September 2024 – Jharkhand Board Solution

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources

September 10, 2024September 9, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources

JAC Class 10th Geography Minerals and Energy Resources InText Questions and Answers

Page 48

Question 1.
Find out how many minerals are used to make a light bulb. Answer:Minerals used to make a light bulb are:

Part of Bulb	Material Used	Mineral from which obtained
Filament	Tungsten	Scheelite, Wolframite, ferberite or hubnerite (Metallic oxides of Tungsten)
Bulb	Glass	Silica (Silicon dioxide)
Connecting wires	Copper	Chalcolite (Cuprous sulphide)
Metallic part of body	Aluminium	Bauxite (Aluminium oxide)

Question 2.
Collect “Nutritional Facts” printed on food labels.
Answer:
Do it yourself activity. Sample answer is given.A sample of nutritional facts printed on a packet of glucose biscuits is given below:

Energy	453 cal
Fat	13.0 gm
Carbohydrate	77.5 gm
Protein	6.5 gm
Calcium	15 mg
Dietary fibre	0.6 gm

Page 50

Question 3.
What is the difference between an open pit mine, a quarry and an underground mine with shafts?
Answer:
Differences between an open pit mine, a quarry and an underground mine with shafts are as follows:

Open pit mine	Question uarry	Underground mine with shafts
Minerals are removed from a pit dug in the ground.	Minerals are removed from a shallow pit dug in the ground.	Minerals are removed through deep shafts dug in the ground.
Used where commercially useful minerals are found near the surface.	Generally, used for extracting building materials like dimension stone.	Used where the mineral occurs as veins in hard rock deep below the surface of the Earth.
Extracted using Earthmoving machinery.	Extracted using Earthmoving machinery.	Extracted using elevators that can carry minerals, extraction equipment as well as persons into the area where the mineral is available.

page 51

Question 4.
Superimpose the maps showing distribution of iron ore, manganese, coal and iron and steel industry. Do you see any correlation? Why?
Answer:
The iron and steel industries are located in the same regions of India where the iron ore, coal and manganese mines are located. As coal and manganese are required as inputs to the iron and steel industry, their availability in the same region saves the transportation costs and ease of availability. So it is profitable to locate these industries in the regions where these minerals are available.

Page 53

Question 5.
Locate the mines of bauxite on the physical map of India.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Page 54

Question 6.
Study the maps to explain why Chota Nagpur is a storehouse of minerals.
Answer:
We can understand by studying the maps given in the textbook why the Chota Nagpur plateau is considered as a storehouse of minerals. The reasons are:

Chota Nagpur is a part of old Gondwana land. Part of it is made of solidified magma. The area is rich in minerals.
It is such in minerals like iron ore, coal, manganese, bauxite, copper, mica, etc.
The coal fields in this area supply most of the cooking coal to the industries.

Page 55

Question 7.
Name some river valley projects and write the names of the dams built on these rivers.
Answer:
Name of some river valley projects and dams-built on them:

Bhakra Nangal Project: Bhakra and Nangal dams on the Satluj river in Punjab.
Hirakud Project: Hirakud dam on the Mahanadi river in Odisha.
Nagarjuna Sagar Project: Nagaijuna Sagar dam on the Krishna river in Andhra Pradesh.
Chambal Project: Jawahar Sagar, Gandhi Sagar and Rana Pratap Sagar dams on the Chambal river in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.
Tungabhadra Project: Tungabhadradam on the Tungabhadra river in Karnataka.
Mettur Project: Mettur dam on the Kaveri river in Tamil Nadu.
Sardar Sarovar Project: Sardar Sarovar dam on the Narmada river in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.
Damodar Valley Project: On the Damodar river in Bihar.
Farakka Project: On the Ganga river in West Bengal.
Mahi Project: Mahi dam on the Mahi river in Gujarat.
Tehri Project: Tehri dam on the Bhagirathi river in Uttarakhand.

Page 60

Question 8.
Collect information about thermal/ hydel power plants located in your state. Show them on the map of India.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Question 9.
Collect information about newly established solar power plants in India.
Answer:
India is now home to world’s largest solar plant on a ‘single location’. The plant, in Kamuthi, Tamil Nadu, comes with a capacity of 648 MW and covers an area of 10 sq m/km. It also bears the capacity of charging its own solar panels. Furthermore, when in full swing, the plant is capable of producing electricity for 150,000 homes.

The cost of this project was ‘ 46,535,570,550. With this, India’s total installed capacity of solar plants has nudged across the 10 GW mark. Thus, India will be the world’s third-biggest solar market from next year onwards, after China and the US. However, we are still lagging a bit in regard to the expectations that the government has set for the nation.

Question 10.
Locate the 6 nuclear power stations and find out the state in which they are located.
Answer:

Tarapur Atomic Power Station: it is located in Maharashtra.
Rajasthan Atomic Power Station: it is located in Rajasthan
Kakrapar Atomic Power Station: it is located in Gujarat
Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant: it is located in Tamil Nadu
Kaiga Nuclear Power Plant: it is located in Karnataka
Gorakhpur Atomic Power Station: it is located in Haryana

JAC Class 10th Geography Minerals and Energy Resources Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below.
(i) Which one of the following minerals is formed by decomposition of rocks, leaving a residual mass of weathered material?
(a) Coal
(b) Bauxite
(c) Gold
(d) Zinc
Answer:
(a) Coal

(ii) Koderma, in Jharkhand is the leading producer of which one of the following minerals?
(a) Bauxite
(b) Mica
(c) Iron ore
(d) Copper
Answer:
(b) Mica

(iii) Minerals are deposited and accumulated in the stratas of which of the following rocks?
(a) Sedimentary rocks
(b) Metamorphic rocks
(c) Igneous rocks
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) Sedimentary rocks

(iv) Which one of the following minerals is contained in the Monazite sand?
(a) Oil
(b) Ur0anium
(c) Thorium
(d) Coal
Answer:
(c) Thorium

Question 2.
Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
(a) Distinguish between the following in not more than 30 words.

Ferrous and non-ferrous minerals
Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy

(b) What is a mineral?
(c) How are minerals formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks?
(d) Why do we need to conserve mineral resources?

Ferrous minerals	Non-ferrous minerals
(i) Ferrous minerals contain iron ; content.	(i) These minerals do not contain iron content.
(i) They provide a strong base in the development of metallurgical industries.	(ii) They play an important role in a number of industries like, engineering and electrical industries.
(iii) Iron ore, manganese, cobalt, etc., are the examples of ferrous kminerals.	(iii) Copper, zinc, lead and aluminium are the examples of non-ferrous minerals.

Conventional sources of energy	Non-conventional sources of energy
(i) Conventional sources of energy have been used since a long time.	(i) The sources of energy which are of recent origin and have not been commonly used.
(ii) These are expensive in the long run.	(ii) These are cheaper in the long mn.
(iii) These are used extensively.	(iii) These are used locally.
(iv) They are non-renewable and exhaustible sources of energy.	(iv) They are renewable sources of energy.

(b) A mineral is a naturally occurring homogeneous substance with a definable interior structure. Mineral that will be formed from a certain combination of elements depends upon the physical and chemical conditions under which the material forms.

(c) In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints. The smaller occurrences are called veins and the larger are called lodes. In most cases, they are formed when minerals in liquid/molten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards the earth’s surface. They cool and solidify as they rise.

(d) We are rapidly consuming mineral resources that require millions of years to be created and concentrated. The geological processes of mineral formation are so slow that the rates of replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to the present rates of consumption. Mineral resources are, therefore, finite and non¬renewable. That is why we need to conserve mineral resources and use them wisely.

Question 3.
Answer the following questions in about 120 words.
(a) Describe the distribution of coal in India.
(b) Why do you think that solar energy has a bright future in India?
Answer:
(a) In India, coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel. It provides a substantial part of the nation’s energy needs.

(i) In India, coal occurs in rock series of two main geological ages, viz., Gondwana, a little over 200 million years in age and in tertiary deposits which are only about 55 million years old. The major resources of Gondwana coal, which are metallurgical coal, are located in Damodar valley (West Bengal-Jharkhand). The important coal fields are Jharia, Raniganj and Bokaro. The Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys also contain coal deposits.

(ii) Tertiary coals occur in the north eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.

(iii) Lignite is a low grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture content. The principal lignite reserves are in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu and are used for generation of electricity.

Distribution of coal in India:

Anthracite is found in Jammu and Kashmir.
Bituminus is found in Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh.
Lignite is found in Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan.

(b) India has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy. Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity. Solar energy is fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas. Some big solar power plants are being established in different parts of India which will minimise the dependence of rural households on firewood and dung cakes, which in turn will contribute to environmental conservation and adequate supply of manure in agriculture.

NCERT Activity

Question 1.
Fill the name of the correct mineral in the crossword below:

DOWN

Found in placer deposit (4)
Iron ore mined in Bailadila (8)
Indispensable for electrical industry (4)
Geological Age of coal found in northeast India (8)
Formed in veins and lodes (3)

ACROSS

A ferrous mineral (9)
Raw material for cement industry (9)
Finest iron ore with magnetic properties (9)
Highest quality hard coal (10)
Aluminium is obtained from this ore (7)
Khetri mines are famous for this mineral (6)
Formed due to evaporation (6)

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 9 Science Notes Chapter 1 Matter in Our Surroundings

September 10, 2024September 9, 2024 by Bhagya

JAC Board Class 9th Science Chapter 1 Notes Matter in Our Surroundings

→Matter: Everything in this universe is made up of material which is called matter. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is made up of lots of tiny particles.

→ Characteristics of particles of matter:
a. Particles of matter have space between them.
b. Particles of matter are continuously moving.
c. Particles of matter attract each other. Matter exists in three different states, viz., solid, liquic and gas.

Solid	Liquids	Gas
1. Strong intermolecular force of attraction.	1. Weak intermolecular force of attraction.	1. Very weak intermolecular force of attraction.
2. Very less intermolecular space.	2. Large intermolecular space.	2. Very large intermolecular space.
3. Have definite shape and volume.	3. No definite shape but definite volume.	3. No definite shape and volume.
4. High density, high melting and boiling points.	4. Density is lower, low melting and boiling points.	4. Density is very low.
5. Solids cannot be compressed.	5. Liquids can be compressed.	5. Gases are highly compressible.
6. Solids cannot flow.	6. Liquids can flow.	6. Gases can flow.

→ Matter can change its state from solid to liquid and from liquid to gas and vice-versa.
JAC Class 9 Science Notes Chapter 1 Matter in Our Surroundings 2

→ Effect of Temperature: On increasing temperature, the particles gain energy and start vibrating with greater energy. Due to increased kinetic energy, the particles overcome the force of attraction and a new state is obtained.

→ Melting Point: It is the temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid at atmospheric pressure. Boiling Point: It is the temperature at which a liquid changes into its vapour form at atmospheric pressure.

→ Latent Heat of Fusion: The amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of a solid into liquid at its melting point is called the latent heat of fusion of the solid.

→ Latent Heat of Vaporisation: The amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of a liquid into vapour at atmospheric pressure, at its boiling point is called the latent heat of vaporisation of the liquid.

→ Sublimation: It is the change of state directly from solid to gas or vice-versa without going through the liquid state. Evaporation: It is a surface phenomenon in which a liquid changes into vapour/gas below its boiling point. It results in lowering of temperature, i.e., cooling is caused when evaporation takes place.

→ Factors affecting Evaporation: An increase in surface area increases the rate of evaporation. An increase in temperature increases the rate of evaporation. A decrease in humidity increases the rate of evaporation. An increase in wind speed increases the rate of evaporation.

→ Some measurable quantities and their units:

Quantity	SI Unit	A Symbol
Temperature	kelvin	K
Length	metre	m
Mass	kilogram	kg
Weight	newton	N
Volume	cubic metre	m³
Density	kilogram per cubic metre	kg/m³
Pressure v	pascal	Pa

JAC Class 9 Science Notes

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 5 Consumer Rights

September 10, 2024September 9, 2024 by Bhagya

JAC Board Class 10 Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 5 Consumer Rights

→ We the people participate in the market both as producers and consumers. As producers of goods and services we could be working in any of the sectors such as agriculture, industry, or services. Consumers participate in the market when they purchase goods and services that they need.

Rules and regulations are required for the protection of the consumers in the marketplace. Individual consumers often find themselves in a weak position.
Exploitation in the marketplace happens in various ways. For example, sometimes traders indulge in unfair trade practices, such as, when shopkeepers weigh less than what they should or when traders add charges that were not mentioned before, or when adulterated/defective goods are sold.
Markets do not work in a fair manner when producers are few and powerful whereas consumers purchase in small amounts and are scattered. This happens especially when large compnîes are producing these goods.

→ Consumer Movement

The consumer movement arose out of dissatisfaction of the consumers as many unfair practices were being indulged in by the sellers.
It vas presumed that it was a consumer’s responsibility while buying various products.
In Inda, the consumer movement as a ‘social force’ originated with the necessity of protecting and promoting the interests of consumers against unethical and unfair trade practices.
A major step taken in 1986 by the Indian government was the enactment of the Consumer Protection Act 1986, popularly known as COPRA.

→ Consumer Rights Safety is Everyone’s Right

We as consumers, have the right to be protected against the marketing of goods and delivery of services that are hazardous to life and property.
Many goods and services that we purchase, require special attention to safety. For example, pressure cookers have a safety valve which, if it is defective, can cause a serious accident. The manufacturers of the safety valve have to ensure high quality.
Information about goods and services: Consumers have the right to be informed about the particulars of goods and services that they purchase. Consumers can then complain and ask for compensation or replacement if the product proves to be defective in any manner. For example, if we buy a product and find it defective well within the expiry period, we can ask for a replacement. If the expiry period is not printed, the manufacturer will blame the shopkeeper and will not accept the responsibility.
In October 2005, the Government of India enacted a law, popularly known as RTI (Right to Information) Act, which ensures its citizens all the information about the functions of government departments.

→ Where should consumers go to get justice?

Consumers have the right to seek redressal against unfair trade practices and exploitation. If any damage is done to a consumer, he/she has the right to get compensation depending on the degree of damage.
Consumer forums: The consumer movement in India has led to the formation of various organisations locally known as consumer forums or consumer protection councils. They guide consumers on how to file cases in the consumer court. On many occasions, they also represent individual consumers in the consumer courts. These voluntary organisations also receive financial support from the government for creating awareness among the people.
Under COPRA, a three-tier quasi-judicial machinery at the district, state and national levels was set up for redressal of consumer disputes.
The district level court deals with the cases involving claims upto ₹ 20 lakh, the state level courts between ₹ 20 lakh and ₹ 1 crore and the national level court deals with the cases involving claims exceeding ? 1 crore.
If a case is dismissed in district level court, the consumer can also appeal in State and then in National level courts.
Thus, the Act has enabled us as consumers to have the right to represent in the consumer courts.

→ Learning to Become Well-Informed Consumers

The enactment of COPRA has led to the setting up of separate departments of Consumer Affairs in Central and State governments.
The posters are one example through which government spread information about legal process which people can use. You might also be seeing such advertisements on television channels.

→ Taking the Consumer Movement Forward

India has been observing 24 December as the National Consumers’ Day. It was on this day that the Indian Parliament enacted the Consumer Protection Act in 1986. India is one of the countries that have exclusive courts for consumer redressal.
Today there are more than 700 consumer groups in the country of which only about 20-25 are well organised and recognised for their work.
After more than 25 years of the enactment of COPRA, consumer awareness in India is spreading, but slowly.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 4 Globalisation and the Indian Economy

September 10, 2024September 9, 2024 by Bhagya

JAC Board Class 10 Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 4 Globalisation and the Indian Economy

→ Today’s consumers have a variety of choice of goods and services. Markets have been transformed vastly in a matter of few years.

→ Production Across Countries

Until the middle of the twentieth century, production was largely organised within countries.
Trade wa§ the main channel connecting distant countries.
Multinational corporations (MNCs) emerged. A MNC is a company that owns or controls production in more than one country.
MNCs set up offices and factories for production in regions where they get cheap labour and other resources. This is done to reduce the cost of production and the MNCs can earn greater profits.
MNCs not only sell their products globally but also produce the goods and services globally.
Production process is spread across the world witji cost optimisation.

→ Interlinking Production Across Countries

MNCs have set up production close to the markets; wherein skilled and unskilled labour is available at low costs and the availability of other factors of production is assured.
The money that is spent to buy assets, such .as land, building, machines and other equipment is called investment. Any Investment made by MNCs is called foreign investment.
At times MNCs set up production in collaboration with local companies. The benefit of the local companies is two¬fold: MNCs provide finance for additional investments. MNCs might bring with them the latest technology for production.
The most common route for MNC investments is to buy up local companies and then to expand production. Secondly, large MNCs in developed countries place orders for production with small producers of garments, footwear, sports items, etc. The products are supplied to MNCs, which then they sell under their own brand names to the customers. These MNCs have tremendous power to determine price, quality, delivery, and labour conditions for these distant producers.
MNCs are exerting a strong influence on production at these distant locations. Therefore, production in these widely dispersed locations is getting interlinked.

→ Foreign Trade and Integration of Markets

For a long time foreign trade has been the main channel connecting the countries. Trade routes connected India and South Asia to markets both in East and West, and extensive trade took place along these routes.
Foreign trade creates an opportunity for the producers to reach beyond domestic markets. Buyers have a wide option to choose from the imported goods produced in another country.
More choices of goods in the market and prices of similar goods in the two markets tend to become equal. Producers in the two countries closely compete against each other even though they are separated by thousands of miles.
Foreign trade, thus, integrates the markets in different countries.

→ What is Globalisation?

Globalisation is the process of rapid integration or interconnection between countries.
More and more goods and services, investments and technology are moving between countries. Globalisation has also encouraged movement of people between countries.

→ Factors that have Enabled Globalisation

Rapid improvement in technology has been one rpajor factor that has boosted the globalisation process. In the past fifty years, there have been several improvements in technology which have made faster delivery of goods across long distances possible at lower costs.
There have been huge advancements in information and communication technology. Information can be obtained and shared instantly.
The Indian government, after Independence had put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment to protect the producers within the country from foreign competition. Starting around 1991, government removed the trade barriers. The time had come for the producers to compete with the producers around the globe. The government thought that this would enable the producers to impro ve’ the performance and the quality of the produce.
The goods could be imported or exported more easily and also foreign companies could set up factories and offices in India. This is known as liberalisation.

→ World Trade Organisation:

The aim of World Trade Organisation (WTO) is to liberalise international trade. Powerful international organisations believe that barriers to foreign trade and investment are harmful. Trade between the countries should be ‘free’.
WTO establishes rules of international trade and sees that these rules are followed. It is seen that the developed countries have unfairly retained trade barriers, while WTO has forced the developing nations to remove trade barriers.

→ Impact of Globalisation in India

Globalisation has affected the lives of the people and the economy in both positive and negative way.
MNCs have increased their investments in India over the past 20 years. MNCs have been interested in industries, such as cell phones, automobiles, electronics, soft drinks, fast food or service such as banking in urban areas. These products have large number of well-off buyers. In these industries, new jobs have been created. Local companies supplying raw materials, etc., to these industries have prospered.
Top Indian companies have benifited from increased competition as they have been able to invest in newer technologies and raise their production standards. Some have gained from the collaborations with foreign companies.
Few large Indian companies, such as Tata Motors, Infosys, Ranbaxy, Sundaram Fasteners, Asian Paints, etc., have emerged as multinationals themselves.
Governments in India are setting up special industrial zones, known as SEZs to encourage investments by foreign companies and help them establish their offices in India. Labour laws have been made flexible. Companies are allowed to hire workers on a temporary
basis, instead of on a regular basis. This lowers the cost of production and MNCs are able to make profits.
The jobs of workers are no longer secure. They do not have regular work. When they are employed, they have to put in long hours of work and also may have to do night shift. Their wages are low.
A large number of small producers had to shut down their units because of stiff competition from MNCs. They have been rendered jobless. Conditions of work in the organised sector have come to resemble the unorganised sector.

→ Struggle for a Fair Globalisation

Fair globalisation would create opportunities for all, and also ensure that the benefits of globalisation are shared better.
The government can play a major role in making globalisation fair. Its policies should protect not only the rich but also the poor and small producers in the country. The government can ensure that the labour laws are implemented and followed, and the labourers get their rights. It can support the small producers till they become capable of competing in the market with MNCs.
The government should ensure that the WTO rules are free and applied fairly across the world.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 3 Money and Credit

September 10, 2024September 9, 2024 by Bhagya

JAC Board Class 10 Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 3 Money and Credit

→ Money as a Medium of Exchange

A person holding money can exchange it for any commodity or service that he or she might want.
Thus everyone prefers to receive payments in money and then exchange the money for things that they want.
Both parties have to agree to sell and buy each other’s commodities. This is known as Double Coincidence of Wants.
What a person desires to sell is exactly what the other wishes to buy.
In a barter system where goods are directly exchanged without the use of money, the Double Coincidence of Wants is an essential feature.
In an economy where money is in use, by providing the crucial intermediate step it eliminates the need for Double Coincidence of Wants.
Money acts as an intermediate in the exchange process. It is called a medium of exchange. This is known as Barter System.

→ Modern Forms of Money

Money acts as a medium of exchange in transactions.
Before the introduction of coins, a variety of things were used as money.
For example, since the very early ages, Indians used grains and cattle as money.

→ Currency

Modem forms of money include currency – paper notes and coins.
Money is accepted as a medium of exchange because the currency is authorized by the government of the country.
In India, the Reserve Bank of India issues currency notes on behalf of the government of India.
As per Indian law, no other individual or organization is allowed to issue currency.
No individual in India can legally refuse payment made in rupees.

→ Deposits with Bank

The other form in which people hold money is ‘deposits with the bank’.
People deposit money with the banks by opening a bank account in their name.
Banks accept deposits and also pay an amount as interest on the deposits.
People also have the provision to withdraw the money as and when they require.
Since the deposits in the accounts can be withdrawn on demand, these deposits are called demand deposits.
Some payments are made by cheques instead of cash. For payment by cheque, the buyer who has an account with the bank, prepares a cheque for a specific amount.
A cheque is a paper instructing the bank to pay a specific amount from the holder’s account to the person in whose name the cheque has been issued.
The facility of cheque against demand deposits makes it possible to directly settle payments without the use of cash.
Since demand deposits are accepted widely as a means of payment, along with currency, they constitute money in the modem economy.
But for the banks, there would be no demand and no payments by cheques against these deposits. The modem forms of money – currency and deposits – are closely linked to the working of the modem banking system.

→ Loan Activities of Banks

Banks keep only a small proportion of their deposits as cash with themselves.
This is kept as a provision to pay the depository who might come to withdraw money from the bank on any given day.
Since, on any particular day, only some of its many depositors come to withdraw cash, the bank is able to manage with this cash.
Banks use the major portion of the deposits to extend loans to the individuals for their requirements.
There is a huge demand for loans for various economic activities.
Banks mediate between those who have surplus funds and those who are in need of these funds.
Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on deposits.
The difference between what is charged from the borrowers and what is paid to the depositors is their main source of income.

→ Terms of Credit

Every loan agreement specifies an interest rate which the borrower must pay to the lender along with the repayment of the principal amount, lenders may demand collateral against the loan.
Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns and uses this as a guarantee to a lender until the loan is repaid.
The interest rate, collateral, documentation requirement, and the mode of repayment is called the terms of credit.

→ Formal Sector Credit in India

People obtain loans from various sources.
The various types of loans can be grouped as formal sector and informal sector loans.
Between these two sectors, former sector includes loans from banks and cooperatives.
The informal lenders include moneylenders, traders, employers, relatives and friends, etc.
The Reserve Bank of India supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans.
For instance, we have seen that the banks maintain a minimum cash balance out of the deposits they receive.
The RBI monitors the banks in actually maintaining a cash balance.
Periodically, banks have to submit information to the RBI on how much they are lending, to whom, at what interest rate, etc.
There is no organization that supervises the credit activities of lenders in the informal sector.
They can lend at whatever interest rate they choose.
There is no one to stop them from using unfair means to get their money back.
Compared to the formal lenders, most of the informal lenders charge a much higher rate of interest on loans.
Thus, the cost to the borrower of informal loans is much higher.
The higher cost of borrowing means that, a large part of the earnings of the borrowers is used to repay the loans.
Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country’s development.

→ Formal and Informal Credit

85% of the loans taken by the poor households in the urban areas are from informal sources.
Urban households take only 10% of loans from informal sources, while 90% from formal sources.
The rich households avail a cheap credit from the formal sources whereas the poor households have to pay a large amount of borrowing.
The formal sources still meet only about half of the total credit needs of the rural people.
The remaining credit needs are fulfilled by the informal sources.
Thus, it is necessary that banks and cooperatives increase their lending particularly in the rural areas so that the dependence on informal sources of credit reduces.
While formal sector loans need to expand, it is also necessary that everyone receives these loans.
It is important that the formal credit is distribute^ more equally so that the poor can benefit from the cheaper loans.

→ Self-Help Groups for the Poor

Poor -households are still dependent on informal sources of credit.
Banks are not present everywhere in rural India.
Even when they are present, getting a loan from a bank is much more difficult than getting a loan from informal sources.
The absence of collateral is one of the major reasons which prevents the poor from getting bank loans.
Informal lenders such as moneylenders, know the borrowers personally and are often willing to give a loan without collateral.
However, the moneylenders charge very high rates of interest, keep no records of the transactions and harass the poor borrowers.
In recent years, people had tried out some newer ways of providing loans to the poor like Self Help Groups (SHGS), Grameen Banks, etc.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture

September 10, 2024September 9, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
What proportion of the Indian population is engaged in agriculture?
(a) One-third
(b) Two-fourths
(c) Three-fourths
(d) Two-thirds
Answer:
(d) Two-thirds

Question 2.
Which of the following is a plantation crop?
(a) Rice
(b) Bajra
(c) Rubber
(d) Wheat
Answer:
(c) Rubber

Question 3.
Which of this is a zaid season crop?
(a) Maize
(b) Cucumber
(c) Groundnut
(d) Peas
Answer:
(b) Cucumber

Question 4.
Which country is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China? *
(a) India
(b) Japan
(c) Philippines
(d) Pakistan
Answer:
(a) India

5. Which crop is used both as food and fodder?
(a) Wheat
(b) Cotton
(c) Rice
(d) Maize
Answer:
(d) Maize

Question 6.
Which crop is a kharif crop in the north and rabi crop in south India?
(a) Wheat
(b) Sesamum
(c) Tea
(d) Cotton
Answer:
(b) Sesamum

Question 7.
What is the rearing of silkworms known as?
(a) Pisciculture
(b) Agriculture
(c) Sericulture
(d) Horticulture
Answer:
(c) Sericulture

Question 8.
Which was one of the strategies initiated to improve the lot of Indian agriculture?
(a) Revolution 2020
(b) White Revolution
(c) Operation Desert Storm
(d) Operation Blue Star
Answer:
(b) White Revolution

Question 9.
Which is one of the schemes introduced by the Government of India for the benefit of the farmers?
(a) Agenda 21
(b) Agglomeration economies
(c) Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS)
(d) Golden Question uadrilateral Super Highways
Answer:
(c) Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS)

Question 10.
Which movement was initiated by Vinoba Bhave?
(a) Operation Flood
(b) Bhoodan-Gramdan
(c) Green Revolution
(d) Tehri Dam Andolan
Answer:
(b) Bhoodan-Gramdan

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why is the land productivity low in primitive subsistence farming?
Answer:
The land productivity is low in primitive subsistence farming because the farmer does not use fertilisers or other modem inputs.

Question 2.
Where is primitive subsistence farming practised?
Answer:
Primitive subsistence farming is practised in north-eastern states, such as Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Manipur; Bastar district of Chhattisgarh; Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Western Ghats, south-eastern Rajasthan, Himalayan belt and in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Question 3.
In which area is intensive subsistence farming practised?
Answer:
Intensive subsistence farming is practised in the areas of high population.

Question 4.
Mention the climatic factor which helps in the success of rabi crops.
Answer:
The western temperate cyclones bring precipitation during winter months, which helps in the success of rabi crops.

Question 5.
Name the three crops of paddy grown in a year and in which states of India are they grown?
Answer:
Aus, Aman and Bow are three crops of paddy grown in a year. They are grown in Assam, West Bengal and Odisha.

Question 6.
How has it become possible to grow rice in the areas of less rainfall?
Answer:
It has become possible to grow rice in the areas of less rainfall, such as Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan with the development of dense network of canal irrigation and tube wells.

Question 7.
What type of soil is required for growing bajra?
Answer:
Bajra grows well on sandy soils and shallow black soil.

Question 8.
Name the major maize-producing states.
Answer:
The major maize-producing states are Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

Question 9.
Why is tea processed within the tea garden?
Answer:
Tea is processed within the tea garden to restore its freshness.

Question 10.
Where is rubber grown?
Answer:
Rubber is mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Garo Hills of Meghalaya, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe ‘slash and burn’ agriculture.
Answer:
In ‘slash and bum’ agriculture, a farmer clears’a patch of land and grows cereals and other food crops to sustain his family. When the fertility of the soil decreases, the farmer shifts to another area and clears a fresh patch of land. This shifting allows the nature to replenish the soil through natural processes. Primitive tools are used, and family or community labours are involved. Farmers depend on monsoon, natural fertility of the soil and other environmental conditions required for the crops to be grown. The productivity is low, fertilisers or other modem inputs are not used.

Question 2.
What are the various terms used for ‘slash and burn’ agriculture in various parts of the country and the world?
Answer:
It is known as Jhumming in the north¬eastern states like Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland; Pamlou in Manipur, Dipa in Bastar district of Chhattisgarh and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It is known as Dahiya or Bewar in Madhya Pradesh, Podu or Penda in Andhra Pradesh; Pama Dabi, Koman or Bringa in Odisha, Kumari in Western Ghats, Valre or Waltre in South-eastern Rajasthan, Khil in the Himalayan belt and Kuruwa in Jharkhand.

Question 3.
What is intensive subsistence farming? Why there is immense pressure on agricultural land in this type of farming?
Answer:
Intensive subsistence farming is labour-intensive farming. High doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used to obtain higher production. This type of farming is practised in the areas of high population. The ‘right of inheritance’ has led to division of land among successive generations, which has rendered land-holding size uneconomical. However, the farmers continue to extract maximum output from the limited land in the absence of alternative source of livelihood. Therefore, there is a tremendous pressure on agricultural land in this type of farming.

Question 4.
Discuss the characteristics of commercial farming.
Answer:
Commercial farming includes the use of higher doses of modem inputs, e.g., high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity. The degree of commercialisation of agriculture varies from one region to another. For example, rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but in Odisha, it is a subsistence crop. Plantation is also a type of commercial farming.

Question 5.
What are the features of plantation agriculture?
Answer:
Plantation is a type of commercial farming. In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on a large area. It has an interface of agriculture and industry. Plantations cover large tracts of land, using capital-intensive inputs, with the help of migrant labourers. All the produce is used as raw material in respective industries. As the production is only for the market, a well-developed network of transport and communication connecting the plantation areas, processing industries and markets plays an important role in the development of plantations.

Question 6.
Give the geographical conditions required for the growth of rice. In which states is rice grown?
Answer:
Rice is a kharif crop. It grows in high temperature, above 25°C and high humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm. In the areas of less rainfall, it grows . with the help of irrigation. Rice is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions. Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tube wells has iffade it possible to grow rice in the areas of less rainfall, such as Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.

Question 7.
Why are pulses grown in rotation with other crops? What is the rank of India in the world in pulse production and name the various pulses and states growing them.
Answer:
Except arhar, all pulses are leguminous crops. They help in restoring soil fertility by fixing nitrogen from the air. These pulses are grown in rotation with other crops. India is the largest producer as well as consumer of pulses in the world. These are the major sources of protein in a vegetarian diet. Major pulses grown in India are tur, urad, moong, masur, peas and gram. Major pulse producing states of India are Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Karnataka.

Question 8.
What type of soil and climatic conditions are required for growing rubber? Where is it grown and discuss its use.
Answer:
Rubber requires moist and humid climate with rainfall more than 200 cm and temperature above 25°C. It is mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Garo hills of Meghalaya. Rubber has various uses. It is an important industrial raw material. It is used for making cycle tyres and tubes, auto tyres and tubes, camel back, footwears, belts and hoses, latex foam, dipped goods, and other products.

Question 9.
Specify the geographical conditions required for the growth of cotton. In which states is cotton grown?
Answer:
Cotton is a kharif crop and requires 6 to 8 months to grow. It needs high temperature, light rainfall, 210 frost-free days and bright sunshine for its growth. Cotton grows well in drier parts of the black cotton soil of the Deccan plateau. Major cotton producing states are Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh.

Question 10.
Write a short note on fibre crops.
Answer:
Four major fibre crops grown in India are cotton, jute, hemp and natural silk. While cotton, jute and hemp are crops grown in the soil, silk is obtained from cocoons of silkworms fed on green leaves, especially mulberry. Rearing of silkworms for the production of silk fibre is known as sericulture.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Distinguish between rabi, kharif and zaid cropping seasons.

Rabi crops	Kharif crops	Zaid crops
(i) These are sown in winter from October to December.	(iii) These are sown with the onset of monsoon in different parts of the country.	(ii) In between the rabi and kharif seasons, there is a short season during summer months, known as the zaid season.
(ii) Wheat, barley, peas, gram, mustard are rabi crops.	(ii) Paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur, moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut, soyabean are kharif crops.	(ii) Watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops are zaid crops. Sugarcane takes a year to grow.
(iii) These are harvested in summer from April to June.	(iii) These are harvested in September-October.

Question 2.
Write the conditions required for growing sugarcane. What are the uses of sugarcane? Name the sugarcane producing states.
Answer:
Sugarcane is a tropical as well as a subtropical crop. ,

It grows well in hot and humid climate with a temperature of 21°C to 27°C and an annual rainfall between 75 cm and 100 cm.
Irrigation is required in regions of low rainfall. ‘
It can grdw on a variety of soil.
It needs manual labour from sowing to harvesting. It is-the main source of sugar, gur (jaggery), khandsari and molasses. The major sugarcane producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, and Haryana.

Question 3.
Name the different types of oilseeds grown in India and its uses. Identify the kharif and rabi oilseeds.
Answer:
Different types of oilseeds are grown covering approximately 12 per cent of the total cropped area of the country. Major oilseeds produced in India are groundnut, mustard, and coconut, sesame (til), soyabean, castor seeds, cotton seeds, linseed and sunflower seeds. Most of the oilseeds are edible and used as cooking mediums.

Some of them are also used as raw material in the production of soap, cosmetics and ointments. Groundnut is a kharif crop. Linseed and mustard are rabi crops. Sesame is a kharif crop in north and rabi crop in south India. Castor seed is grown both as rabi and kharif crop.

Question 4.
Mention the geographical conditions favourable for tea cultivation. Name the states where tea plantations are found.
Answer:
Tea grows well in tropical and subtropical climates.

Tea requires deep and fertile well-drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter.
Tea bushes require warm and moist frost- free climate all through the year.
Frequent showers evenly distributed over the year ensure continuous growth of tender leaves.
It is processed within the tea garden to restore its freshness. Major tea producing states are Assam, hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts of West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Apart from these, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh and Tripura also produce tea.

Question 5.
Describe the technological and institutional reforms in agriculture in India after Independence.
Answer:
Agriculture which provides livelihood for more than 60 per cent of its population needed some serious technical and institutional reforms. Government introduced the reforms in the J 960s and 1970s.

Collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc. were given priority to bring institutional reforms in the country after independence.
Land teform was the main focus of the First Five-Year Plan.
Green Revolution based on the use of package technology and White Revolution (Operation Flood) were some of the strategies initiated to improve Indian agriculture.
In the 1980s and 1990s, a comprehensive land development programme was initiated, which included both institutional and technical reforms.
Steps like provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease, establishment of Grameert banks, cooperative societies and loan facilities for farmers by banks at low interest rates were taken.
Kisan Credit Card (KCC) and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) were schemes introduced by the Government of India for the benefit of the farmers.
Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes were broadcasted on television and radio.
The government has also announced minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.

Question 6.
Discuss the Bhoodan-Gramdan movement initiated by Vinoba Bhave.
Answer:
Vinoba Bhave was one of the votaries of Gandhi’s concept of gram swarajya. In Andhra Pradesh, few landless villagers demanded land for their economic well-being. Vinoba Bhave assured that he would talk to the Government of India regarding provision of land if they undertook cooperative farming. Shri Ram Charan Reddy offered 80 acres of land to be distributed among the landless villagers. This was known as Bhoodan. Some zamindars offered to distribute villages among the landless. This was known as Gramdan. Many landowners, in fear of land ceiling act, chose to provide some part of their land to the poor farmers. This was known as Bhoodan-Gramdan movement or Blood-less Revolution.

Activity Based Questions

Question 1.
On a political map of India, mark the cotton, jute and rubber producing regions.
Answer:
Jute, cotton and rubber producing regions

Question 2.
On a political map of India, mark the tea and coffee producing regions of India.
Answer:
Tea and coffee producing regionsg.

Question 3.
On a political map of India, mark the sugarcane producing regions of India.
Answer:
Sugarcane producing regions

Question 4.
Study the picture carefully and answer the following questions:

(a) Who introduced tea plantation in India?
(b) What type of labour is required for this industry or plantation?
(c) What is the rank of India in tea production in the world?
Answer:
(a) Tea cultivation was introduced in India by the British.
(b) Abundant, cheap and skilled labour is required for this industry.
(c) As per 2015-16 records, India was the second largest producer of tea after China.

Question 5.
Study the pictures carefully and answer the following questions:

(a) What is the rank of India in fruits and vegetables production in the world?
(b) Where are apples, pears, apricots and walnuts grown?
(c) Name the vegetables grown in India.
Answer:
(a) India ranks second in fruits and vegetables production in the world, after China.
(b) Apples, pears, apricots and walnuts are grown in Jammu and Kashmir, and Himachal Pradesh.
(c) India is an important producer of pea, cauliflower, onion, cabbage, tomato, brinjal and potato.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

September 10, 2024September 9, 2024 by Bhagya

JAC Board Class 10 Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

→ Economy is best understood when the different economic activities are classified in different sectors.

→ Primary, secondary, tertiary, private, public, organized and unorganized are different sectors of economy in which economic activities are grouped.

→ Primary sector produces products that forms the base of other industries. This sector is also called agriculture and related sector.

→ In secondary sector those activities are covered in which through ways of manufacturing natural products are changed into other forms. This sector is also called as industrial sector.

→ The third sector is the tertiary sector. In this activities that help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors are grouped. This sector is also called service sector.

→ To know the contribution of each sector in an economy the value of final goods and services produced by each sector in a particular year is considered.

→ The total production in three sectors in a year is what is known as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country. The value of GDP indicates the size of the economy.

→ In India, GDP is calculated by Central Government ministry.

→ Historically, it has been observed that countries, which are developed today had strong primary sector in the initial stage of development and eventually the manufacturing and service sectors developed.

→ In India, more people are engaged in agricultural sector than secondary and tertiary sector, however the contribution of secondary and tertiary sector in GDP is more than the primary sector. This is mainly because more people in agriculture sector are underemployed. Underemployed is also known as disguised unemployment because as those underemployed may work but not to their full capacity and earn very less. Besides primary, secondary and tertiary sector, economic activities can be grouped under organized and unorganized sectors. Organized sector covers those activities, enterprises or places of work where the terms of employment are regular and people have assured work. They are registered by the government and have to follow its rules and regulations.

→ Unorganized sector covers those activities, which generally are outside the control of government. Jobs here are often irregular and low paid. Employment is not secure in this sector.

→ Mostly people from backward communities, scheduled tribes and castes work in unorganized sector.

→ Another way of classification of economic activities is on the basis of ownership such as private and public sectors. In the public sector, the government owns most of the assets and the services. In the private sector, the ownership of assets and delivery of services is in the hands of private individuals or companies. Such as railways are under public sector and Reliance Industries is a private sector entity.

→ There are many activities, which are government’s responsibility and government needs to spend on them for human development.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture

September 10, 2024September 9, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture

JAC Class 10th Geography Agriculture InText Questions and Answers

Page 34

Question 1.
Can you name some industries based on agricultural raw material?
Answer:
Few industries based on agricultural raw materials are the oilseed industry, jute and cotton industry, woollen and textile industry, paper industry and food processing units.

Question 2.
Can you name some such types of farmings?
Answer:
Jhumming: The ‘slash and burn’ agriculture is known as ‘Milpa’ in Mexico and Central America, ‘Conuco’ in Venzuela, ‘Roca’ in Brazil, ‘Masole’ in Central Africa, ‘Ladang’ in Indonesia, ‘Ray’ in Vietnam. In India, this primitive form of cultivation is called ‘Bewar’ or ‘Dahiya’ in Madhya Pradesh, ‘Podu’ or ‘Penda’ in Andhra Pradesh, ‘Pama Dabi’ or ‘Roman’ or Bringa’ in Odisha, ‘Kumari’ in Western Ghats, ‘Valre’ or ‘Waltre’ in South-eastern Rajasthan, ‘Khil’ in the Himalayan belt, ‘Kuruwa’ in Jharkhand, and ‘Jhumming’ in the Northeastern region.

Poge 35

Question 3.
Rinjha lived with her family in a small village at the outskirts of Diphu in Assam. She enjoys watching her family members clearing, slashing and burning a patch of land for cultivation. She often helps them in irrigating the fields with water running through a bamboo canal from the nearby spring.

She loves the surroundings and wants to stay here as long as she can, but this little girl has no idea about the declining fertility of the soil and her family’s search for fresh a patch of land in the next season. Can you name the type of farming Rinjha’s family is engaged in?
Answer:
Rinjha’s family is engaged in ‘slash and bum’ or jhumming agriculture.

Question 4.
Can you enlist some crops which are grown in such farming?
Answer:
Crops such as jowar, millet, cassava, com, beans, etc. are grown.

Question 5.
Can you name some of the states of India where intensive subsistence farming is practised?
Answer:
Intensive subsistence farming is practised in Punjab, some parts of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Haryana.

Question 6.
Can you give some more examples of crops which may be commercial in one region and may provide subsistence in another region?
Answer:
While wheat is grown on a large scale as a commercial crop in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, it is grown as a subsistence crop in eastern states like Bihar and West Bengal.

Page 42

Question 7.
List the items w hich are made of rubber and are used by us.
Answer:
Rubber is an important industrial raw material. It is used for a variety of purposes

Page 45

Question 8.
Can you name any gene-modified seed used vastly in India?
Answer:
Cotton is the only gene-modified see vastly used in India

Question 9.
Change in cropping patterns, for example, from cereals to high-value crops will mean that India will have to import food. During 1960s this would have been seen as a disaster. But if India imports cereals while exporting high-value commodities, it will be following successful economies like Italy, Israel and Chile. These countries export farm products (fruits, olives, especially seeds and wine) and import cereals. Are we ready to take this risk? Debate the issue.
Answer:
Self-help.
Hints:

India can take this risk with the assistance from the government.
Some government-owned land or cooperatives can be involved in the beginning for trial.
If the crop production is successful and there is a good sale, then gradually the cropping pattern can be changed.
Farmers need to be educated on the techniques of cultivating high-value crops

JAC Class 10th Geography Agriculture Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below.
(i) Which one of the following describes a system of agriculture where a single crop is grown on a large area?
(a) Shifting agriculture
(b) Plantation agriculture
(c) Horticulture
(d) Intensive agriculture
Answer:
(b) Plantation agriculture

(ii) Which one of the following is a rabi crop?
(a) Rice
(b) Gram
(c) Millets
(d) Cotton
Answer:
(b) Gram

(iii) Which one of the following is a leguminous crop?
(a) Pulses
(b) Jowar
(c) Millets
(d) Sesamum
Answer:
(a) Pulses

Question 2.
Answer the following questions in 30 words.
(a) Name one important beverage crop and specify the geographical conditions required for its growth.

(b) Naitte one staple crop of India and the regions where it is produced.

(d) The land under cultivation has got reduced day by day. Can you imagine its consequences?
Answer:
(a) Tea is an important beverage crop. It grows well in tropical and sub-tropical climates having deep and fertile well- drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter. Tea bushes require warm and moist frost-free climate all through the year. Frequent showers evenly distributed over
the year ensure continuous growth of tender leaves. It is processed within the tea garden to restore its freshness.

(b) Rice is a staple crop of a majority of the people in India. It is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions. Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tube wells has made it possible to grow rice in the areas of less rainfall, such as Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.

(c) The Government of India introduced several institutional reforms for the benefit of the farmers and agriculture of India. Land reform was the main focus of our first five year plan. Collectivisation, consolidation of land holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc. were given priority to bring institutional reforms in the country after Independence. 1980s and 1990s a land development programme was initiated, which included both institutional and technical reforms.

(d) The competition for land between non- agricultural uses such as housing, etc. and agriculture has led to reduction in net sown area. This will lead to shortage of food. Food is a basic need and every citizen of the country should have access to food which provides minimum nutritional balance. There will be a huge pressure on the country’s future food security.

Question 3.
Answer the following questions in about 120 words:
(a) Suggest the initiative taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural production.
(b) Describe the impact of globalisation on Indian agriculture.
(c) Describe the geographical conditions required for the growth of rice.
Answer:
(a) Various initiatives taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural production are:

Collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of Zamindari, etc., were given priority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after independence.
Laftd Reform was the main focus of our ‘First Five Year Plan’.
The Green Revolution was based on the use of package technology and the White Revolution were some of the strategies initiated to improve the Indian agriculture.
provision for crop insurance against drought, floods, diseases, etc.
Grameen Banks, Kissan Credit Card and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme are some of the reforms by the Indian Government for the benefit of the farmers.

(b) Globalisation has been existent since the time of colonisation of India. After the 1990s, the Indian farmers have been exposed to new challenges as they are not able to compete with the developed countries because of the highly subsidised agriculture in those countries.

A fewveconomists think that Indian farmers have a bleak future if they keep growing foodgrains on small landholdings for ever increasing population. Despite being an important producer of rice, cottbn, rubber, tea, coffee, jute and spices, the agricultural products are unable to face the stiff competition.

Overuse of chemicals, dying aquifers and vanishing diversity has led to land degradation. It is said that Green Revolution is responsible for it.Farmers should adopt to genetic engineering, which is recognised as a powerful supplement in inventing new hybrid varieties of seeds. Organic farming has become popular. Indian farmers should diversify their cropping pattern from cereals to high-value crops. This will increase income and reduce environmental degradation simultaneously.

(c) Rice is a kharif crop. It requires high temperature, above 25°C and high humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm. In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation. Rice grows well in the plains of north and north¬eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions. Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tube wells has made it possible to grow rice in the areas of less rainfall, such as, Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.

NCERT ‘Project’ Work

Question 1.
Group discussion on the necessity of literacy among farmers.
Answer:
Self-help Hints:

Literacy is a must for development and progress of a country.
Farmers of a country need proper guidance to understand the quality of their land, what is required to keep their land fertile. To know and understand this, they need to be literate.
They need to know how to run and maintain all the farming machines and implements.
To understand what nutrients, fertilisers and pesticides are required for their soil.
To read and understand the terms and conditions of loans taken from various sources.

Question 2.
On an outline map of India show major wheat and rice producing states.

NCERT Activity

Solve the puzzle by following your search horizontally and vertically to find the hidden answers.

Question 1.
The two staple food crops of India.
Answer:
Rice and wheat

Question 2.
This is the summer cropping season of India.
Answer:
Kharif

Question 3.
Pulses like arhar, moong, gram, urad contain
Answer:
Protein

Question 4.
It is a coarse grain.
Answer:
Jo war

Question 5.
The two important beverages in India are…….
Answer:
Tea, Coffee

Question 6.
One of the four major fibres grown on black soils.
Answer:
Cotton

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 5 Consumer Rights

September 10, 2024September 9, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 5 Consumer Rights

JAC Class 10th Economics Consumer Rights Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why are rules and regulations required in the marketplace? Illustrate with a few examples.
Answer:
Rules and regulations are required in the market place to protect the consumers from unfair trade practices and exploitation by the sellers. Exploitation in the marketplace happens in various ways. For example, sometimes traders indulge in unfair trade practices, such as, when shopkeepers weigh less than what they should or when traders add charges that were not mentioned before, or when adulterated/defective goods are sold.

Question 2.
What factors gave birth to the consumer movement in India? Trace its evolution.
Answer:
The consumer movement arose out of dissatisfaction of the consumers as many unfair practices were being indulged in by the sellers.

Question 3.
Explain the need for consumer consciousness by giving two examples.
Answer:
Consumer consciousness is when consumers acquire knowledge about their rights to become a well – informed consumer, while purchasing various goods and services, e.g.,

While buying commodities check for logos like ISI, Agmark or Hallmark. These logos and certification help consumers get assured of quality while purchasing the goods and services.
Consumer Rights to healthy environment against water, noise and air pollution.

Question 4.
Mention a few factors which cause exploitation of consumers.
Answer:
Traders try to earn a profit by using unfair means like weighing less, unfair trade practices and resort to adulteration, hoarding and black – marketing. Ignorance of the consumers.

Question 5.
What is the rationale behind the enactment of Consumer Protection Act 1986?
Answer:
The Indian Government enacted the Consumer Protection Act in 1986, popularly known as COPRA for the protection of consumers.

Putting pressure on pvt. firms and the govt, to curb unfair trade practices.
Recognising various rights of the consumers to seek redressal.

Question 6.
Describe some of your duties as consumers if you visit a shopping complex in your locality.
Answer:
Join Consumer Awareness Organisations, take warrantee card with purchase, cash memos/bills with items, purchase quality marke products with ISI mark, Agmark, etc., make complaints for genuine grievances.

Question 7.
Suppose you buy a bottle of honey and a biscuit packet. Which logo or mark you will have to look for and why?
Answer:
We would look for the ‘agmark’ symbol on them because this mark is certified by the government and assures the quality of the product.

Question 8.
What legal measures were taken by the government to empower the consumers in india?
Answer:

Under COPRA a three-tier quasi – judicial machinery at the district, state and national levels was. set up for redressai of consumer disputes.
The district level court deals with the cases involving claims upto 20 Iakh, the state level courts between 20 lakh and I crore and the national level court deals with the cases involving claims exceeding 1 crore.
Thus, the Act has enabled us as consumers to have the right to represent in the consumer courts.

Question 9.
Mention some of the rights of consumers and write a few sentences on each. j
Answer:

Right to safety: The consumers have the right to be protected against the selling of hazardous goods to life and property.
Right to be informed: Consumers have the right to be informed about the quality, quantity, purity, standard and price of goods.
Right to be informed: Consumers can raise their voice against exploitation at consumer forums or consumer courts.
Right to choose: Consumers have a right to choice from various goods and services at competitive prices.
Right to seek Redressal: Consumers have the right to fair settlement or compensation of genuine grievances against unfair trade practices or exploitation.

Question 10.
By what means can the consumers express their solidarity?
Answer:
Consumer Clubs, Resident Welfare Associations are some of the ways in which consumers can express their solidarity.

Question 11.
Critically examine the progress of consumer movement in India.
Answer:

The consumer redressal process in India is time-consuming and expensive as a consumer has to engage the lawyers.
If cash memos are not issued evidences are not easy to gather.
The existing laws are also not very clear on the issue of compensation for defective products.
Laws to protect workers in the unorganised sectors are weak.
Rules and regulations for working of markets are often not followed.

Question 12.
Match the following.

(i) Availing details of ingredients of a product	(a) Right to safety
(ii) Agmark	(b) Dealing with consumer cases
(iii) Accident due to faulty engine in a scooter	(c) Certification of edible oil and cereals
(iv) District – Consumer Courtt	(d) Agency that develop standards for goods and services
(v) Consumers International	(e) Right to information
(vi) Bureau of Indian Standards	(f) Global level institution of consumer welfare organisations

Answer:

(i) Availing details of ingredients of a product	(e) Right to information
(ii) Agmark	(c) Certification of edible oil and cereals
(iii) Accident due to faulty engine in a scooter	(a) Right to safety
(iv) District – Consumer Courtt	(b) Dealing with consumer cases
(v) Consumers . International	(f) Global level institution of consumer welfare organisations
(vi) Bureau of Indian Standards	(d) Agency that develop standards for goods and services

Question 13.
(i) COPRA applies only to goods.
Answer:
False

(ii) India is one of the many countries in the world which has exclusive courts for consumer redressal.
Answer:
True

(iii) When a consumer feels that he has been exploited, he must file a case in the District Consumer Court.
Answer:
True

(iv) It is worthwhile to move to consumer courts only if the damages incurred are of high value.
Answer:
False

(v) Hallmark is the certification maintained for standardisation of jewelry.
Answer:
True

(vi) The consumer redressal process is very simple and quick.
Answer:
False

(vii) A consumer has the right to get compensation depending on the degree of the damage.
Answer:
False

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions Economics Chapter 5 Consumer Rights

September 10, 2024September 9, 2024 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Important Questions Economics Chapter 5 Consumer Rights

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
MRP on a product means
(a) Minimum retail price
(b) Maximum retail price
(c) Micro retail price
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Maximum retail price

Question 2.
The consumer movement in India has led to the formation of various organizations which are locally known as:
(a) Consumer Protection Council
(b) The Consumer International
(c) The Consumer Protection Act
(d) The World Trade Organisation
Answer:
(c) The Consumer Protection Act

Question 3.
When was the ‘Right to Information Act’ passed?
(a) In January 2002
(b) In March 2004
(c) In October 2005
(d) In July 2007
Answer:
(c) In October 2005

Question 4.
Which one of the following is the agency that develops standards for goods and services in India?
(a) COPRA
(b) National Consumer Court
(c) Consumer Protection Council
(d) Bureau of Indian Standards
Answer:
(d) Bureau of Indian Standards

Question 5.
The department of consumer affairs is found at:
(a) National level
(b) State level
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Both (a) and (b)

Question 6.
The National Consumer Day is celebrated on:
(a) 24th December
(b) 24th November
(c) 24th October
(d) 24th September
Answer:
(a) 24th December

Question 7.
Rules and regulations are required in the marketplace for:
(a) Protecting sellers
(b) Protecting consumers
(c) Integrating the consumers
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Protecting consumers

Question 8.
If there is any complaint regarding goods or service, the seller shifts the responsibility to:
(a) Maker
(b) Product or service
(c) Consumer
(d) Nobody
Answer:
(c) Consumer

Question 9.
What gave rise to the ‘Consumer Movement’ in India?
(a) Inflation
(b) Violence
(c) Hoarding
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Hoarding

Question 10.
For which of these products does it become mandatory for the producers to get certified?
(a) Fruits
(b) Telephones
(c) Cigarettes
(d) LPG cylinders
Answer:
(d) LPG cylinders

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Consumer Protection?
Answer:
Consumer Protection refers to protect the consumers from the exploitation of traders in the marketplace.

Question 2.
Who are consumers?
Answer:
Consumers are those people who participate in the market when they purchase goods and services that they need and these are the final goods that people as consumers use.

Question 3.
Write any one factor which leads to exploitation of consumers.
Answer:
Traders try to earn a profit by using unfair means like weighing less, unfair trade practices and resort to adulteration, hoarding and black – marketing. Ignorance of the consumers.

Question 4.
How did the consumer movement originate in India?
Answer:
The consumer movement originated in India with the necessity of protecting and promoting the interests of consumers against unethical and unfair trade practices.

Question 5.
How many organizations have been set up at the international level to protect consumers?
Answer:
220 organizations have been set up at the international level to protect consumers.

Question 6.
MRP of the product falls under which right?
Answer:
MRP of the product falls under the right to be informed.

Question 7.
Write any two rights of consumers.
Answer:

Right to Safetyand
Right to be Informed.

Question 8.
Write the importance of consumer forums.
Answer:
Consumer forums create awareness and guide consumers on how to file cases in the consumer court.

Question 9.
What are Agmark, ISI and ISO related to?
Answer:
Agmark is related to agricultural produce, ISI is related to consumer goods while ISO certifies the standards of products at the international level.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 1 Development

September 10, 2024September 9, 2024 by Bhagya

JAC Board Class 10 Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 1 Development

→ Development has many aspects. Development goal and aspiration for everyone is different.

→ Every person can have different developmental goals. What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may even be destructive for the other. Two people may have same but conflicting goals.

→ Earning better income, may be the aspiration of many; however people also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect of others. They resent discrimination. All these are also important goals. People look for mix of goals.

→ Even the notion of national development could be different for every individual, different person could have different as well as conflicting notions of a country’s development.

→ National development means development for all sections of the society.

→ To compare development of different countries or a state’s per capita income is considered to be one of the most important attribute.. Per capita income is calculated on the basis of total income of the country divided by the total population.

→ In 2006, World Bank in its World Development report classified the countries as devejoped or less developed on the basis of the average income or per capita income of the country. Countries with per capita income of US $ 12,056 per annum and above in 2017, are called rich countries and those with per capita income of US $ 955 or less are called low-income countries. India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its per capita income in 2017 was just US $ 1820 per annum.

→ While average incomes are useful for comparison, but they also hide disparities within the country or a state. Even though the level of income is important, yet it is an inadequate measure of the level of development. Besides income, quality of life, education status, infant mortality rate, health standard, security, freedom and sustainability of environment are some basic criteria, to access development of an area or a region.

→ Human Development Report published by UNDP compares countries based on the educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita income. It is the people, their health, their well-being, that is most important aspect of human development. The other important aspect is sustainability of development. Sustainable development means to meet the demand of the current generation without compromising on the of the future generation resources.

→ Sustainable development is possible when we judiciously utilize the natural resources (both renewable and non-renewable) without impacting the ecological balance. Sustainability is important to enjoy the benefits of development in future as well.