Month: May 2022

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Media

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JAC Board Class 7 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Media

→ Media can be anything and everything ranging from the stall at the local fair to the program that we see on TV.

  • Media is the plural form of Medium. There are different ways through which we communicate with people and society. It is a means of communication.
  • Television, radio and newspapers are a form of media that reaches millions of people or the masses all over the country and the world thus, they are called mass media.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Media

→ Media and Technology:

  • The technology that mass media uses keeps changing from time to time. Television and the use of the Internet is a very recent phenomenon as these have come into existence for less than twenty years.
  • Due to certain use of technologies, newspapers, television and radio can reach millions of people.
  • Newspapers and magazines are the part of the print media and Television and radio are the part of the electronic media.
  • Technology are making us more modem. Changing technology, or machines helps media to reach more people. It not only improves the quality of sound and the images that you see. But also changes the ways in which we think about our lives.
  • Television has enabled us to think as members of a larger global world. Television images travel huge distances through satellites and cables and allows us to view news and entertainment channels from other parts of the world.
  • Television, cell phones, internet has brought the world closer to us.

→ Media and Money:

  • The various technologies which mass media uses are very expensive. In a news studio, it is not only the newsreader who needs to be paid but also a number of other people who help to put the broadcast together, this includes those who look after the cameras and lights etc.
  • Most of the television channels and newspapers are part of big business houses.
  • To meet the expenses, they do number of things. One of them is advertising. The mass media earns money by advertising different things such as cars, chocolates, clothes, mobile phones, etc.
  • Advertisements are repeated in the hope that you will go out and buy what is advertised. It is the way of convincing the common people.

→ Media and Democracy:

  • The media plays an important role in providing news and discussing events taking place in the country and the world in democracy.
  • The ways in which they can take action on the basis of news is by writing letters to the concerned minister, organising a public protest, starting a signature campaign, asking the government to rethink its programme etc.
  • It is important that the information should be balanced as the media has been given the role in providing information.
  • A balanced report is one that discusses all points of view of a particular story and then leaves it to the readers to make up their minds.
  • A balanced report write ups depends on the media being independent. An independent media means that no one should control and influence its coverage of news. No one should tell the media what to write or what not to write.
  • In a democracy, an independent media is very important.
  • In reality, the media is far from independent. Reasons are there for it.
  • The control that the government has on the media is the first reason. When the government bans or cut either a news item or scenes from a movie or the lyrics of a song from being shared with the larger public this is known as censorship. There have been periods in Indian history when the government censored the media. Between 1975-1977, the worst of these was the Emergency period.
  • The second reason is that despite the absence of censorship by the government, most of the newspapers nowadays fail to provide a balanced story because the business houses control the media. At times, it is in the interest of these businesses to focus on only one side of the story. Since, media needs money to run, hence it links to advertising means that it becomes difficult for media to be reporting against people who give them advertisements.
  • Apart from these factors, to make the news story more interesting they show only one side of the story and to increase the public support.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Media

→ Setting Agendas:

  • The media also plays an important role in deciding what stories to focus and emphasize on and decides on what is newsworthy.
  • By emphasizing and focusing on particular issues, the media influences our thoughts, feelings and actions, and brings those issues to our attention. Due to this significant influence, it plays in our lives and in shaping our thoughts and it is generally said that the media ‘sets the agenda’.
  • The media positively help us to focus on an issue that affects our lives and one that we might not even have been aware of it, had it not been for media reporting.
  • Though there are several occasions when the media fails to focus on issues that are very much significant in our lives.
  • Since it is a democratic country, the media has a very important role to play in our lives because it is through the media that we hear about issues related to the working of the government. The media decides what to focus on and in this way it ‘sets the agenda’.
  • This is important for us to be aware that the ‘factual information’ that a news report provides is often incomplete and can be one-sided. Therefore, we need to analyse the news before coming into conclusion of the issue or news.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 7 Markets Around Us

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JAC Board Class 7 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 7 Markets Around Us

→ There are many types of markets that we may visit for our everyday needs: these can include shops, hawker’s stalls in our neighbourhood, a weekly market, a large shopping complex, perhaps even a mall.

→ Weekly Market:

  • The market which is held on a specific day of the week is known as the weekly market.
  • Weekly markets do not have permanent shops. Traders set up shops for the day and then close them up in the evening. Then they may set up at a different place the next day.
  • Many things are available at cheaper rates in weekly markets. The reason is when shops are in permanent buildings, they incur a lot of expenditure, they have to pay rent, electricity, fees to the government, etc. They also have to pay wages to their workers. In weekly markets, these shop owners store the things at home.
  • One of the advantages of weekly markets is that most things you need are available at one place.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 7 Markets Around Us

→ Shops in the Neighbourhood:

  • We also buy things from other kinds of markets. There are many shops that sell goods and services in our neighbourhoods.
  • Many of these are the permanent shops while others are roadside stalls such as the vegetable hawker, the fruit vendor, the mechanic, etc.
  • Shops in the neighbourhood are useful in many ways. They are near our home and we can go there on any day of the week. Generally, the buyer and seller know each other and these shops also provide goods and things on credit.

→ Shopping Complexes and Malls:

  • There are other markets in the urban area that have many shops, popularly called shopping complexes.
  • These days in many urban areas there are large multi-storeyed air-conditioned buildings with shops on different floors known as malls.
  • In these urban markets, both branded and non-branded goods are found.
  • The companies producing the branded products, sell them through shops in large urban markets and at times through special showrooms as compared to non-branded goods, fewer people can afford to buy branded ones.

→ Chain of Markets:

  • The people who is present in between the producer and the final consumer are the traders. The wholesale trader first buys goods in large quantities.
  • Through these connections of traders that goods reach distant places. The retailer is the trader who finally sells this to the consumer.
  • This could be a trader in a weekly market, a hawker in the neighbourhood or a shop in a shopping complex.
  • A chain of markets is set up. Every city has areas for wholesale markets. This is where goods first reach and are then supplied to other traders. From these traders, the retailers buy and finally the buyers get it.

→ Markets Everywhere:

  • Buying and selling takes place in different ways, not through shops in the market only. People use phones and internet to place orders and get the things at their home.
  • There are markets that we are not so aware of because a large number of goods are bought and sold that we don’t use directly.
  • Generally, we don’t see all the buying and selling processes but only the final product.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 7 Markets Around Us

→ Markets and Equality:

  • We can be buyers or sellers in these different markets which depends among other things and on the money that we have.
  • The weekly market trader earns very less compared to the profit of a shop owner in a shopping complex.
  • When things are sold, it encourages production and new opportunities are created for people to earn. Hence, there is inequality in the market.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 8 A Shirt in the Market

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JAC Board Class 7 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 8 A Shirt in the Market

→ A chain of markets links the producer of cotton to the buyer of the shirt in the supermarket. Buying and selling takes place at every step in the chain.

→ A Cotton Farmer in Kurnool:

  • Cultivation of cotton is a very tough and difficult job. Cultivation of cotton is very expensive and requires high levels of inputs such as fertilisers and pesticides.
  • The farmers have to bear heavy expenses on account of these. The small farmers need to borrow money to meet these expenses.
  • Local traders were giving loans to farmers and in return they were buying their cottons from them at cheaper rates. They were very clever and making good amount of money.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 8 A Shirt in the Market

→ The Cloth Market of Erode

  • Different varieties of cloth are sold in Erode’s bi-weekly cloth market in Tamil Nadu.
  • It is one of the largest cloth markets in the world.
  • Cloth that is made by weavers in the villages around is also brought in the market for sale. Offices of cloth merchants are present in the market who buy this cloth. Other traders from many south Indian towns also come and purchase cloth in this market.
  • On market days, weavers bring cloth that has been made on order from the merchant. These merchants supply cloth on order to garment manufacturers and exporters around the country. Merchants purchase the yam and give instructions and directions to the weavers about the kind of cloth that is to be made.

→ Putting-out System – Weavers Producing Cloth at Home

  • The merchant distributes and hand out the work among the weavers based on the orders he has received for cloth. The merchant give yam to the weavers and in turn the weavers supply him the cloth.
  • Two advantages are there for the weavers. They do not have to spend their money on purchase of yam. Second, the problem of selling the finished cloth is taken care of.
  • But this dependence on the merchants for raw materials and markets means that the merchants has a lot of power. They give orders for what is to be made and they pay a very low price for making the cloth.
  • The weaver never know for whom they are making the cloth or at what price it will be sold. At the cloth market, the merchants sell the cloth to the garment factories. The market works in favour of the merchants most of the time.
  • Weavers invest all their savings or borrow money at high interest rates to buy looms. He cannot work alone so he takes the help
    of another adult family member. They work very hard and earn very nominal amount.
  • The arrangement between the merchant and the weavers is an example of putting-out system where the merchant supplies the raw material and receives the finished product. It is prevalent in the weaving industry in most regions of India.

→ The Garment Exporting Factory Near Delhi

  • The Erode merchant supplies the cotton cloth produced by the weavers to a garment exporting factory near Delhi. The garment exporting factory will use the cloth to make shirts.
  • The shirts will be exported to foreign buyers who are from the US and Europe who run a chain of stores.
  • They do business on their own term and conditions. They demand the lowest prices from the supplier and set high standards for quality of production and timely delivery. Any defects or delay in delivery is dealt with strictly. Hence, the exporter tries his best to meet the conditions.
  • The exporters having these conditions and pressures in turn cut the costs of weavers and maximize their own profit and supply the garment to foreign buyers at cheap rates.

→ The Shirt in the United States
The big businessperson who bought the shirts from the garment exporters in Delhi earn a huge amount of profit. Although, he spent some amount on advertising, storage, etc.

→ Who are the Gainers in the Market?
There were people who made profits in the market and there were some who did not gain as much from this buying and selling. Despite they have been toiled very hard, they earned very little.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 8 A Shirt in the Market

→ Market and Equality

  • Democracy is also about getting a fair wage in the market.
  • The foreign businessperson made maximum profits in the market But, the garment exporter made only moderate profits. Whereas, file workers earned so less at the garment export factory that are barely enough to cover their day- to-day needs. Similarly, the small cotton former and tiie weaver at Erode put in long hours ofhard work but they did not get a lair price in the market for what they produced. The merchants or traders are somewhere in between.
  • Mostly the rich and the powerful that get the maximum earnings from the market. These are the people who have money and own the factories, the large shops, large land holdings, etc. The poor have to depend on the rich and the powerful for different things. They have to depend for loans, for raw materials and marketing of their goods and most often for employment.
  • Due to this dependency and inequality, the poor people are exploited in the market.
  • To overcome these situations, cooperatives of producers are formed and ensures that laws are followed strictly.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 9 Struggles for Equality

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JAC Board Class 7 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 9 Struggles for Equality

→ The heart of democracy is equality and India is a democratic country. Unfortunately, there is inequality in the society. Only during election, on the polling day all adult citizen of India enjoys the equal rights to vote.

  • We have seen in earlier chapters as well that discrimination was always present with person such as Kanta, Swapna, Ansaris, Kavita, Melani and the list is long. For them, some people take initiatives and starts struggles for equality. For this cause, many people extend their support.
  • The major reason why so many people’s lives in India are highly unequal are poverty and lack of resources.
  • Another significant reason why people are treated unequally in India are discrimination on the basis of person’s caste, sex and religion.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 9 Struggles for Equality

→ Struggles for Equality:
Some of the persons become more widely recognised and well known because they have the support or represent large numbers of people who have united to address a particular issue of inequality.

  • In India, there are several struggles in which people have come together to fight for issues that they believe are important.
  • We can allude and refer the methods used by the women’s movement to raise issues of equality. Another example of people coming together to fight for an issue is the Tawa Matsya Sangh in Madhya Pradesh.
  • There are many such struggles such as those among beedi workers, fisherfolk, agricultural labourers, slum dwellers and each of them is struggling for justice in its own methods.

→ Tawa Matsya Sangh:

  • When dams are built or forest areas declared sanctuaries for animals, thousands of people are displaced. Most of these people are poor and forced to go somewhere else.
  • In urban areas too, bastis in which poor people live are often uprooted. Their work as well as their children’s schooling is severely hampered and disrupted.
  • This displacement of people and communities is a major problem that has become quite widespread in our country. People and activists usually come together to fight for this.
  • The Tawa Matsya Sangh is a federation of Fisherworker’s cooperatives which is an organisation fighting for the rights of the displaced forest dwellers of the Satpura forest in Madhya Pradesh.
  • The Tawa dam began to be built in 1958 and was completed in 1978. It submerged large areas of forest and agricultural land.
  • Some of the displaced people settled around the reservoir and apart from their meagre farms found a livelihood in fishing. They earned nominal amount.
  • In 1994, the government gave the rights for fishing in the Tawa reservoir to private contractors. These contractors drove the local people away and got cheap labour from outside.
  • The villagers stood united and decided that now it was time to set up an organisation and do something to protect the rights.
  • The newly formed Tawa Matsya Sangh (TMS) organised rallies and a chakka jam (road blockade) demanding their right to continue fishing for their livelihood.
  • In response to their protests and agitations, the government created a committee to assess the issue. On January 2,1997, people from 33 villages of Tawa started the new year with the first catch.
  • With the TMS taking over the charges, the fishworkers were able to increase their earnings substantially because they set up the cooperative which would buy the catch from them at a fair price.
  • The TMS has also begun giving the fishworkers loans for repair and the buying of new nets.
  • By managing to earn a higher wage as well as preserving the fish in the reservoir, the TMS has shown that when people’s organisations get their rights to livelihood, they can be good managers.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 9 Struggles for Equality

→ The Indian Constitution as a Living Document:
The Indian Constitution recognises the equality of all persons. Movements and struggles for equality in India continuously refer to the Indian Constitution to make their point about equality and justice for all.

  • By referring to the Constitution the people use it as a ‘living document’, i.e., something that has real meaning in our lives. In a democracy, there are always communities and individuals trying to expand the idea of democracy and push for a greater recognition of equality on existing as well as new issues.
  • The issues substantially affect poor and marginalised communities, and hence, concern economic and social equality in the country.
  • This is the basic principal of the struggle for equality in a democracy. The dignity and self-respect of each person and their community can only be realised if they have adequate resources to support and nurture their families and if they are not discriminated against.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 1 Environment

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JAC Board Class 7 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 1 Environment

→ Environment is the most crucial aspect of our life. The place, people, things and nature that consists of any living organism is called environment. It is a blend of natural and human made phenomena.

  • Both biotic and abiotic conditions which exists on earth refers to natural environment.
  • Biotic means the world of living organisms and abiotic means the world of non-living organisms.
  • Human environment divulge into the activities, creations and interactions among human beings.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 1 Environment

→ Natural Environment

  • The natural environment consists of land, water, air, plants and animals.
  • Environmental domains are lithosphere, • hydrosphere, biosphere and atmosphere.
  • The solid crust or the hard top layer of the earth is called the lithosphere. It is made up of different types of rocks and minerals and covered by a thin layer of soil. It provides us with forests, grasslands for grazing, land for agriculture and human settlements. We find different kinds of minerals here.
  • Various sources of water and different types of waterbodies such as rivers, lakes, seas, oceans, etc., comprises Hydrosphere. It is an essential element for all living organisms.
  • The thin layer of air that surrounds the earth is called the Atmosphere. It protect us from the harmful rays and scorching heat of the sun and contains many types of gases, dust and water vapour. Weather and climate changes due to the changes in the atmosphere.
  • Biosphere or the living world consists of plant and animal kingdom. Land, water and air interact and mix with each other to support life and it is a narrow zone of the earth.

→ What is Ecosystem?

  • The association between the living organisms as well as the association between the organisms and their surroundings form a system which is known as ecosystem.
  • An ecosystem can be of large rainforest, grassland, desert, mountains, lake, river, ocean and even a small pond.
  • As per human beings need, they modify the natural environment which is very dangerous.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 1 Environment

→ Human Environment

  • Early humans adjusted themselves to the natural surroundings.
  • With time needs grew and humans learnt new ways to use and change environment. They learnt to grow crops, domesticate animals and lead a settled life.
  • The wheel was invented, barter system came into existence, trade started and
    commerce developed. Transportation became faster. Information revolution made communication easier and faster.
  • A good balance is required between nature and human beings.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 2 Inside Our Earth

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JAC Board Class 7 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 2 Inside Our Earth

→ Both outside and inside of the earth, change is going on constantly.

→ Interior of the earth:

  • Many concentric layers which are one inside the another maked the earth.
  • The crust is the uppermost layer over the earth’s surface. Among all the layers, it is the thinnest. It is about 35 km on the continental masses and only 5 km on the ocean floors.
  • The main mineral components of the continental mass are silica and alumina and known as sial.
  • The oceanic crust mainly consists of silica and magnesium and known as sima.
  • The mantle is just under the crust which extends upto a depth of 2900 km below the crust.
  • The innermost layer is mainly consists of nickel and iron and is known as nife which is the core with a radius of about 3500 km and has very high temperature and pressure.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 2 Inside Our Earth

→ Rocks and Minerals:

  • A rock is the natural mass of mineral matter that makes up the earth’s crust. It can be of different shape, colour, size and texture.
  • Three types of rocks are there:
    • igneous rocks
    • sedimentary rocks
    • metamorphic rocks.

→ Igneous rocks are also called as primary rocks. There are two types of igneous rocks:

  • Intrusive rocks – They cool down slowly and thus they form large grains such as Granite.
  • Extrusive rocks – They have a very fine grained structure such as basalt. The Deccan plateau is made up of basalt rocks.

→ The sediments are transported and deposited by wind, water, etc. Layers of rocks are formed by these loose sediments which are compressed and hardened. These types of rocks are known as sedimentary rocks such as sandstone which is made from grains of sand. These rocks may also contain fossils of plants, animals and other micro-organisms that once lived on them.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 2 Inside Our Earth

→ Igneous and sedimentary rocks changes into metamorphic rocks under great heat and pressure such as clay changes into slate and limestone into marble.
The process of transformation of the rock from one to another rock is called the rock cycle.
Rocks are made up of different minerals and are naturally occurring substances which have certain physical and chemical properties. Some are used as fuels, some in medicines, industries, fertilisers, etc.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 3 Our Changing Earth

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JAC Board Class 7 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 3 Our Changing Earth

→ The lithosphere is fragmented into a number of plates known as the Lithospheric plates.

  • Lithospheric plates move around very slowly say just a few millimetres each year, this happens because of the movement of the molten magma inside the earth.
  • The earth movements are classified on the basis of the forces which cause them.
  • Two types of forces works: The forces which act in the interior of the earth are known as Endogenic forces and the forces that work on the surface of the earth are known as Exogenic forces.
  • Sudden movements such as earthquakes and volcanoes cause mass destruction over the surface of the earth.
  • A vent means opening in the earth’s crust through which molten material erupts suddenly is known as a volcano.
  • When the Lithospheric plates move, the surface of the earth vibrates which travel all round the earth. These vibrations are known as earthquakes. The focus is the place in the crust where the movement starts. The epicentre is the place on the surface above the focus.
  • Though earthquakes cannot be predicted, but some common earthquake prediction methods adopted locally by the people include studying animal behaviour such as fish in the ponds get agitated, snakes come to the surface, etc.
  • The device used for measuring earthquake is Seismograph. Richter scale helps to measure the magnitude of the earthquake.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 3 Our Changing Earth

→ Earthquake preparedness – where to take shelter when earthquake occurs.

  • Safe spots are under a kitchen counter, a table, against an insided comer or wall.
  • Stay away from fire places such as chimneys, windows with glass pane, pictures.
  • Always be prepared by spreading awareness among your family members and friends and face any disaster and hurdle confidently.

→ Major Land Forms:

  • The landscape is being continuously worn away by two processes, they are weathering and erosion.
  • The breaking up of the rocks on the earth’s surface is known as Weathering. The wearing away of the landscape by different agents like water, wind and ice is known as Erosion.
  • The process of erosion and deposition create different and numerous landforms on the surface of the earth.

→ Work of a River:

  • A waterfall is formed when the river tumbles at steep angle over very hard rocks or down a steep valley side.
  • Meanders are formed by turns and large bends when the river enters the plain and twists.
  • An ox-bow lake is formed in due course of time when the meander loop cuts off from the river and forms a cut-off lake.
  • As the river floods, it deposits layers of fine soil and other material called sediments along its banks and this leads to the formation of a flat fertile flood plain. Thus, the raised banks are called levees.
  • The speed of the flowing river decreases as it approaches the sea and river begins to break up into a number of streams known as distributaries.
  • A delta is formed by the collection of sediments from all the mouths.

→ Work of Sea Waves:

  • Sea caves are the hollow caves which are formed on the rocks.
  • Sea arches are formed when these cavities become bigger and bigger in size and only the roof of the caves remain.
  • Stacks are the only walls which are left where erosion breaks the roof. Sea cliff are the steep rocky coast rising almost vertically above sea water.
  • The sea waves deposit sediments along the shores forms the beaches.

→ Work of Ice:

  • Rivers of ice which too erode the landscape by bulldozing soil and stones to expose the solid rock below is known as Glaciers.
  • The different material carried by the glacier such as rocks big and small, sand and silt gets deposited and these deposits form glacial moraines.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 3 Our Changing Earth

→ Work of Wind:

  • Mushroom rocks are the rocks which you find in deserts in the shape of a mushroom.
  • When the wind stops blowing the sand falls and gets deposited in low hill like structures are known as sand dunes.
  • The grains of sand becomes very fine and light, the wind can carry it over very long distances. When such sand is deposited in large areas, it is known loess. Large deposits of loess is found in China.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 8 Confronting Marginalisation

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JAC Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 8 Confronting Marginalisation

JAC Class 8th Civics Confronting Marginalisation InText Questions and Answers

Page 97

Question 1.
State one reason why you think reservations play an important role in providing social justice to Dalits and Adivasis?
Answer:
Reservations plays an important role in providing social justice to Dalits and Adivasis because it creates special opportunities for them to come up in the same level as of the mainstream of the soeicty

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 8 Confronting Marginalisation

Question 2.
Complete the table.

List of schemes What is this scheme about? How do you think it will help promote social justice?
Scholarships for students It’s about the financial support to weaker and underprivileged sections of the society such as SCs and STs. It will help them to get education and will bring them equal to others.
Special police stations Police stations specially for SCs and STs. The cases will be solved faster.
Special schemes for girls in government schools Free education and scholarships for girls. It will help to enroll more girls students for education.

 

Page 99

Question 3.
In your opinion does the force put on Rathnam to perform this ritual violate his Fundamental Rights?
Answer:
Yes, it violates Rathnam’s Fundamental Rights.

Question 4.
Why do you think the Dalit families were afraid of angering the powerful castes?
Answer:
The Dalit families were afraid of angering the powerful castes because they would be perished and won’t get work as well.

Page 100

Question 5.
Can you list two different provisions in the 1989 Act?
Answer:
Two different provisions in the 1989 Act are as follows:

  1. To occupy Dalit and Adivasis’s land forcefully and wrongfully.
  2. No forced displacement.

Question 6.
Look up the glossary and write in your own words what you understand by the term ‘morally reprehensible’.
Answer:
Any act which violates the norms and rules of dignity and decency and which goes against the values that society has accepted is termed as ‘morally reprehensible’.

Page 101

Question 7.
What do you understand by manual scavenging?
Answer:
Manual scavenging means the practice of removing human and animal waste or excreta using brooms, tin plates and baskets from dry latrines and carry these waste on their head to the disposal grounds.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 8 Confronting Marginalisation

Page 101

Question 8.
Re-read the list of Fundamental Rights provided on page 14 and list two rights that this practice violates?
Answer:
Two Rights that the practice of manual scavenging violates are as follows:

  1. Right to Freedom
  2. Right to Equality.

Question 9.
Why did the Safai Karamchari Andolan tile a PIL in 2003’? What did they complain about in their petition?
Answer:
The Safai Karamchari Andolan file a PI L in 2003 for the purpose to get manual scavenging banned. In their petition, they complained that manual scavenging still existed and it is happening in government undertakings as well such as railways. They want enforcement of their Fundamental Rights.

Question 10.
What did the Supreme Court do on hearing their case in 2005?
Answer:
The Supreme Court directed every department of the union government and state governments to verify the facts within 6 months after hearing the case in 2005. If it was found to exist, then the government department has to actively take up a time bound programme for their rehabilitation.

JAC Class 8th Civics Confronting Marginalisation Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
List two Fundamental Rights in the Constitution that Dalits can draw upon to insist that they be treated with dignity and as equals. Re-read the Fundamental Rights listed on page 14 to help you answer this question.
Answer:
The fundamental rights in the Constitution that Dalits can draw upon to insist that they be treated with dignity and as equals are as follows:

  1. Right to Equality:
    All persons are equal before the law. No one can be discriminated on the basis of religion, race, caste, gender or place of birth.
  2. Right against Exploitation:
    It prohibits all forms of forced labour, child labour and trafficking of human beings.

Question 2.
Re-read the story on Rathnam as well as the provisions of the 1989 Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act. Now list one reason why you think he used this law to file a complaint.
Answer:
The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes Prevention of Atrocities Act, 1989 seeks to punish those who humiliate or ill-treat the member of dalit or tribal groups. To seek protection against the domination and violence of the powerful castes in the village, Rathnam sought the support of law, filing his complaint under the above Act.

Question 3.
Why do Adivasi activists, including C.K. Janu, believe that Adivasis can also use this 1989 Act to fight against dispossession? Is there anything specific in the provisions of the Act that allows her to believe this?
Answer:
The Adivasi activists, including C.K. Janu, believe that Adivasis can use the 1989 Act to fight against dispossession because this Act guarantees the tribals not to be dispossessed from their land and resources forcibly. This Act confirms that the land owned by any tribal people cannot be sold to or bought by non-tribal people. If this happens, the Constitution guarantees the right of the tribal people to repossess their land.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 8 Confronting Marginalisation

Question 4.
The poems and the song in this Unit allow you to see the range of ways in which individuals and communities express their opinions, their anger and their sorrow. In class, do the following two exercises:
(a) Bring to class a poem that discusses a social issue. Share this with your classmates. Work in small groups with two or more poems to discuss their meaning as well as what the poet is trying to communicate.
(b) Identify a marginalised community in your locality. Write a poem, or song, or draw a poster, etc., to express your feelings as a member of this community.
Answer:
(a) It’s a classroom activity.
(b) Students need to do it on their own.

JAC Class 8th Civics Confronting Marginalisation Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions 

Question 1.
Marginalised groups insist the government to enforce which of the following thing/s, so they can enjoy rights equally?
(a) Laws
(b) Religion
(c) Compulsory education
(d) All of these
Answer:
(a) Laws

Question 2.
………. of the Indian Constitution states that untouchability has been abolished.
(a) Article 11
(b) Article 13
(c) Article 21
(d) Article 17
Answer:
(d) Article 17

Question 3.
Article 17 of the Constitution states that untouchability has been abolished. It means that:
(a) It is wrong to practise untouchability and that this practice will not be tolerated by a democratic government.
(b) No one can henceforth prevent Dalits from educating themselves, entering temples, using public facilities etc.
(c) Untouchability is a punishable crime now.
(d) Both b and c.
Answer:
(b) No one can henceforth prevent Dalits from educating themselves, entering temples, using public facilities etc.

Question 4.
One of the schemes that government implementation in tribal areas or in areas that have a high Dalit population is:
(a) Free or subsidised hostels for students of Dalit and Adivasi communities.
(b) Free or subsidised car for students of Dalit and Adivasi communities.
(c) Free or subsidised air conditioner for students of Dalit and Adivasi communities.
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Free or subsidised hostels for students of Dalit and Adivasi communities.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 8 Confronting Marginalisation

Question 5.
Which of the following way/s the reservation policy work?
(a) Government across the country have their own list of SCs or Dalits, STs and backward and most backward castes.
(b) For admission to colleges, especially to institutes of professional education, such as medical colleges, governments define a set of ‘cut-off’ marks.
(c) Students applying to educational institutions and those applying for posts in government are expected to furnish proof of their caste or tribe status in the form of caste and tribe certificates.
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 6.
In addition to policies our country also has specific laws that guard against the discrimination and exploitation of marginalised communities. The Act is
(a) The Adivasi and Dalits Act 1988
(b) The Adivasi and the Scheduled Castes Act 1990
(c) The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989

Question 7.
The names of the manual scavengers in different parts of India is/are
(a) Bhangis in Gujarat
(b) Sikkaliars in Tamil Nadu
(c) Pakhis in Andhra Pradesh
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 8.
The Central Government passed the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Act in the year
(a) 2005
(b) 2008
(c) 2009
(d) 2010
Answer:
(c) 2009

Question 9.
Dalit means:
(a) To highlight the discrimination of wealth.
(b) Too highlight the discrimination of caste.
(c) To highlight the discrimination of gender.
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Too highlight the discrimination of caste.

Question 10.
The term ‘Assertive’ means:
(a) Those who never express themselves.
(b) Those who oppose every concept.
(c) Those who express themselves strongly.
(d) Both b and c
Answer:
(a) Those who never express themselves.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
The force is put on Ratham to perform the ritual of washing the feet of the priest and then bathing in that water’. Which fundamental right is being violated in the case?
Answer:
The Fundamental Right which is being violated is Right to Freedom.

Question 2.
What do you mean by the ‘Reservation Policy’?
Answer:
Reservation Policy is the policy which reserve seats in education and government employment for Dalits and Adivasis.

Question 3.
What did the marginal groups rely on to protect themselves from continued exploitation by other groups?
Answer:
Marginal groups relied on Constitution to protect themselves from continued exploitation by other groups.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 8 Confronting Marginalisation

Question 4.
How have the marginalised communities drawn on the fundamental rights?
Answer:
The marginalised communities have drawn on these rights in two ways: First, by insisting on their Fundamental Rights, they have forced the government to recognise the injustice done to them. Second, they have insisted that the government enforce these laws.

Question 5.
To which caste did the Bhakti poet Chokhamela from fourteenth century Maharashtra belong?
Answer:
The Bhakti poet Chokhamela from fourteenth century Maharashtra belonged to the Mahar caste, which was at that time considered untouchable.

Question 6.
W ho is questioning the idea of purity and arguing that since every human is born in the same manner, there is nothing that makes one body less or more pure than the other?
Answer:
Soyrabai, the wife of Bhakti poet, Chokhamela is questioning the idea of purity and arguing that since every human is bom in the same manner, there is nothing that makes one body less or more pure than the other.

Question 7.
Who was Kabir?
Answer:
Kabir was a fifteenth century poet and weaver who also belonged to the Bhakti tradition.

Question 8.
How many people are working as manual scavengers in government and private sectors?
Answer:
There are one lakh persons from Dalit communities who continue to be employed in this job in the country and who work in 26 lakh private and community dry latrines managed by municipalities.

Question 9.
In the year 1993, which Act was passed?
Answer:
In the year 1993, the government passed the Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 8 Confronting Marginalisation

Question 10.
What does the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act means?
Answer:
The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act meant to undo the historical injustices meted out to forest dwelling populations in not recognising their rights to land and resources.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In what manner government tried to eradicate manual scavenging?
Answer:
In 1993, the government passed the Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act. This law prohibits the employment of manual scavengers as well as the construction of dry latrines.

Question 2.
Discuss in brief the 1989 Act made in context to Adivasi demands.
Answer:
The 1989 Act confirms what has already been promised to tribal people in the Constitution, that land belonging to tribal people cannot be sold to or bought by non-tribal people. In cases where this has happened, the Constitution guarantees the right of tribal people to re-possess their land.

Question 3.
What is manual scavenging? How is it harmful for people who practice it?
Answer:
Manual scavenging refers to the practice of removing human and animal waste/ excreta using brooms, tin plates and baskets from dry latrines and carrying it on the head to disposal grounds some distance away. Manual scavengers are exposed to subhuman conditions of work and face serious health problems. They are constantly exposed to infections that affect their eyes, skin, respiratory and gastro-intestinal systems.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 8 Confronting Marginalisation

Question 4.
Explain in brief the reservation policy.
Answer:
The laws which reserve seats in education and government employment for Dalits and Adivasis are based on an important argument that in a society like ours, where for centuries sections of the population have been denied opportunities to learn and to work in order to develop new skills or vocations, a democratic government needs to step in and assist these sections.

Question 5.
Express the ideas of C.K. Janu, an Adivasi activist on violation of constitutional rights by the government of various Indian states.
Answer:
C.K. Janu, an Adivasi activist has pointed out that one of the violators of Constitutional rights guaranteed to tribal people are governments in the various states of India. It is they who allow non- tribal encroachers in the form of timber merchants, paper mills, etc., to exploit tribal land and to forcibly evict tribal people from their traditional forests in the process of declaring forests as reserved or as sanctuaries. She has also said that in cases where tribals and adivasis have already been evicted and cannot go back to their lands, they must be compensated.

Question 6.
In which way the reservation policy work?
Answer:
Governments across India have their own list of Scheduled Castes or Dalits, Scheduled Tribes and backward and most backward castes. The central government too has its list. Students applying to educational institutions and those applying for posts in government are expected to furnish proof of their caste or tribe status, in the form of caste and tribe certificates. If a particular Dalit caste or a certain tribe is on the government list, then a candidate from that caste or tribe can avail of the benefit of reservation.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 8 Confronting Marginalisation

Question 7.
Mention the important features of Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006.
Answer:
The important features of Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 are as follows:

  1. It meant to undo the historical injustices meted out to forest dwelling populations in not recognising their rights to land and resources.
  2. This Act recognises their right to homestead cultivable and grazing land and to non-timber forest produce.
  3. The Act also points out that the rights of forest dwellers includes conservation of forests and bio-diversity.

Question 8.
Dalits asserted themselves. How?
Answer:
Dalits asserted themselves in the following ways:

  1. During 1970s and 1980s, in parts of southern India, a number of assertive Dalit groups came into being and asserted their rights. They refused to perform their so-called caste duties and insisted on being treated equally.
  2. These groups demanded new laws that would list the various sorts of violence against dalits and prescribe stringent punishment for those who indulge in them.
  3. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s Adivasi people successfully organised themselves and demanded equal rights and for their land and resources to be returned to them.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Discuss few crimes listed in Prevention of Atrocities Act, 1989.
Answer:
Few crimes which are listed in Prevention of Atrocities Act, 1989 are as follows:
(i) Firstly, it lists modes of humiliation that are both physically horrific and morally reprehensible and seeks to punish those who:

  • force a member of a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe to drink or eat any inedible or obnoxious substance.
  • forcibly removes clothes from the person of a member of a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe or parades him or her naked or with painted face or body or commits any similar act which is derogatory to human dignity.

(ii) Secondly, it lists actions that dispossess Dalits and Adivasis of their meagre resources or which force them into performing slave labour. Thus, the Act sets out to punish anyone who wrongfully occupies or cultivates any land owned by, or allotted to, a member of a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe or get the land allotted to him transferred.

(iii) At another level, the Act recognises that crimes against Dalit and tribal women are of a specific kind and, therefore, seeks to penalise anyone who assaults or uses force on an woman belonging to a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe with intent to dishonour her.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation

by

JAC Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation

JAC Class 8th Civics Understanding Marginalisation InText Questions and Answers

Page 83

Question 1.
Explain at least three different reasons why groups may be marginalised.
Answer:

  1. Three different reasons for groups may be marginalized are as follows:
  2. They are poor.
  3. They speak different languages.
  4. They follow different customs and traditions.

Question 2.
Why was Dadu forced to leave his village in Odisha?
Answer:
The company wallahs took Dadu’s land for mining iron ore there. For this reason, Dadu was forced to leave his village in Odisha.

Question 3.
In your own city or village, who would you think are the marginalised groups? Discuss.
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation

Question 4.
Can you name some Adivasi communities that live in your state? Answer: Students need to do it on their own. (Hint: Jharkhand: santhalis are there, etc).

Question 5.
What languages do they speak?
Answer:
Students need to do it on their own. (Hint: Santhals speak santhali in Jharkhand)

Question 6.
Do they live close to the forest?
Answer:
Yes, they live close to the forest.

Question 7.
Do they migrate to other regions looking for work?
Answer:
Yes, they migrate to other regions looking for work.

Question 8.
What metals are important in present-day India? Why? Where do they come from? Are there Adivasi populations there?
Answer:
The metals which are important in present day India are copper, iron, aluminum, manganese. They are important because they are mostly used in household works, industries. Iron, aluminum, copper are mainly found in Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand. Manganese mainly found in Odisha, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh. Yes, there are Adivasi populations present.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation

Question 9.
List five products that you use at home that come from the forest.
Answer:
Five products that we use at home which come from forest are:

  • Honey
  • Fruit
  • Lac
  • Gum
  • Timber

Question 10.
By whom were the following demands being made on forest land?

  • timber for construction of houses and railways
  • forest land for mining
  • forest land for agriculture by non- tribal people
  • reserved by government as wildlife parks

In what ways would this affect tribal people?
Answer:
The British government made those demands. This would affect the establishment of the tribal people. They would not get the work easily as they would be displaced to other places.

Question 11.
What do you think this poem is trying to convey?
Come Mini, let’s go to Assam
Our country has so much suffering
The country of Assam, oh Mini Has tea gardens full of greenery…
The Sardar says work, work
The Babu says catch and bring them in
The Saheb says I’ll take off the skin of your back
Hey Jaduram, you deceived us by sending us to Assam.
Answer:
The poem is trying to convey the hopes of the migrants and reality of hardship they faced.

Page 87

In your opinion, why is it important that Adivasis should have a say in how their forests and forest lands are used?
Answer:
It is important that Adivasis should have a say in how their forests and forest lands are used because government’s decision on these crucial matters affect their lives and livelihood directly.

Page 88

Why do we need safeguards for minorities?
Answer:
We need to safeguard for minorities in order to protect them from any discriminations done by majorities.

Question 14.
I. Access to Basic Amenities, 20082009

Religious Community Pucca House Electricity Tap N Water
Hindu 65.4 75.2 43.7
Muslim 63.8 67.5 35.8
Christian 69.3 86.2 48.0
JSikh 91.3 96.0 49.3

Which of these communities have the most and the least access to basic amenities?
Answer:
The communities which have the most and the least access to basic amenities are Sikh and Muslim.

Page 89

Question 15.
II. Literacy Rate by Religion, 2011 (percentages)

All Hindus Muslims Christians Sikhs Buddhists Jains
74 63 57 74 67 71 86

Which of these communities have the highest and the lowest literacy rate?
Answer:
The communities which have the highest and the lowest literacy rate are Jains and Muslims.

Question 16.
III. Public Employment of Muslims (percentages)

Population IAS IPS 1FS Central Public State PSU Banks & RBI
Sector Unit (PSU)
13.5 3 4 1.8 3.3 10.8 2.2

What do these figures convey?
Answer:
It conveys that they do not have equal representation in public employment.

Question 17.
Read the data related to schooling provided by the Sachar Committee Report:
25 per cent of Muslim children in the 6-14 years age group have either never been enrolled in school or have dropped out. This percentage is much higher than that of any other socio-religious community (page 58). Do you think special measures are required to address this situation?
Answer:
Yes, I think special measures are required to address this situation.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation

Page 90

Question 18.
live in a Muslim-dominated area. Some days back during Ramzan there was some disturbance that started taking a communal outlook. My b rother and 1 had gone for an Iftar party in theneighbourhood and were dressed in traditional clothes, that was sherwani and salwar-kameez respectively.

On returning home, my brother and I were asked to change our clothes to jeans and T-shirt. Now when eveiything is fine l wonder what was the reason that we were asked to change our clothes and why 1 didn’t find it odd. Were our clothes giving away our identity and is that identity linked to all kinds of fears and discrimination? The above essay has been written by a child around your age. What do you think she is trying to convey?
Answer:
In societies, people are hiding their identity to avoid tensions. Some traditional dresses signify particular communities. Such dresses become their identity and create communal tension sometimes. Hence, they can be targeted by the opposing groups.

JAC Class 8th Civics Understanding Marginalisation Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write in your own words two or more sentences of what you understand by the word ‘marginalisation’.
Answer:
The process of being confined to a lower social standing is called as marginalisation. People are being denied of their fundamental rights that results in lowering their social and economic status. This situation occurs when a particular social group is forced to live on the edges rather than in the conventional society.

Question 2.
List two reasons why Adivasis are becoming increasingly marginalised.
Answer:
Adivasis are being increasingly marginalised for the following two reasons:

  1. Changes in forest laws disposes the Adivasis from their natural territory and livelihood due to which they turned into marginal and powerless communities.
  2. People consider Adivasis as exotic, primitive and backward communities that has led to their marginalisation.

Question 3.
Write one reason why you think the Constitution’s safeguards to protect minority communities are very important?
Answer:
The Constitution’s safeguards to protect minority communities are necessary to protect the minority communities because they are usually dominated by the maj ority and becoming marginalised. It focuses on protecting India’s cultural diversity and promoting equality as well as justice.

Question 4.
Re-read the section on Minorities and Marginalisation. What do you understand by the term minority?
Answer:
A community that is numerically small in relation to the rest of the population in terms of race, religion, language or political persuasion is known as minority.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation

Question 5.
You are participating in a debate where you have to provide reasons to support the following statement: ’Muslims are a marginalised community’. Using the data provided in this chapter, list two reasons that you would give.
Answer:
Two reasons are as follows:

  1. The literacy rate of Muslim population in India is only 57% which is the lowest compared to others.
  2. They lag behind the other communities even in access to the basic communities.

Question 6.
Imagine that you are watching the Republic Day parade on TV with a friend and she remarks, “Look at these tribals. They look so exotic. And they seem to be dancing all the time”. List three things that you would tell her about the lives of Adivasis in India.
Answer:
Three things that tells about the lives of Adivasis in India are as follows:

  1. Adivasis were hunters and gatherers and lived like nomads. They practised both shifting agriculture as well as cultivated at a single place.
  2. Adivasis have a deep knowledge of forests which made them indispensable and crucial to the rulers of various empires during the pre-colonial period in India.
  3. Adivasis have their own languages which have influenced the formation of Indian languages.

Question 7.
In the storyboard you read about how Helen hopes to make a movie on the Adivasi story. Can you help her by developing a short story on Adivasis?
Answer:
Student needs to do it on their own.

Question 8.
Would you agree with the statement that economic marginalisation and social marginalisation are interlinked? Why?
Answer:
Yes, economic marginalisation and social marginalisation are interlinked because of the following reasons:

(i) Social marginalisation is based on religion, culture, tradition, etc. Marginalised sections do not get proper access to anything such as jobs, education and health facilities due to which they are unable to become financially stable. This creates economic marginalisation.

(ii) When there is no economic development, the minorities do not develop socially. They remain backward. And hence, they become socially marginalised.

JAC Class 8th Civics Understanding Marginalisation Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Adivasis are generally portrayed in:
(a) royal dress and crown.
(b) colourful costumes and headgear.
(c) black and white dresses.
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) colourful costumes and headgear.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation

Question 2.
Adivasis slowly and steadily began to migrate because:
(a) of economic changes and forest policies, they lost their access to forest.
(b) they got free admission in schools and colleges.
(c) of economic changes and forest policies, they got new houses in city area.
(d) all of these
Answer:
(a) of economic changes and forest policies, they lost their access to forest.

Question 3.
Adivasi means:
(a) the original inhabitants.
(b) people who live in rural areas.
(c) people who live in deserts.
(d) none of these
Answer:
(a) the original inhabitants.

Question 4:
…….. state in India is like home to more than 60 different tribal groups?
(a) Rajasthan
(b) Andhra Pradesh
(c) Mizoram
(d) Odisha
Answer:
(d) Odisha

Question 5:
During the nineteenth century, substantial numbers of Adivasis converted to……which has emerged as a very important religion in modern Adivasi history.
(a) Buddhist
(b) Vaishnav
(c) Christianity
(d) Jainism
Answer:
(c) Christianity

Question 6.
One of the Adivasi languages is ……..
(a) Bengali
(b) Santhali
(c) Kannad
(d) All of these
Answer:
(b) Santhali

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation

Question 7.
Big empires heavily depended on Adivasis for the important access to forest resources, they were
(a) metal ores
(b) medicinal herbs
(c) animal products
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 8.
Adivasis migrated to cities in search of work. But eventually this happened to them:
(a) Many tribal children are malnourished.
(b) They get caught in a cycle of poverty and deprivation.
(c) They have no access to education.
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 9.
Tribals are referred to as………
(a) Untouchables
(b) Adivasis
(c) Dalits
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Adivasis

Question 10:
In…… state we won’t find Adivasis.
(a) Jharkhand
(b) Gujarat
(c) Kerala
(d) Odisha
Answer:
(c) Kerala

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who are the marginalised groups in India?
Answer:
Some of the marginalised groups of India are the Adivasis, the Muslims and the Dalits.

Question 2.
What are the outcomes of marginalisation?
Answer:
The outcome of marginalisation results in having a low social status and not having equal access to education and other resources.

Question 3. Name the person who headed committee set up by the government to examine the social, economic, and educational status of Muslim community in India.
Answer:
Justice Rajindar Sachar headed committee set up by the government to examine the social, economic, and educational status of Muslim community in India.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation

Question 4.
How are Adivasis represented today?
Answer:
Adivasis are invariably represented in very stereotypical ways such as in colourful costumes, headgear and through their dancing. Often Adivasis are blamed for their lack of advancement as they are believed to be resistant to change or new ideas.

Question 5.
From which state the Adivasis moved in large numbers to various plantations in India and world?
Answer:
From Jharkhand and nearby places, the Adivasis moved in large numbers to vatious plantations in India and world.

Question 6.
What is the population of Adivasis in Assam in present day?
Answer:
The population of Adivasis in Assam in present day is around 70 lakh.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation

Question 7.
Where is Niyamgiri Hill located?
Which Adivasi community inhabits the place?
Answer:
Niyamgiri Hill is located in Kalahandi district of Odisha. The Adivasi community which inhabited the place is Dongarria Konds.

Question 8.
Why the Adivasi community have resisted the proposed development whose case is pending in the Supreme Court?
Answer:
The Adivasi community have resisted the proposed development whose case is pending in the Supreme Court because a major aluminium company was planning to set up a mine and a refinery which will displace the Adivasis.

Question 9.
How many plant species Adivasis used?
Answer:
Around 10,000 plant species Adivasis used.

Question 10.
According to the Report, the average years of schooling for which community children between what ages is much lower than that of other socio-religious communities?
Answer:
According to the Report, the average years of schooling for Muslim community children between the ages of 7-16 is much lower than that of other socio-religious communities.

Short Answer Type Questions 

Question 1.
What was the conclusion reached by the Justice Rajindar Sachar Committee?
Answer:
The committee which was headed by Justice Rajinder Sachar came to the conclusion that on a range of social, economic and educational indicators the situation of the Muslim community is comparable to that of other marginalised communities like Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

Question 2.
Why groups may be marginalised?
Answer:
Group’s marginalisation can be because they speak a different language, follow different customs or belong to a different religious group from the majority community. They may also feel marginalised because they are poor, considered to be of low social status and viewed as being less human than others.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation

Question 3.
How can we tackle Marginalisation?
Answer:
Marginalisation is a complex phenomenon which requires a variety of strategies, measures and safeguards to redress this situation. All of us have a stake in protecting the rights defined in the Constitution and the laws and policies framed to realize these rights. Without these, we will never be able to protect the diversity that makes our country unique nor realize the State’s commitment to promote equality for all.

Question 4.
How marginalisation affect the community?
Answer:
Sometimes, marginalised groups are viewed with bitterness, antagonism and fear. This sense of difference and exclusion leads to communities not having access to resources and opportunities and in their inability to assert their rights. They experience a sense of disadvantage and powerlessness and more powerful and dominant sections of society who own land are wealthy better educated and politically powerful.

Question 5.
Write a brief about the plant species used by the Adivasis.
Answer:
Adivasis use around 10,000 plant species in which approximately 8,000 species are used for medicinal purposes, 325 are used as pesticides, 425 as gums, resins and dyes, 550 as fibres; 3,500 are edible. They have vast knowledge about the plant species. This got wiped out as they lost their rights over the forest land.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation

Question 6.
What do you mean by Scheduled Tribes? Write in brief.
Answer:
Adivasi are also called as Scheduled Tribes. Indian Government use this term in official documents. When the government formulates any policy or programme for Scheduled Tribes then all the designated tribes are entitled for it.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Discuss the hardships faced by the Adivasis?
Answer:
Hardships and deprivation faced by the Adivasis were as follows:

  1. Forest lands have been cleared for timber and to get land for agriculture and industry.
  2. Adivasis have also lived in areas that are rich in minerals and ores and other natural resources. These are taken over for mining and other large industrial projects.
  3. Dams that have been built in independent India has taken large tracts of their lands.
  4. In the north-east, their lands remain highly militarised and war-tom.
  5. There are areas where tribals originally lived but were evicted from there to build sanctuaries and parks. India has 54 national parks and 372 wildlife sanctuaries.
  6. Losing their lands and access to the forest means that tribals lose their main sources of livelihood and food.
  7. Adivasis have migrated to cities in search of work where they are employed for very low wages in local industries or at building or construction sites.
  8. They got caught in a cycle of poverty, deprivation and marginalisation.

Question 2.
Write a brief note on Adivasis.
Answer:
Adivasis, the term means original inhabitants. The communities who lived and often continue to live in close association with forests. Around 8 per cent of India’s population is Adivasi and many of India’s most important mining and industrial centres are located in Adivasi areas such as Jamshedpur, Rourkela, Bokaro and Bhilai among others. Adivasis are not a homogeneous population. There are over 500 different Adivasi groups in India. A state like Orissa is home to more than 60 different tribal groups.

Adivasis practise a range of tribal religions that are different from Islam, Hinduism and Christianity. These often involve the worship of ancestors, village and nature spirits. During the nineteenth century, substantial numbers of Adivasis converted to Christianity, which has emerged as a very important religion in modem Adivasi history. Adivasis have their own languages, which have often deeply influenced the formation of ‘mainstream’ Indian languages, like Bengali.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System

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JAC Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System

JAC Class 8th Civics Understanding Our Criminal Justice System InText Questions and Answers

Page 71

Question 1.
Why do you think there is a rule that confessions made during police custody cannot be used as evidence against the accused?
Answer:
There is a rule that confessions made during police custody cannot be used as evidence against the accused because there is always a possibility and probability that the police may create pressure around the accused to prove to make confessions.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System

Page 72

Question 2.
Now let us return to the story of Shanti and answer the following questions:

(a) When Shanti was arrested for theft, S.I. Rao also kept her brother Sushil in the police lock up for two days. Was it legal for the police to detain him? Does it violate the D.K. Basu guidelines?

(b) Did S.I. Rao do enough to question witnesses and compile evidence before arresting Shanti and filing a case against her? In keeping with the duties of the police as stated above, what else do you think S.I. Rao could have done as part of his investigation?
Answer:
(a) No, it was not legal for the police to detain him. Yes, it violates D.K. Basu guidelines.

(b) No, S.I. Rao didn’t do enough to question witnesses and compile evidence before arresting Shanti and filing a case against her. S.I. Rao could have done the following things as part of his investigation:

  1. Investigation should have been in large scale involving many people from the locality.
  2. His decision was one-sided as he arrested Shanti on the basis of what the Mr. Shinde told.
  3. He has done the investigation in hurry and hence, got wrong conclusion.

Question 3.
Now let us take a slightly different scenario. Shanti and her brother Sushil go to the police station to complain that Mr. Shinde’s 20-year old son had stolen ? 15,000 that they had been saving up. Do you think that the officer in charge of the Police Station will promptly lodge a FIR? List a few factors that in your opinion may influence the decision of the police to register or not register an FIR.
Answer:
No, I don’t think that the officer in charge of the Police Station will promptly lodge a FIR. Few factors that in my opinion that may influence the decision of the police to register or not register a FIR are social and political status.

Page 73

Question 4.
What did the judge say in Shanti’s case after hearing the testimony of all the witnesses?
Answer:
The judge said that in Shanti’s case after hearing the testimony of all the witnesses that the police didn’t investigate in a fair manner and it was one sided. Hence, prosecution failed to prove that Shanti was guilty. This proved Shanti was innocent and the gang who did was arrested. Hence, the judge showed enough evidence in favour of Shanti and acquitted her.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System

Page 75

All of the processes, written in bold on page 74, are crucial to a fair trial. Write in your own words what you understand of the following processes based on the above description of Shanti’s case.
a. Open Court
b. Basis of Evidence
c. Cross-examination of Prosecution Witnesses
Answer:
(a) Open Court:
The trial is held in front of everyone, publicly.

(b) Basis of Evidence:
Witnesses are produced in court and questioned in the court. Also discuss about the case which becomes the basis of evidence and judgement.

(c) Cross examination of Prosecution Witnesses:
The defence lawyer and the Public Prosecutor are allowed to ask questions to witnesses in court.

Question 6.
Discuss in class what might have happened in Shanti’s case if the following procedures had not been observed.
(a) If she were not defended by a lawyer.
(b) If the court had not assumed her to be innocent.
Answer:
In both the cases, she would have not got justice.

JAC Class 8th Civics  Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
In a town called Peace Land, the supporters of the Fiesta football team learn that the supporters of the Jubilee football team in the nearby city about 40 km away have damaged the ground on which the Final between both teams is to be held the following day. A crowd of Fiesta fans armed with deadly weapons attacks the homes of the supporters of the Jubilee football team in the town. In the attack, 10 men are killed, 5 women are gravely hurt, many homes are destroyed and over 50 people injured. Imagine that you and your classmates are now part of the criminal justice system. First divide the class into the following four groups of persons:

1. Police

2. Public Prosecutor

3. Defence lawyer

4. Judge The column on the right provides a list of functions. Match these with the roles that are listed on the left. Have each group pick the functions that it needs to perform to bring justice to those who were affected by the violence of the Fiesta fans. In what order, will these functions be performed?

Roles                       Functions
Police hear the witnesses
record the statements of witnesses
Public Prosecutor cross examine the witnesses
take photographs of burnt homes
Defence Lawyer record the evidence
arrest the Fiesta fans
Judge writes the judgment
argue the case for the victims
decide for how many years the accused will be put in jail
examine the witnesses in court
pass the judgment
get the assaulted women medically
examined
conduct a fair trial
meet the accused persons

Answer:

Roles Functions
Police record the statements of witnesses
arrest the Fiesta fans
get the assaulted women medically examined
take photographs of burnt homes
Public Prosecutor cross examine the witnesses
argue the case for the victims
Defence Lawyer meet the accused persons
examine the witnesses in court
Judge hear the witnesses
record the evidence
writes the judgment
decide for how many years the accused will be put in jail
pass the judgment
conduct a fair trial

No. I don’t think that the victims would get justice if only one person performed all of the functions of the criminal justice system because he could get influenced by various prejudices or get biased. He can also be overpowered by any person which may affect the process of investigation. Hence, a separation of power is necessary within a judicial system too, since absolute power can lead to unfairness. Two reasons why different people need to play different roles as part of the criminal justice system are as follows:

  1. All the aspects of trial and investigation cannot be conducted by a single person, since it requires a diverse range of work including arresting, recording the statements of witnesses, defending the victim and accused parties, passing a fair trial and judicially correct judgment.
  2. If all the powers are vested on one person alone, it might be misused and exploit and thereby violate the laws based on just and equal decision

JAC Class 8th Civics  Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
There are four people who play a key role in our criminal justice system. These are the police, the Public Prosecutor, the defence lawyer, and the .
(a) army
(b) criminal
(c) judge
(d) victim
Answer:
(c) judge

Question 2.
The role of the police begins with the lodging of an…….in the police station. After the registration of the it, the police starts investigation.
(a) FIR
(b) IFR
(c) PIL
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) FIR

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System

Question 3.
Article 22 of the Constitution and criminal law guarantees right/s to every arrested person is / are:

(a) The Right to be informed at the time of arrest of the offence for which the person is being arrested and to be presented before a magistrate within 24 hours of arrest.

(b) The Right not to be ill treated or tortured during arrest or in custody and to be informed at
the time of arrest of the offence for which the person is being arrested.

(c) Confessions made in police custody cannot be used as evidence against the accused and a boy under 15 years of age and women cannot be called to the police station only for questioning.

(d) All of these
Answer:
(c) Confessions made in police custody cannot be used as evidence against the accused and a boy under 15 years of age and women cannot be called to the police station only for questioning.

Question 4.
Witness means:
(a) Person harmed, injured, or killed as a result of a crime, accident, or other event or action.
(b) Person or animal that attacks someone or something.
(c) A public officer appointed to decide cases in a law court.
(d) Person who is called upon in court to provide a first-hand account of what he/she has seen, heard or knows.
Answer:
(d) Person who is called upon in court to provide a first-hand account of what he/she has seen, heard or knows.

Question 5.
Detention means:
(a) Any act that the law defines as a crime.
(b) Act of being kept in illegal custody by the police.
(c) Act of being fair or just and not favouring one side over another.
(d) All of these
Answer:
(b) Act of being kept in illegal custody by the police.

Question 6.
Offences means:
(a) Act of being fair or just and not favouring one side over another.
(b) Act of being kept in illegal custody by the police.
(c) Any act that the law defines as a crime.
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Any act that the law defines as a crime.

Question 7.
…….. represents the interests of the State in court.
(a) Judge
(b) Public Prosecutor
(c) Victim
(d) Defense lawyer
Answer:
(b) Public Prosecutor

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System

Question 8.
…….. acts on behalf of the accused and also produces witnesses and evidence before the court in favour of his client.
(a) Victim Defense Lawyer
(b) Victim Judge
(c) Victim Public Prosecutor
(d) Victim Panel of Jury
Answer:
(a) Victim Defense Lawyer

Question 9.
Every person has a fundamental Right to be defended by a lawyer under the act……..
(a) Act 42
(b) Act 67
(c) Act 45
(d) Act 22
Answer:
(d) Act 22

Question 10.
Police file a charge sheet in the court:
(a) If a person is suspected for anything.
(b) If investigation proved the person is accused.
(c) If a person commits a crime.
(d) If police arrest a person.
Answer:
(b) If investigation proved the person is accused.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who hears all the witnesses and other evidence presented by the prosecution and the defense and afterwards he decides whether the accused person is guilty or innocent?
Answer:
The judge hears all the witnesses and other evidence presented by the prosecution and the defense and afterwards he decides whether the accused person is guilty or innocent.

Question 2.
What the judge pronounces if the accused is convicted?
Answer:
The judge pronounces the sentence if the accused is convicted.

Question 3.
Is judiciary in India is less powerful than USA?
Answer:
Yes, judiciary in India is less powerful than USA.

Question 4.
When you see someone violating the law, whom we should inform immediately?
Answer:
When we see someone violating the law, we should inform the police immediately.

Question 5.
What is the role of the police in the Criminal Justice System?
Answer:
In the Criminal Justice System the police play the role of investigating the case and arresting the accused.

Question 6.
Who is a prosecutor?
Answer:
Aprosecutor is an official who puts people on trial on behalf of the government and people of a particular country.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System

Question 7.
Why is the Prosecutor called a Public Prosecutor?
Answer:
The Prosecutor who represents the State is called a Public Prosecutor as a criminal offence is regarded as a public wrong, which has been committed not only against the victim, but also against the society as a whole.

Question 8.
What do you mean by Rights? How can we practice our Rights?
Answer:
Rights means a declaration of a person recognised by society and approved by law. We can practice our Rights when we claim that is equally possible for others. We cannot have a Right that can harm or hurt others.

Question 9.
Article 39A of the Constitution assign duty to the State. What is it?
Answer:
Article 39A of the Constitution assign duty to the State. The duty is that the State shall provide a lawyer to any citizen who is unable to engage one for him due to monetary issues or other disability.

Question 10.
What does the Article 21 state?
Answer:
Article 21 states that a person’s life or liberty can be taken away only by following a reasonable and just legal procedure.

Short Answer Type Questions 

Question 1.
What is the role of the judge in the Criminal Justice System?
Answer:
The judge conducts the fair trial and in an open court. The judge hears properly all the witnesses and any other evidence presented by the prosecution and the defense. The judge decides whether the accused person is guilty or innocent on the basis of the evidence presented and in accordance with the law. If the accused is convicted, then the judge pronounces the sentence. He may send the person to jail or impose a fine or both depending on what the law prescribes.

Question 2.
What do you mean by ‘Criminal Justice System’?
Answer:
Criminal Justice System is the system of law enforcement that is directly involved in apprehending, detaining, prosecuting, defending, sentencing and punishing those who are suspected or convicted of criminal offenses.

Question 3.
What are the guidelines that the police have to follow during investigation?
Answer:
The Supreme Court has laid down guidelines that the police must follow at the time of arrest, detention and interrogation. The police are not allowed to torture or beat or shoot anyone during investigation. They cannot inflict any form of punishment on a person even for petty offences.

Question 4.
What is the role of the police in investigating a crime?
Answer:
The role of the police in investigating a crime of any complaint is about the commission of a crime. An investigation includes recording statements of witnesses and collecting different kinds of evidence. On the basis of the investigation, the police are required to form an opinion. If the police think that the evidence points to the guilt of the accused person, then they file a charge sheet in the court.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System

Question 5.
Write a note on Public Prosecutor.
Answer:
The Public Prosecutor who represents the interests of the State in court. The role of the Prosecutor begins once the police has conducted the investigation and filed the chargesheet in the court. He/she has no role to play in the investigation. The Prosecutor must conduct the prosecution on behalf of the State. As an officer of the court, it is his/her duty to act impartially and fairly and present the full material facts, witnesses and evidence before the court to enable the court to decide the case of the accused is guilty or not.

Question 6.
Write a brief note on the criminal procedure in the Criminal Justice System in India.
Answer:
A crime is first reported by the victim to the police and the police file a FIR which is First Information Report. Then the police begin the investigation and arrest the suspected person or persons. Then, the police file a chargesheet in the Magistrate’s Court. The trial begins in an open court. The Public Prosecutor represents the victim and the accused can defend themselves with the help of lawyer. Once the trial is over the accused is either convicted or acquitted. If convicted, the accused can appeal to the higher court.

Question 7.
Mention the procedures that have to be followed if the criminal trial has to be a fair trial.
Answer:
The procedures that have to be followed if the criminal trial has to be a fair trial are:

  • A copy of the chargesheet and all other evidence that the prosecution presented has to be given to the accused.
  • The trial has to be held in an open court means in public view and in the presence of the accused.
  • The accused has to be given a lawyer to defend himself in case he cannot afford to employ a lawyer.
  • The prosecution has to prove beyond reasonable doubt of guilty of the accused.
  • The judge decides the matter only on the basis of the evidence before the court.

Question 8.
What do you understand by chargesheet?
Answer:
Chargesheet is a formal and important document of accusation prepared by the police. It is a final report in which it is mentioned that a crime has been committed. Once it is submitted in the court, prosecution proceeds against the accused.

Question 9.
What do you mean by fair trial?
Answer:
A fair trial means that the accused has the access to the service of the lawyer and his or her case conducted in the court properly and after detailed enquiry, the verdict is passed by the judge, A person is said to be accused and not a criminal until the person’s crime is provided beyond doubt.

Long Answer Type Questions 

Question 1.
Write briefly on FIR.
Answer:
FIR stands for First Information Report. The police can begin their investigations into a crime with the registration of an FIR. The law states that it is compulsory for an officer in charge of a police station to register a FIR whenever a person gives information about a cognizable offence. This information can be given to the police either orally or in writing.

The FIR usually mentions the date, time and place of the offence, details the basic facts of the offence, including a description of the events. If known, the identity of the accused persons and witnesses are also mentioned. The FIR also states the name and address of the complainant. There is a prescribed form in which the police register a FIR and it is signed by the complainant. The complainant also has a legal right to get a free copy of the FIR from the police.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System

Question 2.
Explain D.K. Basu Guidelines.
Answer:
D.K. Basu guidelines are the guideline which the Supreme Court of India has laid down with specific requirements and procedures that the police and other agencies have to follow for the arrest, detention and interrogation of any person. Some of these guidelines include:

The police officials who carry out the arrest or interrogation should wear clear, accurate and visible identification and name tags with their designations. A memo of arrest should be prepared at the time of arrest and should include the time and date of arrest. It should also be attested by at least one witness who could include a family member of the person arrested.

The arrest memo should be counter-signed by the person arrested. The person arrested, detained or being interrogated has a right to inform a relative, friend or a known person. When a friend or relative lives outside the district, the time, place of arrest and venue of custody must be notified by police within 8 to 12 hours after arrest.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 5 Judiciary

by

JAC Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 5 Judiciary

JAC Class 8th Civics Judiciary InText Questions and Answers

Page 56

Question 1.
Do you think that any ordinary citizen stands a chance against a politician in this kind of judicial system? Why not?
Answer:
Yes, I think that any ordinary citizen stands a chance against a politician in this kind of judicial system. There is a protection against this kind of situation by the constitution of India for the independence of the judiciary.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 5 Judiciary

Page 57

Question 2.
List two reasons why you believe an independent judiciary is essential to democracy.
Answer:
Two reasons to be believed that an independent judiciary is essential to democracy are as follows:

  1. It protects the Fundamental Rights of the citizen. Any person can approach the court if they think that there rights are violated.
  2. An independent judiciary provides impartial judgment which is an important aspect of democracy.

Page 59

Question 3.
Write two sentences of what you understand about the appellate system from the given case.
Answer:
We understood about the appellate system from the given case is that a person can appeal to a higher court against the judgment of the lower court. The Supreme Court, the highest judicial authority has the power to review the decisions of the lower courts and give its own judgments.

Page 63

Question 4.
Discuss the impact of the shortage of judges on the delivery of justice to the litigants.
Answer:
The impact of the shortage of judges on the delivery of justice to the litigants is that it takes too much time and people have to wait for longer period. It costs heavily as well.

JAC Class 8th Civics Judiciary Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
You read that one of the main functions of the judiciary is ‘upholding the law and Enforcing Fundamental Rights’. Why do you think an independent judiciary is necessary to carry out this important function?
Answer:
An independent judiciary is necessary to carry out the function of ‘upholding the law and enforcing Fundamental Rights’ because it plays a major role in the functioning of India’s democracy. It helps to protect the judicial process from external influences. It is the independence of the judiciary that allows the courts to play a central role in ensuring that there is no misuse of power by the legislature and the executive. It also plays a crucial role in protecting the Fundamental Rights of citizens because anyone can approach the courts if they believe that their rights have been violated.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 5 Judiciary

Question 2.
Re-read the list of Fundamental Rights provided in Chapter 1. How do you think the Right to Constitutional Remedies connects to the idea of judicial review?
Answer:
The Right to Constitutional Remedies connects to the idea of judicial review in its capacity of protecting and shielding the rights of the citizens against the working of the State legislature or executive. It allows citizens to move to the court if they feel that their fundamental rights are being violated by the State administration. In the Constitution, every citizen has equal rights and none can be discriminated against. Hence, judicial review and the Right to Constitutional Remedies are inter-connected because the judicial review is practiced when any fundamental Right has gone wrong by the State. In this case, a higher court can repeal the judgments of a lower court based on its own investigation.

Question 3.
In the following illustration, fill in each tier with the judgments given by the various courts in the Sudha Goel case. Check your responses with others in class.
JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 5 Judiciary 1
Answer:

  • In Fower Court:
    Laxman. his mother Shakuntala and his brother-in-law Subhash Chandra were sentenced to death.
  • In High Court:
    Laxman, Shakuntala and Subhash Chandra were all acquitted and set free.
  • In Supreme Court:
    Laxman and Shakuntala were found guilty and given life imprisonment while Subhash Chandra was acquitted for lack of sufficient proofs against him.

Question 4.
Keeping the Sudha Goel case in mind, tick the sentences that are true and correct the ones that are false.
(a) The accused took the case to the High Court because they were unhappy with the decision of the Trial Court.
(b) They went to the High Court after the Supreme Court had given its decision.
(c) If they do not like the Supreme Court verdict, the accused can go back again to the Trial Court.
Answer:
(a) True
(b) False
(c) False

Question 5.
Why do you think the introduction of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in the 1980s is a significant step in ensuring access to justice for all?
Answer:
The introduction of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in the 1980s is a significant step in ensuring access to justice for all because of the following reasons: Any person or organization is allowed to file a PIL in the High Court or the Supreme Court on behalf of those whose rights were being violated. The poor and illiterate people got more access to justice. The legal process was greatly simplified. A letter addressed to the Supreme Court or the High Court could be treated as a PIL.

Question 6.
Re-read excerpts from the judgment on the Olga Tellis vs Bombay Municipal Corporation case. Now write in your own words what the judges meant when they said that the Right to Livelihood was part of the Right to Life.
Answer:
In the Olga Tellis vs. Bombay Municipal Corporation case, the judges stated that the Right to Livelihood was part of the Right to Life because no person can live without the means of living. In the Olga Tellis vs. BMC case, people were poor and lived in slums. For them, the eviction of their slum means deprivation of their livelihood which consequently means deprivation of life. This is how the judges connected Right to Livelihood to the Right to Life.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 5 Judiciary

Question 7.
Write a story around the theme, ‘Justice delayed is justice denied’.
Answer:
Students need to write their own story. Sample story:
My friend was a bank worker on his retirement he came back to his father’s house which was in a different city. In that house the tenants were living he told them to clear the place so that his family can live as he had no other house but the tenant refused to leave and took a stay order and fded a case due to which my friend had to start living in a rented house. It took five years in the court for the decision at last the decision was in his favour. Next morning we came to know that the tenant has done an appeal in the upper tribunal which lead to another 5 years so in total he got justice after ten years but wasted a lot of money on rent to live for ten years. So, it is true justice delayed is justice denied.

Question 8.
Make sentences with each of the glossary words given on the next page.
Answer:

  • Acquit:
    Ramesh and Dinesh has acquitted themselves well and they can take comfort in that fact.
  • To appeal:
    Smt. Sita Devi approached the High Court to appeal against the District Court.
  • Compensation:
    The court awarded the victims a good amount of money in compensation.
  • Eviction:
    The shopkeeper faced eviction for not paying the rent and electricity bills.
  • Violation:
    My friend’s uncle was fined heavily for violating the traffic rules.

Question 9.
The following is a poster made by the Right to Food campaign.
JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 5 Judiciary 2

Read this poster and list the duties of the government to uphold the Right to Food.
How does the phrase “Hungry stomachs, overflowing godowns! We will not accept it!!” used in the poster relate to the photo essay on the Right to Food on page 61?
Answer:
The Constitution provides Fundamental Rights under this Right to Food is present. If this is affected by any reason then the government is responsible for it. If someone dies out of hunger, the government will be responsible for this. The government has to keep control and check on some of the happenings such as the suicide cases of farmers. Sometimes a crisis of food is created by hoarders and government must find these traders and hoarders and strictly punish them.

JAC Class 8th Civics Judiciary Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions 

Question 1 .
………..cases usually begin with the lodging of FIR with the police who investigate the crime after which a case is filed in the court.
(a) Criminal
(b) Civil
(c) Special
(d) Personal
Answer:
(a) Criminal

Question 2.
Which of the following situation of violence comes under the civil case?
(a) A group of girls are persistently harassed by a group of boys while walking to school.
(b) A tenant murdered the house owner to loot the house.
(c) A tenant who is being forced to move out files a case in court against the landlord.
(d) All of these
Answer:
(c) A tenant who is being forced to move out files a case in court against the landlord.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 5 Judiciary

Question 3.
Poor people often avoid to go to the courts to get justice because:
(a) Legal procedures involve a lot of money, and paperwork takes up a lot of time.
(b) Poor people are not allowed to hire layer.
(c) Poor people never reach to the court on time.
(d) Judges do not listen to the poor people because of lack of trust.
Answer:
(a) Legal procedures involve a lot of money, and paperwork takes up a lot of time.

Question 4.
The mid-day meal that children now receive in government and government-aided schools is also because of:
(a) Public International Litigation (PIL).
(b) Public Interest Litigation (PIL).
(c) Pacific International Lines (PIL).
(d) Interest Litigation (PIL).
Answer:
(b) Public Interest Litigation (PIL).

Question 5.
The work that the judiciary does can be divided into which of the following?
(a) Dispute resolution
(b) Judicial review
(c) Upholding the law and enforcing fundamental rights
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 6:
……..provides a mechanism for resolving disputes between citizens, between citizens and the government, between two state governments and between the centre and state governments.
(a) The dispute system
(b) The control system
(c) The judicial system
(d) The police system
Answer:
(c) The judicial system

Question 7.
The judiciary has the power to strike down particular laws passed by the Parliament if it believes that these are a violation of the basic structure
of the Constitution. It is known as…..
(a) judicial review
(b) justice review
(c) control review
(d) objection review
Answer:
(a) judicial review

Question 8.
There are …….. different levels of courts in India.
(a) 10
(b) 3
(c) 12
(d) 7
Answer:
(b) 3

Question 9.
The Supreme Court of India is located in……
(a) Kolkata
(b) Mumbai
(d) Hyderabad
Answer:
New Delhi

Question 10.
Civil cases deals with:
(a) cases of theft, robbery, money, property, and inheritance.
(b) cases of theft, robbery, physical injury, and murder.
(c) matters like physical injury, marriage disputes, and murder.
(d) matters like money, property, inheritance, marriage disputes.
Answer:
(d) matters like money, property, inheritance, marriage disputes.

Very Short Answer Type Questions 

Question 1.
What do you mean by law?
Answer:
Law is a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behaviour.

Question 2.
What do you mean by judiciary?
Answer:
The judiciary is the branch of authority in a country which is concerned with law and the legal system.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 5 Judiciary

Question 3.
Name the branches of the legal system.
Answer:
The legal system in India is divided into two branches: Criminal Law and Civil Law.

Question 4.
What is the appellate system?
Answer:
This means that a person can appeal to a higher court if they believe that the judgment passed by the lower court is not just.

Question 5.
The work of the judiciary is categorised in how many ways?
Answer:
The work that the judiciary does can be divided into the following:

  1. Dispute Resolution
  2. Judicial Review
  3. Upholding the Law and Enforcing Fundamental Rights.

Question 6.
By which court most people interact?
Answer:
By Subordinate Courts, people mostly interact.

Question 7.
Who appoints the judges of High Court?
Answer:
The President of India appoints the judges of High Court.

Question 8.
In Delhi, which year the High Court came? How many High Courts are there in India?
Answer:
In the year 1966, the High Court in Delhi came. There are 24 High Courts in India.

Question 9. How many judges are there in the Supreme Court?
Answer:
There are 30 judges and Chief Justice in the Supreme Court.

Short Answer Type Questions 

Question 1.
Can we say that Indian Judiciary is independent? How?
Answer:
Yes, Indian judiciary is considered an independent institution because of the following reasons:

  1. The other branches of government that is the legislature and the executive cannot interfere in the work of the judiciary.
  2. The courts are not under the government and do not act on their behalf.

Question 2.
India has an integrated judicial system. Discuss.
Answer:
In India, we have an integrated judicial system, it means that the decisions made by higher courts are binding on the lower courts. In other words, we can say that this integration is through the appellate system that exists in India. This means that a person can appeal to a higher court if they believe that the judgment passed by the lower court is not just.

Question 3.
What do you understand by Public Interest Litigation in India?
Answer:
The Supreme Court in the early 1980s devised a mechanism of Public Interest Litigation or PIL to increase access to justice. It allowed any individual or organisation to file a PIL in the High Court or the Supreme Court on behalf of those whose rights were being violated. The legal process was greatly simplified and even a letter or telegram addressed to the Supreme Court or the High Court could be treated as a PIL.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 5 Judiciary

Question 4.
Describe briefly on the independence of the judiciary.
Answer:
One aspect of this independence is the ‘separation of powers’. This means that other branches of government – the legislature and the executive cannot interfere in the work of the judiciary. The courts are not under the government and do not act on their behalf. All judges are appointed with very little interference from these other branches of government in the High Court as well as the Supreme Court. Once appointed to this office, it is also very difficult to remove a judge.

Question 5.
What is the structure of courts in India?
Answer:
In our country, there are three different levels of courts. There are several courts at the lower level while only one at the apex level. The courts that most people interact with subordinate or district courts. These are usually at the district or Tehsil level or in towns and they hear many kinds of cases. Each state is divided into districts that are presided over by a District Judge. Each state has a High Court which is the highest court of that state. And, at the top is the Supreme Court which is located in New Delhi and is presided over by the Chief Justice of India. The decisions made by the Supreme Court are binding on all other courts in India.

Question 6.
What do you understand by apex court? Who presides over the Supreme Court?
Answer:
In the Indian judicial system, Apex court relates to the court at the highest level means the Supreme Court. The Chief Justice of India presides over the Supreme Court.

Question 7.
How are the Supreme Court and High Court Judges appointed?
Answer:
The Supreme Court and High Court judges are appointed by the President of India by the advice and consultation with the Prime Minister and the Chief Justice of India.

Question 8.
How the Supreme Court and High Court judges are removed?
Answer:
Once the person is appointed as a judge in Supreme Court or in High Court, it is very difficult to remove from his position. It can only be done by the impeachment motion passed by the two-third members of the Houses of parliament present and by voting.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 5 Judiciary

Question 9.
Explain in brief the evolution of courts in India.
Answer:
In 1862, during the British rule, the first High Courts were established and setup in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras (now Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai). In 1937, the Federal Court of India was established by the British rule. The Supreme Court that we have at present was preceded by the Federal Court of India. Till 1949, it was operational from the Chamber of Prince in the Parliament House. The Supreme Court at present replaced that. In 1966, Delhi High Court was established. At present, we have one Supreme Court at the top most level and 24 High Courts.

Question 10.
In what ways do you think the Supreme Court is the guardian of Fundamental Rights?
Answer:
Supreme Court acts as a guardian of fundamental rights as it ensures that people are able to practice their rights in the required manner. Every citizen of India can approach the Supreme Court or the High Court if they believe that their Fundamental Rights have been violated.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the Role of the Judiciary.
Answer:
The work or role of the judiciary can be divided into the following:

Dispute Resolution:
The judicial system provides a method for resolving disputes between citizens, between citizens and the government, between two state governments and between the centre and state governments.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 5 Judiciary

Judicial Review:
As the final interpreter of the Constitution, the judiciary also has the power to strike down particular laws passed by the Parliament if it believes that these are a violation of the basic structure of the Constitution.

This is known as judicial review. Upholding the Law and Enforcing Fundamental Rights:
Every citizen of India can approach the Supreme Court or the High Court if they believe that their Fundamental Rights have been violated.

Question 2.
What are the different branches of the legal system? Distinguish between Criminal Law and Civil Law.
Answer:
The different branches of the legal system are:

  • Criminal Law
  • Civil Law

Difference between Criminal Law and Civil Law:

Criminal Law Civil Law
Deals with conduct or acts that the law defines as offences. Such as theft, harassing a woman to bring more dowry, murder. Deals with any harm or injury to rights of individuals. Such as disputes relating to sale of land, purchase of goods, rent matters, divorce cases.
First Information Report (FIR) has to be lodged with the police who investigate the crime after which a case is filed in the court. Before the relevant court a petition has to be filed by the affected party only. Such as in a rent matter, either the landlord or tenant can file a case.
The accused can be sent to jail and also fined if found guilty. The court gives the specific relief asked for. Such as in a case between a landlord and a tenant, the court can order the fiat to be vacated and pending rent to be paid.

JAC Class 8 Social Science Solutions