाहनं नाम पुत्र प्राप्तम्।
(जीमूतकेतु ने कल्पवृक्ष की आराधना करके जीमूतवाहन नाम के पुत्र को प्राप्त किया।).
उत्तरम् :
जीमूतकेतुः कम् आराध्य जीमूतवाहनं नाम पुत्रं प्राप्तम् ?
(जीमूतकेतु ने किसकी आराधना करके जीमूतवाहन नाम के पुत्र को प्राप्त किया?)

प्रश्न: 2.
जीमूतवाहनः दानवीरः आसीत्। (जीमूतवाहन दानवीर था।)
उत्तरम् :
जीमूतवाहनः कीदृशः आसीत् ? (जीमूतवाहन कैसा था?)

प्रश्न: 3.
कृपणैः कश्चिदपि अर्थः अर्थितः। (कंजूसों द्वारा कुछ धन माँगा गया।)
उत्तरम् :
कैः कश्चिदपि अर्थ: अर्थितः। (किनके द्वारा कुछ धन माँगा गया?)

प्रश्न: 4.
सः पितुः अन्तिकं गतः। (वह पिता के पास गया।)
उत्तरम् :
सः कुत्र गतः? (वह कहाँ गया?)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 4 कल्पतरुः

प्रश्न: 5.
सुखमासीनं पितरम् एकान्ते न्यवेदयत। (आराम से बैठे हुए पिता से एकान्त में पूछा।)
उत्तरम् :
कीदृशम् पितरम् एकान्ते न्यवेदयत? (कैसे पिताजी से एकांत में निवेदन किया?)

प्रश्न: 6.
सर्वं धनं वीचिवत् चञ्चलम्। (सभी धन लहर की तरह चञ्चल है।)
उत्तरम् :
किं वीचिवत् चञ्चलम्? (लहरों की तरह क्या चंचल है।)

प्रश्नः 7.
परोपकार एव अस्मिन् संसारे अनश्वरः। (परोपकार ही इस संसार में अनश्वर है।)
उत्तरम् :
क एव अस्मिन् संसारे अनश्वर:? (कौन ही इस संसार में अनश्वर है?)

प्रश्न: 8.
कल्पतरुः भुवि वसूनि अवर्षत्। (कल्पतरु ने धरती पर धन बरसाया।)
उत्तरम् :
कल्पतरुः कुत्र वसूनि अवर्षत्। (कल्पतरु ने कहाँ धन बरसाया?)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 4 कल्पतरुः

प्रश्न: 9.
जीमूतवाहनस्य सर्वजीवानुकम्पयां सर्वत्र यश प्रथितम्। (जीमूतवाहन की सब प्राणियों पर दया होने से सब जगह यश फैल गया।) .
उत्तरम् :
जीमूतवाहनस्य कथं सर्वत्र यश प्रथितम्। (जीमूतवाहन का कैसे सब जगह यश फैल गया।)

प्रश्न: 10.
वाक् तस्मात् तरोः उद्भूत्। (वाणी उस वृक्ष से पैदा हुई।)
उत्तरम् :
वाक् कुतः उद्भूत? (वाणी कहाँ से पैदा हुई?)

कथाक्रम संयोजनम् अधोलिखितवाक्यानि पठित्वा कथाक्रमसंयोजनम् कुरुत –
(निम्नलिखित वाक्यों को पढ़कर कथा-क्रम संयोजन कीजिए-)

  1. योऽयं सर्वकामदः कल्पतरुः तवोद्याने तिष्ठति स तव सदा पूज्यः।
  2. यौवराज्ये स्थितः स जीमूतवाहन: कदाचित् हितैषिभिः पितमन्त्रिभिः उक्तः।
  3. तस्य गहोद्याने कलक्रमागतः कल्पतरुः स्थितः।
  4. अस्मिन अनुकले स्थि नास्मान् बाधितुं शक्नुयात्।
  5. अस्ति हिमवान् नाम सर्वरत्नभूमिः नगेन्द्रः।
  6. स कल्पतरुम् आराध्य जीमूतवाहनं नाम पुत्रं प्राप्नोत्।
  7. जीमूतवाहनः महान् दानवीरः सर्वभूतानुकम्पी च अभवत्।
  8. कञ्चनपुरे नगरे जीमूतकेतुः इति श्रीमान् विद्याधरपतिः वसति स्म।

उत्तरम् :

  1. अस्ति हिमवान् नाम सर्वरत्नभूमिः नगेन्द्रः।
  2. कञ्चनपुरे नगरे जीमूतकेतुः इति श्रीमान् विद्याधरपतिः वसति स्म।
  3. तस्य गृहोद्याने कुलक्रमागतः कल्पतरुः स्थितः।
  4. स कल्पतरुम् आराध्य जीमूतवाहनं नाम पुत्रं प्राप्नोत्।
  5. जीमूतवाहनः महान् दानवीरः सर्वभूतानुकम्पी च अभवत्।
  6. यौवराज्ये स्थितः स जीमूतवाहनः कदाचित् हितैषिभिः पितृमन्त्रिभिः उक्तः।
  7. योऽयं सर्वकामदः कल्पतरु: तवोद्याने तिष्ठति स तव सदा पूज्यः।
  8. अस्मिन् अनुकूले स्थिते शक्रोऽपि नास्मान् बाधितुं शक्नुयात्।

योग्यताविस्तारः

(क) ग्रन्थ परिचय –
‘वेतालपञ्चविंशतिका’ पच्चीस कथाओं का संग्रह है। इस नाम की दो रचनाएँ पाई जाती हैं। एक शिवदास (13वीं शताब्दी) द्वारा लिखित ग्रन्थ है जिसमें गद्य और पद्य दोनों विधाओं का प्रयोग किया गया है। दूसरी जम्भलदत्त की रचना है, जो केवल गद्यमयी है। इस कथा में कहा गया है कि राजा विक्रम को प्रतिवर्ष कोई तान्त्रिक सोने का एक फल देता है। उसी तांत्रिक के कहने पर राजा विक्रम श्मशान से शव लाता है। जिस पर सवार होकर एक वेताल मार्ग में राजा के मनोरंजन के लिए कथा सुनाता है।

कथा सुनते समय राजा को मौन रहने का निर्देश देता है। कहानी के अन्त में वेताल राजा से कहानी पर आधारित एक प्रश्न पूछता है। राजा उसका सही उत्तर देता है। शर्त के अनुसार वेताल पुनः श्मशान पहुँच जाता है। इस तरह पच्चीस बार ऐसी ही घटनाओं की आवृत्ति होती है और वेताल राजा को एक-एक करके पच्चीस कथाएँ सुनाता है। ये कथाएँ अत्यन्त रोचक, भावप्रधान और विवेक की परीक्षा लेने वाली हैं।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 4 कल्पतरुः

(ख) क्त, क्तवतु प्रयोग :
क्त – इस प्रत्यय का प्रयोग सामान्यतः कर्मवाच्य में होता है।
क्तवतु – इस प्रत्यय का प्रयोग कर्तृवाच्य में होता है।
क्त प्रत्ययः –

  • जीमूतवाहनः हितैषिभिः मन्त्रिभिः उक्तः।
  • कृपणैः कश्चिदपि अर्थ: अर्थितः।
  • त्वया अस्मत्कामाः पूरिताः।
  • तस्य यशः प्रथितम् (कर्तृवाच्य में क्त)

क्तवतु प्रत्ययः –

  • सः पुत्रं यौवराज्यपदेऽभिषिक्तवान्।
  • एतदाकर्ण्य जीमूतवाहनः चिन्तितवान्।
  • स सुखासीनं पितरं निवेदितवान्।
  • जीमूतवाहनः कल्पतरुम् उक्तवान्।

(ग) लोक कल्याण-कामना-विषयक कतिपय श्लोक – (लोगों की कल्याण की कामना सम्बन्धी कुछ श्लोक-)

सर्वे भवन्तु सुखिनः, सर्वे सन्तु निरामयाः।
सर्वे भद्राणि पश्यन्तु, मा कश्चिद् दुःखभाग्भवेत्।।

हिन्दी-आशय – सभी सुख पाने वाले होवें, सभी स्वस्थ होवें। सभी कल्याण देखें, कोई भी दुःख पाने वाला नहीं होना चाहिए।)

सर्वस्तरतु दुर्गाणि, सर्वे भद्राणि पश्यतु ।
सर्वः कामानवाप्नोतु, सर्वः सर्वत्र नन्दतु।।

हिन्दी-आशय – सभी कठिनाइयों से पार होवें, सभी कल्याण देखें। सभी कामनाओं को प्राप्त करें, सभी सब जगह आनन्दित होवें।)

न त्वहं कामये राज्यं न स्वर्ग न पुनर्भवम्।
कामये दुःखतप्तानां प्राणिनामातिनाशनम्।।

हिन्दी-आशय – न तो मैं राज्य की कामना करता हूँ न स्वर्ग की, न पुनर् जन्म की। दुःख से पीड़ित प्राणियों के दु:ख के नाश की (मैं) कामना करता हूँ।)

कल्पतरुः Summary and Translation in Hindi

पाठ का सारांश – प्रस्तुत पाठ ‘वेतालपञ्चविंशतिः नामक कथा-संग्रह से लिया गया है, जिसमें मनोरंजक एवं आश्चर्यजनक घटनाओं के माध्यम से जीवन-मूल्यों का निरूपण किया गया है। इस कथा में हिमालय पर्वत के शिखर पर बसे कंचनपुर नामक नगर के राजा जीमूतकेतु के पुत्र जीमूतवाहन, जो कल्पवृक्ष की कृपा से उत्पन्न हुआ था, की उदारता का वर्णन किया गया है और बताया गया है कि परोपकार ही सर्वोत्कृष्ट एवं चिरस्थाई तत्त्व है।

मन्त्रियों की सलाह के अनुसार एवं अपने पुत्र जीमूतवाहन के गुणों पर प्रसन्न होकर राजा जीमूतकेतु युवावस्था में स्थित अपने पुत्र का युवराज पद पर अभिषेक कर देता है। मन्त्रिगण उसे कुलक्रम से प्राप्त घर के उद्यान में स्थित कल्पवृक्ष की साधना करने की सलाह देते हैं, क्योंकि यह वृक्ष समस्त अभिलाषाओं को पूर्ण करने वाला है। बहुत सोच-विचार करने के बाद युवराज जीमूतवाहन अपने पिता के पास जाता है और कहता है कि इस संसार में सब कुछ पानी की तरंगों के समान नष्ट होने वाला है।

केवल परोपकार ही अमर यश प्रदान करने वाला है। अत: मैं परोपकार करने के लिए कल्पवृक्ष की साधना करूँगा। पिता के ‘ऐसा ही करो’ आदेश देने पर वह कल्पवृक्ष के पास गया और वृक्ष से अपनी मनोकामना पूर्ण करने की प्रार्थना की। प्रार्थना सुनकर कल्पवृक्ष ने स्वर्ग में उड़कर वहाँ से पृथ्वी पर इतना धन बरसाया कि सबकी निर्धनता दूर हो गयी। इस प्रकार सभी प्राणियों पर दया करने वाले जीमूतवाहन का यश हर जगह फैल गया।
[मूलपाठः,शब्दार्याः,सप्रसंग हिन्दी अनुवादः,सप्रसंग संस्कृत व्यारव्याः अवबोधन कार्यम् च]

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 4 कल्पतरुः

1. अस्ति हिमवान् नाम सर्वरत्नभूमिः नगेन्द्रः। तस्य सानोः उपरि विभाति कञ्चनपुरं नाम नगरम्। तत्र जीमूतकेतुः इति श्रीमान् विद्याधरपतिः वसति स्म। तस्य गृहोद्याने कुलक्रमागतः कल्पतरुः स्थितः।. स राजा जीमूतकेतुः तं कल्पतरुम् आराध्य तत्प्रसादात् च बोधिसत्वांशसम्भवं जीमूतवाहनं नाम पुत्र प्राप्नोत्। सः जीमूतवाहनः महान् दानवीरः सर्वभूतानुकम्पी च अभवत्। तस्य गुणैः प्रसन्नः स्वसचिवैश्च प्रेरितः राजा कालेन सम्प्राप्तयौवनं तं यौवराज्ये अभिषिक्तवान्। कदाचित् हितैषिणः पितमन्त्रिणः यौवराज्ये स्थितं तं जीमतवाहनं उक्तवन्त:- “युवराज! योऽयं सर्वकामदः कल्पतरुः तवोद्याने तिष्ठति स तव सदा पूज्यः। अस्मिन् अनुकूले स्थिते सति शक्रोऽपि अस्मान् बाधितुं न शक्नुयात्” इति।

शब्दार्था: – अस्ति = वर्तते (है), हिमवान् = हिमालयः (हिमालय), नाम = अभिधानं (नामक), सर्वरत्नभूमिः = सर्वेषां रत्नानाम् उत्पत्तिस्थानम् (समस्त रत्नों का उत्पत्ति स्थान/खान), नगेन्द्रः = पर्वतराजः (पर्वतराज/पर्वतों का राजा), तस्य = अमुष्य (उसका/उसकी),सानोः = शिखरस्य (चोटी के/शिखर के), उपरि = ऊर्ध्वं (ऊपर), विभाति = शोभते (सुशोभित है), कञ्चनपुरं नाम नगरम् = कञ्चनपुरम् अभिधानं पुरम् (कञ्चनपुर नामक नगर), तत्र = तस्मिन् स्थाने (वहाँ), जीमूतकेतुः इति = जीमूतकेतुरिति (जीमूतकेतु नामक), श्रीमान् = श्रीयुतः (धनवान्),

विद्याधरपतिः = विद्याधराणां पतिः (विद्याधरों का स्वामी, विद्याधरपति), वसति स्म = वासम् अकरोत् (निवास करता था/रहता था), तस्य = अमुष्य (उसके), गृहोद्याने = गृहस्य उपवने (घर के बगीचे में), कुलक्रमागतः = कुलक्रमाद् आगतः (कुल परम्परा से प्राप्त), कल्पतरुः = कल्पवृक्षः (कल्पवृक्ष), स्थितः = विद्यमानः (स्थित था), स राजा जीमूतकेतुः = उस राजा जीमूतकेतु ने, तं कल्पतरुम् = तस्य कल्पवृक्षस्य (उस कल्पवृक्ष की), आराध्य = आराधनां कृत्वा (आराधना करके), तत्प्रसादात् = तस्य अनुग्रहेण (उसकी कृपा से), च = अपि (और), बोधिसत्वांशसम्भवम् = बोधिसत्वस्य अंशात् उत्पन्नम् (बोधिसत्व के अंश से उत्पन्न), जीमूतवाहनं नाम = जीमूतवाहनं नामधेयं (जीमूतवाहन नाम का),

पुत्रम् = सुतं (पुत्र), प्राप्नोत् = अधिगतम् अकरोत् (प्राप्त किया), स महान् दानवीरः = स अत्यंतः दानशीलः (वह महान् दानवीर), सर्वभूतानुकम्पी च = सर्वेषु प्राणिषु दयावान् च (और सब प्राणियों पर दया करने वाला), अभवत् = अवर्तत (हुआ), तस्य गुणैः = अमुष्य श्रेष्ठ लक्षणैः (उसके गुणों से), प्रसन्नः = तुष्टः (प्रसन्न), स्वसचिवैः = स्वकीयैः अमात्यैः (अपने मंत्रियों से), च = और, प्रेरितः = प्रोत्साहितः (प्रेरित/प्रोत्साहित), राजा = नृपः (राजा ने), कालेन = समयेन (समय से), सम्प्राप्तयौवनम् = युवावस्थायां स्थितं (युवावस्था को प्राप्त), तम् = अमुम् (उसकी/उसको), यौवराज्ये = युवराजपदे (युवराज पद पर),

अभिषिक्तवान् = अभिषिक्तम् अकरोत् (अभिषेक कर दिया), कदाचित् = कस्मिंश्चित् काले (कभी, किसी समय), हितैषिभिः पितृमन्त्रिभिः = पितुः हितचिन्तकैः सचिवैः (पिता के कल्याण की कामना करने वाले मन्त्रियों ने), यौवराज्ये = युवराजपदे (युवराज के पद पर), स्थितंः = विद्यमानः (स्थित), तं जीमूतवाहनः = उस जीमूतवाहन से, उक्तवन्तः = अकथयन् (कहा), युवराज! = राजकुमार! (युवराज!), योऽयम् = यः अयम् (जो यह), सर्वकामदः = सर्वासां कामनानां प्रदाता (समस्त कामनाओं को प्रदान करने वाला), कल्पतरुः = कल्पवृक्षः (कल्पवृक्ष),

तवोद्याने = भवतः उपवने (आपके बगीचे में), तिष्ठति = वर्तते (है), स तव सदा पूज्यः = स भवता सर्वदा पूजनीयः (वह आपके द्वारा हमेशा पूजनीय है), अस्मिन् = एतस्मिन् (इसके), अनुकले स्थिते = अनुकूलस्थितौ वर्तमाने (अनुकूल स्थिति में रहने पर), शक्रोऽपि = इन्द्रोऽपि (इन्द्र भी), अस्मान् बाधितुं न शक्नुयात् = नास्मान् बाधितुं शक्नोति (हमें बाधा नहीं पहुँचा सकता)।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 4 कल्पतरुः

हिन्दी अनुवादः

सन्दर्भ – प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्यपुस्तक ‘शेमुषी’ के ‘कल्पतरुः’ नामक पाठ से उद्धत है। यह पाठ वेतालपञ्चविंशतिः’ नामक कथा-संग्रह से संकलित है।

प्रसंग – प्रस्तुत गद्यांश में राजा जीमूतकेतु के पुत्र जीमूतवाहन के युवराज पद पर अभिषेक तथा कल्पवृक्ष के महत्त्व का वर्णन किया गया है।

हिन्दी-अनवाद – हिमालय नाम का समस्त रत्नों का उत्पत्तिस्थान पर्वतराज है। उसकी चोटी के ऊपर कंचनपर नामक नगर सुशोभित है। वहाँ जीमूतकेतु नामक अत्यन्त धनवान् विद्याधरपति रहता था। उसके घर के बगीचे में कुल परम्परा से प्राप्त कल्पवृक्ष स्थित था। उस राजा जीमूतकेतु ने उस कल्पवृक्ष की आराधना करके और उसकी कृपा से बोधिसत्व के अंश से उत्पन्न जीमूतवाहन नामक पुत्र प्राप्त किया। वह महान् दानवीर और समस्त प्राणियों पर दया करने वाला हुआ। उसके गुणों से प्रसन्न और अपने मंत्रियों से प्रेरित राजा ने समय से युवावस्था को प्राप्त उसका युवराज पद पर अभिषेक कर दिया। युवराज पद पर स्थित उस जीमूतवाहन से पिता के कल्याण की कामना करने वाले मन्त्रियों ने किसी समय कहा-“हे युवराज ! जो यह समस्त कामनाओं को प्रदान करने वाला कल्पवृक्ष आपके बगीचे में है, वह आपके द्वारा हमेशा पूजनीय है। इसके अनुकूल स्थिति में रहने पर इन्द्र भी हमें बाधा नहीं पहुँचा सकता।”

संस्कत-व्यारव्याः

सन्दर्भ: – प्रस्तुतगद्यांशः अस्माकं पाठ्यपुस्तकस्य शेमुष्याः ‘कल्पतरुः’ नामक पाठात् उद्धृतः अस्ति। पाठोऽयं “वेतालपञ्चविंशतिः’ कथा-संग्रहात् संकलितो वर्तते। (प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्यपुस्तक ‘शेमुषी’ के ‘कल्पतरुः’ पाठ से लिया गया है। यह पाठ ‘वेताल पञ्चविंशतिः’ कथा-ग्रन्थ से संकलित है।)

प्रसङ्गः – प्रस्तुतगद्यांशे नृपस्य जीमूतकेतोः पुत्रस्य जीमूतवाहनस्य युवराजपदे अभिषेक: कल्पवृक्षस्य महत्त्वं च वर्णितम् अस्ति। (प्रस्तुत गद्यांश में राजा जीमूतकेतु के पुत्र जीमूतवाहन के युवराज पद पर अभिषेक तथा कल्पवृक्ष का महत्व वर्णित

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 4 कल्पतरुः

व्याख्या: – हिमालय इति अभिधानस्य सर्वेषां रत्लानां उत्पत्तिस्थानं पर्वतराजः अस्ति। अमुष्य शिखरस्य ऊर्ध्वं कञ्चनपुरम् अभिधानं पुरं शोभते। तस्मिन् स्थाने जीमूतकेतुः इति श्रीयुतः विद्याधरपतिः वासम् अकरोत्। अमुष्य गृहस्य उपवने कुलक्रमाद् आगतः कल्पवृक्षः विद्यमानः आसीत्। स राजा जीमूतकेतुः तस्य कल्पवृक्षस्य आराधनां कृत्वा तस्य अनुग्रहेण बोधिसत्वस्य अंशात् उत्पन्नं जीमूतवाहननामधेयं सुतम् अधिगतम् अकरोत्। स अत्यन्तं दानवीरः सर्वेषु प्राणिषु च दयावान् अवर्तत।

अमुष्य श्रेष्ठलक्षणैः तुष्टः स्वकीयैः अमात्यैः च प्रोत्साहितः नृपः युवावस्थायां स्थितम् अमुं युवराजपदे अभिषिक्तम् अकरोत्। युवराजपदे विद्यमानम् अमुं जीमूतवाहनं कस्मिंश्चित् काले हितचिन्तकाः पितृसचिवाः अकथयन्-“राजकुमार! यः एष . सर्वासां कामनानां प्रदाता कल्पवृक्षः भवतः उपवने वर्तते, स भवता सर्वदा पूजनीयः। एतस्मिन् अनुकूलस्थितौ वर्तमाने इन्द्रोऽपि अस्मान् बाधितुं न शक्नोति।”

(हिमालय नामक सभी रत्नों की खान पर्वतों का राजा है। इसकी चोटी पर कंचनपुर नाम का नगर शोभा देता है। उस स्थान पर जीमूतकेतु लक्ष्मी व शोभा से युक्त, विद्याधरों का स्वामी निवास करता था। इसके घर के बाग में कुल क्रम से चला आया कल्पवृक्ष विद्यमान था। यह राजा जीमूतकेतु उस कल्पवृक्ष की आराधना करके उसकी कृपा से बोधिसत्व के अंश से उत्पन्न जीमूतवाहन नाम के पुत्र को प्राप्त किया।

वह अत्यधिक दान करने वाला और सभी प्राणियों पर दया करने वाला था। इसके उत्तम लक्षणों से सन्तुष्ट और अपने मन्त्रियों द्वारा प्रोत्साहित राजा ने जबानी में रहते हुए ही इसको युवराज पद पर अभिषिक्त कर दिया। युवराज पद पर आसीन इस जीमूतवाहन से किसी समय हित सोचने वाले पिता के मन्त्रियों ने कल्पतरु: ₹59 कहा-“राजकुमार, यह जो सभी इच्छाओं को पूरा करने वाला कल्पवृक्ष आपके बाग में है, वह आप द्वारा सदैव पूजा के योग्य है। इस अनुकूल स्थिति में रहते हुए इन्द्र भी हमें बाधा नहीं पहुँचा सकता है।”)

अवबोधन कार्यम्

प्रश्न 1.
एकपदेन उत्तरत- (एक शब्द में उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) हिमवान् नगेन्द्रः किमुक्तः? (हिमवान् पर्वत क्या कहा गया है?)
(ख) जीमूतकेतुः कः आसीत् ? (जीमूत केतु कौन था?)

प्रश्न 2.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत- (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) जीमूतकेतुः कल्पतरुम् आराध्य किं प्राप्नोत्? (जीमूतकेतु ने कल्पवृक्ष की आराधना करके क्या प्राप्त किया?).
(ख) जीमूतवाहनः कीदृशः आसीत् ? (जीमूतवाहन कैसा था?)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 4 कल्पतरुः

प्रश्न 3.
यथानिर्देशम् उत्तरत-(निर्देशानुसार उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) ‘प्रतिकूले’ इति पदस्य विलोमार्थकं पदं गद्यांशात् चित्वा लिखत।
(‘प्रतिकूले’ पद का विलोमपद गद्यांश से चुनकर लिखिये।)
(ख) ‘जीमूतवाहनम् उक्तवन्तः’ उक्तवन्तः क्रियापदस्य कर्तृपदं गद्यांशात् लिखत।
(‘जीमूतवाहनम् उक्तवन्तः’ ‘उक्तवन्तः’ क्रियापद का कर्त्ता गद्यांश से लिखिए।)
उत्तराणि :
(1) (क) सर्वरत्न भूमिः (सभी रत्नों की खान) ।
(ख) विद्याधरपतिः (विद्याधरों का स्वामी)।

(2) (क) जीमूतकेतुः कल्पतरुम् आराध्य जीमूतवाहनं नाम पुत्र प्राप्नोत्। (जीमूतकेतु ने कल्पवृक्ष की आराधना करके जीमूतवाहन नामक पुत्र को प्राप्त किया।)
(ख) जीमूतवाहनः महान् दानवीरः सर्वभूतानुकम्पी चासीत् ? (जीमूतवाहन महान दानवीर तथा सभी प्राणियों पर कृपा करने वाला था।)

(3) (क) अनुकूले (अनुरूप) ।
(ख) हितैषिणः पितृमन्त्रिणः (हितैषी पिता के मन्त्री)।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 4 कल्पतरुः

2. एतत् आकर्ण्य जीमूतवाहनः अचिन्तयत् – “अहो ईदृशम् अमरपादपं प्राप्यापि पूर्वैः पुरुषैः अस्माकं तादृशं फलं किमपि न प्राप्तम्। किन्तु केवलं कैश्चिदेव कृपणैः कश्चिदपि अर्थः अर्थितः। तदहम् अस्मात् कल्पतरोः अभीष्टं साधयामि” इति। एवम् आलोच्य सः पितुः अन्तिकम् आगच्छत्। आगत्य च सुखमासीनं पितरम् एकान्ते न्यवेदयत्- “तात! त्वं तु जानासि एव यदस्मिन् संसारसागरे आशरीरम् इदं सर्वं धनं वीचिवत् चञ्चलम्। एकः परोपकार एव अस्मिन् संसारे अनश्वरः यो युगान्तपर्यन्तं यशः प्रसूते। तद् अस्माभिः ईदृशः कल्पतरुः किमर्थं रक्ष्यते? यैश्च पूर्वैरयं ‘मम मम’ इति आग्रहेण रक्षितः, ते इदानीं कुत्र गताः? तेषां कस्यायम्? अस्य वा के ते? तस्मात् परोपकारैकफलसिद्धये त्वदाज्ञया इमः . कल्पपादपम् आराधयामि।

शब्दार्थाः – एतत् आकर्ण्य = एतत् निशम्य (यह सुनकर), जीमूतवाहनः = (जीमूतवाहन), अचिन्तयत् = मनसि विचारम् अकरोत् (मन में विचार किया), अहो = अये (अरे), ईदृशम् अमरपादपम् = एतत्प्रकारम् अमरवृक्षं (इस प्रकार के अमर वृक्ष को), प्राप्यापि = प्राप्तं कृत्वा अपि. (प्राप्त करके भी), पूर्वैः पुरुषैः अस्माकं = अस्माकं पूर्वजाः (हमारे पूर्वजों ने), तादृशम् = तस्य प्रकारस्य (उस प्रकार का), फलम् = फल, किमपि = किञ्चिदपि (कोई भी), ना प्राप्तम् = न आसादितम् (प्राप्त नहीं किया), किन्तु = परञ्च (किन्तु), केवलम् = मात्र (केवल), कैश्चिदेव= कुछ ही,

कृपणैः = कदर्यैः (कंजूसों द्वारा), कश्चिदपि = कतिचित अपि (कुछ भी), अर्थः = धनम् (धन), अथितः = याचितः (माँगा गया), तदहम् = तदानीं अहम् (तब मैं), अस्मात् = एतस्मात् (इस वृक्ष से), अभीष्टम् = अभिलषितं (इच्छा को), साधयामि = पूर्ण करिष्यामि (पूर्ण करूँगा), एवम् आलोच्य = अनया रीत्या विचार्य (इस प्रकार से विचार कर), सः = असौ (वह), पितुः अन्तिकम् = पितुः समीपम् (पिता के पास), आगच्छत् = प्रस्थितः (आया), आगत्य = आगम्य (आकर), च = और, सुखमासीनम् = सुखपूर्वकम् उपविष्टं (सुख से बैठे हुए), पितरम् = जनकं (पिता से),

एकान्ते = निर्जनस्थाने (एकान्त में), न्यवेदयत् = निवेदनम् अकरोत् (निवेदन किया), तात! = हे जनक! (पिताजी), त्वम् = (तुम), तु = (तो), जानासि = बोधयसि (जानते हो), एव = अवश्यं (ही), यदस्मिन् = एतस्मिन् (कि इस), संसारसागरे = समुद्रभूते संसारे (संसार सागर में), आशरीरम् = आजीवनम् (आजीवन), इदम् = एतत् (यह), सर्वम् = समस्तम् (समस्त), धनम् = अर्थः (धन), वीचिवत् = तरङ्गवत् (तरंग की तरह), चञ्चलम् = अस्थिरं भवति (अस्थिर रहता है), एकः परोपकार एव = केवलं. परहितम् एव (एक परोपकार ही), अस्मिन् संसारे = एतस्मिन् जगति (इस संसार में),

अनश्वरः = अविनाशी (नष्ट न होने वाला), योः = यत् (जो), युगान्तपर्यन्तम् = युगान्तं यावत् (युगों तक), यशः = कीर्तिम् (यश/कीर्ति को), प्रसूते = जनयति (उत्पन्न करता है), तत् = तदानी (तब), अस्माभिः ईदृशः = अस्माभिः एतत् प्रकारस्य (हमारे द्वारा इस प्रकार के), कल्पतरुः = कल्पवृक्षस्य (कल्पवृक्ष की), किमर्थम् = केन कारणेन (क्यों), रक्ष्यते = रक्षा क्रियते (रक्षा की जाती है), यैश्च = यैः च (और जिन्होंने), पूर्वैरयम् = पुरा अस्य (पहले इसकी),

मम मम इति = मदीय-मदीय अनेन प्रकारेण (मेरा-मेरा इस प्रकार), आग्रहेण = तत्परतापूर्वकम् (तत्परतापूर्वक/आग्रहपूर्वक), रक्षितः = रक्षा कृता (रक्षा की थी), ते = अमी (वे), इदानीम् = अधुना (इस समय), कुत्र = कं स्थानं (कहाँ), गताः = प्रस्थिताः (गये), तेषां कस्यायम् = अमीषाम् कस्य एषः (उनमें से यह किसका है), अस्य = एतस्य (इसके), वा = किंवा (अथवा), के ते = के अमी (वे कौन हैं), तस्मात् = अमुष्मात् कारणात् (इस कारण से), परोपकारैकफलसिद्धये = एकमात्र परहितस्य फल-प्राप्त्यर्थं (मात्र परोपकार के फल की प्राप्ति के लिए), त्वदाज्ञया = भवतः स्वीकृत्या (आपकी आज्ञा से), इमम् = अस्य (इस), कल्पपादपम् = कल्पवृक्षस्य (कल्पवृक्ष की), आराधयामि = आराधनां करिष्यामि (आराधना करूँगा)।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 4 कल्पतरुः

हिन्दी अनुवादः

सन्दर्भ – प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्यपुस्तक ‘शेमुषी’ के ‘कल्पतरुः’ नामक पाठ से उद्धृत है। यह पाठ वेतालपञ्चविंशतिः’… ‘कथा-संग्रह से संकलित है।

प्रसंग – प्रस्तुत गद्यांश में जीमूतवाहन द्वारा कल्पवृक्ष से धन-प्राप्ति की कामना न करके परोपकार की कामना की गयी है एवं परोपकार की महिमा का यहाँ वर्णन किया गया है।

हिन्दी-अनुवाद – यह सुनकर जीमूतवाहन ने मन में विचार किया -“अरे आश्चर्य की बात है! इस प्रकार के अमर वृक्ष को प्राप्त करके भी हमारे पूर्वजों ने उस प्रकार का कोई भी फल प्राप्त नहीं किया किन्तु केवल किन्हीं कंजूसों द्वारा कुछ धन ही माँगा गया। तब मैं इस (वृक्ष) से मन की इच्छा को पूरी करूँगा।” इस प्रकार विचारकर वह पिता के पास आया और आकर सुख से बैठे हुए पिता से (उसने) एकान्त में निवेदन किया-“पिताजी ! आप तो जानते ही हैं कि इस संसार सागर में आजीवन यह समस्त धन तरंग की तरह अस्थिर रहता है। एक परोपकार ही इस संसार में अनश्वर (नष्ट न होने वाला) है जो युगों तक यश (कीर्ति) उत्पन्न करता रहता है। तब हम इस प्रकार के कल्पवृक्ष की क्यों रक्षा करते हैं और जिन्होंने पहले इसकी ‘मेरा-मेरा’ इस प्रकार आग्रहपूर्वक रक्षा की थी, वे इस समय कहाँ गये? उनमें से यह किसका है अथवा वे इसके कौन हैं ? इस (कारण) से एकमात्र परोपकार के फल की प्राप्ति के लिए आपकी आज्ञा से इस कल्पवृक्ष की आराधना करूँगा।

संस्कत-व्याख्याः

सन्दर्भ: – प्रस्तुतगद्यांशः अस्माकं पाठ्यपुस्तकस्य शेमुष्याः ‘कल्पतरुः’ नामक पाठात् उद्धृतः अस्ति। पाठोऽयं वेतालपञ्चविंशतिः कथा-संग्रहात् संकलितो वर्तते। (प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्यपुस्तक ‘शेमुषी’ के ‘कल्पतरुः’ नामक पाठ से उद्धृत है। यह पाठ ‘वेतालपञ्चविंशतिः’ कथा-संग्रह से संकलित है।) . प्रसङ्गः-प्रस्तुतगद्यांशे जीमूतवाहनेन कल्पवृक्षात् धनप्राप्तेः कामनां न कृत्वा परोपकारस्य कामना क्रियते परोपकारस्य महिमा च अत्र वर्णितः। (प्रस्तुत गद्यांश में जीमूतवाहन द्वारा कल्पवृक्ष से धन-प्राप्ति की कामना न करके परोपकार की कामना की गयी है और परोपकार का यहाँ महत्व वर्णित है।)

व्याख्या: – एतत् निशम्य जीमूतवाहनः मनसि विचारम् अकरोत्-अये! विस्मयः अस्ति, एतत् प्रकारम् अमरवृक्षं प्राप्तं कृत्वा अपि अस्माकं पूर्वजाः तस्य प्रकारस्य किञ्चिदपि फलं न प्राप्तम् अकुर्वन् । परञ्च मात्र कैश्चित् एव कदर्यैः कतिचित् केवलं धनं याचितम्। तदानीं अहम् एतस्मात् (वृक्षात्) मनसा अभिलषितं पूर्णं करिष्यामि। अनया रीत्या विचार्य असौ . जनकस्य समीपं प्रस्थितः। आगम्य च सुखपूर्वकम् उपविष्टं जनकं (सः) निर्जनस्थाने निवेदनम् अकरोत्-हे जनक ! त्वं तु बोधयसि एवं यत् समुद्रभूते एतस्मिन् संसारे आजीवनम् एतत् समस्तम् अर्थम् तरङ्गवत् अस्थिरं भवति। केवलं परहितम् एव एतस्मिन् जगति अविनाशी अस्ति यत् युगान्तं यावत् कीर्तिं जनयति। तदानीम् अस्माभिः एतद् प्रकारस्य कल्पवृक्षस्य केन . कारणेन रक्षा क्रियते। यैः च पुरा अस्य मदीय-मदीय अनेन प्रकारेण तत्परतापूर्वक रक्षा कृता, अमी अधुना कं स्थानं प्रस्थिताः।। अमीषां कस्य एषः एतस्य वा के अमी। अमुष्मात् कारणात् एकमात्र परहितस्य फलप्राप्त्यर्थं भवतः स्वीकृत्या अस्य । कल्पवृक्षस्य आराधनां करिष्यामि।

(यह सुनकर जीमूतवाहन ने मन में विचार किया- अरे आश्चर्य है, इस प्रकार के कल्पवृक्ष को प्राप्त करके भी हमारे पूर्वजों ने इस प्रकार का कोई फल प्राप्त नहीं किया परन्तु मात्र कुछ लोगों (कंजूसों) द्वारा कुछ थोड़ा सा धन माँगा गया तो अब मैं इस वृक्ष से मन की अभिलाषाएँ पूरा करूँगा। इस प्रकार विचार कर वह पिताजी के पास गया और आकर सुखपूर्वक बैठे पिताजी से उसने एकान्त में निवेदन किया- ‘हे पिताजी! आप तो जानते हैं कि समुद्र की लहरों के समान इस संसार में यह जीवन, यह धन भी लहरों की तरह चलायमान होता है।

केवल परोपकार ही इस संसार में नाश न होने वाला है जो युग-युग तक कीर्ति पैदा करता है। तब हमारे द्वारा इस प्रकार के कल्पवृक्ष की किस कारण से रक्षा की जाती है? और जिन लोगों ने . पहले मेरा-मेरा इस प्रकार से तत्परतापूर्वक रक्षा की गई, अब किस स्थान पर पहुँच गये? उनमें से यह किसका है अथवा इसके कौन हैं? इस कारण से एकमात्र परोपकार फलप्राप्ति के लिए आपकी स्वीकृति से इस कल्पवृक्ष की आराधना करूँगा।)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 4 कल्पतरुः

अवबोधन कार्यम् –

प्रश्न 1.
एकपदेन उत्तरत- (एक शब्द में उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) ‘अमरपादपम्’ अत्र कस्मै प्रयुक्तम्? (‘अमरपादपम्’ पद का प्रयोग किसके लिए किया है?)
(ख) जीमूतवाहनः कल्पतरोः किं साधयितुम् इच्छति? (जीमूतवाहन कल्पवृक्ष से क्या,साधना चाहता है?)

प्रश्न 2.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत- (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) मन्त्रिणां परामर्श श्रुत्वा जीमूतवाहनः किम् अचिन्तयत् ?
(मन्त्रियों की सलाह सुनकर जीमूतवाहन ने क्या सोचा?)
(ख) अस्मिन् संसारे आशरीरं धनं कीदृशं स्मृतम्?
(इस संसार में शरीर-सहित यह धन कैसा कहा गया है?)

प्रश्न 3.
यथानिर्देशम् उत्तरत-(निर्देशानुसार उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) ‘समीपम्’ इति पदस्य पर्यायवाचे पदं गद्यांशात् चित्वा लिखत्।
(‘समीपम्’ पद का समानार्थी शब्द गद्यांश से चुनकर लिखिए।)
(ख) ‘नश्वरः’ इति पदस्य विलोमार्थकं पदं गद्यांशात् चित्वा लिखत्।
(‘नश्वरः’ पद का विलोमार्थक शब्द गद्यांश से चुनकर लिखिए।) ।
उत्तराणि-
(1) (क) कल्पतरुम् (कल्पवृक्ष को)।
(ख) अभीष्टम् (इच्छित को)।

(2) (क) अहो ईदृशम् अमरपादपं प्राप्यापि पूर्वैः पुरुषैः तादृशं फलं किमपि न प्राप्तम्?
(अरे इस अमर पौधे को प्राप्त करके भी हमारे पुरखों ने ऐसा कोई फल प्राप्त नहीं किया?) ।
(ख) अस्मिन् संसारे आशरीरं धनं वीचिवत् चञ्चलम्।
(इस संसार में शरीर सहित धन लहरों की तरह चञ्चल होता है।)

(3) (क) अन्तिकम् (समीप)।
(ख) अनश्वरः (जिसका नाश न हो)।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 4 कल्पतरुः

3. अथ पित्रा ‘तथा’ इति अभ्यनुज्ञातः स जीमूतवाहनः कल्पतरुम् उपगम्य उवाच – “देव! त्वया अस्मत्यूर्वेषाम् अभीष्टाः कामाः पूरिताः, तन्ममैक कामं पूरय। यथा पृथिवीम् अदरिद्राम् पश्यामि, तथा करोतु देव” इति। एवंवादिनि जीमूतवाहने “त्यक्तस्त्वया एषोऽहं यातोऽस्मि” इति वाक् तस्मात् तरोः उदभूत्।
क्षणेन च स कल्पतरुः दिवं समुत्पत्य भुवि तथा वसूनि अवर्षत् यथा न कोऽपि दुर्गत आसीत्। ततस्तस्य जीमूतवाहनस्य सर्वजीवानुकम्पया सर्वत्र यशः प्रथितम्।

शब्दार्था: – अथ = तदनन्तरम् (इसके पश्चात्), पित्रा = जनकेन (पिता से), तथा इति = यथा इच्छसि इति (वैसी), अभ्यनुज्ञातः = अनुमतः (अनुमति पाया हुआ), स जीमूतवाहनः = असौ जीमूतवाहनः (वह जीमूतवाहन), कल्पतरुम् = कल्पवृक्षस्य (कल्पवृक्ष के), उपगम्य = समीपं गत्वा (पास जाकर), उवाच = अवदत् (बोला), देव! = भो देव! (हे देव!), त्वया = भवता (आपके द्वारा), अस्मत् पूर्वेषाम् = अस्माकं पूर्वजानां (हमारे पूर्वजों की), अभीष्टाः = वाञ्छिताः (इच्छित), कामाः = कामनाः (कामनाएँ), पूरिताः = पूर्णाः कृताः (पूर्ण की गई हैं), तत् = तदानीम् (तब), मम = मदीय (मेरी),

एकम् = एक, कामम् = कामनाम् (कामना), पूरय = पूर्णं कुरु (पूर्ण कीजिए), यथा = येन प्रकारेण (जिस प्रकार से), पृथ्वीम् = भूमिं (पृथ्वी को), अदरिद्राम् = दरिद्रहीनाम् (दरिद्रता से रहित), पश्यामि = ईक्षे (देखू), तथा = तद्वत् एव (वैसा ही), करोतु = कीजिए, देव! = भो देव! (हे देव!), एवंवादिनि = यावदेव एवम् अवदत् (इस प्रकार कहने पर), जीमूतवाहने = जीमूतवाहनेन (जीमूतवाहन के द्वारा), त्यक्तस्त्वया = युष्माभिः त्यक्तः (तुम्हारे द्वारा त्यागा हुआ), एषोऽहं = एषः अहं (यह मैं), यातोऽस्मि = गच्छामि (जाता हूँ), इति वाक = एवंविधा वाणी (इस प्रकार की वाणी),

तस्मात् = उस, तरोरुद्भूत् = वृक्षात् उत्पन्ना अभवत् (वृक्ष से उत्पन्न हुई), क्षणेन = क्षणमात्रे (क्षणभर में), स कल्पतरुः = असौ कल्पवृक्षः (उस कल्पवृक्ष ने), दिवम् = स्वर्गम् (स्वर्ग को), समुत्पत्य = उड्डीय (उड़कर), भुवि = पृथिव्यां (पृथ्वी पर), तथा = तेन प्रकारेण (उस प्रकार से), वसूनि = धनस्य (धन की), अवर्षत् = वृष्टिम् अकरोत् (वर्षा की), यथा = येन (जिससे), न = मा (नहीं), कोऽपि = कश्चन (कोई भी), दुर्गतः = दुर्गतिम् आपन्नः (पीड़ित/निर्धन), आसीत् = अभवत् (रहा था), ततः = तदनन्तरं (इसके पश्चात्), तस्य जीमूतवाहनस्य = अमुष्य जीमूतवाहनस्य (उस जीमूतवाहन का), सर्वः = समनः (समस्त), जीवानुकम्पया = जीवेषु कृपया (जीवों पर दया करने से), सर्वत्र = समस्तस्थानेषु (सब जगह), यशः = कीर्तिः (यश/कीर्ति), प्रथितम् = प्रसिद्धा अभवत् (प्रसिद्ध हो गयी।)

हिन्दी अनुवादः

सन्दर्भ – प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्यपुस्तक ‘शेमुषी’ के ‘कल्पतरुः’ नामक पाठ से उद्धृत है। यह पाठ वेतालपञ्चविंशतिः’ नामक कथा-संग्रह से संकलित है।

प्रसंग – प्रस्तुत गद्यांश में जीमूतवाहन कल्पवृक्ष से सम्पूर्ण भूमि के जीवों को सुखी करने के लिए प्रार्थना करता है।

हिन्दी-अनुवाद – इसके पश्चात् पिता से वैसी अनुमति प्राप्त किया हुआ वह जीमूतवाहन कल्पवृक्ष के पास जाकर बोला-“देव ! आपके द्वारा हमारे पूर्वजों की इच्छित कामनाएँ पूर्ण की गयी हैं, तब मेरी (भी) एक कामना पूर्ण कीजिये। जिस प्रकार से पृथ्वी को दरिद्रता से रहित देखू, देव! वैसा ही कीजिए।” जीमूतवाहन के ऐसा कहने पर “तुम्हारे द्वारा त्यागा हुआ यह मैं जाता हूँ” इस प्रकार की वाणी उस वृक्ष से उत्पन्न हुई। और क्षणभर में उस कल्पवृक्ष ने स्वर्ग को उड़कर पृथ्वी पर उस प्रकार से धन की वर्षा की, जिससे कोई भी पीड़ित/ निर्धन नहीं (रहा) था। इसके पश्चात् उस जीमूतवाहन का समस्त जीवों पर दया करने से सर्वत्र (सब जगह) कीर्ति (यश) प्रसिद्ध हो गयी।

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 4 कल्पतरुः

संस्कत-व्यारव्याः

सन्दर्भ: – प्रस्तुतगद्यांशः अस्माकं पाठ्यपुस्तकस्य शेमुष्याः ‘कल्पतरुः’ नामक पाठात् उद्धृतोऽस्ति। पाठोऽयं ‘वेतालपञ्चविंशतिः’ कथा-संग्रहात् सङ्कलितो वर्तते। (प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्यपुस्तक ‘शेमुषी’ के ‘कल्पतरुः’ नामक पाठ से उद्धृत है। यह पाठ ‘वेतालपञ्चविंशतिः’ नामक कथा-संग्रह से संकलित है।)

प्रसङ्गः – प्रस्तुतगद्यांशे जीमूतवाहनः कल्पवृक्षं समस्तपृथिव्याः जीवान् सुखीकरणाय प्रार्थयति। (प्रस्तुत गद्यांश में जीमूतवाहन कल्पवृक्ष से सम्पूर्ण भूमि के जीवों को सुखी करने के लिए प्रार्थना करता है।)

व्याख्या – तदनन्तरम् जनकेन यथा इच्छसि इति अनुमतः असौ जीमूतवाहनः कल्पवृक्षस्य समीपं गत्वा अवदत्-“भो देव! भवता अस्माकं पूर्वजानां वाञ्छिताः कामनाः पूर्णाः कृताः, इदानीं मदीय एकां कामना पूर्णां कुरु। येन प्रकारेण भूमि दरिद्रहीनाम् ईक्षे, भो देव! एवं कुरु।” यावदेव जीमूतवाहनः एवम् अवदत् तावदेव तस्मात् वृक्षात् एवं वाणी उत्पन्ना अभवत् यत् त्वया त्यक्तः एषः अहं गच्छामि। क्षणमात्रे च असौ कल्पवृक्षः स्वर्गम् उड्डीय पृथिव्यां तेन प्रकारेण धनस्य वृष्टिम् अकरोत् येन मा कश्चन दुर्गतिम् आपन्नः अभवत्। तदनन्तरम् अमुष्य जीमूतवाहनस्य समग्रजीवेषु कृपया समस्तस्थानेषु कीर्तिः प्रसिद्धा अभवत्।

(इसके पश्चात् पिताजी ने- ‘जैसा तुम चाहते हो” इस प्रकार आज्ञा प्राप्त किया हुआ वह जीमूवाहन कल्पवृक्ष के समीप गया और बोला- हे देव! आपके द्वारा हमारे पूर्वजों की इच्छित कामनाएँ पूरी की गईं, अब मेरी एक कामना पूरी करो। जिस प्रकार से पृथ्वी गरीबी रहित देखू, हे देव! ऐसा करो।’ जैसे ही जीमूतवाहन ने ऐसा बोला वैसे ही उस वृक्ष से वाणी (आवाज) आई कि तुम्हारे द्वारा त्यागा हुआ यह मैं जाता हूँ। क्षण मात्र में ही वह कल्पवृक्ष स्वर्ग को उड़कर पृथ्वी पर इस प्रकार से धन की वर्षा की जिससे कोई भी पीड़ित और निर्धन न रहे। उसके पश्चात् इस जीमूतवाहन की सभी प्राणियों पर दया के कारण कीर्ति प्रसिद्ध हो गई।)

अवबोधन कार्यम् –

प्रश्न 1.
एकपदेन उत्तरत – (एक शब्द में उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) कल्पतरुः भुवि किम् अवर्षत् ? (कल्पवृक्ष ने धरती पर किसकी वर्षा की?)
(ख) जीमूतवाहनस्य केन कारणेम यशप्रथितम्? (जीमूतवाहन का यश किस कारण से फैला?)

प्रश्न 2.
पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत – (पूरे वाक्य में उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) कल्पतरो: का वाक उदभत? (कल्पवक्ष से क्या वाणी निकली?)
(ख) किं फलस्य सिद्धये जीमूतवाहन पित्रोः आज्ञामयाचत् ?
(किस फल की सिद्धि के लिए जीमूतवाहन ने पिता से आज्ञा माँगी?)

JAC Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 4 कल्पतरुः

प्रश्न 3.
यथानिर्देशम् उत्तरत – (निर्देशानुसार उत्तर दीजिए-)
(क) ‘पृथिव्याम्’ इति पदस्यस्थाने गद्यांशे किं पदं प्रयुक्तम्?
(‘पृथिव्याम्’ पद के लिए गद्यांश में किम् पद का प्रयोग हुआ है?)
(ख) ‘अभीष्टाः कामाः’ एतयो पदयोः किं विशेष्यपदम् ?
(‘अभीष्टाः कामाः’ इन पदों में विशेषण कौनसा है?)
उत्तराणि :
(1) (क) वसूनि (धन)।
(ख) सर्वजीवानुकम्पया (सभी जीवों पर दया करने के कारण)।

(2) (क) त्यक्तः त्वया एषोऽहं यातोऽस्मि। (तुम्हारे द्वारा त्यागा हुआ, यह मैं जा रहा हूँ।)
(ख) परोपकारैकफलसिद्धये जीमूतवाहन पित्रोः आज्ञामयाचत्। (एकमात्र परोपकार फल सिद्धि हेतु जीमूतवाहन ने पिता से आज्ञा माँगी।)

(3) (क) भुवि (धरती पर)।
(ख) कामाः (कामनाएँ)।

JAC Class 9 Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 1 भारत-आकार वे स्थिति

JAC Board Class 9th Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 1 भारत-आकार वे स्थिति

वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न

निम्नलिखित चार विकल्पों में से उपयुक्त उत्तर धुनिएप्रश्न:
1. भारत का सबसे उत्तरी अक्षांश कौन-सा है
(क) 37°6′
(ख)8°4
(ग) 97°25
(घ) 68°7′
उत्तर:
(क) 37°6′.

प्रश्न 2.
मिजोरम, मणिपुर, नागालैण्ड एवं अरुणाचल प्रदेश की सीमाएँ किस देश को छूती हैं
(क) बांग्लादेश
(ख) पाकिस्तान
(ग) अफगानिस्तान
(घ) म्यांमार।
उत्तर:
(घ) म्यांमार।

प्रश्न 3.
भारत की मुख्य भूमि का दक्षिणतम बिन्दु है
(क) कन्याकुमारी
(ख) इन्दिरा बिन्दु
(ग) अण्डमान
(घ) उपर्युक्त सभी।
उत्तर:
(क) कन्याकुमारी।

प्रश्न 4.
कौन-सी रेखा भारत को दो भागों में बाँटती है
(क) मकर रेखा
(ख) भूमध्य रेखा
(ग) कर्क रेखा
(घ) मानक याम्योत्तर रेखा।
उत्तर:
(ग) कर्क रेखा।

प्रश्न 5.
भारत और यूरोप के मध्य किस नहर के कारण दूरी कम हो गई है
(क) पनामा नहर
(ख) स्वेज नहर
(ग) गंग नहर
(घ) इन्दिरा गाँधी नहर।
उत्तर:
(ख) स्वेज नहर।।

अति लघूत्तरात्मक प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
भारत किस गोलार्द्ध में स्थित है?
उत्तर:
भारत उत्तरी गोलार्ध में स्थित है।

प्रश्न 2.
भारत का अक्षाशीय विस्तार क्या है?
उत्तर:
भारत 8° 4 उत्तरी से 37° 6 उत्तरी अक्षांशों के मध्य स्थित है।

JAC Class 9 Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 1 भारत-आकार वे स्थिति

प्रश्न 3.
भारत का देशान्तरीय विस्तार क्या है?
उत्तर:
भारत का देशान्तरीय विस्तार 68° 7 पूर्व से 97° 25 पूर्वी देशान्तर के मध्य है।

प्रश्न 4.
अरुणाघल शब्द का क्या अर्थ है?
उत्तर:
अरुणाचल शब्द का अर्थ है सूरोंदय की भूमि। हमारे देश के एक पूर्वी प्रान्त का क्षेत्र अरुणाचल प्रदेश है।

प्रश्न 5.
भारत के दो प्रमुख द्वीप समूं कौन-कौन से हैं? नाम लिखिए।
उत्तर:

  1. अण्डमान और निकोबार द्वीप समूह।
  2. लक्षद्वीप द्वीप समूह।

प्रश्न 6.
भारत के भू-भाग का कुल क्षेत्रफल कितना है?
उत्तर:
लगभग 32.8 लाख वर्ग किमी।

प्रश्न 7.
भारत का क्षेत्रफल सम्पूर्ण विश्व के कुल भौगोलिक क्षेत्रफल का कितना प्रतिशत है?
उत्तर:
2.4 प्रतिशत।

JAC Class 9 Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 1 भारत-आकार वे स्थिति

प्रश्न 8.
भारत की स्थलीय सीमा रेखा की लम्बाई कितनी है?
उत्तर:
लगभग 15,200 किमी।

प्रश्न 9.
भारतीय भूखण्ड कहाँ स्थित है?
उत्तर:
भारतीय भूखण्ड एशिया महाद्वीप के पूर्व और पश्चिम के मध्य में स्थित है।

प्रश्न 10.
स्वेज नहर के खुलने से भारत और यूरोप के मध्य कितनी दूरी कम हो गई?
उत्तर:
7,000 किमी.।

प्रश्न 11.
भारत का मानक याम्योत्तर किस देशान्तर रेखा को माना गया है?
उत्तर:
82°30′ पूर्वी देशान्तर रेखा को।

प्रश्न 12.
भारत की मानक याम्योत्तर रेखा कहाँ से गुजरती है?
उत्तर:
भारत की मानक याम्योत्तर रेखा उत्तर प्रदेश में मिर्जापुर से गुजरती है।

JAC Class 9 Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 1 भारत-आकार वे स्थिति

प्रश्न 13.
भारत में कितने राज्य और केन्द्र-शासित क्षेत्र हैं?
उत्तर:
भारत में 28 राज्य और 8 केन्द्र-शासित क्षेत्र हैं।

प्रश्न 14.
भारत के पड़ोसी दो द्वीपीय राष्ट्रों के नाम लिखिए।
उत्तर:
श्रीलंका और मालदीव।

प्रश्न 15.
सन् 1947 से पूर्व भारत में कितने प्रकार के राज्य थे? नाम लिखिए।
उत्तर:
प्रान्त, रियासत।

प्रश्न 16.
भारत की उत्तर-दक्षिण लम्बाई कितनी है ?
उत्तर:
3,214 किमी.।

प्रश्न 17.
भारत की पूर्व-पश्चिम चौड़ाई कितनी है?
उत्तर:
2,933 किमी.।

JAC Class 9 Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 1 भारत-आकार वे स्थिति

प्रश्न 18.
सन् 2004 से पूर्व भारतीय संघ राज्य का सबसे दक्षिणी बिन्दु कौन-सा था?
उत्तर:
इन्दिरा बिन्दु।

प्रश्न 19.
भारत का कौन-सा स्थान जो सन् 2004 में सुनामी लहरों के कारण समुद्र में जलमग्न हो गया?
उत्तर:
इन्दिरा बिन्दु।

प्रश्न 20.
भारत के दक्षिण में कौन-सा महासागर स्थित है?
उत्तर:
हिन्द महासागर।

प्रश्न 21.
अण्डमान और निकोबार एवं लक्षद्वीप सहित भारत की मुख्य भूमि की तट रेखा की कुल लम्बाई कितनी है?
उत्तर:
लगभग 7,5166 किमी.।

प्रश्न 22.
भारत की कौन-सी सीमा पर नवीनतम वलित पर्वत स्थित है?
उत्तर:
भारत के उत्तर-पश्चिम, उत्तर एवं उत्तर-पूर्वी सीमा पर नवीनतम वलित पर्वत स्थित है।

प्रश्न 23.
गुजरात से अरुणाचल प्रदेश के स्थानीय समय में कितना अन्तर है?
उत्तर:
लगभग 2 घण्टे का।

प्रश्न 24.
भारत के अक्षांशीय विस्तार का एक प्रभाव बताइए।
उत्तर:
भारत के अक्षांशीय विस्तार का प्रभाव दक्षिण से उत्तर की ओर बढ़ने पर दिन और रात की अवधि पर पड़ता है।

प्रश्न 25.
भारत और श्रीलंका के मध्य जलसच्धि एवं खाड़ी का नाम बताइए।
उत्तर:
पाक जल सन्धि एवं मन्नार की खाड़ी।

प्रश्न 26.
स्वेज नहर को अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापार के लिए कब खोला गया?
उत्तर:
सन् 1869 ई. में।

प्रश्न 27.
भारत के किन-किन राज्यों की सीमाएँ नेपाल से लगती हैं।
उत्तर’:
उत्तराखण्ड, उत्तर प्रदेश, बिहार, पश्चिमी बंगाल एवं सिक्किम।

प्रश्न 28.
मालदीव कहाँ स्थित है?
उत्तर:
मालदीव लक्षद्वीप समूह के दक्षिण में स्थित है।

प्रश्न 29.
ऐसी दो वस्तुओं के नाम बताइए जिनका प्राचीन काल में भारत से निर्यात होता था?
उत्तर:
मसाले तथा मलमल।

JAC Class 9 Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 1 भारत-आकार वे स्थिति

प्रश्न 30.
पड़ौसी देशों के साथ भारत के भौगोलिक एवं ऐतिहासिक सम्बन्ध कैसे रहे हैं?
उत्तर:
अपने पड़ौसी देशों के साथ भारत के भौगोलिक एवं ऐतिहासिक सम्बन्ध बहुत अच्छे रहे हैं।

लघूत्तरात्मक प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
भारत के अक्षांशीय तथा देशान्तरीय विस्तार के प्रभावों को संक्षेप में बताइए।
उत्तर:
भारत के अक्षांशीय तथा देशान्तरीय विस्तार के प्रमुख प्रभाव निम्नलिखित हैं

  1. भारत का अक्षांशीय विस्तार 8°4′ उत्तरी से 37°6′ उत्तरी अक्षांश है। इसके अधिक विस्तार के कारण उत्तरी भागों की जलवायु परिस्थितियाँ अत्यन्त कठोर हैं अर्थात् सर्दियों में अधिक सर्दी एवं गर्मियों में अधिक गर्मियाँ पड़ती हैं।
  2. भारत का देशान्तरीय विस्तार 6807′ पूर्वी से 97°25′ पूर्वी देशान्तर के मध्य है। इस प्रकार देशान्तरीय विस्तार लगभग 30° है। इस वृहद् विस्तार के कारण भारत के पूर्वी भाग में सूर्योदय पश्चिमी भागों की तुलना में पहले हो जाता है। इसके बीच दो घण्टे का अन्तर होता है।
  3. अक्षांश का प्रभाव दक्षिण से उत्तर की ओर दिन-रात की अवधि पर पड़ता है। भारत के दक्षिण में स्थित कन्याकुमारी में दिन-रात की अवधि में कम अन्तर पाया जाता है, जबकि भारत के उत्तर में स्थित कश्मीर में अधिक पाया जाता है।

प्रश्न 2.
आकार की दृष्टि से भारत एक विशाल देश है। स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
भारत विश्व का सातवाँ बड़ा देश है। भारत के कुल भूभाग का क्षेत्रफल लगभग 32.8 लाख वर्ग कि. मी. है। यह विश्व के भौगोलिक क्षेत्रफल का 2.4 प्रतिशत है। भारत की स्थल सीमारेखा की लम्बाई 15,200 कि. मी. है तथा इसकी समुद्र तटरेखा की लम्बाई 7,516.6 कि. मी. है। इस प्रकार हम कह सकते हैं कि भारत आकार की दृष्टि से एक विशाल देश

प्रश्न 3.
भारत के सन्दर्भ में स्थलीय एवं समुद्रीय मार्गों के महत्व की संक्षेप में चर्चा कीजिए।
उत्तर:
भारत के सन्दर्भ में स्थलीय एवं समुद्रीय मार्गों का महत्व निम्नलिखित है

  1. भारत का विश्व के अन्य देशों के साथ सम्पर्क बहुत पुराना है परन्तु यह सम्पर्क समुद्री जलमार्गों की अपेक्षा स्थलीय भागों से अधिक था। इन मार्गों ने प्राचीन समय से ही विचार एवं वस्तुओं के आदान-प्रदान में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई है।
  2. इस प्रकार से उपनिषदों एवं रामायण के विचार, पंचतन्त्र की कहानियाँ, भारतीय अंक एवं दशमलव प्रणाली आदि विश्व के विभिन्न भागों तक फैल गये।
  3. मसाले, मलमल एवं वस्त्र तथा ऐसी बहुत-सी व्यापारिक वस्तुएँ भारत से विभिन्न देशों तक पहुँची।
  4. दूसरी ओर यूनानी स्थापत्यकला तथा पश्चिमी एशिया की मीनार एवं गुम्बदों की वास्तुकला शैलियाँ भारत के विभिन्न भागों में देखी गयी हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
भारत तथा हिन्दमहासागर के बीच सम्बन्ध को स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
भारत एशिया महाद्वीप के पूर्व और पश्चिम के मध्य में स्थित है। भारतीय भू-भाग एशिया महाद्वीप का दक्षिणी विस्तार है। हिन्द महासागर जो कि पश्चिम में यूरोपीय देशों और पूर्वी एशियाई देशों को मिलाता है इसलिए भारत को केन्द्रीय स्थिति प्रदान करता है। हिन्द महासागर में किसी भी देश की तटीय सीमा भारत जैसी नहीं है। भारत की इसी महत्वपूर्ण स्थिति के कारण इसका नाम हिन्द महासागर रखा गया है।

JAC Class 9 Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 1 भारत-आकार वे स्थिति

प्रश्न 5.
उपमहाद्वीप किसे कहते हैं? भारत को प्रायः उपमहाद्वीप क्यों कहा जाता है?
उत्तर:
एक विशाल एवं विशिष्ट भौगोलिक इकाई, जो शेष महाद्वीप से एक स्पष्ट भिन्नता रखती है, उसे उपमहाद्वीप कहते हैं। हिमालय पर्वत भारत को शेष एशिया महाद्वीप से स्पष्ट भिन्नता प्रदान करता है इसलिए भारत को प्रायः एक उपमहाद्वीप कहा जाता है। इसके अन्तर्गत भारत, पाकिस्तान, अफगानिस्तान, नेपाल, भूटान एवं बांग्लादेश, म्यांमार, श्रीलंका आते हैं।

प्रश्न 6.
भारत के लिए हमें एक मानक याम्योत्तर की आवश्यकता क्यों है? संक्षेप में बताइए। उत्तर-भारत के लिए हमें एक मानक याम्योत्तर की आवश्यकता निम्न कारणों से है

  1. भारत का देशान्तरीय विस्तार विस्तृत है अर्थात् यह 6807′ पूर्वी देशान्तर से 97°25′ पूर्वी देशान्तर तक लगभग 30° में फैला हुआ है।
  2. भारत के सबसे पूर्वी एवं सबसे पश्चिमी स्थानों के मध्य लगभग 2 घण्टे के समय का अन्तर है अर्थात् अरुणाचल प्रदेश से गुजरात के स्थानीय समय में दो घण्टे का अन्तर है।
  3. भारत तथा अन्य किसी भी देश के लिए एक मानक समय के निर्धारण की आवश्यकता होती है अन्यथा देश के विभिन्न भागों की घड़ियों में अलग-अलग समय होगा जिससे अनेक प्रकार की व्यावहारिक समस्याएँ उत्पन्न होंगी। इसलिए प्रत्येक देश में मानक समय निर्धारण के लिए एक मानक याम्योत्तर का निर्धारण आवश्यक है। अत: स्थानीय समय में समानता लाने के लिए भारत के लिए 82°30′ पूर्वी देशान्तर को मानक याम्योत्तर रेखा माना गया है।

मानचित्र सम्बन्धी प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
संसार के रेखीय मानचित्र पर निम्नलिखित को दर्शाइए

  1. भारत,
  2. एशिया,
  3. यूरोप,
  4. अफ्रीका,
  5. ऑस्ट्रेलिया,
  6. उत्तरी अमेरिका,
  7. दक्षिणी अमेरिका,
  8. अटलांटिक महासागर,
  9. हिन्द महासागर,
  10. प्रशान्त महासागर।

उत्तर:
JAC Class 9 Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 1 भारत-आकार वे स्थिति 1

प्रश्न 2.
दिये गये रेखा मानचित्र में निम्न को दर्शाइए:
1. दिल्ली और बैंकाक के मध्य वायु मार्ग।
2. कोलकाता और टोकियो के मध्य वायु मार्ग।
3. मुम्बई और सिंगापुर के मध्य समुद्री मार्ग।
4. मुम्बई और स्वेज नहर के मध्य समुद्री मार्ग।
उत्तर:
JAC Class 9 Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 1 भारत-आकार वे स्थिति 2

प्रश्न 3.
भारत के रेखा मानचित्र में निम्न को दर्शाइए:

  1. सबसे बड़ा राज्य,
  2. सबसे छोटा राज्य,
  3. मानक याम्योत्तर रेखा,
  4. मध्य प्रदेश,
  5. प. बंगाल,
  6. गुजरात,
  7. केरल,
  8. कर्क रेखा।

JAC Class 9 Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 1 भारत-आकार वे स्थिति 3

प्रश्न 4.
दिए गए रेखाचित्र का अध्ययन कर निम्न प्रश्नों का
उत्तर:
JAC Class 9 Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 1 भारत-आकार वे स्थिति 4
दीजिए चित्र-विश्व के सात बड़े देश
1. दिए गए रेखाचित्र में क्षेत्रफल की दृष्टि से सबसे बड़ा देश कौन-सा है?
2. दिए गए रेखाचित्र में क्षेत्रफल की दृष्टि से सबसे छोटा देश कौन-सा है?
3. किन्हीं दो देशों के नाम बताइए जिनका क्षेत्रफल भारत से अधिक है?
उत्तर:

  1. रूस,
  2. भारत,
  3. रूस एवं चीन।

JAC Class 9 Social Science Important Questions

JAC Class 9 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

JAC Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

JAC Class 9th History Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution InText Questions and Answers 

Activity (Page No. 28)

Question 1.
List two differences between the capitalist and socialist ideas of private property.
Answer:
The following are the two differences between the capitalist and socialist ideas about private property :

  1. Capitalists believe in private property and a class-based society, but socialists believe in collective property and a class-less society.
  2. Capitalists believe that the profit should be enjoyed by the owners of the industry, but socialists believe that the profits are the result of the worker’s labour, so the workers deserve to share it.

Activity (Page No. 29)

Question 1.
Imagine that a meeting has been called in your area to discuss the socialist idea of doing away with private property and introducing collective ownership. Write the speech you would make at the meeting if you are :
(a) A poor labourer working in the fields.
(b) A medium-level land owner.
(c) A house owner.
Answer:
(a) A poor labourer working in the fields Dear Friends:
Nature has not done any partiality in providing resources to everyone and so some people own more land than others. All the profits from our crops are the results of hard work done by people like us in planting seeds. Watering the crops, keeping them free from weeds and harvesting them.

So I think, we the labourers should share in the profits made from sale of crops, instead of getting a subsistence wage. To enable this, private ownership of property needs to be abolished and collective ownership of the fields by all the labourers who are working on it be introduced. This is in the interest of the poor labourers working in the field.
Thank you.

(b) A medium level land owner:
Dear Friends, the idea of socialism is good but I do not agree that private ownership of property should be removed. It is not rational and will reduce the crop production. You will not try to increase crop production if the whole profit is not going to you.

In fact, what should be done is the equitable distribution of land so that only a few people do not own large areas of land. While others have to manage with small areas of land or are deprived completely of any land ownership. So all should be land owners, so that everybody benefitted. Thank you.

(c) A house owner:
Respected friends. I think everybody should have the basic necessities of life like food, cloth and shelter but not at the expense of other people’s property. Those who do not have land should be given the means to earn their livelihood. But with the abolition of private property and collective ownership, the creative potential of the people will slow down.

Thus, after some time, the collective wealth will become zero. Because every one would like to take something from it and nothing will be added to it. Therefore there should be equality in property ownership but not capitalism. Thank you.

Activity (Page No. 33)

Question 1.
Why were there revolutionary disturbances in Russia in 1905? What were the demands of revolutionaries?
Answer:
1. The reasons for the revolutionary disturbances in Russia in 1905 were as following:
(a) Prices of essential goods rose so quickly that real wages declined by 20 ‘ per cent. When four members of the Assembly of Russian Workers, which had been formed in 1904, were dismissed at the Putifov Iron Works, there was a call for industrial action.

(b) When the procession of workers led by Father Gapon reached the Winter Palace, it was attacked by the police and the Cossacks. Over 100 workers were killed and about 300 wounded.

2. The demands of revolutionaries were:
(a) Reduction in the working day to eight hours,
(b) An increase in wages, and
(c) Improvement in working conditions.

Activity (Page No. 34)

Question 1.
The year is 1916. You are a general in the Tsar’s army on the eastern front. You are writing a report for the government in Moscow. In your report suggest what you think the government should do to improve the situation.
Answer:
Report for Russian Government from the War Front. Sir, our army is fighting very well on the eastern front, but many soldiers lost their lives till now. Due to this, remaining soldiers are losing their morale.
They do not wish to fight such a war. Thus, I request you to think about some other warfare strategies like Guerilla war to save the soldiers from disappointment. Sincerely yours General of the Russian Army

Activity (Page No. 36)

Question 1.
Look again at Source A and Box 1.
1. List five changes in the mood of the workers.
2. Place yourself in the position of a woman who has seen both situations and write an account of what has changed.
Answer:
1. In 1920s and 1930s, India was a colony of the British and there existed caste and class differences. Most of the population was ignorant, backward and poor. Naturally, Indians like Shaukat Usmani and Rabindranath Tagore who visited USSR during this period were impressed to see the level of development of the nation and progress of the people in a short span of 10 years.

Freedom from the Tsar, they felt, had ended class and religious barriers. People appeared happy, satisfied, confident and fearless, while just a decade ago, they too were miserable, hungry, ignorant and illiterate. Asians and Europeans mingled freely, bound by a sense of brotherhood.

2. The writers failed to notice the essential freedom denied to the citizens, The people of USSR were not free to do as they liked. The Bolsheviks ruled like dictators and followed repressive policies to repidly develop the nation. The hard lives and poor working conditions of the people went unnoticed by these writers.

Activity (Page No. 48)

Question 1.
Imagine that you are a striking worker in 1905 who is being tried in court for your act of rebellion. Draft the speech you would make in your defence. Act out your speech for your class.
Answer:
Your honour, as a worker, I did not commit any crime by participating in the rebellion of 1905. You know how the price of bread has gone up. My wages accordingly should have been increased so that my family did not starve. We eat only one meal a day, as there is no money to buy more food.

So what is wrong if I demand increase in wages? I am forced to work 15 hours a day, which is wrong. I have demanded an 8-hour working day, which is quite reasonable. Have I committed a crime in that? Now, I leave it to you to decided whether I am a criminal or not.

JAC Class 9 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

Question 2.
Write the headline and a short news item about the uprising of 24 October 1917 for each of the following newspapers :
1. a Conservative paper in France.
2. a Radical newspaper in Britain.
3. a Bolshevik newspaper in Russia.
Answer:
1. For a conservative newspaper in France.
The Suppression of a Bolshevik Rebel: At dawn, military men seized the building of two Bolshevik newspapers. Pro-government troops were sent to take over telephone and telegraph offices and protect the Winter Palace.

2. For a Radical Newspaper in Britain:
Recognition of Bolshevik activity The city is in control of Bolshevik revolutionaries. All ministers have surrendered. At a meeting of the All Russian Congress of Soviets in Petrograd, the majority approved the Bolshevik action.

3. For a Bolshevik newspaper in Russia:
Bolsheviks win the war: The party has seized the Winter Palace and other Military Revolutionary Committees. We the people of Russia and followers of Bolshevik have finally captured the centre of power of government, i.e. the Moscow Petrograd area.

Question 3.
Imagine that you are a middle-level wheat farmer in Russia after collectivisation. You have decided to write a letter to Stalin explaining your objections to collectivisation. What would you write about the conditions of your life? What do you think would be Stalin’s response to such a farmer?
Answer:
To,
Sir Stalin
Leader of the Soviet Union,
Moscow
Respected Sir,
I am a middle-level wheat farmer. I work very hard to produce crops. I obtain sufficient grain from this field which is enough to fulfill the necessities of my family. Therefore, grant me order to do farming on my own field and free my field from collectivisation.

Yours faithfully
Mikhael

(ii) Response of Stalin
To
Mikhael
New Street, Petrograd
Dear Mikhael
I received your letter. You are obedient and find your right way. But you are not aware from collectivisation through which production would be increased and source of income too. Its reason is excessive dependence of agriculture on modern techniques. We are not taking your field, but instead are sharing the profits with others for unity and prosperity of the society. Therefore, you should obey the orders.
Thanks

Your well-wisher
Stalin

JAC Class 9th History Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution Textbook Questions and Answers 

Question 1.
What were the social, economic and political conditions of Russia before 1905?
Answer:
1. Social Conditions :
The Europet countries had undergone important social changes during the 19th century, it the base of Russian Society was still feudalistic.

(a) The society was divided into two classes. The privileged class, which comprised of prosperous and influential people who had all the political and other rights.

(b) The non-privileged class, which consisted of farmers and workers formed about 90% of the Russian population. They had to work hard to meet their both ends.

2. Economic Conditions :
(a) Backwardness of industry and agriculture was the factor responsible for the Russian revolution.

(b) The peasants had to pay heavy dues for the land that they got. Their holdings were small and they had no resources to develop the land. Therefore, they occasionally pooled their land together into a commune and divided their income according to the efforts and needs of various families.

(c) The workers could be divided into three categories. The ‘State Factories’ were manned by peasants who came from the villages. The ‘Professional Factories’ were operated by skilled workers who had settled in cities. The ‘Manorial Factories’ were owned by landowners and operated on their estates.

(d) Women were employed in factories in large numbers, but they were paid much less than men.

3. Political Conditions :
(a) Tsar Nicholas II was an inefficient and short-sighted person. He was ruthless ruler, having no concern with administration or the welfare of his subjects.

(b) The common masses or their representatives had no participation in the political system of the country.

JAC Class 9 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

Question 2.
In what ways was the working population in Russia different from other countries in Europe, before 1917?
Answer:
Working population of Russia was vastly different from other European countries in the following ways
1. About 85% of the Russians, even in the early 20th century, were agriculturists. This proportion was much higher than other European countries.

2. Peasants were divided into groups. These divisions were incorporated due to religious sentiments. Unlike European peasants, Russian peasants had no respect for nobles. They wanted the land of nobles to be given to them. They refused to pay rent and even murdered the landlords.

3. Unlike European peasants, they were natural socialists. They pooled their land periodically and their commune divided it according to the needs of the individual.

4. Unlike Europe, in Russia, workers were divided into social groups. Divisions were based on skills. The ‘State Factories’, the ‘Professional Factories’ and the ‘Manorial Factories’ were the three categories in which Russian workers were divided.

5. The condition of the factory workers was miserable. They could not form any trade unions and political parties to express their grievances. Industrialists exploited the workers for their selfish ends. There was no limit of working hours, as a result of which they had to work for up to 12-15 hours a day.

Question 3.
Why did the Tsarist autocracy collapse in 1917?
Answer:
The Tsarist autocracy collapsed in 1917 due to the interplay of many social, economic and political factors which were as follows :
1. The Russian state under Tsar Nicholas II was completely unsuited to the needs of modern times. The Tsar still believed in the autocratic divine right of the king.

2. The bureaucracy that the Tsar recruited was top heavy, inefficient and unflexible. Members were recruited on the basis of privileges and patronage, and not on merit.

3. The Tsar had built a vast empire and imposed Russian language and culture on diverse nationalities.

4. The peasants and workers who formed large section of the population were miserable and frustrated. The Tsar was totally ignorant, indifferent to their conditions and needs.

5. The Tsar Nicholas II imposed restrictions on political activity, changed voting laws and dismissed any questioning or restrictions on his authority.

6. At the beginning of the First World War, people rallied around the Tsar. But as the war prolonged, he refused to consult the main parties in the Duma. Thus, he lost the support. The Russian army lost the war. This led to over 3 million refugees in Russia, which worsened the condition. It exposed the economic bankruptcy of the government and increased liabilities on the already impoverished  population. Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

7.  The liberal ideas of the west and growth of socialist ideology led to the formation of many socialist groups which infused the workers and peasants with a revolutionary spirit.

JAC Class 9 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

Question 4.
Make two lists: One with the main events and the effects of the February Revolution and the other with the main events and effects of the October Revolution. Write a paragraph on who was involved in each, who were the leaders and what was the impact of each on Soviet history?
Answer:
Main Events of the February Revolution: The main events of the February Revolution were as follows :

  1. In the winter of 1917, conditions in the capital, Petrograd, were harsh.
  2. In the capital city, the workers’ quarters and factories were located on the right bank of the River Neva. On the left bank were the Winter Palace and official buildings, including the palace where the Duma met.
  3. In February 1917, food shortages were deeply felt in the workers’ quarters. The winter was very cold and severe.
  4. Parliamentarians wishing to preserve elected government were opposed to the Tsar’s desire to dissolve the Duma.
  5. On 22 February, a lockout took place at a factory on the right bank. The next day, workers in fifty factories called a strike in sympathy in which most were the women.
  6. Demonstrating workers crossed from the factory quarters to the centre of the capital-the Nevskii Prospekt.
  7. When the government imposed curfew, demonstrators dispersed by the evening, but they came back on the 24th and 25th.
  8. On 25th February, the government suspended the Duma. On 27th, the Police Headquarters were ransacked.
  9. The streets thronged with people raising slogans about bread, wages, better hours and democracy.
  10. The government tried to control the situation and called out the army but the army refused to fire on the demonstrators. By the evening, soldiers and striking workers had gathered to form a ‘Soviet’ or ‘Council’ in the same building as the Duma met. This was the Petrograd Soviet.
  11. The next day, a delegation went to see the Tsar. Military commanders advised him to abdicate. He abdicated on 2 March and in this way monarchy came to an end.

Effects of the February Revolution The effects of the February Revolution can be understood through following points :

  1. Soviet leaders and Duma leaders formed a Provisional Government to run the country.
  2. Russia’s future would be decided by a constituent assembly elected on the basis of universal adult suffrage.
  3. Restrictions on public meetings and associations were removed.
  4. In April 1917, the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin returned to Russia from his exile.

He made three demands known as ‘April Theses’. These demands were:
(a) the war be brought to a close,
(b) land be transferred to the peasants, and
(c) banks be nationalised.

Impact of February Revolution on Soviet History :
The February Revolution had no political party at its forefront. It was led by the people themselves. Petrograd had brought down the monarch and thus gained a significant place in Soviet history. Main Events of the October Revolution: Main events of the October Revolution were as following:

  1. As the conflict between the Provisional Government and the Bolsheviks grew, Lenin feared the Provisional Government would set up a dictatorship.
  2. He began discussion for an uprising against the government and brought together the Bolshevik supporters.
  3. On 16 October 1917, Lenin persuaded the Petrograd Soviet and the Bolshevik Party to agree to a socialist seizure of power.
  4. A Military Revolutionary Committee was appointed by the Soviet under Leon Trotskii to organise the seizure.
  5. The uprising began on 24 October. Prime Minister Kerenskii had left the city. At dawn, military men loyal to the government seized the building of two Bolshevik newspapers.
  6. In a swift response, the Military Revolutionary Committee ordered its supporters to seize government offices and arrest ministers. The ship Aurora shelled the Winter Palace. By nightfall, the city was under the committee’s control and the ministers had surrendered.

Effects of the October Revolution Effects of the October Revolution were as follows:

  1. The Bolsheviks were totally opposed to private property. Therefore, private property in the means of production was abolished. Land and other means of production were declared as the property of the entire nation.
  2. Most industries and banks were nationalised in November, 1917.
  3. Land was declared social property and peasants were allowed to seize the land of the nobility.
  4. In cities, Bolsheviks enforced the partition of large houses according to family requirements.
  5. They banned the use of the old titles of aristocracy.
  6. The Bolshevik party was renamed the Russian Communist Party.
  7. The control of industries was given to the workers. All the banks, insurance companies, large industries, mines, water transports and railways were nationalised.

Impact of the October Revolution on Soviet history:
The October Revolution was primarily led by Lenin and his subordinate Trotskii and involved the masses who supported these leaders. It marked the beginning of Lenin’s rule over the Soviet, with the Bolsheviks under his guidance.

JAC Class 9 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

Question 5.
What were the main changes brought about by the Bolsheviks immediately after the October Revolution?
Answer:
Bolsheviks immediately made the following changes after the October Revolution :

  1. The right to private property was abolished.
  2. They nationalised most industries and banks.
  3. Land was declared social property and peasants were allowed to seize the land of the nobility.
  4. In cities, Bolsheviks enforced the partition of large houses according to family requirement.
  5. They banned the use of the old titles of aristocracy.
  6. To assert the change, new uniform were designed for the army and officials, like the Soviet hat.
  7. The Bolshevik party renamed itself as the Russian Communist Party.
  8. All Russian Congress of Soviets became the parliament of the country.
  9. Trade unions were kept under party control.
  10. The secret police kept vigilance on citizens and punished those who criticised the Bolsheviks.

Write a few lines to show what you know about:
(a) Kulaks
(b) The Duma
(c) Women workers between 1900 and 1930
(d) The liberals
(e) Stalin’s collectivisation programme.

(a) Kulaks: It is a term used for well-to-do peasants in Russia. In the period of Stalin, it was decided to eliminate Kulaks to develop modern farms, and run them along industrial lines with machinery.

(b) The Duma: Duma was an elected consultative Parliament. It was created by the Tsar during the 1905 Revolution, but later he dismissed the Duma because he did not want any questioning of his authority or any reduction in his power.

(c) Women workers between 1900 and 1930: Women workers in Russia constituted 31% of the factory labour force by 1914. They formed the unprivileged class, had no political status or political rights. They were discriminated, paid less than men, i.e., between half and three-fourths of a man’s wage.

Women, however, were in the forefront in agitations and strikes for better and equal wages, improvement in conditions of work 8 hours a day, reinstatements and voting rights. They were a source of inspiration for their male co-workers. On February 23, 1917, women led the way to strikes as recognition of their active and significant role. February 23 is celebrated as International Women’s Day.

(d) The Liberals: Liberals wanted to bring a change in the society. They wanted a nation which tolerated all religions. They opposed the uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers. They wanted to safeguard the rights of individuals against governments.

They also wanted to have an independent judiciary to interpret law. However, they were not ‘democrats’. They did not believe in universal adult franchise. They felt that only the person holding a property mainly had the right to vote. They also did not want the voting rights to be given to women.

(e) Stalin’s collectivisation programme: By 1927-1928, there was a great shortage of food grains in the towns of Soviet Russia. Stalin introduced a firm emergency measure which is known as collectivisation programme.

From 1929, the Party forced all peasants to cultivate in collective farms (kolkhoz). The bulk of land and implements were transferred to the ownership of collective farms. Peasants worked on the land, and the kolkhoz profit was shared

JAC Class 9 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Diversity in Living Organisms

JAC Board Class 9th Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Diversity in Living Organisms

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Whittaker classified all organisms into
(a) five kingdoms
(b) four kingdoms
(c) three kingdoms
(d) two kingdoms
Answer:
(a) five kingdoms

Question 2.
A housefly belongs to which phylum?
(a) Nematoda
(b) Annelida
(c) Porifera
(d) Arthropoda
Answer:
(d) Arthropoda

Question 3.
The five kingdom classification is based on the complexity of
(a) mode of nutrition
(b) body organisation
(c) cell structure
(d) all of these
Answer:
(d) Arthropoda

Question 4.
Which one of the following belongs to coelenterata?
(a) Sycon
(b) Hydra
(c) Spongilla
(d) Planaria
Answer:
(b) Hydra

Question 5.
In which of the following are the reproductive organs hidden?
(a) Cryptogamae
(b) Phanerogamae
(c) Gymnosperms
(d) Angiosperms
Answer:
(a) Cryptogamae

Question 6.
Which phylum of animals is also called flatworms?
(a) Porifera
(b) Coelenterata
(c) Platyhelminthes
(d) Nematoda
Answer:
(c) Platyhelminthes

Question 7.
The excretory system in annelids consists of tubes called
(a) flame cells
(b) metanephridia
(c) nephridia
(d) protonephridia
Answer:
(c) nephridia

Question 8.
What is the phylum of octopus?
(a) Arthropoda
(b) Mollusca
(c) Annelida
(d) Cnidaria
Answer:
(b) Mollusca

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Diversity in Living Organisms

Question 9.
What is the mode of nutrition in bacteria?
(a) Autotrophic
(b) Heterotrophic
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Both (a) and (b)

Question 10.
In which organism do flame cells form the excretory system?
(a) Flatworm
(b) Earthworm
(c) Insect
(d) Crab
Answer:
(a) Flatworm

Question 11.
Which sub – group in plant kingdom produces flowers?
(a) Angiosperm
(b) Fungus
(c) Moss
(d) Fern
Answer:
(a) Angiosperm

Question 12.
The mode of nutrition in fungi is
(a) only saprotrophic
(b) saprotrophic or parasitic
(c) only parasitic
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(b) saprotrophic or parasitic

Question 13.
Which among the following is exclusively marine?
(a) Arthropoda
(b) Mollusca
(c) Echinodermata
(d) Coelenterata
Answer:
(c) Echinodermata

Analysing & Evaluating Questions

Question 14.
Meena and Hari observed an animal in their garden. Hari called it an insect, while Meena said it was an earthworm. Which of the following characteristics confirms that it was an insect?
(a) Bilaterally symmetrical body
(b) Body with jointed legs
(c) Cylindrical body
(d) Body with little segmentation
Answer:
(b) Body with jointed legs

Question 15.
After studying the characteristics of Agaric us, Madan noted them as follows:
I. It is fleshy.
II. It has an umbrella-like cap called pileus.
III. Spores are produced by the stipe.
IV. Its body is made of filaments.
Which observation is not correct?
(a) I
(b) II
(c) III
(d) IV
Answer:
(c) III

Question 16.
Preeti studied the following
features in a preserved specimen – bilateral symmetry, true segmentation, clitellum and mouth. It is a/an
(a) tapeworm
(b) cockroach
(c) earthworm
(d) roundworm
Answer:
(c) earthworm

Assertion Reason Questions

Directions: In the following questions, the Assertions and the Reasons have been put forward Read the statements carefully and choose the correct alternative from the following:
(A) Both the assertion and the reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
(B) The assertion and the reason are correct but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(C) The assertion is true but the reason is false.
(D) Both the statements are false.

1. Assertion: Bacteria and blue – green algae belong to the same phylum, i.e. Monera.
Reason: Both the bacteria and blue – green algae are unicellular prokaryotic organisms.
Answer:
(A) Both the assertion and the reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

2. Assertion: Most of the amphibians lay their eggs in water.
Reason: Young ones of amphibians have gills at the initial stages of there lives.
Answer:
(A) Both the assertion and the reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

3. Assertion: Snake and turtle belong to the same group.
Reason: Both the snake and the turtle are cold – blooded and have four – chambered heart.
Answer:
(C) The assertion is true but the reason is false.

4. Assertion: Dolphins do not belong to pisces.
Reason: Dolphins respire through lungs and possess four – chambered heart.
Answer:
(A) Both the assertion and the reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

5. Assertion: Roundworms lack a digestive tract.
Reason: Roundworms are endoparsites.
Answer:
(B) The assertion and the reason are correct but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is evolution?
Answer:
Evolution is the gradual unfolding of organisms, from the pre – existing ones, through changes since the beginning of life.

Question 2.
Name the scientist who described the idea of organic evolution and the book in which he explained it.
Answer:
Charles Darwin first described the idea of evolution in his book ‘The Origin of Species’.

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Diversity in Living Organisms

Question 3.
What is lichen?
Answer:
Lichens are a complex life form that is a symbiotic partnership of two separate organisms, i.e., a fungus and an alga The alga can be either a green alga or a blue-green alga (also known as cyanobacteria).

Question 4.
What is a symbiotic relationship or symbiosis?
Answer:
It is a relationship between two organisms in which both of them are benefited, e.g., in the symbiotic association of lichens, fungi get food from blue – green algae and in return, blue-green algae get shelter.

Question 5.
Who proposed the two kingdom classification?
Answer:
Carolus Linnaeus.

Question 6.
What is biodiversity?
Answer:
Different forms of living organisms found in a particular region is known as biodiversity of that region.

Question 7.
Define species.
Answer:
A species includes all organisms that are similar enough to interbreed and perpetuate naturally.

Question 8.
Define mycoplasma.
Answer:
Mycoplasma are the smallest and the simplest organisms. They are prokaryotes having a nucleoi(d) Their body can change shape easily. They are heterotrophs.

Question 9.
Define ‘taxonomy’.
Answer:
The branch of science that classifies living organisms among different categories or groups is called taxonomy. Taxonomy is the science of identifying and naming species and organising them into systems of classification.

Question 10.
Define Taxon.
Answer:
A taxon is a unit of classification of organisms which can be recognised to a definite category at any level of classification, for e.g., fishes, birds, insects, etc.

Question 11.
In how many kingdoms does Carolus Linnaeus divided living beings?
Answer:
Two kingdoms, viz., Plantae (plants) and Animalia (animals).

Question 12.
Name the division of plant kingdom which is also called the amphibians of plant kingdom.
Answer:
Bryophyta, e.g., Lunaria (moss).

Question 13.
What is meant by bilateral symmetry?
Answer:
When the left and right halves of the body have the same design, it is called bilateral symmetry.

Question 14.
What is thallus?
Answer:
Thallophytes have a simple plant body. The plant body is not differentiated into root, stem and leaves and is called thallus.

Question 15.
What is moss?
Answer:
Moss is a radially symmetrical leafy bryophyte having multicellular rhizoids, Funaria, Bryum, Sphagnum.

Question 16.
Why are bryophytes called the amphibians of the plant kingdom?
Answer:
Bryophytes are known as amphibians of the plant kingdom because these plants can live in soil but are dependent on water for sexual reproduction. Usually, they are found in humid and damp areas.

Analysing & Evaluating Questions

Question 17.
The external features of some living organisms are given below as I, II, III and IV. Read these and write the name of their respective animal phylum or class.
I. Streamlined body, covered with scales and divided externally into head, trunk and tail.
II. Skin is dry, covered with epidermal scales and bear two pairs of limbs each with five toes ending in horny claws.
III. Body is externally segmented and covered with a thick exoskeleton made up of chitin. The segments are grouped to form head, thorax and abdomen.
IV. Body is flattened, leaf-like or ribbon – like and bilaterally symmetrical.
Answer:
I – Phylum chordata (superclass pisces)
II – Phylum chordata (class reptilia)
III – Phylum arthropoda
IV – Phylum platyhelminthes

Question 18.
An animal is described as worm-like with unsegmented body and shows some features of  invertebrates and some of chordates. Identify the described animal.
Answer:
The animal is Balanoglossus.

Question 19.
Atrip to Himalayan foothills was organised by the school of Raman and Riya During the trip, they noticed tall trees having needle – like leaves and cones. Name the trees Raman and Riya saw there.
Answer:
They saw Pinus trees.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the steps in classification of organisms?
Answer:
Organisms are classified into large groups first on the basis of independent characteristics. The characteristic in the next level would be dependent on the previous one and would decide the variety of organisms in the next level. Thus, one can build up a whole hierarchy of mutually related characteristics to be used for classification.

Question 2.
Write the hierarchy of classification proposed by Linnaeus.
Answer:
The hierarchical categories are as follows:

  • Kingdom: Plant kingdom and Animal kingdom.
  • Phylum (for animals)Division (for plants): A group of closely related classes having certain common characteristics.
  • Class: A group of closely related orders having certain common characteristics.
  • Order: A group of closely related families having certain common characteristics.
  • Family: A group of closely related genera having certain common characteristics.
  • Genus: A group of closely related species having certain common characteristics.
  • Species: A group of organisms which are similar enough to breed and perpetuate.

Question 3.
What are the characteristics of kingdom Monera?
Answer:

  1. These organisms do not have clearly defined nucleus, i.e., nucleus is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane.
  2. Cell organelles are not covered with membranes.
  3. The organisms do not show multicellular body design, i.e., they are unicellular.
  4. Some organisms have cell wall, others do not have cell wall.
  5. The mode of nutrition may be autotrophic or heterotrophic.

Question 4.
Why are blue green algae included under Monera and not under Plantae?
Answer:
Monera is a kingdom of prokaryotes while organisms of kingdom Plantae shows a definite nucleus, membrane- bound organelles and multicellular body design. Blue green algae are prokaryotes having nucleoid with naked DNA. The cell organelles are also not enclosed within a membrane. As they also do not possess multicellular body design, these characteristics bring them closer to Monera and exclude them from the kingdom Plantae.

Question 5.
Give four main features of organisms placed under Protista.
Answer:
The four main features of organisms placed under Protista are as follows:

  1. This kingdom includes unicellular algae, diatoms and protozoans.
  2. The organisms in this kingdom are unicellular, eukaryotic organisms (as well – defined nucleus and other membrane-bound cell organelles are present).
  3. Mode of nutrition is either autotrophic (like in algae and diatoms) or heterotrophic (like in protozoans).
  4. Some Protists bear hair – like cilia or whip – like flagella for movement. In some protists, like Amoeba, movement takes place by pseudopodia (false feet).

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Diversity in Living Organisms

Question 6.
What are the characteristics of fungi? Give examples.
Answer:
Characteristics of fungi are as follows:

  1. They are heterotrophic.
  2. The organisms are saprophytic, i.e., they use decaying organic material as food or may be parasitic.
  3. They have membrane bound nucleus.
  4. They have cell walls made of chitin.
  5. Some of them have the capacity to become multicellular organisms at certain stages in their lives.
  6. Some of the fungal species have symbiotic relationship where they are mutually dependent on the blue – green algae. These are called lichens.
  7. Examples: Rhizopus, Yeast, Agaricus (mushrooms), Penicillium.

Question 7.
On what basis are plants divided into two sub-kingdoms?
Answer:
Based on whether the reproductive organs are conspicuous (clearly visible) or not, plants are divided into two subkingdoms:

  1. Cryptogamae: Non – flowering or seedless plants which include thallophytes, bryophytes and pteridophytes.
  2. Phanerogamae: Flowering plants which include gymnosperms and angiosperms.

Question 8.
How are angiosperms further divided?
Answer:
Angiosperms are divided into two groups on the basis of the number of cotyledons present in the seeds.

  1. Monocotyledonous (Monocots): These are the plants with seeds having a single cotyledon, e.g., maize, wheat, rice, etc.
  2. Dicotyledonous (Dicots): These are the plants with seeds having two cotyledons, e.g., pea, gram, bean, etc.

Question 9.
List the similarities between plants and animals.
Answer:
In spite of certain external differences, plants and animals show a number of very obvious similarities which are as follows:

  1. Plants and animals are made up of microscopic units called cell.
  2. Both contain living substance called protoplasm.
  3. Certain life processes, i.e., respiration, digestion, reproduction, assimilation, etc., take place in both the groups in an identical manner.
  4. Both show response to external stimuli.
  5. Both of them show growth.
  6. Both reproduce and pass on their hereditary characters to their offsprings by the same mechanism.
  7. Both are multicellular and eukaryotic organisms having division of labour in their cells.

Question 10.
Differentiate between algae and fungi.
Answer:

Algae Fungi
(a) Contain chlorophyll (green in colour). (a) Do not contain chlorophyll (nongreen).
(b) Autotrophic nutrition. (b) Heterotrophic nutrition.
(c) Food is stored in the form of starch. (c) Food is stored in the form of glycogen.
(d) The cell wall is made up of cellulose. (d) The cell wall is made up of chitin.
(e) Example: Spirogyra. (e) Example: Rhizopus (bread mould)

Question 11.
What are the conventions followed for writing the scientific names?
Answer:
The conventions followed while writing the scientific names are as follows:

  1. The name of the genus begins with a capital letter.
  2. The name of the species begins with a small letter.
  3. When printed, the scientific name is given in italics.
  4. If it is handwritten, the genus name and the species name have to be underlined separately.

Question 12.
Identify the different parts A, B, C and D of fern plant shown in the figure given below.
JAC Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 7 Diversity in Living Organisms 1
Answer:
(A) Leaflet
(B) Stipe
(C) Adventitious roots
(D) Rhizome

Question 13.
Define bryophytes. Give some examples.
Answer:

  1. Bryophytes:
    • These are also called the amphibians of the plant kingdom.
    • Plant body may be thalloid or leafy.
    • True roots are absent, instead rhizoids develop.
    • No specialised conducting tissue. These grow on damp walls and on the bark of tree.
  2. These include two groups:
    • Liverworts
    • Mosses
  3. Examples: Marchantia, Riccia, Sphagnum, etc.

Question 14.
Draw a labelled diagram of Spirogyra cell.
Answer:
JAC Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 7 Diversity in Living Organisms 2

Question 15.
Define pteridophytes.
Answer:
Pteridophytes are vascular cryptogams and are the first vascular land plants. The main plant body is the saprophyte, which is differentiated into true roots, stems and leaves. Their xylem lacks companion cells. They have specialised tissue for the conduction of water and other substances from one part of the plant body to another. Examples: Mars ilea, ferns and horse tail.

Question 16.
Define coelom.
Answer:
Coelom is a cavity which lies in between the body wall and gut (alimentary canal) and is lined by mesodermal cells. It allows greater body flexibility. In it, the organs of the body can accommodate in a better way.

Question 17.
Differentiate between diploblastic and triploblastic animals.
Answer:

Diploblastic Triploblastic
The animals whose bodies are developed from two layers of gastrula, i.e., ectoderm and endoderm, are called diploblastic For example, coelenterates (Hydra). The animals whose bodies develop from three layers of gastrula, i.e., ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, are called triploblastic, e.g., tapeworm.

Question 18.
State the features of chordates.
Answer:
The main features of chordates are as follows:

  1. They have bilaterally symmetrical body.
  2. They have notochord and internal skeleton.
  3. They have dorsal nerve cord.
  4. They are triploblastic.
  5. They are coelomate.
  6. Respiration is mainly through lungs in land vertebrates and by gills in aquatic animals.

Question 19.
Discuss the characteristics of sponges.
Answer:
Phylum (Porifera) – Sponges:

  1. Animals have pores (called ostia) all over the body.
  2. Body is not well differentiated.
  3. Non – motile animals, remain attached to solid support.
  4. Body is covered with hard skeleton.
  5. Reproduction is both asexual (by budding and gemmule formation) and sexual (through fertilisation).
  6. Examples: Sycon, Spongilla and Euplectella.

Question 20.
Give specific features of coelenterata.
Answer:
Phylum (Cnidaria) – Coelenterata

  1. All coelenterates are found in water.
  2. Body is radially symmetrical.
  3. These are the first of multicellular animals which possess tissue level of organisation with a distinct division of labour.
  4. The body has a single, sac – like central cavity, called coelenteron or the gastrovascular cavity, with only one opening.
  5. Some coelenterates live in colonies (Obelia) while others live solitary (Hydra).
  6. Examples: Hydra, Aurelia, sea anemone and jelly fish.

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Diversity in Living Organisms

Question 21.
Give the general characteristics of Platyhelminthes.
Answer:

  1. Their body is dorsoventrally flattened and leaf-like or ribbon like.
  2. Body symmetry is bilateral, i.e., left and right halves have the same design.
  3. They are mostly hermaphrodite.
  4. Body cavity or true coelom is absent.
  5. There are three layers of cells from which differentiated tissues can be forme(d) So, animals are triploblastic.
  6. They are either free living or parasitic.
  7. Examples: Planaria, Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) and Taenia solium (tape worm) are parasitic.

Question 22.
Give the characteristics of Arthropoda with two examples.
Answer:

  1. This is the largest group of animals.
  2. They possess jointed legs/ appendages.
  3. They have bilaterally symmetrical and segmented body.
  4. Body cavity is filled with blood.
  5. There is an open circulatory system, i.e., the blood does not flow in definite blood vessels.
  6. Examples: Apis (honey bee), Musca (housefly), Anopheles (mosquito), Palaemon (prawn), crabs, etc

Question 23.
Give the characteristics of Echinoder – mata.

  1. They are free living, marine animals.
  2. They are triploblastic and have a coelomic cavity.
  3. They have peculiar water-driven tube system used for moving around.
  4. They have a hard calcium carbonate structure that is used as skeleton.
  5. Sexes are separate.
  6. Examples: Asterias (starfish),

Question 24.
Echinus (sea urchin), Antedon (feather star), etc Give the characteristics of Nematoda.

  1. Most of the Nematodes have small cylindrical or round body.
  2. Body cavity is not a true coelom. A pseudocoelom is present.
  3. Body is bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic.
  4. Sexes are separate.
  5. Examples: Ascaris (round worm), Ancylostoma (hook worm) and Wuchereria (filarial worm).

Question 25.
Give the characteristics of phylum Annelida.

  1. They have elongated and segmented body.
  2. Body bears lateral appendages for locomotion in the form of chitinous setae or parapodia.
  3. The body is bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic.
  4. Reproduction by sexual means. Sexes may be either separate or united.
  5. They have true coelom (body cavity).
  6. Examples: Pheretima (earthworm), Hirudinaria (blood sucking leech) and Nereis.

Question 26.
List the main features of phylum Mollusca.
Answer:

  1. They have unsegmented or soft body with little segmentation.
  2. The body is divided into three regions—head, dorsal visceral mass and ventral foot.
  3. Body is bilaterally symmetrical.
  4. The coelomic cavity is reduced.
  5. They have open circulatory system and kidney-like organs for excretion.
  6. Some molluscs have hard calcareous shell, an outer covering of the body.
  7. Respiration is by gills called ctenidia.
  8. Examples: Pila (snail), Unio (fresh water mussel) and Octopus.

Analysing & Evaluating Questions

Question 27.
You are given leech, Nereis, Scolopendra, prawn and scorpion and all have segmented body organisation. Will you classify them in one group? If no, give the important characteristics based on which you will separate these organisms into different groups.
Answer:
Leech, Nereis, Scolopendra, prawn and scorpion belong to different groups.

  1. Leech and Nereis belong to phylum Annelida They have metameric segmentation, closed circulatory system and unjointed appendages.
  2. Scolopendra, prawn and scorpion belong to phylum Arthropoda They have open circulatory system and jointed appendages.

Question 28.
Sakshi’s younger brother frequently suffered from stomach ache and vomiting. Her mother took him to a clinic for treatment. Doctor advised for a stool test before prescribing some medicines. The report diagnosed that the stool is infected with common roundworms. Answer the following questions asked by Sakshi to the doctor:
(a) What are common roundworms?
(b) Are there any other worms that live as parasites in our body and cause diseases?
(c) How do roundworms enter our body? What can be done to prevent such infections?
Answer:

  1. Common roundworms are parasites that live inside the human digestive tract and feed on the food present inside the tract. During feeding, they damage the stomach and the intestines. The scientific name of roundworms is Ascaris.
  2. Some other common parasitic worms that cause different diseases in our body are Wuchereria (filarial worm), Enterobius (pinworm) and Ancylostoma (hookworm).
  3. Roundworms enter our body through contaminated food and water. Hence, one should always maintain hygienic food habits to avoid these parasites.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the three basic features for grouping all organisms into five major kingdoms.
Answer:
Basic criteria such as nature of cell, cellularity and mode of nutrition were used by Whittaker to classify the living organisms into five kingdoms,
(a) Nature of cell relates to the pres – ence or absence of membrane bound organelles in it. On the basis of this category, we can clas¬sify the living organisms in two broad categories prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

  1. Prokaryotes, such as all bacteria, have poorly developed nuclear material called nucleoid and no membrane – bound organelles.
  2. Eukaryotes such as protozoans, fungi, plants and animals have well developed genetic material called nucleus and all membrane – bound organelles.

(b) Cellularity refers to the number of cells present in an organism. Unicellular organisms, such as bacteria, and protozoans, are made up of single cell while multicellular organisms such as many fungi, plants and animals are made up of many cells.

(c) Mode of nutrition categorises all living organisms into autotrophs and heterotrophs. Euglena is a dual organism because of its mode of nutrition. It can act as both an autotroph (makes its own food) as it contains chlorophyll and heterotroph (feeds on other substances). Also, in presence of excess organic matter or darkness, it can act as a saprophytic organism. So, as it shows features of both plants and animals, it is a dual organism.

Question 2.
Give the outline classification of animal kingdom upto the level of phyla
JAC Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 7 Diversity in Living Organisms 3

Question 3.
What are the differences between plants and animals?
Answer:

Animals Animals
(a) Most of the plants around us are stationary and do not move from one place to another. (A) Most of the animals around us are mobile, i.e., they can move from one place to another.
(b) Plants can synthesise their own food in the presence of sunlight from water and carbon dioxide. In their green parts like leaves,chlorophyll pigment is found which helps in food making by the process of photosynthesis. (b) Animals cannot synthesise their food because they lack chlorophyll. So, they directly or indirectly depend on plants.
(c) Most of the plants continue growing throughout their life. The growth may be in length (height) or producing lateral branches. (c) Animals stop growing, especially in length, (height) after attaining a certain maturity.
(d) Plant cells have cell walls as outermost covering. (d) Animal cells do not have cell walls.

Question 4.
Differentiate between bryophytes and pteridophytes.
Answer:

Bryophytes Pteridophytes
(a) Plant body is either leafy or thalloid. (a) Plant body is differentiated into roots, stem and leaves.
(b) The cells in plant body are haploid. (b) The cells in plant body are diploid.
(c) Vascular tissue like xylem and phloem is absent. (c) Vascular tissue like xylem and phloem is present.
(d) In life cycle, the gametophyte is dominant. (d) In life cycle, the sporophytes are dominant.
(e) Sporophytic phase completely depends upon gametophytes. (e) Sporophytic phase is independent and autotrophic.
(f) The spores are produced in the capsule part of the sporophytes. (f) The spores are produced in sporangia bom on the leaves called sporophylls.
(g) Example: Moss. (g) Example: Fem.

Question 5.
Give the classification of plant kingdom.
JAC Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 7 Diversity in Living Organisms 4

Question 6.
Write the characteristics of flat worms, round worms and segmented worms. Write their phylum also.
Answer:

Flat worms Round worms Segmented worms
1. Phylum – Platyhelminthes. 1. Phylum – Nematoda 1. Phylum – Annelida.
2. Dorsoventrally flat, i.e., flat body. 2. Body is cylindrical. 2. Body is segmented from head to tail.
3. No true body cavity (acoelomates). 3. Pseudocoelom (false body cavity). 3. True body cavity (eucoelomates).
4. Mostly hermaphrodite, i.e., male and female sex organs present in the same individual. 4. Sexes are separate. 4. May be unisexual or bisexual.


Analysing & Evaluating Questions

Question 7.
Observe the plant given below and answer the questions that follow.
1. Identify the plant and name the phylum it belongs to.
2. What is its habitat?
3. List any two of its special features.
4. How does transport of substances take place in this plant?
Answer:

  1. It is a Cycas plant. It belongs to the phylum gymmosperms.
  2. It is found mainly in colder regions of the earth.
    JAC Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 7 Diversity in Living Organisms 5
  3. Plant body is sporophyte. Ovules are not enclosed in ovary, thus produce naked seeds.
  4. Vascular tissues are present for the conduction of substances.

Activity 1

Find out the scientific names of the following animals and plants:
(a) Frog
(b) Peacock
(c) Human
(d) Neem
(e) Maize
(f) Honeybee

Observations
It is difficult to remember names of a species in different languages. There was a need for some system to create uniform naming convention.

Animal/Plant Scientific Name
1. Frog 1. Rana tigrina
2. Peacock 2. Pavo cristatus
3. Human 3. Homo sapiens
4. Honeybee 4. Apis indica
5. Neem 5. Azadirachta indica
6. Maize 6. Zea mays

 

Activity 2

  • Soak seeds of green gram, wheat, maize, pea and tamarin(d) Once they become tender, try to split the seeds. Observe if the seeds break into two nearly equal halves.
  • Now, observe the roots, leaves and flowers of these plants and record your observations.
    Observations
  • All seeds do not break into two nearly equal halves.
  • Out of the given seeds, gram, pea and tamarind are dicots while wheat and maize are monocots.
  • Dicot plants have tap-roots and monocots have fibrous root system.
  • Dicot plant leaves have reticulate venation, whereas monocot leaves have parallel venation.
  • In monocot flowers, petals are three or in multiples of three (trimerous). In dicot flowers, petals are five or in multiples of five (pentamerous).

Value Based Questions

Question 1.
Many medicinal plants are getting extinct every year. A group of students who had gone for educational trip clicked photographs of endangered plants. These photographs were used by the school laboratory to study these plants.
1. Name two endangered plants.
2. Name any one medicinal plant and write its medicinal use.
3. What value of students is reflected in the above act?
Answer:

  1. Two endangered plants are: Lotus comiculatus and Acacia planifrons.
  2. Aloe – vera Juice of Aloe vera is used in case of indigestion, treating skin infections, etc.
  3. Students are caring citizens, showing responsible behavior.

Question 2.
Due to global warming, coral is getting diminished in all the oceans/water bodies. People in the Lakshadweep island protect their corals by not allowing people/tourists to take few pieces away.
1. Name the phylum of coral.
2. What is coral made up of?
3. What values of people in Lakshadweep island are reflected?
Answer:

  1. Phylum of coral is coelenterata.
  2. Coral is made up of calcium carbonate.
  3. People in Lakshadweep island reflect the values of being responsible citizens, respecting environment and nature.

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

JAC Board Class 9th Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Which are the two types of tissues?
(a) Meristematic and temporary
(b) Meristematic and permanent
(c) Meristems and temporary
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Meristematic and permanent

Question 2.
Parenchyma is a type of
(a) complex tissue
(b) simple tissue
(c) xylem
(d) phloem
Answer:
(b) simple tissue

Question 3.
Transpiration and exchange of gases are functions of
(a) stomata
(b) xylem
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of these
Answer:
(a) stomata

Question 4.
Which are the four types of animal tissues?
(a) Epithelial, squamous, muscular, connective
(b) Epithelial, cardiac
(c) Connective, nervous
(d) Cuboidal, columnar
Answer:
(c) Connective, nervous

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 5.
Which of the myelin sheath?
(a) Blood
(b) Cartilage
(c) Tendon
(d) Neuron
Answer:
(d) Neuron

Question 6.
A group of cells alike in form, function and origin are called
(a) tissue
(b) organ
(c) organelle
(d) none of these
Answer:
(a) tissue

Question 7.
Which of the following tissues is composed of mainly dead cells?
(a) Phloem
(b) Epidermis
(c) Xylem
(d) Endodermis
Answer:
(c) Xylem

Question 8.
Phloem in the plants performs the function of
(a) conduction of food
(b) conduction of water
(c) providing support
(d) photosynthesis
Answer:
(a) conduction of food

Question 9.
Which of the following tissues forms glands?
(a) Epithelial
(b) Connective
(c) Nervous
(d) Muscle
Answer:
(a) Epithelial

Question 10.
The end of a long bone is connected to another bone by
(a) ligament
(b) tendon
(c) cartilage
(d) nuclei
Answer:
(a) ligament

Question 11.
Which of the following cells are living cells?
(a) Fibres
(b) Vessels
(c) Collenchyma
(d) all of these
Answer:
(c) Collenchyma

Question 12.
How many guard cells enclose a stoma?
(a) One
(b) Two
(c) Three
(d) Four
Answer:
(b) Two

Question 13.
Which of the following cells helps sieve tubes to translocate food?
(a) Xylem parenchyma
(b) Phloem parenchyma
(c) Phloem fibre
(d) Companion cell
Answer:
(d) Companion cell

Question 14.
A neuron consists of
(a) cell body
(b) dendrites
(c) axon
(d) all of these
Answer:
(d) all of these

Question 15.
Nerve cell does not contain
(a) nerve endings
(b) tendons
(c) axon
(d) dendrites
Answer:
(b) tendons

Analysing & Evaluating Questions

Question 16.
While doing work and running, you move your organs like hands, legs et(c) Which among the following is correct?
(a) Smooth muscles contract and pull the ligament to move the bones.
(b) Smooth muscles contract and pull the tendons to move the bones.
(c) Skeletal muscles contract and pull the ligament to move the bones.
(d) Skeletal muscles contract and pull the tendon to move the bones.
Answer:
(d) Skeletal muscles contract and pull the tendon to move the bones.

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 17.
A nail is inserted in the trunk of a tree at a height of 1 metre from the ground level. After 3 years the nail will.
(a) move downwards.
(b) move upwards.
(c) remain at the same position.
(d) move sideways.
Answer:
(c) remain at the same position.

Question 18.
You are asked to observe the permanent slides of parenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues. You will identify the slide containing sclerenchyma tissue by locating.
(a) thickened cell walls
(b) size of the cells
(c) position of nucleus
(d) size of nucleus
Answer:
(a) thickened cell walls

Assertion Reason Questions

Directions: In the following questions, the Assertions and the Reasons have been put forward. Read the statements carefully and choose the correct alternative from the following:
(A) Both the assertion and the reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
(B) The assertion and the reason are correct but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(C) The assertion is true but the reason is false.
(D) Both the statements are false.
1. Assertion: Meristematic tissues are found in the growing tips of roots and shoots of a plant.
Reason: Meristematic tissues are composed of cells having the ability of cell division.
Answer:
(A) Both the assertion and the reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

2. Assertion: Outer protective layer of plants is made up of epidermal tissues.
Reason: Epidermal tissue is always composed of dead cells.
Answer:
(C) The assertion is true but the reason is false.

3. Assertion: Xylem shows unidirectional transport of materials.
Reason: Tracheids and vessels of xylem consist of dead cells.
Answer:
(B) The assertion and the reason are correct but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.

4. Assertion: Ligament is a fibrous connective tissue.
Reason: Ligament connects muscle with skin.
Answer:
(C) The assertion is true but the reason is false.

5. Assertion: Peristalsis of food pipe is an involuntary action.
Reason: Food pipe is made up of smooth muscles.
Answer:
(A) Both the assertion and the reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the three types of meristematic tissues.
Answer:
Apical, lateral and intercalary tissues.

Question 2.
Where is apical meristem found?
Answer:
It is present at the growing tips of stem and root it increases the length of the stem and roots.

Question 3.
Name the two types of plant tissues.
Answer:
Meristematic tissue and permanent tissue.

Question 4.
Define tracheids.
Answer:
A tracheid is a tubular cell in a vascular plant that carries water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. lt also provides structural support.

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 5.
Write the names of various types of blood cells.
Answer:
There are three types of blood cells: RBCs, WBCs, and Platelets.

Question 6.
What are guard cells?
Answer:
Each stoma is bounded by a pair of specialised kidney-shaped epidermal cells called guard cells.

Question 7.
Write the main function of meristematic tissue.
Answer:
The main function of meristematic tissue is to form new cells continuously for increasing cell number, length and the girth of the plant.

Question 8.
Define simple permanent tissue.
Answer:
It consists of one type of cells which look like one another.

Question 9.
Give three types of simple permanent plant tissues.
Answer:
(a) Parenchyma
(b) Collenchyma
(c) Sclerenchyma

Question 10.
What are the main functions of vascular tissues in plants?
Answer:
Vascular tissues transport:

  1. Water and dissolved minerals from roots to various parts of the plant (xylem).
  2. Prepared food material from leaves to different plant parts (Phloem).

Question 11.
Define vascular bundles.
Answer:
In plants, complex tissues xylem and phloem, together constitute a structure called vascular bundle. Their main function is transportation of water, minerals and food materials within plant body.

Question 12.
Define xylem.
Answer:
Xylem is a complex plant tissue which transports water and dissolved minerals from roots to all other plant parts.

Question 13.
What are muscular tissues?
Answer:
These are specialised tissues which are composed of contractile, fibre – like cells. These tissues are responsible for movement in our body.

Question 14.
What are the main functions of muscular tissue?
Answer:
The main function of muscular tissue is the movement of the body or limbs which is brought about by contraction and relaxation of contractile proteins present in muscle cells.

Question 15.
Which type of muscles is the stomach wall made up of?
Answer:
Smooth or non – striated muscles. They are involuntary muscles.

Question 16.
What are the two main features of connective tissue?
Answer:
Main features:

  1. Cells are loosely spaced and are embedded in matrix.
  2. Matrix may be jelly – like, fluid, dense or rigid.

Question 17.
Which cell may be longest in the body of an animal?
Answer:
Neuron (nerve cell) which may be up to 1m long (in special cases).

Analysing & Evaluating Questions

Question 18.
If the tip of sugarcane plant is removed from the field, even then it keeps on growing in length. Explain why?
Answer:
The sugaracane plant keeps growing due to the presence of intercalary meristem which is responsible for increase in intemodal length.

Question 19.
If a potted plant is covered with a glass jar, water vapours appear on the inner wall of glass jar. Explain why?
Answer:
Plants lose water through the aerial parts by the process known as transpiration. If the potted pant is covered with a glass jar, the water vapours cannot escape outside and stick to the cooler inner walls of glass jar due to condensation.

Question 20.
Water hyacinth floats on water surface. Explain.
Answer:
In aquatic plants like water hyacinth, a type of parenchyma tissue called aerenchyma is present. It develops air spaces in these plants to provide them buoyancy so that they can float easily on the surface of water.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Differentiate between bone and cartilage.
Answer:

Bone Cartilage
(a) It is hard. (a) It is soft.
(b) Matrix has an inflexible material. (b) Matrix has a flexible material.
(c) Matrix always contains calcium salts. (c) Calcium salt may or may not be present in the matrix.
(d) Bones have rich blood supply. (d) Cartilages do not have rich blood supply.

Question 2.
What are the functions of areolar tissue?
Answer:
Functions of areolar tissue are as follows:

  1.  It fills the space inside the organs, thus acts as a packing tissue between the organs.
  2.  It supports many delicate organs in the body.
  3.  It plays role in repair of tissues.

Question 3.
Write differences between xylem and phloem.
Answer:

Xylem Phloem
(a) It contains mainly dead elements. (a) It consists of mainly living elements.
(b) It conducts water and minerals. (b) It conducts food.
(c) It provides mechanical strength to the plant. (c) It does not provide mechanical strength to the plant.

Question 4.
Why does epidermal tissue have no intercellular space?
Answer:
Epidermis is formed of single continuous layered cells. It covers without any intercellular space and protects all parts of the plant. Small pores called stomata are present on the leaf, and help in the exchange of gases and water. Epidermal cells on the aerial parts of the plant secrete waxy, water resistant layers on their outer surface. It checks the loss of water, mechanical injury and invasion by parasitic fungi. Roots commonly bear long hair like parts that increase the total absorptive surface area of water absorption.

Question 5.
Write the functions of different types of cells of xylem.
Answer:
Xylem consists of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres. Tracheids and vessels allow the transport of water and minerals. Xylem parenchyma stores food and helps in the sideways conduction of water. Xylem fibres are supportive in function.

Question 6.
State the difference between bone and blood.
Answer:

Bone Blood
(a) It is a hard tissue. (a) It is a liquid tissue.
(b) It consists of osteocytes. (b) It consists of plasma, RBC, WBC and blood platelets.
(c) It helps in movement and support of the body. (c) It helps in the transport of substances.

Question 7.
What are the characteristic features of meristematic cells?
Answer:
Meristematic cells have:

  1. Thin cell walls.
  2. Abundant or dense cytoplasm and single large nucleus.
  3. Spherical, oval, polygonal or rectangular shape.
  4. No intercellular spaces between them.
  5. Either no vacuole at all or a few vacuoles.

Question 8.
How many types of meristems are present in plants, on the basis of position? Show diagrammatically.
Answer:
On the basis of location of meristem, it is classified into three types:

  1. Apical meristem: It is present at the tip of stem, root and their branches.
  2. Intercalary meristem: It is found at the leaf base, above the nodes (i.e, at the base of intemodes like in grasses) or below the nodes (i.e., at the uppermost region of intemodes like in mint). Apical meristem
    JAC Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 6 Tissues h
  3. Lateral meristem: Vascular cambium and cork cambium are examples of lateral meristem. Vascular cambium is found in vascular bundles, while cork cambium is found underneath the bark of trees. Both of these cause increase in girth of plants.

Question 9.
What are permanent tissues?
Answer:
The cells of meristematic tissue lose the ability to divide and get differentiated into specialised cells. These differentiated cells form different types of tissues which are known as permanent tissues. Some examples of permanent tissues are parenchyma, sclerenchyma, etc.

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 10.
Give the main functions of parenchyma The main functions of parenchyma are as follows:
Answer:

  1. Chlorenchyma contains chloroplast which helps in photosynthesis.
  2. Parenchyma cell stores food in the form of starch, proteins, oils and fats.
  3. It helps in floating of aquatic plants due to presence of aerenchyma tissue.
  4. Idioplasmic cell secretes resins, latex, tannin, oils, etc.
  5. Parenchyma of xylem and phloem helps in transport of nutrition and water.
  6. Parenchyma tissue provides mechanical support.

Question 11.
Define the structure of sclerenchyma Write its major functions.
Answer:
Sclerenchyma (scleras – hard) is the chief mechanical tissue of plants. It is a permanent tissue. The cells are made up of sclerenchymatous tissue. The cells are usually long, narrow, pointed at both ends and uniformly thickened by the deposition of lignin without any space in between the cells. The walls are often very highly thickened so that the lumen or cell cavity is nearly obliterated. They are usually provided with simple pits which may be oblique or straight.
JAC Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 6 Tissues i

  1. Sclerenchyma is made up of dead and lignified cells which provide support to plants.
  2. It provides hardness to stony fruits such as nuts, coconut, almonds, etc.

Question 12.
What are the main functions of collenchyma?
Answer:
The main function of collenchyma is to provide mechanical support, tensile strength, elasticity and flexibility to stem, leaf stalks and leaves.

Question 13.
What are the four main functions of epithelial tissues?
Answer:
Epithelial tissue covers the body surface and forms the lining for most internal cavities. The major function of epithelial tissue includes protection, secretion, absorption and filtration. The skin is an organ made up of epithelial tissue which protects the body from dirt, dust, bacteria and other microbes that may be harmful.

Question 14.
Differentiate between voluntary and involuntary muscles.
Answer:
Voluntary muscles are those which are directly under control of our conscious will, e.g., skeletal muscle. They work or move on our command. Involuntary muscles are not directly under command of our will. We cannot stop contraction or restart contraction of the stomach, intestine or heart muscles. They are of two types cardiac and smooth muscles. Smooth muscles are found in stomach, intestine, and iris of eyes, in ureter and in the bronchi of lungs. Another type of involuntary muscles, i.e, cardiac muscles are found in heart.

Question 15.
Name three types of muscle tissues and give functions of each.
Answer:
The three types of muscle tissues are:

  1. Striated muscles: These muscles show alternate light and dark bands or striations. They are voluntary muscles and present in skeletal tissues, help in movement of body and bones.
  2. Smooth muscles: These are involuntary muscles; control the movement of food in alimentary canal, contraction and relaxation of blood vessels are present in iris, uterus, etc.
  3. Cardiac muscles: These muscles are present in heart, help in the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of heart throughout the life.

Question 16.
What are the two main components of blood? Why is blood considered a type of connective tissue?
Answer:
Blood has two main components:

  1. Fluid (liquid) matrix called plasma.
  2. Suspended red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets.
    • Blood is considered as a connective tissue because it has the same origin as the other connective tissues have.
    • It flows to different parts of the body and thus connects different parts of the body with one another to exchange materials and gases.

Analysing & Evaluating Questions

Question 17.
Animals of colder regions and fishes of cold water have thicker layer of subcutaneous fat. Describe why?
Answer:
The animals of colder regions are subject to more heat loss due to very low temperature. The subcutaneous fat under the dermis layer of the skin forms an insulating layer against the extremely cold environment and also acts as a food store.

Question 18.
Due to excessive workout, an athlete was suffering from fatigue. He was suggested to take rest for some time and then again join the practice.
(a) Why did the athlete feel tired after excessive workout?
(b) Why was he asked to take rest and then join the practice again?
Answer:
(a) The skeletal muscles of our limbs are responsible for body movement. These muscles have power and contract very fast. The excessive activity and lack of oxygen supply to the muscles makes them tired soon. This results in the accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles which keeps them in the state of inactivity and tiredness.

(b) While he is on rest, the body regains the oxygen supply to the muscle cells. The lactic acid deposited in the muscles is then transported by blood to the liver, where it is converted to glycogen (a carbohydrate).

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give the flow chart of plant tissues.
Answer:
JAC Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 6 Tissues j

Question 2.
What is connective tissue? Explain its types.
Answer:
A connective tissue consists of different types of cells. The different types of connective tissues are as follows:
JAC Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 6 Tissues k
1. Blood: It has a fluid matrix called plasma in which RBCs, WBCs and platelets are suspended, Blood transports gases, digested food, hormones and waste materials to different body parts.

2. Bone: This connective tissue forms the framework that supports the body. It also anchors the muscles and supports the main organs of the body

3. Ligament: This connective tissue connects the two bones. This is very elastic having considerable strength.

4. Tendon: It connects muscles to bones. It is a fibrous tissue with great strength but limited flexibility.

5. Cartilage: It has widely spaced cells. It smoothens bone surfaces at joints and is also present in the nose, ear, trachea and larynx.

6. Areolar tissue: It is a connective tissue which consists of matrix, several types of cells, collagen and elastin fibres. It is found between the skin and muscles, around blood vessels and nerves and in the bone marrow. It fills space inside the organs, supports internal organs and helps in repair of the tissues.

7. Adipose tissue: It consists of cells (adipocytes) which are filled with fat globules. These cells remain scattered in a matrix. It is found below the skin and between internal organs. It stores fats and acts as an insulator.
JAC Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 6 Tissues l

Question 3.
Show the types of animal tissues through flow chart.
JAC Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 6 Tissues m

Question 3.
Why is epidermis considered a protective tissue?
Epidermis is considered a protective tissue because its prime purpose is to form a physical barrier between the outside and inside of the body. These tissues are usually present in the outermost layer of the plant body such as leaves, stem and roots. It is one cell thick and covered with cutin and protects the underlying tissues present in the plant body. As roots and stems grow older with time, tissues at the periphery become cork cells. Cork cells are dead, have no intercellular spaces and the cell walls are heavily thickened by the deposition of suberin. They prevent loss of water.

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 5.
Describe the complex tissue of plants.
Answer:
Complex permanent tissue is composed of two or more than two types of cells and contributes to a common function. It is also known as vascular tissue Xylem and phloem are the two complex tissues.

  1. ylem: Xylem is composed of four types of cells tracheids, vessels, xylem fibres and xylem parenchyma Most of these cells are dead. Tracheids and vessels help in water transportation, parenchyma cells are mainly supportive in function.
  2. Phloem: Phloem is made up of four types of elements sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres and phloem parenchyma It helps in the transportation of food in both the directions, i.e., from leaves to roots and to other parts of the plant.

Question 6.
Observe the diagrams and answer the questions given below.
JAC Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 6 Tissues n
(a) What kind of cells are there in shoot apex and root apex?
(b) What are the main characteristics of these cells?
Answer:
(a) Meristematic cells.

(b) Cells have big nucleus and dense cytoplasm. These cells lack intercellular spaces and vacuoles.

Question 7.
Describe the characteristics of parenchyma What are its major modifications?
Answer:
Characteristics of parenchyma tissue:

  1. Living tissue.
  2. Shape spherical, oval, rectangular, polygonal, elongated or irregular in shape.
  3. Cell wall a thin wall made up of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin.
  4. Young parenchymatous cells are loosely arranged.
  5. Intercellular space is present.
  6. Cells store reserve food material.
  7. Parenchyma is found in all parts of plant such as cortex, pith, palisade, mesophyll, flower, seed, etc.
  8. It is also found in vascular tissues.

Two modifications of parenchyma are chlorenchyma and aerenchyma.

  • Chlorenchyma: Sometimes cells of the parenchyma contain chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis. This kind of parenchyma is known as chlorenchyma.
  • Aerenchyma: In aquatic plants, parenchyma contains big air spaces in between them. Such a parenchyma tissue is known as aerenchyma

Analysing & Evaluating Questions

Question 8.
Bharti was asked to identify the following blood cells as erythrocytes, thrombocytes and types of leucocytes.
(a) On what basis was she able to identify erythrocytes?
(b) Which cells are shown by the labels B, C and D?
(c) What are the functions of E and F?
(d) Write any characteristic feature of G.
JAC Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 6 Tissues 14
Answer:
(a) Erythrocytes or red blood cells are biconcave, disc – shaped and without nucleus.

(b) B, C and D represent neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils, respectively. These are types of leucocytes called granulocytes.

(c) E – Monocytes engulf bacteria and cellular debris at the injured site on the body. F – Lymphocytes produce antibodies and provide immunity.

(d) G – Blood platelets are colourless, non – nucleated, small or round – shaped cells. They play role in blood coagulation.

Activity 1

  • Take two glass jars and fill them with water.
  • Now, take two onion bulbs and place one on each jar, as shown in the given figure.
  • Observe the growth of roots in both the bulbs for a few days.
  • Measure the length of roots on day 1, 2 and 3.

JAC Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 6 Tissues 15
On day 4, cut the root tips of the onion bulb in jar 2 by about 1 cm. After this, observe the growth of roots in both the jars and measure their lengths each day for five more days and record the observations in table, as shown below. Growth of roots in onion bulb:

Length Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5
Jar 1
Jar 2

 

Observations

  • Onion in Jar 1 has longer roots because they keep on growing due to the presence of root tips.
  • Roots stop growing in onion in Jar 2 as their root tips are removed.
  • The tips stop growing in Jar 2 after we cut them because the apical meristem which causes increase in length of roots is removed.

Activity  2

  • Take a plant stem and with the help of your teacher, cut very thin slices or sections of it.
  • Now, stain the slices with safranin. Place one neatly cut section on a slide, and put a drop of glycerine.
  • Cover with a cover – slip and observe under the microscope. Observe the various types of cells and their arrangement and compare them.

Observations

  • All cells are not similar in structure; we see a variety of cells with different shapes and sizes.
  • We can see at least 8 – 10 different types of cells in the slide.
  • There are varieties of cells so that each group of cells does a specific role in the overall growth of plant.

JAC Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 6 Tissues 16

Activity 3

  • Take a freshly plucked leaf of Rhoeo.
  • Stretch and break it by applying pressure.
  • While breaking it, keep it stretched gently so that some peel or skin projects out from the cut.
  • Remove this peel and put it in a petri dish filled with water.
  • Add a few drops of safranin.
  • Wait for a couple of minutes and then transfer it onto a slide. Gently place a cover slip over it.
  • Observe under microscope.

JAC Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 6 Tissues 17
Observations
The epidermis is the outermost covering, usually made of a single layer of cells. The epidermis of leaf bears small pores called stomata.

Value Based Questions

Question 1.
A group of students completed the project of finding the botanical name of all the trees present in the school campus. They prepared metal plates with name carved on it, to fix it on the plant trunks. Shreya was concerned that if the metal plate is fixed into tree many cells of the tree may get damaged. But the group members explained her that the outer layer of trunk does not have living cells and there won’t be any damage to the tree.
1. What types of cells are present on the outer layer of the bark/tree trunk?
2. How does the cork act as a protective tissue?
3. What value of the group is seen in the above case?
Answer:

  1. On the outer layer of tree/trunk a thick layer of dead cells is present which acts as a protective tissue.
  2. In cork, all cells are dead without intercellular spaces and the walls of the cells have deposition of suberin.
  3. The students in a group show team effort, learning and co – operation.

Question 2.
A paralytic patient was unable to walk. The family members of the patient took the utmost care of the patient.
(a) Name two tissues responsible for the movement of a body.
(b) Name the tissues present in brain and spine.
(c) What value of the family members is seen in the above case?
Answer:
(a) The two tissues responsible for movement of the body are muscular tissue and nervous tissue.
(b) The tissues present in brain and spines are nervous tissues.
(c) The family member showed the value of caring, responsibility, dutiful and kindness.

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life

JAC Board Class 9th Science Important Questions Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Who coined the term protoplasm for the fluid substance of the cell?
(a) Hugo von Mohl
(b) Robert Brown
(c) W. Flemming
(d) Robert Hooke
Answer:
(a) Hugo von Mohl

Question 2.
Which of the following scientists coined the term ‘cell’?
(a) Leeuwenhoek
(b) J.E. Purkinje
(c) Robert Hooke
(d) Robert Brown
Answer:
(c) Robert Hooke

Question 3.
The powerhouse of a cell is
(a) Chloroplast
(b) Golgi apparatus
(c) Mitochondria
(d) Vacuole
Answer:
(c) Mitochondria

Question 4.
Proteins are formed in
(a) Golgi bodies
(b) nucleus
(c) plastids
(d) ribosomes
Answer:
(d) ribosomes

Question 5.
The solution in which a cell will gain water by osmosis is termed as
(a) isotonic solution
(b) hypertonic solution
(c) hypotonic solution
(d) both (a) and (b)
Answer:
(c) hypotonic solution

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life

Question 6.
The inner membrane of mitochondria is folded because
(a) it has no space inside
(b) it helps in the transportation of materials
(c) it increases the surface area
(d) it stores more food
Answer:
(c) it increases the surface area

Question 7.
The opening and closing of stomata is due to
(a) sunlight
(b) osmosis
(c)plasmolysis
(d) endocytosis
Answer:
(b) osmosis

Question 8.
Which of the following molecules is known as the energy currency of the cell?
(a) DNA
(b) RNA
(c) ATP
(d) Amino acid
Answer:
(c) ATP

Question 9.
The largest cell in the human body is
(a) nerve cell
(b) muscle cell
(c) liver cell
(d) kidney cell
Answer:
(a) nerve cell

Question 10.
The network of endoplasmic reticulum is present in the
(a) nucleus
(b) nucleolus
(c) cytoplasm
(d) chromosomes
Answer:
(c) cytoplasm

Question 11.
Mitochondria are found
(a) in all types of living cells
(b) only in animal cells
(c) only in plant cells
(d) in eukaryotic cells only
Answer:
(d) in eukaryotic cells only

Question 12.
Which organelle is considered as suicide bag of the cell?
(a) Centrosomes
(b) Mesosomes
(c) Lysosomes
(d) Chromosomes
Answer:
(b) Mesosomes

Question 13.
Centriole performs the function of
(a) formation of spindle fibres
(b) nucleolus formation
(c) cell wall formation
(d) cell division initiation
Answer:
(c) cell wall formation

Analysing & Evaluating Questions

Question 14.
A student observed a slide containing onion peel cells under a microscope in low and high magnification. In low magnification, he would have observed
(a) fewer cells in a brighter field of view
(b) more cells in a brighter field of view
(c) more cells in a darker field of view
(d) fewer cells in a darker field of view
Answer:
(a) fewer cells in a brighter field of view

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life

Question 15.
A person with swollen gums rinses his mouth with lukewarm salt water and the swelling of his gums decreases. This is because
(a) the swollen gums absorb the salt water solution
(b) the salt water solution lowers the temperature of the water in the gums
(c) the salt in the solution moves against the concentration gradient
(d) the water in the gums moves out due to the high concentration of salt in the solution
Answer:
(b) the salt water solution lowers the temperature of the water in the gums

Question 16.
In a biology laboratory, Arjun observed two unknown cells namely Cell A and Cell B, by using a microscope. He identified Cell A as a plant cell and Cell B as an animal cell. His teacher told him that he identified the cells correctly. What did Arjun most likely observe to correctly identify the cells?
(a) Cell B had a cell membrane and Cell A did not.
(b) Cell A had a cell wall and Cell B did not.
(c) Cell B had a chloroplast and Cell A did not.
(d) Cell A had a nucleus and Cell B did not.
Answer:
(b) Cell A had a cell wall and Cell B did not.

Assertion Reason Questions

Directions: In the following questions, the Assertions and the Reasons have been put forward Read the statements carefully and choose the correct alternative from the following:
(A) Both the assertion and the reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
(B) The assertion and the reason are correct but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(C) The assertion is true but the reason is false.
(D) Both the statements are false.
1. Assertion: Cell membrane is semi – permeable but cell wall is non – permeable.
Reason: Cell membrane is made up of lipids whereas cell wall is made up of proteins.
Answer:
(D) Both the statements are false.

2. Assertion: Plant cells are more rigid than animal cells.
Reason: Plant cells have cell wall made up of cellulose.
Answer:
(A) Both the assertion and the reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

3. Assertion: Mitochondria are semi – autonomous organelles.
Reason: Mitochondria lack their own DNA, RNA and ribosomes.
Answer:
(C) The assertion is true but the reason is false.

4. Assertion: Chromosomes are visible at the time of cell division only.
Reason: Chromosomes in a cell are more condensed at the time of cell division.
Answer:
(A) Both the assertion and the reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

5. Assertion: About 50 – 80 % of a plant cell is coupled by the vacuole.
Reason: Vacuole of a plant cell stores many essential materials.
Answer:
(B) The assertion and the reason are correct but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are plastids?
Answer:
Plastids are double membrane – bound organelles found inside plants and some algae, which are primarily responsible for activities related to making and storing food Many plastids are photosynthetic, but some are not.

Question 2.
Name the smallest cell and the longest cell in the human body.
Answer:
The smallest cell is the sperm cell in male. The longest cell is the nerve cell.

Question 3.
What did Robert Hooke observe in the cork of a plant?
Answer:
Robert Hooke observed that cork consists of box – like compartments which form a honeycomb structure.

Question 4.
What is diffusion?
Answer:
The movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration across a semi-permeable membrane is called diffusion.

Question 5.
What is the full form of DNA?
Answer:
The full form of DNA is Deoxyribonucleic acid It is a complex molecule found in all living cells that determines all the characteristics of a living thing.

Question 6.
Name the cell organelle that helps in packaging of substances.
Answer:
Golgi apparatus.

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life

Question 7.
What are cisternae?
membrane – bound vesicles arranged in stacks called cistemae.

Question 8.
Which organelle makes the digestive enzymes of lysosomes?
Answer:
Rough endoplasmic reticulum makes the digestive enzymes of lysosomes.

Question 9.
What is the function of cell wall and plasma membrane?
Answer:
Cell wall gives rigidity, shape and protection to the plant cell. Cell membrane allows only selected materials to move in and out of the cell.

Question 10.
What is endocytosis? Give one example.
Answer:
The process in which a cell, due to flexible cell membrane, engulfs food and other materials from its external environment is known as endocytosis. Amoeba acquires its food through this process.

Question 11.
What is chromatin material?
Answer:
Inside the nucleus, a tangled mass of threadlike structure is present which is called chromatin material. Chromatin material is the combination of DNA and proteins.

Question 12.
What are genes?
Answer:
Genes are segments of DNA present linearly on chromosomes. (They are the functional units of chromosomes.)

Question 13.
Who discovered the first living cell? Give an example of a unicellular organism.
Answer:
Anton von Leeuwenhoek discovered the cells in living organisms. An example of unicellular organism is Amoeba.

Question 14.
Define chromosomes.
Answer:
Chromosomes are rod – shaped structures found in the nucleus of a cell. They contain information for inheritance of features from parents to the next generation in the form of DNA molecules.

Question 15.
What is the function of centrosome?
Answer:
Centrosome helps in cell division in animal cells. The polar caps perform the same function in a plant cell.

Question 16.
What is the function of mitochondria?
Answer:
In mitochondria, digested food is broken down to release energy. This released energy is stored in the form of ATR

Question 17.
Define plasmolysis.
Answer:
When a living plant cell loses water through osmosis, there is shrinkage or contraction of the protoplasm away from the cell wall. This phenomenon is called plasmolysis.

Analysing & Evaluating Questions

Question 18.
Aperson takes concentrated solution of salt and after sometime, he starts vomiting. What is the phenomenon responsible for such situation.
Answer:
The concentrated salt solution is hy – pertonic When consumed, it causes exosmosis of the cells of various digestive organs of the body. This causes uncomfortable stretching of cells resulting into reverse peristaltic movements, ultimately leading to vomiting.

Question 19.
If cells of onion peel and RBC are separately kept in hypotonic solution, what will you observe in each case?
Answer:
When kept in hypotonic solution, the RBCs will swell up and then burst due to endosmosis. In case of onion peel kept in hypotonic solution, a rigid cell wall counteracts the pressure when the cells become turgid The endosmosis stops and onion peel cells do not burst.

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life

Question 20.
Bacteria do not have chloroplast but some bacteria are photoautotrophic in nature and perform photosynthesis. Which part of bacterial cell performs this?
Answer:
In some photoautotrophic (photosyn – thetic) bacteria, photosynthetic pigments are present inside some vesicles which may be attached to the plasma membrane.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
State two conditions required for osmosis.
Answer:

  1. The difference in the concentration of water, i. e., one should have higher concentration than the other,
  2. Semi – permeable membrane is also required through which water will flow.

Question 2.
Differentiate between smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Answer:

  1. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: It looks smooth. SER helps in the manufacture of fat molecules or lipids.
  2. Rough endoplasmic reticulum: It looks rough. Ribosomes are attached to RER which synthesises proteins.

Question 3.
What is the function of nucleus in a cell?
Answer:
Nucleus controls the hereditary characteristics of an organism. It is responsible for protein synthesis, cell division, growth and differentiation. It stores hereditary material in the form of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strands. It also stores proteins and ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the nucleolus. Nucleolus produces ribosomes and is known as protein factory of the cell. It also regulates the integrity of genes and gene expression.

Question 4.
What is the function of plastids?
Answer:
Plastids are present only in plant cells. There are two types of plastids: chromoplast (coloured plastids) and leucoplasts (colourless).

  • By trapping solar energy, green plastids manufacture food through photosynthesis.
  • Chromoplast provides colour to various flowering parts.
  • Leucoplasts help in storage of proteins, starch and fats.

Question 5.
What are ribosomes? Where are they located in the cell? What is their function?
Answer:
Ribosomes are spherical organelles present in the cells which are either freely distributed in the cytoplasm or may be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. It consists of ribosomal RNA (Ribonucleic acid) and proteins. It helps in the synthesis of proteins.

Question 6.
Define membrane biogenesis.
Answer:
The endoplasmic reticulum helps in the manufacture of proteins and fat molecules or lipids which are important for the cell function. These proteins and lipids help in the building up of the cell membrane. This process is known as membrane biogenesis.

Question 7.
Draw various cells of human body.
Answer:
JAC Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life 1

Question 8.
What is the significance of cell wall in a plant cell?
Answer:
The cell wall performs following functions in the plant cells:
(a) It gives a definite shape to the cell.
(b) It provides rigidity and strength to the cell.
(c) It protects the plasma membrane and inner cell organelles by bounding the cell from outside.
(d) It allows cells of plants, fungi and bacteria to withstand very dilute external media without bursting.
(e) It helps in transport of the materials in and out of the cell.
(f) It maintains the shape of the cell when cytoplasm shrinks away from cell wall during plasmolysis.
(g) It prevents desiccation of cells.

Question 9.
Distinguish between plasma membrane and cell wall.
Answer:

Plasma membrane Cell wall
(a) It consists of proteins and lipids. It is living. (a) It is made up of a complex carbohydrate called cellulose. It is dead or non-living.
(b) It is found in both plants and animal cells. (b) It is found in plant cells only.
(c) It is semi permeable. (c) It is freely permeable.
(d) It is soft and elastic. (d) It is hard and rigid.

Question 10.
What is the function of endoplasmic reticulum?
Answer:
(a) ER helps in transporting materials from one part of the cell to the other.
(b) It acts as skeletal framework and provides mechanical strength to cytoplasmic matrix.
(c) It provides larger surface area for synthesis of various metabolic activities.
(d) It contains various enzymes which act as catalyst in synthesis of lipids and proteins.
(e) SER is also involved in the process of detoxification of drugs and poisons.

Question 11.
What is lacking in a virus which makes it dependent on a living cell to multiply?
Answer:
Viruses lack selectively permeable plasma membrane and cell organelles. Thus they lack a basic structural organisation to perform various life processes effectively in their own way. After entering a living cell, a virus utilises its own genetic material and machinery of host cell to multiply.

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life

Question 12.
Write three main points of cell theory as expressed by Scleiden, Schwann and Virchow.
Answer:
Cell Theory: Schleiden and Schwann proposed that:

  1. All plants and animals are composed of cells.
  2. The cell is the basic unit of life. Later on Virchow added that
  3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Question 13.
What are the functions of Golgi apparatus?
Answer:
Functions of Golgi apparatus are as follows:

  1. Golgi apparatus is the secretory organelle of the cell. It packages and dispatches the material synthesised in the cell to intracellular (plasma membrane and lysosomes) and extracellular targets.
  2. Golgi complex is also involved in the formation of lysosomes.
  3. Golgi apparatus is also involved in the synthesis of many substances such as polysaccharides, glycoproteins, etc.

Question 14.
Differentiate between unicellular and multicellular organisms. How is multi-cellularity advantageous over unicellularity?
Answer:
Differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms are as follows:

Unicellular organisms Multicellular organisms
(a) Their body consists of single cell. (a) Their body consists of more than one cell.
(b) All functions associated with life take place in a single cell. (b) Different parts of body perform different functions.
(c) Example: Amoeba and Chlamydomonas. (c) Banyan tree and horse. Multicellularity provides division of labour. This helps the organisms to perform various life processes in a better way.

Analysing & Evaluating Questions

Question 15.
We eat food composed of all the nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. After digestion, these are absorbed in the form of glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, etc What mechanisms are involved in absorption of digested food and water?
Answer:
The absorption of these digested nutrients and water follows the following mechanisms:
(a) Carbohydrates (glucose), proteins (amino acids) and some ions (minerals) – by active transport.
(b) Fats (fatty acids) and glycerol – by passive transport (diffusion).
(c) Water – by osmosis.

Question 16.
Karan observed onion peel cells in biology laboratory. He could view the cell wall, cytoplasm, and nucleus clearly. Suddenly his friend spilled a few drops of salty water on the slide containing the onion peel. After some time, Karan observed the slide again and found some changes in the onion cells.
1 .What changes would have been observed by karan?
2. Name the process that brought changes in the onion cells.
Answer:

  1. Karan observed the process of exosmosis in onion peel cells. Salty water, being a hypertonic solution, causes water to flow out from the cell due to exosmosis. As a result, cytoplasm along with plasma membrane shrinks and separates from the cell wall,
  2. Plasmolysis.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Draw a neat labelled diagram of animal cell.
Answer:
JAC Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life 2

Question 2.
Draw a neat labelled diagram of plant cell and label its parts.
JAC Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life 3

Question 3.
What will happen if an animal or a plant cell is put into a solution of sugar and water?
Answer:
Osmosis is the net movement of water from an area of higher water potential to an area of lower water potential across a semi – permeable membrane.If a living cell is placed in a solution with a lower water potential (such as concentrated solution of sugar or salt) than the water potential of the cell, water will move out of the cell due to exosmosis. When this occurs, the cytoplasm of the cell shrinks in volume due to water loss. This process is known as plasmolysis.

Question 4.
Describe the role played by the lysosomes.
Answer:
Functions of lysosomes:

  1. Sometimes lysosomal enzymes are released outside the cell to break down extracellular material.
  2. Lysosomes also destroy any foreign material which enters inside the cell such as bacteria.
  3. In damaged cells, ageing cells or dead cells, lysosomes get ruptured and enzymes are release(d) These enzymes digest their own cell.
  4. Lysosomes contain about 40 ydrolytic enzymes. When the cell gets damaged, lysosomes burst and their enzymes digest their own cell. So, lysosomes are called ‘suicide bags’ of the cell.
  5. Foreign materials entering the cell, such as bacteria or food, as well as old organelles end up in the lysosomes, which break them up into small pieces.

Question 5.
Describe the structure of mitochondria
Answer:
Mitochondria are shaped perfectly to maximise their productivity. They are made up of two membranes. The outer membrane covers the organelle and contains it like a skin. The inner membrane folds over many times and creates layered structures called cristae. The gel like material in the  mitochondria is called matrix. The folding of the inner membrane increases the surface area inside the organelle. Since many of the chemical reactions happen on the inner membrane, the increased surface area creates more space for reactions to occur.
JAC Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life 4
Mitochondria are special because they have their own ribosomes and DNA floating in the matrix. There are also structures called granules which may control the concentration of ions.

Question 6.
Write a note on the structure of a cell.
Answer:
1. Cell is the fundamental unit of all living organisms. It is enclosed by an outer ‘plasma membrane’ (PM) which is selectively permeable. Plant cells have an additional covering called ‘cell wall’, outside to the plasma membrane.

2. Inside the plasma membrane, there is a translucent viscous substance called cytoplasm in which the organelles are embedded The control centre of the cell is the nucleus; it contains all the information necessary for the cell to function and to reproduce. Surrounding the nucleus is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in which ribosomes may be embedded Ribosomes are granular structures which are the site of protein synthesis.

3. The powerhouse of the cell is the mitochondria which help in releasing energy by the oxidation of food in cell. There is a membranous secretory organelle in the cell called Golgi body.

4. In plant cells, an additional structure located near the nucleus, called the chloroplast, is also present. They are the site of photosynthesis.

5. Cells also contain lysosomes which are also called suicide bags. They digest and remove the unwanted debris of the cell. Centrioles located near the nucleus help in cell division. Cytoplasm also contains vacuoles filled with cell sap. In plant cells, vacuole is large and centrally placed.

Analysing & Evaluating Questions

The diagram given below shows a beaker containing 30% salt solution and a suspended cell containing 10% salt solution
JAC Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life 5
1. What will happen to the cell in this set – up after 20 minutes?
2. Which part of the cell limits the entry or exit of materials into or from the cell and why?
3. Explain the process that occurred in this set – up.
Answer:

  1. Since the solution outside the cell has more salt concentration (30%) than that present inside the cell, the water will move out from the cell and the cell will shrink.
  2. Cell membrane limits the entry or exit of materials into or out of the cell due to its selective permeability.
  3. Exosmosis occurred in this set – up. It is the process in which water moves out of the cells through the cell membrane, if surrounded by the hypertonic solution.

Activity – 1

  • Let us take a small piece of onion peel with the help of a pair of forceps.
  • Keep it immediately in a watch glass containing water.
  • Take a glass slide, put a drop of water on it at the centre, and transfer a small piece of onion peel on the slide from the watch glass.
  • Make sure that the peel is perfectly flat on the slide.
  • Now put a drop of iodine solution on this piece followed by a cover slip.
  • Take care to avoid the entry of air bubbles while putting the cover slip with the help of a mounting needle.
  • Now focus the slide under compound microscope and observe.

JAC Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life 6

Observations

  • Small compartment – like structures are observed.
  • Each cell shows a cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm.

Activity-2

  • Remove the shell of an egg by dissolving it in dilute hydrochloric acid The shell is
    mostly calcium carbonate. A thin outer skin now encloses the egg. Put the egg in pure water and observe after five minutes.
  • Record your observations.
  • Place a similar de – shelled egg in a concentrated salt solution and observe after five minutes.

Observations

  • The egg swells when kept in pure water because water enters it by osmosis.
  • Water passes out of the egg cells into the salt solution because the salt solution is more concentrated Water flows from the region of higher water concentration to the region of lower water concentration.

Activity 3

  • Take dried raisins or apricots in normal water and leave them overnight.
  • Then place them into a concentrated solution of sugar or salt.
  • Record your observations. Observations
  • Each raisin/apricot gains water and swells when placed in pure water.
  • But, when placed in the concentrated solution, it loses water and shrinks.
  • There is no change in water level.

Activity 4

  • Mount the peel of a Rhoeo leaf in water on a slide and examine the cells under high power of the microscope. Note the small green granules, called chloroplasts. They contain a green substance called chlorophyll. Put a strong solution of sugar or salt on the mounted leaf on the slide. Wait for a minute and observe under a microscope.
  • Now place some Rhoeo leaves in boiling water for a few minutes. This kills the cells. Then mount one leaf peel on a slide and observe it under a microscope. Put a strong solution of sugar or salt on the mounted leaf on the slide. Wait for a minute and observe it again.

Observations

  • In this experiment, water from the cells moves out by osmosis thereby shrinking the cells. This process is called plasmolysis.
  • On boiling the leaves, the cells are dead and the osmosis does not take place in these leaves.

Activity 5

  • Take a glass slide with a drop of water on it. Using an ice cream spoon, gently scrap the inside surface of the cheek.
  • With the help of a needle transfer this material on a clean glass slide and spread it evenly. To colour the material, put a drop of methylene blue solution on it. Put a cover slip on it.
  • Observe the slide under the microscope.

JAC Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life 7
Observations

  • The cells are seen on the slide with no cell wall but prominent nucleus.
  • The cells are slightly round/oval in shape. They are cheek cells.

Value Based Questions

Question 1.
A teacher fixed one stained temporary mount of leaf peel cells under one microscope and another slide of cheek cells in the other microscope. He focused both slides under respective microscopes. Then the teacher asked the students to observe the slides under the microscopes and located the following in peel cells and cheek cells:
(a) A densely stained body, called nucleus in both the slides.
(b) A lightly stained substance, called cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus. After observation, the teacher asked the following questions:
1. What do you infer from this activity?
2. What is the key message conveyed about plants and animals?
Answer:

  1. Plants are also formed of cells like us or other animals.
  2. Plants are also living things. We should not harm them unnecessarily, rather we should protect them.

Question 2.
Our body is formed of millions of cells. Now, you can imagine how minute the cells are(a) We cannot see unicellular bacteria or our cheek cells without the help of a microscope but we can see a type of cell with naked eye. These are shelled eggs, for example, egg of a hen. Eggs of a bird after hatching give rise to young ones (chick).
With this information, answer the following questions:
(a) Egg of which bird is the largest?
(b) Why is it advised to eat one egg daily?
(c) Why should we not eat more eggs daily for a long period?
(d) What is your duty after getting this information?
Answer:
(a) Ostrich (Struthio cameras). Its egg size is about 15 cm x 13 cm, weighing about 3 pounds.
(b) An egg provides sufficient proteins, fats, vitamin A and vitamin D.
(c) Eggs contain lots of cholesterol that may cause heart diseases. We should not eat many eggs in a day for a long period.
(d) Our duty is that we should make our friends, relatives and community aware about useful and harmful effects of eating eggs.

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions Chapter 4 Structure of the Atom

JAC Board Class 9th Science Important Questions Chapter 4 Structure of the Atom

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Almost the entire mass of an atom is concentrated in the?
(a) proton
(b) electron
(c) nucleus
(d) neutrons
Answer:
(c) nucleus

Question 2.
Positive charge is carried by:
(a) X – rays
(b) cathode rays
(c) Y – rays
(d) anode rays
Answer:
(d) anode rays

Question 3.
Which one is not true for isotopes?
(a) Similar mass number
(b) Similar chemical properties
(c) Similar atomic number
(d) Similar electronic configuration
Answer:
(a) Similar mass number.

Question 4.
Electron was discovered by
(a) Chadwick
(b) Thomson
(c) Goldstein
(d) Bohr
Answer:
(b) Thomson.

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions Chapter 4 Structure of the Atom

Question 5.
The size of an atom is decided by
(a) mass of the atom
(b) number of protons
(c) number of protons and neutrons
(d) number of electrons
Answer:
(d) number of electrons.

Question 6.
Calcium has 20 electrons. These occupy K, L, M and N shells. Which shell or shells are incomplete?
(a) L, M, N shells
(b) M, N shells
(c) N shell
(d) K, M, L, N shells
Answer:
(c) N shell

Question 7.
The K, L and M shells of an atom are full. Its atomic number is:
(a) 18
(b) 20
(c) 10
(d) 12
Answer:
(a) 18.

Question 8.
Cathode rays are deflected towards?
(a) positive electrode
(b) negative electrode
(c) both electrodes
(d) none of the electrode
Answer:
(a) positive electrode.

Question 9.
The absolute charge of an electron is?
(a) -1.6 × 10-19C
(b) +1.6 × 10-19C
(c) 0.16 × 10-19 C
(d) 16 × 10-19 C
Answer:
(a) -1.6 × 10-19C.

Question 10.
The proton is heavier than an electron by?
(a) 1850 times
(b) 1840 times
(c) 1000 times
(d) 100 times
Answer:
(b) 1840 times.

Question 11.
Carbon – 12 atom has:
(a) 6 electrons, 6 protons, 6 neutrons
(b) 6 electrons, 12 protons, 6 neutrons
(c) 12 electrons, 6 protons, 6 neutrons
(d) 18 electrons, 6 protons and 6 neutrons
Answer:
(a) 6 electrons, 6 protons, 6 neutrons.

Question 12.
Chadwick got the Nobel prize for the discovery of?
(a) protons
(b) neutrons
(c) electrons
(d) none of these
Answer:
(b) neutrons.

Question 13.
The volume of the nucleus of an atom when compared to the extranuclear part is?
(a) bigger
(b) smaller
(c) same size
(d) unpredictable
Answer:
(b) smaller.

Question 14.
The isobars among the following are
(a) \({ }_{20}^{40} \mathrm{Ca}\), \({ }_{17}^{34} \mathrm{Cl}\)
(b) \({ }_{18}^{40} \mathrm{Ar},{ }_{19}^{40} \mathrm{Ca}\)
(c) \({ }_{8}^{16} \mathrm{O},{ }_{8}^{18} \mathrm{O}\)
(d) \({ }_{7}^{19} \mathrm{X},{ }_{7}^{13} \mathrm{Y}\)
Answer:
(b) \({ }_{18}^{40} \mathrm{Ar},{ }_{19}^{40} \mathrm{Ca}\).

Question 15.
Outermost shell of an atom cannot accommodate more electrons than
(a) 2
(b) 8
(c) 18
(d) 16
Answer:
(b) 8.

Analysing & Evaluating Questions

Question 16.
The number of electrons in an element X is 15 and the number of neutrons is 16. Which of the following is correct representation of the element?
(a) \({ }_{15}^{31} X\)
(b) \({ }_{31}^{16} X\)
(c) \({ }_{16}^{15} X\)
(d) \({ }_{15}^{17} X\)
Answer:
(a) \({ }_{15}^{31} X\).

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions Chapter 4 Structure of the Atom

Question 17.
The ion of an element has 3 positive charges. Mass number of the atom is 27 and the number of neutrons is 14. What is the number of electrons in the ion?
(a) 13
(b) 10
(c) 14
(d) 16
Answer:
(b) 10.

Question 18.
Which of the following in figures given below do not represent Bohr’s model of an atom correctly?
JAC Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 4 Structure of the Atom 2
(a) I and II
(b) II and III
(c) II and IV
(d) I and IV
Answer:
(c) II and IV.

Assertion Reason Questions

Directions: In the following questions, the Assertions and the Reasons have been put forward Read the statements carefully and choose the correct alternative from the following:
(A) Both the assertion and the reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
(B) The assertion and the reason are correct but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(C) The assertion is true but the reason is false.
(D) Both the statements are false.

1. Assertion : Nucleus of an atom is positively charged.
Reason : Neutrons lie in the nucleus of an atom.
Answer:
(B) The assertion and the reason are correct but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.

2. Assertion : Electrons revolving in the orbit never fall in the nucleus.
Reason : Opposite charges of nucleus and electrons maintain centripetal force.
Answer:
(C) The assertion is true but the reason is false.

3. Assertion : Valency of aluminum is 3.
Reason : Valency is the number of electrons present in the outermost shell.
Answer:
(C) The assertion is true but the reason is false.

4. Assertion : Mass of an atom lies in its nucleus.
Reason : Nucleus of an atom is composed of neutrons and protons.
Answer:
(A) Both the assertion and the reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

5. Assertion : Hydrogen and deuterium have similar chemical properties.
Reason : Hydrogen and deuterium have the same electronic configuration.
Answer:
(A) Both the assertion and the reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is an electron? What are its relative mass and charge?
Answer:
An electron is that sub – atomic particle which is negatively charged and has a mass of about 1/1840 times that of an atom of hydrogen.

Question 2.
What are nucleons?
Answer:
The sub – atomic particles (protons and neutrons) present in the nucleus of an atom are known as nucleons.

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions Chapter 4 Structure of the Atom

Question 3.
Why Bohr’s orbits are called stationary states?
Answer:
According to Bohr’s theory, electrons revolve around the nucleus and they have a fixed amount of energy. Thus, they are called stationary states.

Question 4.
What is an orbit?
Answer:
Orbit is the path around the nucleus in which the electron revolves.

Question 5.
What is meant by the electronic configuration of elements?
Answer:
The systematic arrangement of electrons in different orbits or shells of an atom of an element is known as the electronic configuration of that element.

Question 6.
Why did Rutherford select a gold foil in his α – ray scattering experiment?
Answer:
It is because gold has high malleability and it can be hammered into thin sheets.

Question 7.
Will Cl – 35 and Cl – 37 have different valencies?
Answer:
No. It is because these are isotopes of chlorine that have same atomic number but different mass numbers.

Question 8.
Calculate the number of neutrons present in the nucleus of an element X which is represented as X 15.
Answer:
\({ }^{31} \mathrm{X}_{15}\)indicate that no. of protons = 15 and mass number = 31
Mass number = No. of protons + No. of neutrons = 31
Number of neutrons = 31 – number of protons = 31 – 15 = 16

Question 9.
Why do Helium, Neon and Argon have zero valency?
Answer:
Helium, Neon and Argon have 2, 8 and 8 electrons respectively in their outermost shell, so there is no need for them to gain or lose electrons. Hence, they have zero valency.

Question 10.
Name two elements each with same number of protons and neutrons?
Answer:
Carbon (protons = neutrons = 6) and oxygen (protons = neutrons = 8)

Question 11.
Can the value of Z be same for two different atoms? (Z = atomic number)
Answer:
No, two different atoms cannot have same atomic number.

Question 12.
Name the scientist who discovered protons and neutrons in an atom.
Answer:
Protons were discovered by E. Goldstein in 1866 and neutrons were discovered by J. Chadwick in 1932.

Question 13.
What is an octet? Why do the atoms want to complete their octet?
Answer:
When the outermost shell of an atom is completely filled, it is said to be an octet. Atoms want to complete their octet because they want to become stable.

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions Chapter 4 Structure of the Atom

Question 14.
Find the valency of \({ }_{7}^{14} \mathrm{~N}\) and \({ }_{17}^{35} \mathrm{Cl}\)
The atomic number of nitrogen = 7,
number of protons = 7,
number of electrons = 7
Electronic configuration = K L M
= 2, 5,
⇒ Valency = 3
It will either gain three electrons or share 3 electrons to complete its octet.
The atomic number of chlorine = 17,
number of protons = 17,
number of electrons = 17
Electronic configuration = K L M
= 2, 8, 7 = Valency = 1 It will gain 1 electron to complete its octet.

Question 15.
Give the difference between three sub-atomic particles.
Answer:
Three sub – atomic particles are electrons, proton and neutron:

Particle Electron Proton Neutron
Discovered by J.J Thomson E. Goldstein J. Chadwick
Charge -1 +1 0
Symbol e P n
Mass 1/1840u 1u 1u

Analysing & Evaluating Questions

Question 16.
In a sample of ethyl ethanoate (CH3COOC2H5), the two oxygen atoms have the same number of electrons but different number of neutrons. What can be the possible reason for it?
Answer:
The reason for it is that the two oxygen atoms are isotopes.

Question 17.
In response to a question, a student stated that in an atom, the number of protons is greater than the number of neutrons, which in turn is greater than the number of electrons. Do you agree with the statement? Justify your answer.
Answer:
No. The statement is wrong In a neutral atom, the number of protons and electrons are always equal.

Question 18.
In the Gold foil experiment of Geiger and Marsden, that paved the way for Rutherford’s model of an atom, about 1.00% of the α – particles were found to deflect at angles > 50°. If one mole of α – particles were bombarded on the gold foil, compute the number of α – particles that would deflect at angles less than 50°.
Answer:
No. of particles deflected by < 50°
=\(\frac{99}{100} × \) × 6.022 x 1023 = 5.96 × 1023.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In what way did Thomson propose the atomic model?
Answer:
Thomson proposed the model of an atom to be similar to a Christmas pudding The electrons are studded like currents in a positively charged sphere like Christmas pudding and the mass of the atom is supposed to be uniformly distributed.

Question 2.
What is an electron? State its relative mass and charge.
Answer:
An electron is a negatively charged particle found in the atoms of all the elements. Its relative mass is 1/1840
(a) m.u. and relative charge is negative.

Question 3.
What is a discharge tube?
Answer:
A discharge tube is a glass tube about 70 cm long and having a diameter of 5 cm. Two metal electrodes are sealed at the two ends, one of which is connected to the negative terminal of a battery and the other to the positive terminal. A side tube is fused at the centre of the glass tube which serves to pump out air from it, using a suction pump.

Question 4.
What are anode rays? State three properties of anode rays.
Answer:
Anode rays are stream of positively charged particles shot out from the anode of a discharge tube when a current is passed through a gas.

  1. Anode rays travel in straight lines. They cast shadows of the objects placed in their path.
  2. Anode rays can produce mechanical effects. This is evident by the fact that they can rotate a light paddle.
  3. Anode rays are positively charged as they are deflected towards the negative plate in an electric field.

Question 5.
What happens to the e/m ratio of positive rays and why?
Answer:
The mass and charge of positively charged particles depend upon the gas, which is taken in the discharge tube. Different gases contain particles having different masses and different charges and consequently give different types of positive rays. In other words, the charge – to – mass ratio (e/m) is not constant.

Question 6.
A student weighs 30 kg Suppose his entire body is made up of electrons. How many electrons are there in his body? Compare the total number of electrons in his body with the population of India.
Answer:
Mass of electron = 9.1 × 10-31kg.
Number of electrons in the body of student = Total mass/Mass of each electron = 30 kg/ 9.1 × 10-31 kg Therefore, the student is made up of approximately 3 . 29 × 1031 electrons. The population of India is about 130 crores.
\(\frac{3.29 \times 10^{31}}{1.3 \times 10^{9}}\)
= 2.53 × 1022
Therefore, number of electrons in the body of the student is 2.53 × 1022 times the population of India.

Question 7.
When an electron jumps from energy level K to energy level L, why is the energy of the atom increased?
Answer:
When an electron revolves around its nucleus in its orbit, sometimes it gain energy and it jumps from lower energy shell to higher energy shell. The energy of electrons increases hence, the energy of atom also increases.

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions Chapter 4 Structure of the Atom

Question 8.
State the similarities and dissimilarities between protons and neutrons.
Answer:
1. Similarities:

  • Both protons and neutrons are present in the nucleus of an atom.
  • The mass of a neutron is approximately equal to the mass of a proton, i.e., 1.67 × 10-27 kg.

2. Dissimilarities:

  • Protons possess a unit positive charge (1.6 × 10-19coulomb).
  • Neutron carries no charge, i.e., it is an electrically neutral particle.

Question 9.
Argon atom has 18 electrons. How many energy shells or orbits are incomplete?
Answer:
Distribution of 18 electrons in argon atom is K – shell = 2 electrons, L – shell = 8 electrons and M – shell = 8 electrons. K – shell and L – shell have maximum capacity of 2 and 8 electrons respectively. M – shell has a capacity of 18 electrons. Since, it is the outermost orbit and there is a rule that ‘the maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in the outermost orbit is 8. In the present case, M – shell is also complete. Thus, in argon atom, no shell is incomplete. Argon atom has three comletely filled energy shells.

Question 10.
An element has 16 protons. How many electrons will be present in K, L and M shells of its atom? What will be its electrovalency?
Answer:
No. of electrons = no. of protons = 16
Electronic configuration: K = 2, L= 8, M = 6.
Valency or electrovalency is 8 – 6 = 2.

Question 11.
Define the term isotope. State the similar properties of isotopes.
Answer:
Atoms of the elements having the same atomic number but different atomic masses are called isotopes. This means isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons in their nuclei. For example,

1. Carbon has two isotopes:

  • \({ }_{6}^{12} \mathrm{C}\) – Atomic number 6 and mass number 12 and thus has 6 neutrons.
  • \({ }_{6}^{14} \mathrm{C}\) – Atomic number 6 and mass number 14 and thus has 8 neutrons.

Properties of isotopes are:

  • Isotopes of an element have same atomic number.
  • Isotopes of an element have similar chemical properties.
  • Isotopes of an element have similar number of electrons.
  • Isotopes of an element have similar electronic configurations.

Question 12.
Why is carbon – 14 isotope radioactive whereas carbon – 12 is not?
Answer:
C – 12 atom has 6 protons and 6 neutrons, so it is not radioactive. C – 14 atom has 6 protons but 8 neutrons and thus has more neutrons than protons in its nucleus, therefore, its nucleus becomes unstable and shows radioactivity.

Analysing & Evaluating Questions

Question 13.
An atom ‘M’ of an element reacts with oxygen to form M203. Calculate the valency of the element ’M’.
Answer:
Two atoms of element ‘M’ combine with 3 atoms of oxygen.
∴ Number of oxygen atoms combining with one atom of element ‘M’ =\(=\frac{3}{2}\)
Therefore, the valency of element ‘M’ = \(=\frac{3}{2}\) × 2 = 3.

Question 14.
When high electrical potential is applied across a gas at very low pressure (≈10-5 s atm), the walls of the discharge tube opposite to the cathode start glowing with a faint greenish light. What is the cause behind this observation?
Answer:
Fluorescence of the glass walls due to bombardment by the rays emitted from the cathode is responsible for faint greenish light.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are cathode rays? How are they formed?
Answer:
Cathode rays are a stream of negatively charged particles. These particles, called electrons, are shot from the metal cathode of a discharge tube when an electric current is passed through a gas at a very low pressure. A discharge tube is a long glass tube having two metal electrodes. When the pressure of air in the discharge tube is reduced to 0.001 mm of mercury and a high voltage is applied to the electrodes, the emission of light by air stops. But it is noticed that the wall of the discharge tube at the end opposite to the cathode begins to glow with greenish light. Since these rays originate at the cathode, they are known as cathode rays.

Question 2.
Who discovered the nucleus within an atom? How?
Answer:
Ernest Rutherford discovered the nucleus within an atom in his alpha – ray scattering experiment. The arrangement of the alpha – particle scattering experiment is as follows:
JAC Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 4 Structure of the Atom 3
Rutherford produced a narrow beam of particles from a radioactive source (e.g., radium or polonium), which was allowed to strike an extremely thin gold foil. Rutherford proposed that if the spherical model proposed earlier, which made a uniform distribution of positive and negative particles was correct, then the alpha particle striking the gold atoms would be uniformly deflected However the observations were:

  1. Most of the alpha particles passed straight through the gold foil without suffering any deflection from their original path
  2. A few of them were deflected through small angles, while a very few deflected to a large extent.
  3. A very small percentage (1 in 12,000) was deflected through 180° (turned back).
    This showed that positive mass is concentrated only at the centre of the atom. This was identified as nucleus.

Question 3.
Describe Rutherford’s model of an atom.
Answer:
Rutherford’s model of an atom:

  1. The atom of an element consists of a small positively charged nucleus which is situated at the centre of the atom and which carries almost the entire mass of the atom.
  2. The electrons are distributed in the empty space of the atom and are revolving around the nucleus at high speed.
  3. The number of electrons in an orbit is equal to the number of positive charges (protons) in the nucleus. Hence, the atom is electrically neutral.
  4. The volume of the nucleus is negligibly small as compared to the volume of the atom.
  5. Most of the space in the atom is empty.
  6. The arrangement is just like the solar system.

Question 4.
What are the important properties of cathode rays?
Answer:
The important properties of cathode rays:

  1. Cathode rays travel in straight lines. That is why, cathode rays cast shadow of any solid object placed in their path.
  2. Cathode rays set a paddle wheel into motion when it is placed in the path of these rays on the bladder of the paddle wheel. Hence, they are made up of material particles.
  3. Cathode rays consist of negatively charged particles. When cathode rays are subjected to an electrical field, these get deflected towards the positively charged plate (anode).
  4. Cathode rays heat the object only on which they fall. The cathode ray particles possess kinetic energy. When these particles strike an object, a part of the kinetic energy is transferred to the object. This causes a rise in the temperature of the object.
  5. Cathode rays cause green fluorescence on glass surface, i.e., the glass surface on which the cathode rays strike shows a coloured shine.
  6. Cathode rays can penetrate through thin metallic sheets.
  7. Cathode rays ionise the gases through which they travel.
  8. When cathode rays fall on certain metals, such as copper, X – rays are produced The X – rays are not deflected by electrical or magnetic fields. X – rays pass through opaque materials such as black paper, but stopped by solid objects such as bones.
  9. Cathode rays travel with speed nearly equal to that of light.

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions Chapter 4 Structure of the Atom

Question 5.
State the postulates of Bohr’s model of an atom. Draw a diagram of Bohr’s model of an atom.
Answer:
The postulates of Bohr’s model of atom are as follows:
(a) In an atom, the electrons revolve around the nucleus in certain definite circular paths called orbits or shells. These are represented by the letters K, L, M, N… or the numbers n = 1,2, 3. 4…..

(b) The maximum number of electrons present in a shell is given by the formula 2n2, where ‘n’ is the orbit number or energy level index, 1,2,3……. Hence, the maximum number of electrons in different shells is as follows, First orbit (K shell) will be = 2 × 12 = 2, second orbit (or L shell) will be = 2 × 22 = 8, third orbit (M shell) will be = 2 × 32 = 18 and so on.
JAC Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 4 Structure of the Atom 4
(c) The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in the outermost orbit is 8.

(d) Electrons are not accommodated in a given shell, unless the inner shells are filled That is, the shells are filled in a step – wise manner.

(e) While revolving in discrete orbits, the electrons do not radiate energy.

Question 6.
Atom A has a mass number of 238 and atomic number of 92 and atom B has mass number 235 and atomic number 92.
1. How many protons do atoms A and B have?
2. How many neutrons do atoms A and B have?
3. Are atoms A and B isotopes of the same element? How?
Answer:

  1. Both atoms A and B have the same number of protons = atomic number = 92
  2. Number of neutrons in atom A = Mass number – atomic number = 238 – 92 = 146 Number of neutrons in atom B = 235 – 92 = 143
  3. Atoms A and B are isotopes of the same element as these have similar chemical properties. This is because both have same number of electrons.

Analysing & Evaluating Questions

Question 7.
The radiation emitted by the cathode in a discharge tube at very low pressure (≈ 10 – 5 atm) is found to get deflected towards positive field, can set a paddle wheel into motion, cast shadow of any solid object placed in its path and travel with the speed of light.
(a) Identify the radiation.
(b) Mention its properties which are responsible for the observed phenomena.
Answer:

  1. The radiation is cathode rays.
  2. The properties of the emitted radiation which are responsible for the observed phenomena are:
    • get deflected towards positive field indicates that it consists of negatively charged particles.
    • can set a paddle into motion indicates that the cathode rays consist of material particles.
    • casts shadow of any solid when placed in its path indicates that cathode rays travel in straight line.
    • travel with the speed of light which indicates that particles in it are associated with electrical and magnetic fields, that is, the rays are electromagnetic radiation.

Activity – 1

  1. Rub a comb on your dry hair.
  2. Does the comb then attract the small pieces of paper?
    Now bring the comb close to some small pieces of paper.
    Observation
  3. On rubbing, some electrons will move from hair to comb Thus the comb has negative charge.
  4. The negatively charged comb will attract the paper pieces.

Activity – 2

  1. Rub a glass rod with a silk cloth and bring the rod near an inflated balloon.
  2. Observe what happens.

Observation
On rubbing, some electrons will move from glass rod to the silk cloth. Thus the glass rod becomes positively charged This charged glass rod now attracts the inflated balloon.

Value Based Questions

Question 1.
The distribution of electrons into different orbits of an atom was suggested by Bohr and Bury. The maximum number of electrons in a shell is given by 2n where n is the orbit number or energy level, i.e., K, L, M, N Further, shells are filled in a stepwise manner and that the outermost shell cannot accommodate more than 8 electrons. Shyam was asked to give the distribution of 20 electrons contained in an atom. He suggested the distribution as 2, 8, 10 as per formulation (2n2). The teacher – guided him and explained him the correct distribution.
1. What should be the correct distribution? Which shells are completely filled?
2. What moral values were given by the teacher to Shyam?
Answer:

  1. The correct distribution is 2, 8, 8, 2. The shells (K, L) are completely filled.
  2. The teacher told Shyam that a principle should be applied in totality to solve a problem.

Question 2.
00Isotops are the variants of a particular element. While all isotopes of a given element show the same number of protons, each isotope differs from the other in the number of neutrons. Due to particular proton – neutron ratio in the nucleus, some isotopes are stable and some are unstable. The latter are called radioactive elements. In the natural element, the amount of radioactivity is quite small and remains ineffective. As radio – elements find use in chemical reactions, medicines and as fuel and even face – wash, these are enriched for specific purpose.
1. Should the enrichment/isolation of radio – elements be banned or continued?
2. As a common man, show your concern to the production and use of isotopes?
Answer:

  1. The isolation/enrichment of isotopes should be continued as these are very useful.
  2. The common concern is that their exposure is dangerous to life and vegetation. These should be handled with care and stored properly.

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions Chapter 3 Atoms and Molecules

JAC Board Class 9th Science Important Questions Chapter 3 Atoms and Molecules

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The value 6.022 × 1023 is also called:
(a) Dalton number
(b) Avogadro number
(c) Atomic number
(d) Mass number
Answer:
(b) Avogadros number

Question 2.
The number of moles in 52g of He is:
(a) 4
(b) 13
(c) 52
(d) 1
Answer:
(b) 13

Question 3.
1 amu means:
(a) 1/2th mass of C – 12atoms
(b) Mass of C – 12atom
(c) Mass of O – 16atom
(d) Mass of hydrogen molecules
Answer:
(a) 1/2th mass of C – 12atoms.

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions Chapter 3 Atoms and Molecules

Question 4.
Formula for magnesium chloride is:
(a) MgCl
(b) Mg2Cl
(C) MgCl2
(d) MgCl4
Answer:
(C) MgCl

Question 5.
Formula for aluminium oxide is:
(a) AlO
(b) AlO4
(c) AlO4
(d) Al2O3
Answer:
(d) Al2O3

Question 6.
The percentage of hydrogen in H2O molecule is:
(a) 5.55%
(b) 11.11%
(c) 4445%
(d) 88.89%
Answer:
(b) 11.11%

Question 7.
Which of the following is not correctly matched?
(a) Calcium – Ca
(b) Silver – Ag
(e) Gold – Au
(d) Copper – Co
Answer:
(d) Copper – Co

Question 8.
Which of the following will have maximum mass?
(a) 0.1 mole NH3
(b) 1022 atoms of carbon
(c) 1022 molecules of CO2
(d) 1g of Fe
Answer:
(a) 0.1 mole NH3

Question 9.
Which of the following satements is not true about an atom?
(a) Atoms are not able to exist independently.
(b) Atoms are the basic units from which molecules and ions are formed.
(C) Atoms are always neutral in nature.
(d) Atoms aggregate in large numbers to form the matter that we can see, feel or touch.
Answer:
(a) Atoms are not able to exist independently.

Question 10.
Which of the following has maximum number of atoms?
(a) 18g of H2O
(b) 18g of O2
(c) 18g of CO2
(d) 18g of CH4
Answer:
(d) 18g of CH4

Question 11.
All noble gas molecules are
(a) monoatomic
(b) diatomic
(c) triatomic
(d) both (a) and (b)
Answer:
(a) monoatomic

Question 12.
The Valency of nitrogen in NH3 is?
(a) 1
(b) 3
(C) 4
(d) 5
Answer:
(b) 3

Question 13.
How many moles are present in 28g nitrogen atoms?
(a) 1 mole
(B) 2.3 moles
(c) 0.5 mole
(d) 2 moles
Answer:
(d) 2 moles

Question 14.
Molecules of which of the following elements are made up of only one atom of that element?
(a) Sodium
(b) Iron
(c) Helium
(d) Chlorine
Answer:
(c) Helium

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions Chapter 3 Atoms and Molecules

Question 15.
Which of the following elements gives polyatomic molecules?
(a) Ne
(b) P
(e) Ni
(d) Si
Answer:
(b) P

Analysing & Evaluating Questions

Question 16.
Chemical formula of a metal sulphate is MSO4. What will be the formula of its chloride?
(a) MCl2
(b) MCl
(e) M2Cl
(d) M2Cl3
Answer:
(a) MCl2

Question 17.
Valenc of an clement X is 3. Write the chemical formula of its oxide.
(a) X2O3
(b) X2O
(c) XO2
(d) X3O2
Answer:
(a) X2O3

Question 18.
A silver ornament of mass ‘m’ gram is polished with gold equivalent to 1% of the mass of silver. Compute the ratio of the number of atoms of gold and silver in the ornament.
(a) 182.4 : 1
(b) 104 : 2
(c) 155 : 1
(d) 18 : 7
Answer:
(a) 182.4 : 1

Assertion Reason Questions

Directions:
In the following questions, the Assertions and the Reasons have been put forward. Read the statements carefully and choose the correct alternative from the following:
(A) Both the assertion and the reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
(B) The assertion and the reason are correct but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(C) The assertion is true but the reason is false.
(D) Both the statements are false.

1. Assertion : Non – metals usually form anions.
Reason : Non – metals have the tendency to lose electrons.
Answer:
(C) The assertion is true but the reason is false.

2. Assertion : When a substance undergoes a chemical change, there is no change in total mass.
Reason : In a chemical substance, elements are always present in definite proportion by mass.
Answer:
(B) The assertion and the reason are correct but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.

3. Assertion : Atoms cannot exist independently.
Reason : Atoms are the building blocks of elements.
Answer:
(B) The assertion and the reason are correct but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.

4. Assertion : Carbon – 12 isotopes is taken as the standard element for measuring atomic mass.
Reason : Carbon lacks the tendency to form a large number of compounds.
Answer:
(C) The assertion is true but the reason is false.

5. Assertion : Noble gases are inert in nature.
Reason : Noble gases have zero valency.
Answer:
(A) Both the assertion and the reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Very Short Answer Type Questions 

Question 1.
What is the law of constant proportions?
Answer:
The law of constant proportions states that “a pure chemical compound always consists of the same elements that are combined together in a fixed proportion by mass.”

Question 2.
Define atom.
Answer:
The smallest particle of matter, which can take part in a chemical reaction is called atom.

Question 3.
What is molar mass? What are its units?
Answer:
The mass of one mole of a substance, i.e., Avogadro’s number of particles (6.022 x 1023 particles) is called its mass. Its unit is gram per mole (g/mol) or kilogram per mole (kg/mol).

Question 4.
Define atomicity.
Answer:
Atomicity is defined as the number of atoms present in a molecule. For example, atomicity of NH3 is 4 because there is one atom of N and three atoms of H.

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions Chapter 3 Atoms and Molecules

Question 5.
Calculate the formula unit mass of Na2CO3. (Atomic mass of Na = 23u, C = 12u, O = 16u).
Answer:
The formula unit mass of a substance is the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in the formula unit of an ionic compound.
Therefore, formula unit mass of Na2CO3 = (2 × 23) + (1 × 12) + (3 × 16) = 46 + 12 + 48 = 106u.

Question 6.
Write the definition of a cation and an anion.
Answer:

  1. Cation: It is the positively charged ion, e.g., Na+ which is attracted towards cathode in an electric field.
  2. Anion: It is the negatively charged ion, e.g., Cl which is attracted towards anode in an electric field.

Question 7.
Define law of conservation of mass.
Answer:
It states that “mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction”.

Question 8.
‘Atoms of most elements are not able to exist independently. Name two atoms which exist as independent atoms.
Answer:
Noble gases such as argon (Ar) and helium (He) exist independently as atoms.

Question 9.
Write the atomicity of the following:
(a) Sulphur
(b) Phosphorus
Answer:
(a) Polyatomic (Octa – atomic)
(b) Tetra – atomic

Question 10.
State the number of hydrogen atoms in 1g of hydrogen.
Answer:
One gram of hydrogen = One mole = 6.022 × 1023 atoms.

Analysing & Evaluating Questions

Question 11.
An element ‘Z’ forms the following compounds when it reacts with hydrogen, chlorine and oxygen.
ZH3, ZCl3 and Z2O3
(a) What is the valency of element ‘Z’?
(b) Is element ‘Z’ a metal or a non-metal?
Answer:
(a) The valency of ‘Z’ is 3.
(b) Element ‘Z’ is a metal because it is electropositive and is reacting with non – metals.

Question 12.
You are provided with a fine white coloured powder which is either sugar or salt. How would you identify it without tasting?
Answer:
This can be done by heating a little sample of each on a nickel spatula.

  1. If it gets charred, the sample is sugar.
  2. If it remains unaffected, it is salt.

Question 13.
An atom of element A is 1.92 times heavier that an atom of carbon – 12. What is the atomic mass of the element A?
Answer:
Atomic mass of A = 12.0g / mol × 1.92 = 23.04g/mol

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write two drawbacks of Dalton’s atomic theory.
Answer:
Drawbacks of Dalton’s atomic theory:

  1. According to modem theory, atom is not the ultimate indivisible particle of matter. Today, we know that atoms are divisible, i.e., they are themselves made up of particles (protons, electrons, neutrons, etc.),
  2. In case of isotopes of an element, the assumption that atoms of the same element have same mass does not hold good.

Question 2.
What is meant by the term ‘molecule’? Give example.
Answer:
A molecule is the smallest particle of an element or a compound capable of independent existence under ordinary conditions. It shows all the properties of the substance, e.g., molecule of oxygen is O2, Ozone is O3, phosphorus is P4, sulphur is S8, etc.

Question 3.
Define one mole. Illustrate its relationship with Avogadro’s constant.
Answer:
One mole of any species (atoms, molecules, ions or particles) is that quantity in number, having a mass equal to its atomic or molecular mass in grams. The number of particles (atoms, molecules or ions) present in 1 mole of any substance is fixed with a value of 6.022 × 1023. This number is called Avogadro’s number.

Question 4.
What is formula unit mass? How is it different from molecular mass?
Answer:
The formula unit mass of a substance is a sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in one formula unit of a compound. The constituent particles of formula unit mass are ions and the constituent particles of molecular mass are atoms.

Question 5.
Find the number of atoms in each of the following:
(a) 0.5moles of C atoms
(b) 2moles of N atoms
Answer:
(a) 0.5mole of C atoms : Number of atoms in 1 mole of C atoms = 6.022 × 1023 atoms
Number of atoms in 0.5 mole of C atoms = 6.022 × 1023 × 0.5 atoms = 3.011 × 1023 atoms.

(b) 2moles of N atoms : Number of atoms in 1 mole of N atoms = 6.022 × 1023 atoms Number of atoms in 2 moles of N atoms
= 6.022 × 1023 × 2
= 1.2044 × 1023 atoms.

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions Chapter 3 Atoms and Molecules

Question 6.
What do you mean by symbols of elements?
Answer:
In order to write the chemical reactions conveniently, each element is represented by a ‘letter’ or a group of two letters called symbol. Thus, hydrogen is represented as ‘H’ and calcium is represented as ‘Ca’.

Question 7.
With the help of an example, state the significance of a symbol of an element.
Answer:
The symbol of oxygen is O. As an example, let us give the significance of the symbol O.

  1. O represents oxygen element.
  2. O represents one atom of oxygen element.
  3. O represents 16 atomic mass unit.

Question 8.
How do atoms exist?
Answer:
Individual atoms of most elements do not exist independently. These either aggregate to form elements or form molecules or ions which also aggregate in large numbers to form the matter that is available to us. Noble gases like helium, neon, etc., are an exception.

Question 9.
How does an atom differ from a molecule?
Answer:
An atom is the smallest particle of an element which may or may not have independent existence. On the other hand, molecule is the smallest particle of the element or compound which is capable of independent existence. For example, helium (H) is an atom and can exist as such, whereas hydrogen atom (H) cannot exist as such but exists as a molecule, i.e., Hexist as such, whereas hydrogen atom (H) cannot exist as such but exists as a molecule, i.e., H2. A molecule may be made up of similar atoms (homoatomic molecule such as O2) or dissimilar atoms (heteroatomic molecule such as HCl).

Question 10.
How many hydrogen and oxygen atoms are obtained when one molecule of water decomposes?
Answer:
It takes two molecules of the diatomic hydrogen gas to combine with one molecule of the diatomic oxygen gas to produce two molecules of water. In other words the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is 2 : 1 the ratio of hydrogen to water is 1 : 1 and the ratio of oxygen to water is 1 : 2.

Question 11.
What are ionic compounds?
Answer:
Compounds containing charged species are known as ionic compounds. Such compounds are formed from combination of metals with non – metals. For example, sodium chloride is an ionic compound. Its constituent particles are positively charged sodium ions (Na+) and negatively charged chloride ions  (CF)

Question 12.
Name the ions in the following compounds. Sodium fluoride, potassium bromide, calcium oxide, silver sulphide, magnesium oxide
Answer:
(a) Sodium fluoride : Sodium cation and fluoride anion
(b) Potassium bromide : Potassium cation and bromide anion
(c) Calcium oxide : Calcium cation and oxide anion
(d) Silver sulphide : Silver cation and sulphide anion
(e) Magnesium oxide : Magnesium cation and oxygen anion

Question 13.
What is valency? What is its use?
Answer:
The valency of an element is the number of electrons an atom of the element uses to combine with atoms of other elements – it is the combining power of an atom of the element. In an atom, the valence electrons are the electrons that can be used in combining with other atoms. These are the electrons in the orbitals of the outermost shell (also called valency shell). It is not in all cases that the valency of an atom equals the total number of its valence electrons. For example, oxygen has 6 valence electrons, but its valency is 2. Some elements may have more than one combining power (or valency), while others have just one.

Question 14.
Do all elements have a charged valency? Explain.
Answer:
All elements do not form ions so their valencies do not have a charge. For example, carbon and silicon have a valency of 4 and nitrogen has a valency of 3. Further, molecules containing only non – metals are formed without a charged valency. For example, in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), carbon has a valency of 4 and chlorine has a valency of 1.

Question 15.
Write the symbol and valency of the following polyatomic ions. Ammonium, hydroxide, nitrate carbonate, sulphate, sulphite bicarbonate and phosphate. A molecule may be made up of similar atoms (homoatomic molecule such as O2) or dissimilar atoms (heteroatomic molecule such as HCl).
Answer:

Polyatomic ion Symbol Valency
Ammonium (NH4)+ +1
Hydroxide (OH) -1
Nitrate (NO3) -1
Carbonate (CO3)2- -2
Sulphate (SO4)2- -2
Sulphite (SO3)2- -2
Bicarbonate (HCO3) -1
Phosphate (PO4)3- -3


Analysing & Evaluating Questions

Question 16.
In photosynthesis, 6 molecules of carbon dioxide combine with an equal number of water molecules through a complex series of reactions to give a molecule of glucose having a molecular formula C6H12 O6. How many grams of water would be required to produce 18g of glucose? Compute the volume of water so consumed assuming the density of water to 1g cm 3.
Answer:
The photosynthesis can be described by the reaction.
JAC Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 3 Atoms and Molecules 2
(6 × 12) + (12 × 1) + (6 × 16)g = (72 + 12 + 96)g = 180g
180g of glucose requires 108g water. 18g of glucose will require \(\frac{108 \mathrm{~g}}{180 \mathrm{~g}} \) x 8g = 10.8g
Then volume of water used
=\(\frac{\text { Mass }}{\text { Density }}=\frac{10.8}{1 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{~cm}^{-3}}\)
= 10.8 cm3.

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions Chapter 3 Atoms and Molecules

Question 17.
A compound was found to contain: Carbon = 55%, Oxygen = 36% and Hydrogen = 9%. What is the simplest whole number atomic ratio in the compound? The given data are processed as follows: Let us assume that the mass of the given compound is 100 gram.
Answer:
Carbon = 55% = \(\frac{55}{100}\) = 55 gram
Oxygen = 36% = \(\frac{36}{100}\) = 36 gram
Hydrogen = 9% \(\frac{9}{100}\) = 9 gram
\(\frac{55}{12}\) = 4.6 12
\(\frac{36}{16}\) 36/16 = 2.25 16
\(\frac{9}{1}\) 9/1 = 9.

Simplest atomic ratio
\(\frac{4.6}{2.25}\) = 2
\(\frac{2. 25}{2.25}\) = 1
\(\frac{9}{2.25}\) = 4
Thus, the simplest atomic ratio for the given compound is C : O : H = 2 : 1 : 4.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the rules for writing the symbol of an element?
Answer:
IUPAC, i.e., International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry approves names of elements. Symbols are the first one or two letters of the element’s name. The first letter of a symbol is always written as a capital letter (upper case) and second letter as a small letter (lower case).
For example:
Hydrogen → H
Helium → He
Some symbols are taken from the names of elements in Latin, German or Greek. For example,

  • Symbol of iron is Fe, its Latin name is Ferrum.
  • Symbol of sodium is Na, its Latin name is Natrium.

Question 2.
Describe the postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory.
Answer:

  1. Every element is composed of extremely small particles called atoms.
  2. Atoms of a given element are identical, both in mass and properties. Different chemical elements have different kinds of atoms. In particular, their atoms have different masses.
  3. Atoms can neither be created nor be destroyed or transformed into atoms of other elements.
  4. Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine with each other in the ratio of small whole numbers.
  5. The relative number and kinds of atoms in a given compound are constant.

Question 3.
Explain relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass.
Answer:
The atomic mass of an element is the relative mass of its atom as compared with the mass of a particular atom of carbon – 12 which is taken as 12 units. Thus, the atomic mass of an element indicates the number of times one atom of element is heavier than \(\frac{1}{2}\)  of a carbon – 12 atom or (C – 12). For example, the atomic mass of oxygen is 16 which indicates that an atom of oxygen is 16 times heavier than \(\frac{1}{2}\) th mass of a carbon – 12 atom.
One atomic mass unit = \(\frac{1}{2}\) the mass of C – 12 atom.
Relative molecular mass is defined as the number of times one molecule of a substance or given element is heavier than \(\frac{1}{2}\) th of the mass of one atom of carbon – 12. For example, the relative molecular mass of water is 18. This means that the average mass of one molecule of water is 18 times the mass of one – twelfth of a carbon – 12 atom.

Question 4.
What is the utility of the mole concept?
Answer:
The utility of mole concept:

  1. From the number of moles of a substance, we can calculate the number of elementary particles
    because the number of moles of a substance is directly proportional to the number of elementary particles.
  2. One mole of a gas occupies 22. 4 litres at S. T. P (273 K and 1 atm).
  3. One mole of any gas particles in the same conditions of temperature and pressure occupies the same volume.
  4. One mole is equal to molecular mass in grams which is equal to 6.022 x 1023 atoms, molecules, ions, etc. Thus, we can calculate absolute masses of atoms and molecules.

Question 5.
(a) Calculate the mass of 0.72g molecules of CO2.
(b) Calculate the number of moles of iron in iron sheet containing 1022 atoms of iron.
Answer:
(a) Mass of one mole or 1 g molecules of CO2 = 12 + 32 = 44g
Mass of 0.72 g molecules of CO2 = 44 × 0. 72 = 31.68g.

(b) Number of moles containing 6.022 × 1023 atoms = 1 mole
Number of moles containing 1022 atoms of iron = \(\frac{1}{6.022 \times 10^{23}}\) × 1022 = 0.0166 mole
Moles of iron in iron sheet = 0. 0166 mole.

Question 6.
Define the term gram atom. How is it related to the mole and Avogadro’s number?
Answer:
The atomic mass of an element expressed in grams is called gram atomic mass or gram atom. One gram atom of any element contains 6.022 × 1023 (Avogadro’s number) atoms of the element. It is equal to one mole of atoms.
One gram atomic mass = 6.022 × 1023 atoms (Avogadro’s number) = 1 mole. The gram atomic mass of an element is equal to the mass of its = 6.022 × 1023 atoms.

For example, one gram atom of hydrogen atom weighs one gram and contains 6.022 × 1023 hydrogen atoms. One mole of hydrogen atom also weighs one gram. In other words, one atomic unit hydrogen means only one atom of hydrogen whereas one gram hydrogen has one mole atoms or 6.022 × 1023 atoms of hydrogen. Similarly, 16 u oxygen means only one atom of oxygen whereas 16 g oxygen has 6.22 × 1023 atoms of oxygen.

Question 7.
Calculate following:
(a) The mass of one atom of oxygen
(b) The mass of one molecule of oxygen
(c) The mass of one mole of oxygen gas
(d) The mass of one ion of oxygen
(e) The number of atoms in 1 mole of oxygen molecules
Answer:
(a) Mass of one atom of oxygen:
1 mole oxygen atom = 16g = 6.022 × 1023 atoms.
Mass of one atom of oxygen = 16/6.022 × 1023 =2.656 × 10-23g

(b) Mass of one molecule of oxygen:
1 molecule of oxygen = O2 = 2 × 16 = 32u

(c) Mass of one mole of oxygen gas:
1 mole of oxygen gas is O2 = 32g

(d) Mass of one ion of oxygen:
1 mole of oxygen = 6. 022 × 1023 atoms = 16g
Mass of one ion of oxygen =16/6.22 × 1023 = 2.65 × 10-23g

(e) Number of atoms in one mole of oxygen molecules:
1 mole of oxygen molecules, i. e.,
O2 = 6. 022 × 1023 molecules,
1 molecule of O2 = 2 atoms,
Number of atoms in 1 mole of oxygen molecule
= 6. 022 × 1023 × 2 atoms = 1.2044 × 1024 atoms.

Analysing & Evaluating Questions

Question 8.
Take 25 mL of 5% solution of lead nitrate in a beaker (100 mL). Take about 10 mL of dilute HCl in another beaker (100 mL). Weigh both the beakers together with their contents. Transfer dilute HCl to the lead nitrate solution and mix the solution. Allow the reaction to take place. Weigh both the beakers (one with the reaction mixture and the other empty) together.
1. What happens when HCl is added into the solution of lead nitrate?
2. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction that takes place.
3. What happens to the mass of the setup after the reaction?
4. Which law of chemical combination is illustrated by this activity?
Answer:
Weigh both the beakers (one with the reaction mixture and the other empty) together:

  1. When HCl is added to the solution of lead nitrate, white precipitate of lead chloride is formed.
  2. The white precipitate settles down.
    JAC Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 3 Atoms and Molecules 3
  3. There is no change in the mass of the setup after the reaction.
  4. The activity supports / illustrates the law of conservation of mass.

Activity
Take one of the following pairs of chemicals X and Y:

X Y
(a) Copper sulphate Sodium carbonate
(b) Barium chloride Sodium sulphate
(c) Lead nitrate Sodium chloride

JAC Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 3 Atoms and Molecules 4

Prepare separately a 5% solution of any one pair of substances listed under X and Y each in water:

  • Take a little amount of solution of Y in a conical flask and some solution of X in an ignition tube.
    Hang the ignition tube in the flask carefully such that the solutions do not get mixed. Put a cork on the month of the flask as shown in the figure.
  • Weigh the flask with its contents carefully.
  • Now tilt and swirl the flask, so that the solutions X and Y get mixed.
  • Weigh again.
  • What happens in the flask?
  • Do you think that a chemical reaction has taken place?
  • Why should we put a cork on the mouth of the flask?
  • Does the mass of the flask and its contents change?

Observations

  • Some precipitate is formed in all cases.
  • A chemical reaction takes place in all the cases.
  • Cork is put on the mouth of the flask so that no material escapes out or splits out on swirling.
  • The mass of the flask and its contents are the same before the reaction and after the reaction.

Value Based Questions

Question 1.
The idea of divisibility of matter was considered long back in India around 500 B, C. An Indian philosopher Maharishi Kanad, postulated that if we go on dividing matter, we shall end up getting smaller and smaller particles. Ultimately, a time will come when we shall come across the smallest particles, beyond which further division will not be possible. Another Indian philosopher Pakudha Katayama, eleborated his doctrine and said that these particles normally exist in a combined form and give us various forms of matter which find diverse use in our daily life.
1. Later on what name was given to these indivisible particles by Greek philosopher, Democritus.
2. What conclusion can you draw from the above paragraph in the social context?
Answer:

  1. Atoms.
  2. United we stand, divided we fall. Being together we can hope to achieve great heights.

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions Chapter 3 Atoms and Molecules

Question 2.
Lavoisier, along with other scientists, observed that many compounds were formed from two or more elements. All these compounds had the same elements in the same proportions, irrespective of the source of compounds. For example, in a compound of water taken from sea, well or rain, hydrogen and oxygen are present in the ratio 1 : 8 by mass. Similarly, in ammonia, nitrogen and hydrogen are always present in the ratio 14 : 3 by mass, whatever be its source.
1. What name was given to this behaviour of chemical compounds? How is it formulated?
2. Does such properties of a compound related to human behaviour?
Answer:

  1. Above behaviour led to the law of definite proportions. This law states that in a chemical substance, the elements are always present in definite proportions by mass,
  2. Human behaviour is quite complicated. To a good extent, it also depends on the environment from where a person comes.

JAC Class 9 Science Important Questions

JAC Class 9 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 5 आधुनिक विश्व में चरवाहे

JAC Board Class 9th Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 5 आधुनिक विश्व में चरवाहे

वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
जैसलमेर के निकट थार के रेगिस्तान में ऊँट पालकों की बस्ती को कहा जाता है
(अ) थारू
(ब) मारू राइका
(स) ढंडी
(द) राइका
उत्तर:
(स) ढंडी।

2. किस चरवाहा समुदाय के गाँव कच्छ के रन में स्थित हैं
(अ) मालधारी
(ब) राइका
(स) बंजारे
(द) धनगर।
उत्तर:
(अ) मालधारी।

3. राजस्थान के रेगिस्तान में रहने वाला चरवाही समुदाय है
(अ) धनगर
(ब) राइका
(स) कुरुमा
(द) गोल्ला।
उत्तर:
(ब) राइका।

4. थार मरुस्थल भारत के किस राज्य में स्थित है
(अ) राजस्थान
(ब) उत्तर प्रदेश
(स) गुजरात
(द) केरला
उत्तर:
(अ) राजस्थान।

5. निम्न में से अफ्रीका का प्रमुख चरवाहा समुदाय नहीं है
(अ) बेदुईन्स
(ब) मासाई
(स) बोरान
(द) बंजारे।
उत्तर:
(द) बंजारे।

6. सन् 1947 ई. से पूर्व सिन्ध जाने वाले राजस्थान के राइका चरवाहे अब अपने ऊँटों एवं भेड़ों को चराई के लिए कहाँ लेकर जाते हैं
(अ) पंजाब
(ब) उत्तर प्रदेश
(स) हरियाणा
(द) जम्मू-कश्मीर।
उत्तर:
(स) हरियाणा।

अति लघूत्तरात्मक प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
बुग्याल क्या हैं?
उत्तर:
बुग्याल ऊँचे पहाड़ों पर 12000 फुट से भी अधिक ऊँचाई पर स्थित विशाल चरागाह होते हैं।

JAC Class 9 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 5 आधुनिक विश्व में चरवाहे

प्रश्न 2.
जम्मू-कश्मीर राज़्य में भेड़-बकरी पालने वाले समुदाय का नाम बताइए।
उत्तर:
गुज्जर बक्करवाल।

प्रश्न 3.
गुज्जर बक्करवाल समुदाय शीतकाल में कहाँ डेरा डाल लेते हैं?
उत्तर:
शिबालिक की निचली पहाड़ियों में।

प्रश्न 4.
हिमाचल प्रदेश में रहने वाले चरवाहा समुदाय का नाम बताइए।
उत्तर:
गढ़ी समुदाय।

प्रश्न 5.
हिमाचल प्रदेश के गही्दी समुदाय के चरवाहे ग्रीष्म ॠतु में कहाँ रहते हैं?
उत्तर:
लाहौल और स्पीवि क्षेत्र में।

प्रश्न 6.
भाषर किसे कहते हैं?
उत्तर:
गढ़वाल और कुमाऊँ के इलाके में पहाड़ियों के निचले हिस्से के आस-पास पाये जाने वाले शुष्क या सूखे जंगल के इलाके को भाचर कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 7.
महाराष्ट्र में पाये जाने बाले किसी एक चरवाही समुदाय का नाम बताइए।
उत्तर:
धनगर समुदाय।

प्रश्न 8.
धनगर समुदाय वर्षा क्रहतु में कहाँ रहते थे?
उत्तर:
धनगर समुदाय वर्षा ऋतु में महाराप्थ के मध्य पठारों में रहते थे।

प्रश्न 9.
हिमाचल क्षेत्र के चरवाहा समुदायों की मुख्य विशेषता क्या है?
उत्तर:
मौसम के अनुरूप अपने को छालना एवं विभिन्न इलाकों में प्रवास करना।

JAC Class 9 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 5 आधुनिक विश्व में चरवाहे

प्रश्न 10.
हिमालय पर्वतीय क्षेत्र में रहने वाले किन्हीं तीन चरवाहा समुदाय के नाम लिखिए।
उत्तर:

  1. भोटिया,
  2. शेरपा,
  3. किन्नौरौ।

प्रश्न 11.
औपनिवेशिक सरकार ने कल अपराधी जनजाति अधिनियम पारित किया? चरवाही ‘ कर’ कब से लागू किया था?
उत्तर:
उन्नीसर्वीं सदी के मध्य से।

प्रश्न 13.
मासाई समुदाय अफ्रीका महाद्वीप के किस भाग में रहते हैं?
उत्तर:
पूर्वीं भाग में।

प्रश्न 14.
मासाई मुख्य रूप से क्या कार्य करते हैं?
उत्तर:
पशुपालन का कार्य।

प्रश्न 15.
विश्व के किस महाद्दीप में विश्व की आधी से अधिक चरवाह्म आबादी रहती है?
उत्तर:
अफ्रीका महाद्वीप में।

JAC Class 9 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 5 आधुनिक विश्व में चरवाहे

प्रश्न 16.
बदलती हुई परिस्थितियों में मासाई कौन-कौन से खाद्य पदार्थो पर निर्भर होते जा रहे हैं?
उत्तर:
बदलती हुई परिस्थितियों में मासाई मक्का, चावल, आलू एवं गोभी जैसे खान्य पदाध्थों पर निर्भर होत्ते जा रहे हैं।

प्रश्न 17.
‘मासाई’ शब्द्र का शाब्दिक अर्थ क्या है?
उत्तर:
‘मासाई’ शब्द का शाब्दिक अर्थ ‘मेरे ‘लोग’ है।

प्रश्न 18.
काफिला क्या है?
उत्तर:
कफिला का अर्थ है-लोगों का समूह। जब घुर्मतू चरवाहे लोग एक साथ मिलकर सफर करते हैं तो लोगों के इस समूह को काफिला कहते हैं?

प्रश्न 19.
किन्हीं चार समुदायों का नाम बताइए जो आवाजाही के वार्षिक चक्र को अपनाते हैं?
उत्तर:

  1. भोटिया,
  2. गुज्जर बक्करवाल,
  3. गद्दी,
  4. शेरपा,
  5. किजौरी।

प्रश्न 20.
दक्षिण भारत के किन्ही दो चरवाहा समुदायों के नाम बताइए।
उत्तर:
कुरुबा,  गोल्ला।

JAC Class 9 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 5 आधुनिक विश्व में चरवाहे

प्रश्न 21.
राजस्थान के किसी एक चरवाहा समुदाय का नाम बताइए।
उत्तर:
राइका।

प्रश्न 22.
अफ्रीका के किन्हीं पाँच घुमंतु चरवाहा समुदायों के नाम बताइए।
उत्तर:

  1. मासाई,
  2. सोमाली,
  3. बोरान,
  4. बेदुईन्स,
  5. तुर्काना।

प्रश्न 23.
कीनिया के एक चरवाहा समुदाय का नाम लिखिए।
उत्तर:
मासाई।

प्रश्न 24.
मासाई समाज कितनी सामाजिक श्रेणियों में बँटा हुआ है? नाम लिखिए।
उत्तर:
मासाई समाज दो सामाजिक श्रेणियों में बँटा हुआ है:

  1. वरिक्ठ जन (ऐल्डर्स),
  2. योद्धा (वॉरियर्स)।

प्रश्न 25.
किन्ही चार पशुओं के नाम बताइए जिन्हें घुमंतू चरवाहे पालते हैं।
उत्तर:
ऊँट, भेड़, बकरी, भैस।

JAC Class 9 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 5 आधुनिक विश्व में चरवाहे

प्रश्न 26.
चरागाहों को शिकारगाह बनाने पर अफ्रीका में कौन से शिकारगाह अस्तित्व में आए?
उत्तर:
कीनिया में मासाई मारा एवं सम्बुरु नेशनल पार्क तथा तंज़ानिया में सेरेनेनेटी पार्क जैसे शिकारगाह इसी तरह अस्तित्व में आए।

प्रश्न 27.
औपनिवेशिक शासन से पहले मासाईलैण्ड का क्षेत्र किन भागों में फैला हुआ था?
उत्तर:
अपनिवेशिक शासन से पहले मासाईलैण्ड का क्षेत्र उत्तरी कीनिया से लेकर तंज़ानिया के घास के मैद्रानों तक फैला हुआ था।

प्रश्न 28.
बंजारे चरवाहे कहाँ रहते थे?
उत्तर:
बंजारे चरवाहे उत्तर प्रदेश, पंजाब, मध्य प्रदेश एवं महाराट्र के कई क्षेत्रों में रहते थे।

प्रश्न 29.
मासाई योद्धाओं की वेशभूषा क्या होती है?
उत्तर:
मासाई योद्धा गहरे लाल रंग की शुका और चमकदार मोतियों के आभूषण पहनते हैं।

प्रश्न 30.
पर्यांरणणादी तथा अर्थशाख्ती किस बात को गम्भीरता से मानने लगे हैं?
उत्तर:
पयाँवरणवादी तथा अर्धशाख्ली इस बात को गम्भीरता से मानने लगे हैं कि घुमंतू चरवाहों की जीवनशैली संसार के बहुत से पहाड़ी और सूखे क्षेत्र में जीवन-यापन के लिए सबसे अधिक उपयुक्त है।

प्रश्न 31.
जावा किसलिए प्रसिद्ध है? किस औपनिवेशिक शक्ति ने इस पर शासन किया?
उत्तर:
जावा (इंडोनेशिया) चावल उत्पादक द्वीप के रूप में जाना जाता है। यह छच का उपनियेश था।

प्रश्न 32.
कलांग कौन थे?
उत्तर:
जावा में कलांग समुद्दाय के लोग कुशल लकड़हारे और घुमंतू किसान धे।

प्रश्न 33.
बंड़ी क्या है?
उत्तर:
मारु राड़काओं का निवास ठंडी कहलाता है।

प्रश्न 34.
पाँच भौगोलिक भागों के नाम लिखों जहाँ चरवाही कार्य होता है।
उत्तर:

  1. पर्वत,
  2. पठार,
  3. मैदान,
  4. मरुस्थल,
  5. वन।

लघूत्तरात्मक प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
जम्मू और कश्मीर के गुज्जर बकरवाल समुदाय के बारे में आप क्या जानते हैं?
उत्तर:
जम्मू-कश्मीर के गुज्जर बकरवाल लोग भेड़-बकरियों के बड़े-बड़े रेवड़ रखते थे। ये 19वीं सदी में अपने मवेशियों के लिए चरागाहों की तलाश में यहाँ आये थे। समय बीतता गया और वे यहीं के होकर रह गये। जाड़े के दिनों में वे शिवालिक की निचली पहाड़ियों में तथा अप्रैल के अन्त में वे उत्तर दिशा में जाने लगते थे। सितम्बर में वे निचली पहाड़ियों में चले जाते थे। इस प्रकार वे घुमंतू प्रकृति के चरवाहे थे।

JAC Class 9 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 5 आधुनिक विश्व में चरवाहे

प्रश्न 2.
राजस्थान के राइका समुदाय के बारे में आप क्या जानते हैं?
उत्तर:
राइका पशुचारक समुदाय राजस्थान के बाड़मेर, जैसलमेर, जोधपुर एवं बीकानेर जिलों में निवास करते हैं। ये इलाके मरुस्थली हैं। बरसात के दिनों में यहाँ कुछ चारा मिलने के कारण राइका लोग यहाँ निवास करते हैं एवं अपने पशुओं को चराते हैं। अक्टूबर आते ही राइका लोग चरागाह की तलाश में दूसरे इलाके में चल देते हैं।

इस तरह जब फिर से बरसात प्रारम्भ होती है तब पुनः वापस लौटते हैं। ये लोग पशुचारक के साथ-साथ खेतिहर भी हैं। राइका का एक वर्ग ऊँट पालता है, जबकि दूसरा वर्ग कुछ भेड़-बकरियों को पालता है। 1947 के भारत-पाक विभाजन से यह बुरी तरह प्रभावित हुए।

प्रश्न 3.
धनगर समुदाय की वार्षिक आवाजाही के लिए उत्तरदायी किन्हीं चार कारकों का उल्लेख गरिए।
उत्तर:
धनगर समुदाय की वार्षिक आवाजाही के लिए निम्नलिखित कारक उत्तरदायी हैं

  1. चारे की कमी के कारण, अक्टूबर-नवम्बर में, धनगर समुदाय महाराष्ट्र के मध्य पठार से बाहर चले जाते थे।
  2. अनाज के ढूंठों की उपलब्धता के कारण वे कोंकण चले जाते थे।
  3. कोंकण के स्थानीय लोग धनगरों का स्वागत करते थे क्योंकि धनगरों का झुण्ड उनके खेतों के लिए खाद प्रदान करता था।
  4. धनगरों को स्थानीय लोगों से अनाज भी मिलता था।

प्रश्न 4.
धनगर चरवाहा समुदाय की प्रमुख विशेषताएँ लिखिए।
उत्तर:
धनगर चरवाहा समुदाय की प्रमुख विशेषताएँ निम्नलिखित हैं

  1. धनगर चरवाहा महाराष्ट्र का एक प्रमुख चरवाहा समुदाय है।
  2. बीसवीं शताब्दी के प्रारम्भ में धनगर चरवाहा समुदाय की जनसंख्या लगभग 4,67,000 थी।
  3. धनगर चरवाहा समुदाय बरसात के मौसम में महाराष्ट्र के मध्य पठारों में रहते हैं। यह एक अर्द्ध-शुष्क क्षेत्र है जहाँ वर्षा बहुत कम होती है।
  4. मानसून की वर्षा प्रारम्भ होते ही धनगर चरवाहे कोंकण और तटीय इलाके छोड़कर सूखे पठारों की ओर लौट जाते हैं क्योंकि भेड़ें गीली मानसूनी हालात को सहन नहीं कर पाती हैं।

JAC Class 9 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 5 आधुनिक विश्व में चरवाहे

प्रश्न 5.
कर्नाटक तथा आन्ध्र प्रदेश के गोल्ला समुदाय की वार्षिक गतिक्रियाएँ जम्मू-कश्मीर के गुज्जर बक्करवाल समुदाय से किस प्रकार भिन्न हैं?
उत्तर:
जम्मू-कश्मीर के गुज्जर बक्करवाल समुदाय की गतिक्रियाएँ शीत तथा ग्रीष्म ऋतुओं के चारों ओर चक्कर लगाती हैं। सर्दियों में जब ऊँचे पर्वत बर्फ से ढक जाते हैं, वे निचली पहाड़ियों में आ जाते हैं तथा गर्मियों में वे फिर से ऊँची पहाड़ियों की ओर चल देते हैं। गोल्ला समुदाय की गतिक्रियाएँ मानसून के आगे और पीछे हटने के चारों ओर चक्कर लगाती हैं। शुष्क ऋतु में वे तटीय क्षेत्रों की ओर चल देते हैं तथा बरसात आने पर वहाँ से सूखे पठारों की ओर लौट आते हैं क्योंकि भेड़ें गीले मानसूनी हालात को सहन नहीं कर पाती।

प्रश्न 6.
चरवाहा समुदायों की वार्षिक आवाजाही के लिए उत्तरदायी किन्हीं दो कारकों का उल्लेख कीजिए।
उत्तर:
चरवाहा समुदायों की वार्षिक आवाजाही के लिए अग्रलिखित कारण उत्तरदायी हैं
1. प्रतिकल जलवायविक दशाएँ:
चरवाहा समुदायों की गतिशीलता के लिए उत्तरदायी एक प्रमुख कारक प्रतिकूल जलवायविक दशाएँ हैं। सर्दियों में पहाड़ों की ऊँचाई पर तापमान बहुत कम होता है इसलिए वे नीचे उतर आते हैं।

2. चारे की कमी:
सर्दियों में ऊँचे पहाड़ बर्फ से ढके रहते हैं, इसलिए वहाँ चारे की कमी होती है। परिणामस्वरूप, लोग सर्दियों में निचली पहाड़ियों में आ जाते हैं क्योंकि वहाँ चारे की कोई कमी नहीं
होती।

प्रश्न 7.
औपनिवेशिक सरकार द्वारा पारित अपराधी जनजाति अधिनियम की प्रमुख विशेषताएँ लिखिए।
उत्तर:
औपनिवेशिक सरकार द्वारा पारित अपराधी जनजाति अधिनियम की प्रमुख विशेषताएँ निम्नलिखित हैं

  1. इस अधिनियम के द्वारा दस्तकारों, व्यापारियों एवं चरवाहों के अनेक समुदायों को अपराधी समुदायों की सूची में रखा गया।
  2. इस अधिनियम के अन्तर्गत उनकी गतिविधियों पर अनेक प्रकार के प्रतिबन्ध लगा दिये गये, जैसे मुख्य अधिसूचित गाँवों में बस जाने का आदेश, बिना अनुमति पत्र के आवागमन पर रोक आदि।
  3. दस्तकारों, व्यापारियों एवं चरवाहों पर ग्राम पुलिस नजर रखने लगी।

प्रश्न 8.
भारत में औपनिवेशिक शासन ने चरवाही समुदाय के जीवन पर क्या प्रभाव डाला?
उत्तर:
भारत में औपनिवेशिक शासन ने चरवाही समुदाय के जीवन पर निम्नलिखित प्रभाव डाला

  1. विभिन्न चरागाह क्षेत्रों पर भिन्न-भिन्न कानूनों द्वारा चरवाही समुदायों के प्रवेश पर प्रतिबन्ध लगा दिया गया।
  2. चरागाह क्षेत्र के कम होने के कारण चरवाही समुदाय के पशु मरने लगे एवं पशुओं की संख्या कम होने लगी।
  3. औपनिवेशिक शासकों ने विभिन्न चरागाह क्षेत्रों में चरवाही टैक्स लगा दिया।
  4. स्थायी जीवन न व्यतीत करने के कारण घुमंतू लोगों को स्वभावतः अपराधी मान लिया गया।
  5. औपनिवेशिक शासन की कठोर अनुशासनात्मक कार्यवाहियों के कारण चरवाही समुदाय के लोगों को अपने पशुओं की संख्या कम करनी पड़ी तथा अन्य व्यवसाय की ओर ध्यान लगाना पड़ा।

JAC Class 9 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 5 आधुनिक विश्व में चरवाहे

प्रश्न 9.
वन अधिनियम द्वारा किये गये बदलाव से चरवाहे किस प्रकार से बचे?
उत्तर:
वन अधिनियम द्वारा किये गये बदलाव से चरवाहे निम्न प्रकार से बचे

  1. जब एक जगह के चरागाह को बन्द कर दिया गया तो चरवाहों ने अपनी आवाजाही को दूसरी ओर परिवर्तित कर लिया।
  2. चरवाहों ने अपनी पशुओं की संख्या कम कर दी एवं पशुचारण के साथ-ही-साथ आय के अन्य स्रोतों में लग गए।
  3. चरवाहे आधुनिक विश्व में हो रहे परिवर्तनों के अनुरूप अपनी जिन्दगी बदलने की कोशिश करने लगे।

प्रश्न 10.
चरवाहा समुदायों की जिन्दगी किन-किन बातों पर टिकी हुई है? संक्षेप में बताइए।
उत्तर:
चरवाहा समुदायों की जिन्दगी निम्नलिखित बातों पर टिकी हुई है

  1. चरवाहों को इस बात का हमेशा ध्यान रखना पड़ता है कि उनके रेवड़ एक स्थान पर कितने दिनों तक रह सकते हैं। साथ ही उन्हें पानी कहाँ मिल सकता है।
  2. सिर्फ किन इलाकों में कितने दिन रहना पड़ेगा यही नहीं, बल्कि इसका भी ध्यान रखना पड़ता है कि उन्हें किन इलाकों से गुजरने की छूट मिल सकती है तथा किससे नहीं।
  3. इन समुदायों को अपनी रोजी-रोटी की व्यवस्था के लिए खेती, चरवाही एवं व्यापार भी करना पड़ता है।
  4. सफर करते समय चरवाहों को यह भी ध्यान रखना पड़ता है कि किसानों से उनका सम्बन्ध अच्छा बने ताकि उनके खेतों में अपने पशुओं को चरा सकें। साथ ही उनके खेतों को उपजाऊ बना सकें।

प्रश्न 11.
वन अधिनियम द्वारा किये गये परिवर्तन के फलस्वरूप चरवाहों की क्या प्रतिक्रिया हुई?
उत्तर:
वन अधिनियम द्वारा किये गये परिवर्तन के फलस्वरूप चरवाहों की निम्नलिखित प्रतिक्रिया हुई

  1. चरागाहों की कमी के कारण कई चरवाहों ने अपने पशुओं की संख्या कम कर दी तथा कुछ चरवाहों ने नये-नये चरागाहों की भी खोज की।
  2. कुछ धनी चरवाहों ने अपने पशुचारक जीवन को त्यागकर कुछ भूमि खरीद ली एवं अपने घर बना लिए। वे कृषि करने लगे।
  3. परन्तु कुछ गरीब चरवाहों की स्थिति ब्याज पर कर्ज लेने के कारण दिन-प्रतिदिन बिगड़ती गई। फलस्वरूप, वे खेतिहर मजदूर बनते गए।

JAC Class 9 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 5 आधुनिक विश्व में चरवाहे

प्रश्न 12.
‘चरागाह भूमि के बड़े क्षेत्र शिकारगाहों में परिवर्तित कर दिए गए थे”। इसका भी अफ्रीका के घुमंतू चरवाहों पर नकारात्मक प्रभाव पड़ा। कोई दो उदाहरण देकर कथन को स्पष्ट करिए।
उत्तर:
चरागाह भूमि के बड़े क्षेत्र शिकारगाहों में परिवर्तित कर दिए गए थे। इनका भी अफ्रीका के घुमंतू चरवाहों पर नकारात्मक प्रभाव पड़ा। यह निम्न उदाहरणों से स्पष्ट है
1. चरागाह भूमि के बड़े:
बड़े क्षेत्र शिकारगाहों में परिवर्तित कर दिए गए, जैसे-कीनिया में मासाईमारा एवं साम्बूरू नेशनल पार्क एवं तंज़ानिया में सेरेन्गेटी पार्क आदि। चरवाहों को इन आरक्षित क्षेत्रों में जाने की आज्ञा न थी, वे न तो इन क्षेत्रों में जानवरों का शिकार कर सकते थे और न ही पशुओं को चरा सकते थे। इससे उनके चराई क्षेत्रों में कमी आ गई।

2. बड़े:
बड़े चरागाहों के समाप्त होने से मौजूदा चरागाहों पर अधिक दबाव पड़ा परिणामस्वरूप चारे की कमी उत्पन्न हो गई।

प्रश्न 13.
औपनिवेशिक शासन का मासाई लोगों पर क्या प्रभाव पड़ा?
उत्तर:
औपनिवेशिक शासन का मासाई लोगों पर निम्नलिखित प्रभाव पड़ा

  1. औपनिवेशिक शासन ने सन् 1885 ई. में ब्रिटिश कीनिया और जर्मन तांगान्यिका के बीच एक अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय सीमा खींचकर मासाईलैण्ड के दो बराबर टुकड़े कर दिये गये।
  2. सरकार ने गोरे लोगों को बसाने के लिए मासाई समुदाय के लोगों से अच्छे चरागाहों को अपने कब्जे में ले लिया तथा इस समुदाय के लोगों को दक्षिणी कीनिया और उत्तरी तंज़ानिया के छोटे से क्षेत्र में समेट दिया गया।
  3. औपनिवेशिक शासन के दौरान मासाई लोगों की गतिविधियों को सीमित कर दिया गया। .
  4. मासाई समुदाय के लोग अपने पशुओं को नये चरागाहों में नहीं ले जा सकते थे। अतः सूखे के दौरान बड़ी संख्या में उनके पशु भूख तथा बीमारी के कारण मर गये।
  5. चरागाह क्षेत्र कम होने, सूखे के दुष्परिणाम के कारण मासाई समुदाय के लोगों के पास पशुओं की संख्या धीरे-धीरे कम होती गई तथा उन्हें अपने जीवन-यापन के लिए अन्य व्यवसायों की ओर अग्रसर होना पड़ा।

प्रश्न 14.
मासाई समुदाय के वरिष्ठ जनों (ऐल्डर्स )तथा योद्धाओं (वॉरियर्स )पर औपनिवेशिक शासन का क्या प्रभाव पड़ा?
उत्तर:
मासाई समुदाय के वरिष्ठ जनों तथा योद्धाओं पर औपनिवेशिक शासन का निम्नलिखित प्रभाव पड़ा

  1. औपनिवेशिक शासन में अंग्रेजों ने मासाई समुदाय की प्राचीन सामाजिक व्यवस्था को बिगाड़ दिया।
  2. अंग्रेजों ने विभिन्न मासाई उपसमूहों के मुखिया को नियुक्त करना आरम्भ किया, जो कि अपने-अपने कबीलों के सभी कामों के लिए उत्तरदायी थे।
  3. उन्होंने हमला करने तथा युद्धों पर प्रतिबन्ध लगा दिये थे।
  4. परिणामस्वरूप, वरिष्ठ जनों तथा योद्धाओं की पारम्परिक सत्ता बहुत कमजोर हो गई।

प्रश्न 15.
19वीं शताब्दी के उत्तरार्द्ध में किस प्रकार से मासाईलैण्ड का विभाजन औपनिवेशिक शक्तियों द्वारा हुआ?
उत्तर:
19वीं शताब्दी के उत्तरार्द्ध में निम्न प्रकार से मासाईलैण्ड का विभाजन औपनिवेशिक शक्तियों द्वारा किया गया

  1. सन् 1885 ई. में मासाईलैण्ड का विभाजन एक अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय सीमा के द्वारा ब्रिटिश कीनिया एवं जर्मन तांगान्यिका में कर दिया गया।
  2. श्वेत लोगों को बसाने के लिए सरकार ने अच्छे चरागाह अपने कब्जे में ले लिए एवं मासाईयों को दक्षिणी कीनिया एवं उत्तरी तंज़ानिया में समेट दिया गया।
  3. इस दौरान उनसे 60 प्रतिशत जमीन छीन ली गई एवं उन्हें ऐसे सूखे इलाकों में कैद कर दिया गया, जहाँ न तो अच्छी वर्षा होती थी और न ही हरे-भरे चरागाह थे।

निबन्धात्मक प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
‘औपनिवेशिक शासन के दौरान चरवाहों के जीवन में बहुत अधिक बदलाव आया”। स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
औपनिवेशिक शासन के दौरान चरवाहों के जीवन में बहुत अधिक बदलाव आया, जिसे निम्न प्रकार स्पष्ट किया जा सकता है
1. कृषि योग्य जमीन का विस्तार:
औपनिवेशिक सरकार ने गैर-कृषि भूमि को कृषि-योग्य भूमि में परिवर्तित कर दिया क्योंकि सरकार इसे अनुत्पादक एवं बेकार मानती थी। इससे न तो लगान में वृद्धि होती थी न ही कृषि उपज प्राप्त होती थी। कृषि योग्य भूमि बनाने के लिए “परती भूमि विकास” के लिए नियम बनाये गये। अन्ततः प्रभाव यह हुआ कि चरागाहों की कमी हो गई।

2. घुमंतू समुदायों पर नियंत्रण:
सरकार घुमंतू चरवाहों को शक की नजर से देखती थी। क्योंकि एक स्थान विशेष पर निवास करने वाले व्यक्तियों की तुलना में इन पर शासन करना मुश्किल हो जाता था। इसलिए इन्हें नियन्त्रित करने के लिए सन् 1871 में “अपराधी जनजाति अधिनियम’ बनाकर कई समुदायों को अपराधी जनजाति घोषित करके कई इलाकों में उनकी आवाजाही पर प्रतिबन्ध लगा दिया गया, जिससे इनका जीवन बुरी तरह प्रभावित हुआ।

3. वन अधिनियम लागू करना:
वन अधिनियम पारित करके वनों को ‘आरक्षित’ एवं ‘संरक्षित वन घोषित कर दिया गया। फलस्वरूप, पशुओं की आवाजाही पर प्रतिबन्ध लग गया, जिससे चरागाहों का क्षेत्र भी सीमित होता चला गया। इससे चरवाहों की जिन्दगी बुरी तरह प्रभावित हुई। अब उन्हें नए चरागाह तलाशने के लिए मजबूर होना पड़ा।

4. सरकार द्वारा राजस्व वृद्धि के प्रयास:
सरकार ने अपनी राजस्व वृद्धि करने के लिए 19वीं सदी के मध्य में ‘चरवाही टैक्स’ लगा दिया। उन्होंने जमीन, नहरों के पानी, नमक क्रय-विक्रय एवं पशुओं पर भी टैक्स आरोपित कर दिए। 1850-80 के बीच टैक्स वसूली का काम बोली लगाकर ठेकेदारों को दिया जाने लगा। अधिकाधिक कमाई के चक्कर में ठेकेदार खूब टैक्स वसूली करने लगे, जिससे चरवाहों की स्थिति दयनीय होने लगी।

JAC Class 9 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 5 आधुनिक विश्व में चरवाहे

प्रश्न 2.
घुमंतू चरवाहा समुदायों की प्रमुख विशेषताओं का वर्णन कीजिए। उत्तर-चरवाहा समुदायों की प्रमुख विशेषताएँ निम्नलिखित हैं
1. प्रमुख व्यवसाय:
घुमंतू चरवाहे मुख्यत: पशु-पालन पर निर्भर थे। इनके द्वारा पाले गये प्रमुख पशु-बकरियाँ, भेड़ें, ऊँट तथा भैंसे थीं। कुछ घुमंतू चरवाहे फसलें भी उगाते थे।

2. गतिक्रियाएँ:
घुमंत चरवाहे किसी भी क्षेत्र में निरुद्देश्य नहीं जाते थे, बल्कि उन्हें सही भू-क्षेत्रों की अच्छी पहचान थी। वे अपनी गतिक्रियाओं के क्षेत्रों की भौतिक तथा सांस्कृतिक विशेषताओं के प्रति जागरूक थे।

3. भोजन:
चरवाहा कबीले माँस की अपेक्षा अनाज ही खाते थे। वे गेहूँ, चावल, बाजरा तथा मक्का खाते थे। कुछ खाद्यान्न वे स्वयं उगाते थे और कुछ अपनी गतिक्रियाओं के मार्ग से व्यवस्थित करते थे।

4. पशुओं का चुनाव:
घुमंतू चरवाहे स्थानीय सांस्कृतिक तथा भौतिक लक्षणों के अनुसार झुंडों के लिए पशुओं का प्रकार तथा संख्या का चुनाव करते थे। पशुओं का चुनाव विशेष जलवायु, वनस्पति के अनुकूल प्रजातियों की योग्यता तथा पशुओं की प्रतिष्ठा पर आधारित होती थी। उत्तरी अफ्रीका तथा मध्य पूर्व में अधिकतर ऊँट पाले जाते थे। इसके अतिरिक्त भेड़ तथा बकरियाँ पाली जाती थीं।

5. आर्थिक जीवन:
अधिकतर घुमंतू चरवाहे वस्तु विनिमय प्रणाली को अपनाते थे, जबकि कुछ धन का भी प्रयोग करते थे। वे भोजन अथवा अनाज के लिए पशुओं का आदान-प्रदान करते थे।

6. परिवर्तनशील जीवन:
19वीं शताब्दी में यूरोपीय उपनिवेशों के विस्तार ने घुमंतू चरवाहों के जीवन को प्रभावित किया था। यूरोपियों ने अपने प्रयोग के लिए भूमि पर अपना अधिकार कर लिया। इसी कारण, स्थानीय लोगों के जीने के पारम्परिक ढंग में हमेशा के लिए परिवर्तन हो गया। यूरोपियों ने मूल निवासियों को उनकी भूमि अथवा क्षेत्रों से निकाल दिया था।

मानचित्र सम्बन्धी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न 1.
दिए गए भारत के रेखा मानचित्र पर निम्नलिखित चरवाहा समुदायों को प्रदर्शित कीजिए
1. गुज्जर समुदायों का क्षेत्र,
2. धनगर समुदाय का क्षेत्र,
3. कुरुबा समुदाय का क्षेत्र,
4. मालधारी समुदाय का क्षेत्र,
5. राइका समुदाय का क्षेत्र,
6. गद्दी समुदाय का क्षेत्र। उत्तर
JAC Class 9 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 5 आधुनिक विश्व में चरवाहे 1

प्रश्न 2.
दिए गए अफ्रीका के रेखा मानचित्र पर प्रमुख चरवाहा समुदायों के नामों को अंकित कीजिए।
उत्तर:
JAC Class 9 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 फ्रांसीसी क्रांति 3

JAC Class 9 Social Science Solutions