Class 7 – Page 3 – Jharkhand Board Solution

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 9 The Making of Regional Cultures

June 4, 2022May 31, 2022 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions History Chapter 9 The Making of Regional Cultures

JAC Class 7th History The Making of Regional Cultures InText Questions and Answers

Page 122

Question 1.
Find out how many states have been created in the last 10 years. Is each of these states a region?
Answer:
The four states Uttarakhand, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Telengana have been created in the last 10 years. Yes, each of these state is a region.

Page 123

Question 2.
Find out when the languages you speak at home were first used for writing.
Answer:
Need to do it yourself with the help of teacher or parents. (Hint: Most probably around 9th century the languages were first used for writing)

Page 126

Question 3.
Find out whether there are traditions of heroes/heroines in your town or village. What are the qualities associated with them? In what ways are these similar to or different from the heroic ideals of the Rajputs?
Answer:
Need to do it yourself. (Hint: Any local hero/heroes would possess the qualities of a loyalty, friendship, love, anger, bravery, etc. Most of these qualities would be similar to ideals of the Rajputs.)

Page 127

Question 4.
Find out more about any one of these dance forms.
Answer:
Bharatanatyam is a dance of Tamil Nadu in southern India. It traces its origins back to the Natyashastra, an ancient treatise on theatre written by the mythic priest Bharata. Originally a temple dance for women, bharatanatyam often is used to express Hindu religious stories and devotions.

It was not commonly seen on the public stage until the 20th century. The dance movements are characterized by bent legs, while feet keep rhythm. Hands may be used in a series of mudras, or symbolic hand gestures, to tell a stoiy. Classical dance in India is based upon and influenced by the Natya Shastra, an ancient Indian text that is the foundation for performing arts.

Page 130

Question 5.
While Bengali is now recognised as a language derived from Sanskrit, early Sanskrit texts (mid-first millennium BCE) suggest that the people of Bengal did not speak Sanskritic languages. How, then, did the new language emerge?
Answer:
Bengali is a language spoken mostly in the state of Bengal and by Bengalis. Bengali is now recognised as a language derived from Sanskrit, but early Sanskrit texts (mid-first millennium BCE) suggest that the people of Bengal did not speak Sanskritic languages. From the fourth-third centuries BCE, commercial ties began to develop between Bengal and Magadha (south Bihar), which may have led to the growing influence of Sanskrit.

During the fourth century the Gupta rulers established political control over north Bengal and began to settle Brahmanas in this area.Thus, the linguistic and cultural influence from the mid-Ganga valley became stronger. In the seventh century the Chinese traveller Xuan Zang observed that languages related to Sanskrit were in use all over Bengal.

Page 132

Question 6.
Why do you think the second category of texts was not w ritten down?
Answer:
The second category of early Bengali literature was orally transferred to the new generation and not written down.

Page 133

Question 7.
Compare the temple shown here with that in Chapter 2.
Answer:
The temple in Chapter 2 is that of Gangaikonda cholapuram. The temple is built of stone and rock. The intricate designs on the roof of the temple which becomes narrow is the most significant features of this temple. On the other hand, the temple shown here describes a very unique feature of Bengal architecture. It was built on a square platform with a plain interior and exterior have decorative walls, ornamental tiles or terracotta shape and a double roof thached hut shape.

Page 136

Question 8.
Imagine, you are a Rajput prince. How would you like your story to be told?
Answer: Do it yourself.

JAC Class 7th History The Making of Regional Cultures Textbook Questions and Answers

(Let’s Recall)

Question 1.
Match the following:

Anantavarman	Kerala
Jagannatha	Bengal
Mahodayapuram	Orissa
Lilatilakam	Kangra
Mangalakavya	Puri
Miniature	Kerala

Answer:

Anantavarman	Orissa
Jagannatha	Puri
Mahodayapuram	Kerala
Lilatilakam	Kerala
Mangalakavya	Bengal
Miniature	Kangra

Question 2.
What is Manipravalam? Name a book written in that language.
Answer:
Manipravalam precisely means diamonds and corals and here it is a language. The name of a book written in that language is Lilatilakam, which deals with grammar and poetics.

Question 3.
Who were the major patrons of Kathak?
Answer:
Kathak began evolving into a distinct mode of dance in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries with the spread of the bhakti movement. The legends of Radha-Krishna were enacted in folk plays called rasalila, which combined folk dance with the basic gestures of the kathak story-tellers.

Under the Mughal emperors and their nobles, Kathak was performed in the court, where it acquired its present features and developed into a form of dance with a distinctive style. Subsequently, it developed in two traditions or gharanas: one in the courts of Rajasthan (Jaipur) and the other in Lucknow. Under the patronage of Wajid Ali Shah, the last Nawab of Awadh, it grew into a major art form.

Question 4.
What are the important architectural features of the temples of Bengal?
Answer:
The important architectural features of the temples of Bengal were as follows:

When local deities got recognised by the Brahmanas, their images began to be housed in temples.
The double roofed or four roofed structure of the thatched huts were copied by the temples.
Temples were mostly built in square platform.
The interior of the temple were usually plain but the exterior were decorated with paintings, ornamental tiles or terracotta tablets.
In the relatively more complex four roofed structure, four triangular roofs placed on the four wall move up to coincide on a curved line or a point.
In some temples, particularly in Vishnupur in the Bankura district ‘ of West Bengal, such decorations reached a high degree of excellence.

(Let’s Discuss)

Question 5.
Why did minstrels proclaim the achievements of heroes?
Answer:
Minstrels proclaimed the achievements of heroes because of the following reasons:

They used to recite poems and songs which depicted the tales and stories of the Rajput’s heroic deeds.
They inspired others to follow the examples of the Rajputs.
Common and ordinary people were also attracted by these stories which often depicted dramatic situations and a range of strong emotions loyalty, friendship, love, valor, anger, etc

Question 6.
Why do we know much more about the cultural practices of rulers than about those of ordinary people?
Answer:
Rulers were rich in power and wealth. They adopted several methods to preserve their achievements. Stories about Rajput heroes were recorded in poems and songs, which were recited by specially trained minstrels. Rulers patronised highly skilled painters who primarily-illustrated manuscripts containing historical accounts and poetry.

These were generally painted in brilliant colours and portrayed court scenes and other aspects of social life. Rulers spent a huge wealth on building temples to establish their power and status. Ordinary people did not do anything to preserve the records of their heroic deeds. The aforementioned reasons clearly show why we know more about the cultural practices of rulers than those of ordinary people.

Question 7.
Why did conquerors try to control the temple of Jagannatha at Puri?
Answer:
The conquerors tried to control the temple of Jagannatha at Puri because the temple gained the importance as a centre of pilgrimage. Its authority also increased in terms of social and political matters. Thus, they felt that this would make their rule acceptable to the local people.

Question 8.
Why were temples built in Bengal?
Answer:
Temples were built in Bengal for the following reasons:

From the late fifteenth century, temple building in Bengal got momentum till the nineteenth century.
Groups or individuals built temples to demonstrate and show their power and wealth.
With the support of various social groups, some of the temples got constructed.
New economic opportunities to people also helped in temple building to show their status.
Local deities once worshipped in thatched roof got recognition by Brahmanas. The recognition shifted them from the thatched hut to brick built temples.

(Let’s Do)

Question 9.
Describe the most important features of the culture of your region, focusing on buildings, performing arts and painting.
Answer:
Need to do it yourself. (Hint : Suppose, I live in Delhi. From beginning itself it has been a land of mixed culture and traditions. In olden days, it has been invaded many times and had been ruled by many rulers. They all affected its culture, religion, language, architecture, society, art, painting etc. We have monuments and buildings built by Mughals, Rajput rulers and many more. We also have temples, mosques built by different rulers. We can see the differences of culture in old and new Delhi now as well).

Question 10.
Do you use different languages for
(a) speaking,
(b) reading,
(c) writing? Find out about one major composition in language that you use and discuss why you find it interesting.
Answer:
Use of different language for speaking, reading and writing:

For speaking I use Hindi, English and Punjabi.
For reading I use Hindi and English.
For writing I use Hindi and English only.

Question 11.
Choose one state each from north, west, south, east and central India. For each of these, prepare a list of foods that are commonly consumed, highlighting any differences and similarities that you notice.
Answer:

States	Foods List
North – Punjab	Rajma-chawal, Makke di rod and sarson da saag, gobhi-paratha
South — Karnataka	Idli-Dosa, Sambhar, Rice and fish
East – West Bengal	Rice and Fish, mutton curry, different types of vegetables
West – Rajasthan	Daal-bati-churma, pyaj kachori, mawa kachori
Central – Madhya Pradesh	Dal-chapatis

Similarities and differences: Rice and chapattis are common throughout India. But in some parts of India non-vegetarian foods are popular.

Question 12.
Choose another set of five states from each of these regions and prepare a list of clothes that are generally worn by women and men in each. Discuss your findings.

States	Clothes worn – men	Clothes worn – women
North – Punjab	Lungi, kurta and turban	Churidar kurta, salwar kameez and dupatta
South – Tamil Nadu	Shirt, Angavastra	Blouse, saree, lehenga
East – Odisha	Dhoti, kurta Gamucha	Saree, blouse
West – Gujarat	Chorno, kediyu	Chaniyo, choli, odhni as dupatta
West – Maharashtra	Dhoti, pehta, kurta, safa	Saree and choli
Central – Madhya Pradesh	Safa, dhoti, bandi, mirzai	Lehenga, choli, odhni, Bandhani sarees

Students need to discuss with the help of mentioned points.

JAC Class 7th History The Making of Regional Cultures Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Jagannatha means……..
(a) Lord of the empire
(b) The empire of the east
(c) Lord of the world
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Lord of the world

Question 2.
Xuan Zang was a…… traveller.
(a) Nepali
(b) Chinese
(c) Burmese
(d) Japanese
Answer:
(b) Chinese

Question 3.
……….. proclaimed himself as God.
(a) Ramanuja
(b) Ruler of Mahodyapuram
(c) Shankara
(d) King of Anangabhima
Answer:
(d) King of Anangabhima

Question 4.
Kathak’s major patrons were
(a) Rajputs
(b) Mongols
(c) Mughals
(d) Cholas
Answer:
(c) Mughals

Question 5.
The initial miniature paintings were done on
(a) art paper
(b) coarse paper
(c) bark of the tree
(d) palm leaves
Answer:
(d) palm leaves

Question 6.
Odissi and Kuchipudi are classical dances of
(a) Odisha and Andhra Pradesh
(b) Andhra Pradesh and Kerala
(c) West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh
(d) Punjab and Odisha
Answer:
(a) Odisha and Andhra Pradesh

Question 7.
Viharas are
(a) Educational institutions
(b) Health centres
(c) Buddhist monasteries
(d) Tourist places
Answer:
(c) Buddhist monasteries

Question 8.
Most of the Malayalam-speaking people live in
(a) Tamil Nadu
(b) Kerala
(c) Karnataka
(d) Andhra Pradesh
Answer:
(b) Kerala

Question 9.
Lilatilakam was composed in the literary style of Manipravalam which is a mixture of Sanskrit and Tamil. What does Manipravalam precisely mean?
(a) Diamond and pearl
(b) Diamond and gold
(c) Diamond and coral
(d) Gold and coral
Answer:
(c) Diamond and coral

Question 10.
The stories of the heroes of Rajasthan were recorded
(a) as songs and poems
(b) by writing on palm leaves
(c) as dances
(d) none of these
Answer:
(a) as songs and poems

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which region was called Rajputana by the British?
Answer:
The region that constitutes most of the present day Rajasthan was called Rajputana by the British.

Question 2.
Kathak developed in which region?
Answer:
Kathak developed in the courts of Rajasthan (in Jaipur) and Lucknow.

Question 3.
The Bengali Brahmanas allowed to eat fish. Why?
Answer:
Fish was one of the main foods in the local diet that is why the Bengali Brahmanas were allowed to eat fish.

Question 4.
What objects or things were used by ordinary people for paintings?
Answer:
Ordinary people used pots, walls, floors, clothes for paintings.

Question 5.
What does the Naths mean?
Answer:
The Naths were the monks or saints who were engaged in a variety of yogic practices.

Question 6.
What does the term Kathaks mean?
Answer:
Originally, the Kathaks were a caste of story-tellers in temples of north India, who made stories more attractive by the additions of decorative features in their performances with gestures and songs.

Question 7.
What made Kangra paintings different from other paintings?
Answer:
Kangra paintings were made with soft colours including cool blues and greens and a lyrical treatment of themes which made it different from other paintings.

Question 8.
Which dynasty built Jagannath temple at Puri?
Answer:
In the twelfth century, rulers of the Ganga dynasty, Anantavarman built Jagannath temple at Puri.

Question 9.
The Chera Kingdom was established in which century?
Answer:
The Chera kingdom of Mahodayapuram was established in the ninth century in the south-western part of the peninsula which is part of present-day Kerala.

Question 10.
Name the text that was illustrated in the miniature paintings of Himachal Pradesh.
Answer:
The text that was illustrated in the miniature paintings of Himachal Pradesh was Bhanudatta’s Rasamanjari.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define the term Animism.
Answer:
Animism means the belief that all natural things such as plants, animals, rocks, thunder and earthquakes have spirits which human beings cannot see and can influence human events.

Question 2.
In how many categories, Bengali literature can be divided?
Answer:
Bengali literature can be divided into two categories, they are:

The first category of literature is bounded to Sanskrit. Under this category, the translated Sanskrit epics, the Mangalakavyas means auspicious poems and bhakti literature such as the biographies of Chaitanya, the leader of the Vaishnavite movement comes.
The second category consists of Nath literature such as the songs of Maynamati and Gopichandra stories concerning the worship of Dharma Thakur and tales, folk tales and ballads.

Question 3.
Dochala and Chauchala were used in which region and where?
Answer:
Dochala means two-roofed and chauchala means four-roofed. Dochala and Chauchala were used in Bengal region and in the structure of the thatched huts and temples.

Question 4.
In which year Jagannatha temple at Puri was built, by whom it was built and which deities are worshipped over there?
Answer:
In the 12th century, the ruler of Ganga Dynasty Anantavarman built the temple for Purushottama Jagannatha at Puri. The three deities namely Balabhadra, Subhadra and Jagannatha represents Buddha, Dharma and Sangha, are worshipped over there.

Question 5.
Explain in short about Rajput women.
Answer:
Like men, Rajput women were also very brave. To protect their honour, the practice of ‘Sad ’ or Self-immolation of widows for their husbands who died in war was started by Rajput women. These women who sacrificed their lives are shown as great heroines. Rajput cultures have been enriched by heroic deeds of men and women.

Question 6.
How do you think regional cultures evolve?
Answer:
Today, regional cultures are the product of complex processes and procedures of intermixing of local traditions and cultures with ideas from other parts of the subcontinent.

Question 7.
What was the role of Cher as in the development of Malayalam?
Answer:
The Chera kingdom of Mahodayapuram was established in the ninth century in the south-western part of the peninsula, part of present-day Kerala. It is very likely that Malayalam was spoken in this region. The rulers and kings introduced and mentioned about the Malayalam language and script in their inscriptions. As a matter of fact, this is one of the earliest illustrations of the use of a regional language in official records in the subcontinent.

Question 8.
Miniature painting developed manifold under the Mughal patronage. How?
Answer:
The Mughal emperors Akbar, Jahangir and Shah Jahan patronised highly skilled painters and artists who first and foremost illustrated manuscripts which contained historical events and poetry. These were generally painted in brilliant and bright colours and portrayed court scenes, scenes of battle or hunting, and other aspects of social life. They were often exchanged as gifts and were viewed only by the emperor and his close associates.

Question 9.
Give a short note on classical dances of India.
Answer:
There are eight .classical dance formsof India and the status has been granted by the Sangeet Natak Academy. These forms include Bharatanatyam of Tamil Nadu, Odissi of Odisha, Manipuri of Manipur, Kathakali and Mohiniaattam of Kerala, Kuchipudi of Andhra Pradesh, Kathak of Lucknow and Yakshagana of Karnataka. These dance forms have their own set of rules. Most of these dance forms draw their origin to the Natya Shastra of Bharata Muni of ancient times.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by the pirs? What was their position and status in the society?
Answer:
The early colonizers in Bengal sought some order and assurance in the unstable and unfavourable conditions of the new settlements. These were provided by the community leaders who also functioned as teachers and adjudicators and were sometimes attributed and assigned with supernatural powers.

Hence, people referred to them with affection and respect as pirs. This included saints or Sufis and other religious personalities, daring colonizers and deified soldiers, various Hindu and Buddhist deities and even animistic spirits. The cult of pirs became very popular and their shrines can be found everywhere in Bengal.

A Pirs role is to guide and teach his disciples on the Sufi path. This is generally done by general lessons known as Suhbas and individual guidance is also there.
The title Peer Baba is common and used to give a acknowledgement to Sufi masters or similarly honoured persons. After their death people visit their tombs.

Question 2.
Briefly describe about Rajput traditions and cultures of heroism.
Answer:
Rajputs made the culture and traditionsvery distinctive. They are firmly related to the culture and tradition of Rajasthan. These are inter-linked with the ideals and aspirations of rulers. Rajasthan has been ruled by various brave Rajput families from about eighth century. One of the great and famous Rajput king was Prithviraj Chauhan.

The rulers are known for their bravery and a huge sense of sacrifice. They also cherished the perfect ideal of a hero who fought firmly and bravely and often chose death on the battlefield rather’than face defeat. Stories and tales about Rajput heroes were recorded in songs and poems which were recited by trained and skilled minstrels.

The memories of heroes were preserved and were expected to inspire and motivate others and expected to follow their examples. Common people also liked these tales which were depicted in dramatic situations and had a range of strong emotions in the form of bravery, loyalty, anger, love, friendship, etc.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 8 Devotional Paths to the Divine

June 4, 2022May 30, 2022 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions History Chapter 8 Devotional Paths to the Divine

JAC Class 7th History Devotional Paths to the Divine InText Questions and Answers

Page 105

Question 1.
You can observe this process of local myths and legends receiving wider acceptance even today. Can you find some examples around you?
Answer:
Do it yourself. (Hint :Hinduism, the religion of the majority of the citizens of India, has varied faith whose local rituals and traditions are diverse.); Folk religion in Hinduism many explain the ’rationale behind local religious practices,and contain local myths that explain the existence of local religious customs or the location of temples.

Page 106

Question 2.
How does the poet describe his relationship with the deity?
Answer:
The poet feels his lord inside his body. Due to this reason, the poet is set free from sorrow, birth, death and illusion. He believes that nobody can separate him from God and salvaged with the light of the blessings of God.

Page 107

Question 3.
Try and find out more about the ideas of Shankara or Ramanuja.
Answer:
Shankara or Shankaracharya

He was bom to a poor Brahmana couple in Kerala. He was one of the most authoritative and powerful philosophers of south India. He presented the idea of Advaita wich means idea of oneness of the individual soul and Supreme God. He believed, that a person could understand the ultimate reality and attain salvation only after following the path of renunciation and acquiring knowledge. Maya was neither an existence nor a non-existence and wasa therfore indescribable.
Ramanuja
Ramanuja was bom in Tamil Nadu. He was influenced by Alvars. He taught that an extreme devotion to God would help to attain salvation. He also gave the idea of Vishishtadvaita which means the soul remains distinct even after union with God.

Question 4.
What is the temple that Basavanna is offering to God?
Answer:
Basavanna is offering the temple of his body to his God. According to him, his legs are pillars, his body the shrine, and head a Cupola of gold.

Page 109

Question 5. Discuss the ideas about the social order expressed in these compositions.
Answer:
The ideas expressed by these composition are that God lives in the heart of all people irrespective of their caste, creed or gender. He treats the weak as his children which are in fact God themselves. If someone discriminates with these people then he should be ashamed of his own deed.

Page 115

Question 6.
Why do you think Mirabai left the Rana’s palace?
Answer:
Mirabai was a Rajput princess married into the royal family of Mewar. But she never liked the life of a palace. Hence, she left it and became a disciple of Ravidas, a saint from a caste considered “untouchable”. She, devoted her life to Lord Krishna and composed innumerable bhajans expressing her intense devotion. Her songs also openly challenged the norms of the ‘upper’ castes and became popular with the ordinary people. Once Mirabai drunk the poison sent by her husband. Still she did not die. The incident became very popular. People thought that she was saved by Lord Krishna. Thus she was proved to a true devotee.

Question 7.
In what ways are the ideas in this poem similar to or different from those of Basavanna and Jalaluddin Rumi?
Answer:
Similarity

The idea of this poem stress on equality and against Brahmanas dominance and caste system. The central ideas of Kabir, Basavanna and Jalauddin Rumi emphases that the God resides within one’s heart. It cannot be found anywhere else on this earth.
Difference
No need to keep fast on Ramzan as Allah lives in the heart and not outside.

Page 120

Question 8.
Imagine, you are attending a meeting where a saint is discussing the caste system. Relate the conversation.
Answer:
The main points of the conversation are:

Origin of the Caste system started from vama system.
Division in the society.
Caste conflicts’.
Major ill effects of the caste system.
How to remove the caste evils.

JAC Class 7th History Devotional Paths to the DivineTextbook Questions and Answers

( Let’s Recall)

Question 1.
Match the following:

The Buddha	namghar
Shankaradeva	worship of Vishnu
Nizamuddin Auliya	questioned social differences
Nayanars	Sufi saint
Alvars	worship of shiva

Answer:

The Buddha	questioned social differences
Shankaradeva	namghar
Nizamuddin Auliya	Sufi saint
Nayanars	worship of Shiva
Alvars	worship of Vishnu

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:
(a) Shankara was an advocate of…..
(b) Ramanuja was influenced by the……
(c)…….. and …… were advocates of Virashaivism.
(d)…….. was an important centre of the Bhakti tradition in Maharashtra.
Answer:
(a) Advaita
(b) Alvars
(c) Basavanna, Allama Prabhu, Akkamahadevi
(d) Vitthala temple in Pandharpur.

Question 3.
Describe the beliefs and practices of the Nathpanthis, Siddhas and Yogis.
Answer:
The beliefs and practices of the Nathpanthis, Siddhas and Yogis were:

They recommended the renunciation of the world.
They fully believed that the path of salvation lay on meditation ‘ on the formless reality and the accomplishment of oneness with it.
They recommended intense training of the mind and body through Yogasanas, meditation and breathing exercises to achieve salvation.
They did not believe in conventional religion and rituals.

Question 4.
What-were the major ideas expressed by Kabir? How did he express these?
Answer:
Kabir’s teachings were based on a complete, indeed intense, rejection of the major religious traditions. His teachings openly questioned all forms of external worship of both Brahmanical Hinduism and Islam, the pre-eminence of the priestly classes and the caste system. Kabir believed in a formless Supreme God and preached that the only path to salvation was through bhakti or devotion.

He expressed these ideas through poetry and bhajans. The language of his poetry was in the form of hindi widely understood by ordinary people. Sometimes he used cryptic language which was difficult to understand. We get the information about his ideas from a huge collection of verses called sakhis and pads. It is said that it has been composed by Kabir itself and sung by wandering bhajan singers. Some of them were collected and preserved in the Guru Granth Sahib, bijak and Panch Vani.

(Let’s Understand)

Question 5.
What were the’ major beliefs and practices of the Sufis?
Answer:
The major beliefs and practices of the Sufis were:

Sufis sought union with God.
They also composed poems like the saint did, expressing their feelings and a rich literature in prose including anecdotes and fables developed around them.
They often rejected the detailed rituals and codes of behaviour demanded by the Muslim religion scholar.
They developed detailed methods of training using Zikr means chanting of a name or sacred formula, contemplation, sama means singing, raqs means dancing, discussion of parables, breath control, etc. under the guidance of a pir or master.
Hence, emerged the silsilas, a genealogy of Sufi teachers each following a little different method or tariqa of ritual practice.

Question 6.
Why do you think many teachers rejected prevalent religious beliefs and practices?
Answer:
Many teachers rejected prevalent religious beliefs and practices because such beliefs advocated social differences, where the lower castes were oppressed by the upper castes. They believed in the power of personal devotion and felt attracted by the idea of a Supreme God, which believed that the only path to salvation was through bhakti or devotion.

Question 7.
What were the major teachings of Baba Guru Nanak?
Answer:
The major teachings of Baba Guru Nanak were:

Baba gave special attention to the importance of the worship of one God.
He insisted that caste, creed or gender was immaterial for attaining salvation. It was based on the persuit ‘ of active life with a strong sense of social commitment.
He gave more importance to right belief, worship, honest living and helping others.
Baba Guru Nanak also promoted the idea of equality.
Nam, dan and isnan were the essence of his teaching which means right worship, welfare of others and purity of conduct.
His teachings are now remembered as nam-japna, kirt-kama and vandchhakna, which also underline the importance of right belief and worship, honest living, and helping others. Thus, Baba GuruNanak’s idea of equality had social and political implications.

(Let’s Discuss)

Question 8.
For either the Virashaivas or the sants of Maharashtra, discuss their attitude towards caste.
Answer:
The Virashaivas or the sants of Maharashtra, their attitude towards caste were as follows:

They believed in the equality for all people.
Humanistic attitude was present in both of them.
They were against the Brahmanical ideas about the conduct and behaviour of women and castes.
Their belief was that Bhakti means sharing others’ pain.
During the thirteenth to the seventeenth ‘centuries, Maharashtra saw a great number of saint-poets who rejected all forms of ritualism, outward display of piety and social differences based on birth.
They always wished for society where people whether they are rich or poor, high or low could live in harmony and peace.

Question 9.
Why do you think ordinary people preserved the memory of Mirabai?
Answer:
Ordinary people preserved the memory of Mirabai because:

She was married into a royal family as she was a Rajput princess. But, she had no interest in the worldly affairs.
She was devoted to Krishna and composed many bhajans expressing her ardent devotion.
Her devotion to her god was supreme. She lived a very simple life with the ordinary people.
Her songs had challenged the upper caste and became very popular with the common people in Rajasthan and Gujarat.

(Let’s Do)

Question 10.
Find out whether in your neighbourhood there are any dargahs, gurudwaras or temples associated with saints of the bhakti tradition in your neighbourhood. Visit any one of these and describe what you see and hear.
Answer:
Need to do it yourself. (Hint : seen many people going their with devotion and do prayer and hear preaching of religious people with great devotion).

Question 11.
For any of the saint-poets whose compositions have been included in this chapter, find out more about their works, noting down other poems. Find out whether these are sung, how they are sung, and what the poets wrote about.
Answer:
We have read about many saint-poets who were bhakti saint or sufi saint. We learnt about Kabir, Tulsidas, Baba Guru Nanak, Mirabai and Surdas. Their religious works such as poems, bhajans are read out and sung at religious places by bhakti singers and poets. We hear these songs in television and radio.

Also, read many books about them. Kabrr’s dohas are very famous. Most of his work were concerned with devotion, mysticism and discipline. One of his famous doha has been translated: ‘Worry is such a thief that it eats one’s heart. What can a doctor do? How far will his medicine reach?’

Question 12.
There are several saint-poets whose names have been mentioned but their works have not been included in the chapter. Find out more about the language in which they composed, whether their compositions were sung, and what their compositions were about.
Answer:
Need to do it yourself. (Hint: Marathi saints such as Dnyaneshwar (Gyaneshwar), Namdev, Eknath and Tukaram as well as women like Sakhubai and the family of Chokhamela, who belonged to the “untouchable” Mahar caste. All sung in Marathi. Mirabai in Rajasthani. Surdas in Brijbhasha).

JAC Class 7th History Devotional Paths to the Divine Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
There were………Nayanars.
(a) 63
(b) 53
(c) 43
(d) 73
Answer:
(a) 63

Question 2.
The Virashaiva movement started in
(a) Punjab
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Karnataka
(d) Kerala
Answer:
(c) Karnataka

Question 3.
Ghazzali was a
(a) great mathematician of Central Asia
(b) great Sufi saint of North India
(c) great Sufi saint of South Asia
(d) great Sufi saint of Central Asia
Answer:
(c) great Sufi saint of South Asia

Question 4.
Kabir’s bhajans were preserved in
(a) Punch Vani
(b) Bijak
(c) Guru Granth Sahib
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 5.
Vitthala is a form of
(a) Vishnu
(b) Ganesha
(c) Shiva
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Vishnu

Question 6.
The teachers of Chishti Silsilas was / were
(a) Baba Farid
(b) Question utubuddin Bakhtiar Kaki
(c) Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti
(d) All of these
Answer:
(b) Question utubuddin Bakhtiar Kaki

Question 7.
The Puranic stories mainly consists of
(a) legends
(b) local myths
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Neither (a) nor (b)
Answer:

Question 8.
Ramcharitramanas of Tulsidas is written in
(a) Sanskrit
(b) Awadhi
(c) Bhojpuri
(d) Marathi
Answer:
(d) Marathi

Question 9.
The word ‘langar ’ means
(a) tution centre
(b) health centre
(c) common place of worship
(d) common kitchen
Answer:
(d) common kitchen

Question 10.
Hagiography means
(a) writing of the lives of saints
(b) study of pictures
(c) writing on gods
(d) study of writing
Answer:
(a) writing of the lives of saints

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by monotheism?
Answer:
Submission to one God is called as monotheism.

Question 2.
What do you understand by Shariyat?
Answer:
The holy law developed by muslim scholars are called as Shariyat.

Question 3.
Who started Virashaiva movement?
Answer:
Virashaiva movement was started by Basavanna and his companions such as Allama Prabhu and Akkamahadevi.

Question 4.
What do you understand by namghars?
Answer:
Namghars are the houses of recitation and prayer, a practice that continues till date.

Question 5.
List some of the famous Sufi saints.
Answer:
Some of the famous Sufi saints are Nizamuddin Auliya, Baba Farid, Khwaza Muinuddin Chisti, Bakhtiar Kaki, etc.

Question 6.
Who were Alvaras and Nayanars?
Answer:
The saints who were devoted to Vishnu and Shiva were Alvaras and Nayanars respectively.

Question 7.
Which Guru compiled the composition of Guru Nanak?
Answer:
Guru Angad compiled the composition of Guru Nanak.

Question 8.
What do you mean by nam, dan and isnanl
Answer:
By nam, dan and isnan we mean right worship, welfare of others and purity of conduct respectively.

Question 9.
What is the name of the earliest example of Tamil literature which was composed during the early centuries of the Common Era?
Answer:
Sangam literature is the earliest Tamil literature which was composed during the early centuries of the Common Era.

Question 10.
What do you understand by silsilas?
Answer:
An ancestary of Sufi teachers where each of them follow a little different method or tariqa of instruction and ritual practice is called as silsilas.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by Advaita?
Answer:
A Vedic belief that identifies the individual self means atma with the ground of reality means brahman. The Indian philosopher Shankara was an advocate of Advaita. He contemplated the world around us to be an illusion or maya and taught renunciation of the world and adoption of the path of knowledge to understand the true nature of Brahman and attain salvation.

Question 2.
Who was Ramanuj a and what was his idea?
Answer:
In the eleventh century, Ramanuja bom in Tamil Nadu and was deeply influenced by the Alvars. According to him the best means of attaining salvation was through intense devotion to Vishnu. He introduced the doctrine of Vishishtadvaita means qualified oneness in that the soul even when united with . the Supreme God remained distinct definite.

Question 3.
Who was Shankaradeva?
Answer:
In late fifteenth century, Shankaradeva of Assam highlighted and gave special importance to devotion of Vishnu and composed poems and plays in Assamese. He also began the practice of setting up namghars which were houses of recitation and prayer and that practice still continues to date.

Question 4.
How and when did Khalsa Panth emerge?
Answer:
In the seventeenth century, the Sikh movement began to get politicized and a development which reached at its peak gave rise to the institution of the Khalsa by Gum Gobind Singh in 1699. The community of the Sikhs was called the Khalsa Panth which became a political entity.

Question 5.
What is the similarity between Bhakti Movement and Sufism?
Answer:
The similarity between Bhakti Movement and Sufism are the following:

• Both of them believed in the service of God.
• Both of them believed in the spiritual development.
• Both of them considered truthful in the parampara of Guru Shishya.

Question 6.
What were the ideas and teachings of the saints of Maharashtra?
Answer:
The saints of Maharashtra rejected all forms of ritualism, outward display of piety and faith and social differences based on birth. Moreover, they even rejected the idea of renunciation and preferred to live with their families, earning their livelihood like any other people while serving fellow human beings in need.

Question 7.
Why do you think that most of the followers of Guru Nanak were artisans, agriculturists, traders, artisans and craftsperson?
Answer:
Most of the followers of Gum Nanak were artisans, agriculturists, traders and craftsperson because Gum Nanak was determined that his followers must be householders and should adopt productive and useful occupations. People should have an active life with a strong sense of social commitment.

Question 8.
People turn to the teachings of the Buddha or the Jainas during the medieval period. Why do they did that?
Answer:
There was a belief that social benefits come from birth in a ‘noble’ family or a ‘high’ caste which was the subject of many learned texts. Most of the people were uneasy with such ideas and turned to the teachings of the Buddha or the Jainas. According to which it was possible to prevail over social dissimilarity and break the cycle of rebirth through personal effort.

Question 9.
What are Khanqahs and why those were made?
Answer:
Houses were made for travellers to take rest especially made in religious order. Assemblies were held in Khanqahs by Sufi masters. Devotees of all disciplines assembled and gathered to this place. It included the ordinary and common people, members of royal and noble families. Here, they discussed matters such as spiritual, took the blessings of the saints or be there to attend the cultural activities such as dance and music.

Question 10.
Chola and Pandya kings contributed for the growth of the Bhakti movement. How did they do that?
Answer:
In between the tenth and twelfth centuries, the Chola and Pandya kings built many elaborate temples around most of the shrines which was visited by the saint-poets, helped in strengthening the links between the bhakti tradition and temple worship.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain in brief on new religious developments in north India.
Answer:
In the thirteenth century, in north India a new’ wave of the Bhakti movement began. This was a time when Brahmanical Hinduism, Islam, Sufism, various strands of Bhakti and the Nathpanths, Siddhas and Yogis influenced each other. Ordinary and common people such as peasants, craftspersons, artisans, traders, etc., showed their interest in listening to these new saints. Kabir and Baba Guru Nanak were against orthodox religious practices. Tulsidas and Surdas accepted existing beliefs and practices but wanted to make these accessible to all.

Tulsidas was a devotee of Rama. His Ramacharitmanas is a very unique creation. Surdas was a whole hearted devotee of Krishna. His compositions compiled in the Sursagara, Sursaravali and Sahitya Lahari, expresses his devotion. Shankaradeva of Assam emphasised devotion to Vishnu and composed poems and plays in Assamese. He began the practice of setting up namghars means houses of recitation and prayer. Other important saints such as Dadu Dayal, Ravidas and Mirabai were present.

Mirabai was a Rajput princess and was married into the royal family of Mewar in the 16th century. She became a disciple of Ravidas, an untouchable saint. She devoted her life to Lord Krishna. She composed a number of bhajans expressing her ardent devotion. A special feature of most of the saints is that their works were composed in regional languages and could be sung easily. Hence, they became very popular among the common people.

Question 2.
Explain the teachings of the Bhakti saint Kabir.
Answer:
The Bhakti saint Kabir’s teachings were based on a complete, indeed ardent and rejection of the major religious traditions:

His teachings openly denied all forms of external worship of both Brahmanical Hinduism and Islam, the pre-eminence of the priestly classes and the caste system.
The language of his poetry was a form of spoken Hindi which was widely understood by ordinary and common people. He also sometimes used cryptic language, which was difficult to understand and follow.
He believed in a formless Supreme God and preached that the only path to salvation and liberation was through bhakti or devotion.
He drew his followers from among both Hindus and Muslims.
His teachings reflect the secular values of life.
We came to know about his ideas from a huge collection of verses called sakhis and pads which is said to have been composed by him and sung by wandering bhajan singers.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 7 Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities

June 4, 2022May 30, 2022 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions History Chapter 7 Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities

JAC Class 7th History Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities InText Questions and Answers

Page 92

Question 1.
On a physical map of the subcontinent, identify the areas in which tribal people may have lived.
Answer:
Students need to do it themselves. (Hint: Tribes used to live in forests, hills, deserts and places different to reach. Therefore, you can search such areas on the physical map of the subcontinent and mark them.)

Page 95

Question 2.
Find out how grain is transported from villages to cities at present. In what ways is this similar to or different from the ways in which the Banjaras functioned?
Answer:
At present, grains are transported from villages to cities in trucks, trains, etc. The present-day method of transportation is much faster than the method of Banjaras who used bullock- carts for grain transportation.

Page 99

Question 3.
Discuss why the Mughals were interested in the land of the Gonds.
Answer:
The Mughals were interested in the land of the Gonds because:

It’ was in central part of the subcontinent.
Garha Katanga was a rich state. It earned much wealth by trapping and exporting elephants to other kingdoms.
Mughals ruled over the northern part and they wished to expand their control over the southern kingdoms as well.
In order to achieve that, they first had to control in the central part of the subcontinent which was ruled by Gonds.

Page 100

Question 4.
Why do you think the Mughals tried to conquer the land of the Ahoms?
Answer:
The Mughals tried to conquer the land of the Ahoms because:

Ahoms ruled the north-east region of the subcontinent, Mughals tried to expand their control in the entire subcontinent hence tried to conquer the land of Ahoms.
Their land was fertile and produced a variety of crops.
The land was a rich source of forest produce and animals such as elephants which were war animals and this also led the Mughal to attack on the land of Ahoms.

Page 101

Question 5.
Imagine, you are a member of a nomadic community that shifts residence every three months. How w ould this change your life?
Answer:
Think due to nomadic life, my education would be highly disturbed otherwise I would have to live in a hostel. That would result in the separation of the family. I would get a chance to see my new places, to go through unknown, unexplored forests. Therefore, my life would be changed in both positive and negative manners.

JAC Class 7th History Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities Textbook Questions and Answers

( Let’s Recall)

Question 1.
Match the following:

garh	khel
tanda	chaurasi
labourer	caravan
clan	Garha Katanga
Sib Singh	Ahom state
Durgawati	paik

Answer:

garh	chaurasi
tanda	caravan
labourer	paik
clan	khel
Sib Singh	Ahom state
Durgawati	Garha Katanga

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:
(a) The new castes emerging within varnas were called………
(b) ……… were historical works written by the Ahoms.
(c) The …….. mentions that Garha Katanga had 70,000 villages.
(d) As tribal states became bigger and stronger, they gave land grants to…….. and
Answer:
(a) Jatis
(b) Buranjis
(c) Akbar Nama
(d) poets, scholars

Question 3.
State ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.
(a) Tribal societies had rich oral traditions.
(b) There were no tribal communities in the north western part of the subcontinent.
(c) The chaurasi in Gond states contained several cities.
(d) The Bhils lived in the north-eastern part of the subcontinent.
Answer:
(a) True
(b) False
(c) False
(d) False

Question 4.
What kinds of exchanges took place between nomadic pastoralists and settled agriculturists?
Answer:
Nomadic pastoralists moved over long distances with their animals and lived on milk and other pastoral products. They exchanged wool, ghee, etc., with settled agriculturists for grain, cloth, utensils and other products.

(Let’s Understand)

Question 5.
How was the administration of the Ahom state organised?
Answer:
The administration of the Ahom state was organised in the following manner:

The administration became centralized in the first half of the seventeenth century.
They depended upon forced labour. Those who were forced to work for the state were known as paiks.
The society was divided into clans or Khels.
People from densely populated area were shifted to less populated area.
Ahom clans were thus broken.
Most of the adult males served the army during war.
The peasants were given land by his village community and even king could not take his land without the permission of the community

Question 6.
What changes took place in varna- based society?
Answer:
The following changes took place in varna-based society:

Varna-based society and tribal people constantly interacted with each other.
Within varna, smaller castes or jatis emerged.
Many social groups and tribes were taken into caste based society and given the status of jatis.
Instead of varna, jatis became the basis of organizing the society.
A separate jati of specialized artisans such as smiths, masons, carpenters were acknowledged by the Brahmanas.
New Rajput clans became powerful among the Kshatriyas.
Many dominant tribes of Punj ab, Sind and North-west Frontier rejected the caste system and adopted Islam.
Most of the tribes became the part of the caste system but only the leading tribal families could join the ruling class. Majority of the population joined the lower jatis.

Question 7.
How did tribal societies change after being organised into a state?
Answer:
The tribal societies changed after being organised into a state in many ways. With the help of the following societies we can understand better:
Gond Society

Gradually the equal society of Gond got divided into unequal social classes.
Brahmanas became more influential and powerful as they received land grants from Gond Rajas.
The Gond chiefs now wished to be acknowledged as Rajputs. Ahom Society
The society was very sophisticated. Poets and scholars were given land grants.
Theatre was also encouraged.
The influence of Brahmanas increased. Temples and Brahmanas were granted land by the king. Hinduism became the predominant religion during the reign of Sib Singh. But after adopting Hinduism, the kings did not give up their traditional beliefs.

(Let’s Discuss)

Question 8.
Were the Banjaras important for the economy?
Answer:
The Banjaras were the most important trader nomads. The caravan of the banjaras was called tanda. Sultan Alauddin Khalji used the Banjaras to transport grain to the city markets. They carried grain on their bullocks from different areas and sold it in towns. They transported food grain for the Mughal army during military campaigns. They bought grains where it was cheaply available and carried it to places where it is dearer and .later, again reloaded their oxen with anything that can be profitably sold in other places.

Question 9.
In what ways was the history of the Gonds different from that of the Ahoms? Were there any similarities?
Answer:
The history of the Gonds was different from that of the Ahoms in the following ways:

The Gond society was not as much developed as the Ahom society. The Ahoms built a large state by using firearms. They could even make high quality gunpowder and cannons.
The Ahom society was veiy sophisticated. Poets and scholars were given land grants. Theatre was encouraged. We do not find traces of these things in the Gond society.
Similarities between the Gonds and Ahoms:
Both were capable of building large states.
Both faced Mughal attacks. Both were defeated by the Mughals, despite their brave defence.
Both of them granted land to the ‘ Brahmanas, who became very influential and powerful.
We find the centralised administration in the history of the Gonds as well as the Ahoms.

(‘Let’s Do)

Question 10.
Plot the location of the tribes mentioned in this chapter on a map. For any two, discuss whether their mode of livelihood was suited to the geography and the environment of the area where they lived.
Answer:
Many tribes lived in different parts of India. See the map given below

The tribes settled temporarily at the places which suited them as per their need and livelihood. Whenever, they found the environment or their mode of living conditions unfavourable, they migrated to other suitable places.
Could see Kolis and Beards lived in Maharashtra and Karnataka. Most of the Bhils became settled agriculturists and some remained hunter-gatherers.

Question 11.
Find out about present-day government policies towards tribal populations and organise a discussion about these.
Answer:
Present-day government policies towards tribal populations are very positive and beneficial:

Facilities like roads, water,electricity have been increased in the tribal areas.
Education is being spread in the tribal areas.
The government is working actively for the overall upliftment of the tribal populations. Many organisations have been set up.
The government has enforced reservation for them in government jobs. They are now joining the mainstream of the society.
The government is also determined to protect their cultural and social traditions.

Question 12.
Find out more about present-day nomadic pastoral groups in the subcontinent. What animals do they keep? Which are the areas frequented by these groups?
Answer:
Present-day nomadic pastoral groups in the sub-continent are Gaddi shepherds living in the western Himalayas, Gujjar-Bakarwals, living in Jammu & Kashmir, Banjaras living in Rajasthan. These nomadic people keep sheep, goats, camels, horses and cows. They frequently visit Kumaon region of Uttarakhand, Jammu & Kashmir and Rajasthan.

JAC Class 7th History Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The most important tribe in the later years of Punjab
(a) Gonda
(b) Gakkhars
(c) Khokhar
(d) Langahs
Answer:
(b) Gakkhars

Question 2.
………….. was the son of Rani Durgawati.
(a) Bir Narain
(b) Dalpat
(c) Aman Das
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Bir Narain

Question 3.
The famous General who defeated the Cheros in 1591 was
(a) Akbar
(b) Jahangir
(c) Raja Man Singh
(d) Sib Singh
Answer:
(c) Raja Man Singh

Question 4.
Sib Singh was an important ruler of the
(a) Kolis
(b) Bhils
(c) Gonds
(d) Ahoms
Answer:
(d) Ahoms

Question 5.
…….. prescribed the rules of the ‘varna ’ system.
(a) The Vaishyas
(b) The Brahmanas
(c) The Kshatriyas
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) The Brahmanas

Question 6.
The means of livelihood of tribes were
(a) Ashing
(b) they bought things which they needed from traders
(c) survived on special grants given by the kings
(d) agriculture and hunting gathering
Answer:
(d) agriculture and hunting gathering

Question 7.
Two more important and powerful tribes were Mundas and Santals, they were from
(a) Jharkhand, Orissa (now Odisha), Bengal
(b) Jharkhand, Bengal, Assam
(c) Kerala and Tamil Nadu
(d) Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan
Answer:
(a) Jharkhand, Orissa (now Odisha), Bengal

Question 8.
The shepherd tribe of …. lived in western Himalayas.
(a) Balochis
(b) Arghuns
(c) Khokhar
(d) Gaddis
Answer:
(d) Gaddis

Question 9.
The Gonds practiced
(a) Subsistence cultivation
(b) Plantation cultivation
(c) Shifting cultivation
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Shifting cultivation

Question 10.
divided the Ahom society.
(a) khels
(b) barhots
(c) garhs
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) khels

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 2.
Which tribe was powerful in north-west?
Answer:
The Balochis tribe was powerful in the north-west.

Question 3.
Which all tribes lived in extreme south? Where does the Kutiya Khond tribe live?
Answer:
In south, there were large tribal populations of Koragas, Vetars, Maravars and many others. Kutiya Khond tribe lived in Odisha.

Question 4.
What do you understand by tribes?
Answer:
The societies which did not followed the social rules and rituals prescribed by the Brahmanas nor divided into many classes are called as tribes.

Question 5.
Who all are specialized artisans?
Answer:
The specialized artisans were the masons, carpenters and smiths.

Question 6.
Which tribe introduced new method of rice cultivation?
Answer:
The Ahom tribe introduced new method of rice cultivation.

Question 7.
Which things did the Mughals captured by defeating the Gonds?
Answer:
The things which the Mughals captured by defeating the Gonds were precious coins and elephants.

Question 8.
How Garha Katanga became a rich state?
Answer:
Garha Katanga became a rich state by earning huge wealth by trapping . and exporting wild elephants to other kingdoms.

Question 9.
What do you mean by tandal
Answer:
The most important trader nomads were the Banjaras. Their caravan was called tanda.

Question 10.
Who defeated the Cheros?
Answer:
Mughal forces under Aurangzeb captured many Chero fortresses and defeated the tribe.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by paiksl To which region they belong to?
Answer:
The Ahoms depended upon the forced labour and those who were forced to work for the state were called paiks. They belonged to Ahom state.

Question 2.
What do you mean by itinerant groups?
Answer:
Itinerant groups, such as craftspersons, pedlars and entertainers travel from place to place practising their different occupations.

Question 3.
Write in short the administrative system of Gond kingdom.
Answer:
The administrative system of the Gond kingdom was becoming centralized. The kingdom was divided into garhs and each garh was controlled by a specific Gond clan. This was again divided into units of 84 villages called chaurasi. The chaurasi was further subdivided into barhots which were made up of 12 villages each.

Question 4.
Describe in brief the term ‘khel’ in context to Ahom society.
Answer:
Ahom society was divided into clans or khels. Artisans in the Ahom areas came from the adjoining kingdoms as there were very few castes of artisans. A khel often controlled many villages. The peasant was given land by his village community. Even the king could not take it away without the community’s consent.

Question 5.
Banjaras were used by Sultan Alauddin Khilji and the Mughals. How?
Answer:
To transport grains to the city markets, Sultan Alauddin Khilji used the Banjaras. The Banjaras under the Mughals carried grains on their bullocks from different areas and sold it in towns. They also transported food grains to Mughal army during military campaigns.

Question 6.
In what way the present day historians use to write tribal histories?
Answer:
Contemporary historians and travellers give very less information about tribes. A few exceptions apart, mostly tribal people did not keep written records but they preserved rich customs and oral and verbal traditions. These were passed down to each new generation. Present day historians have started using such oral and verbal traditions to write tribal histories.

Question 7.
Who were Ahoms and how did they managed to build a large state?
Answer:
In .the thirteenth century, the Ahoms relocated to the Brahmaputra valley from present-day Myanmar. They created a new state by overpowering the older political system of the bhuiyans which means landlords. During the sixteenth century, they annexed the kingdoms of the Chhutiyas (1523) and of Koch-Hajo (1581) and defeated many other tribes.

Question 8.
What were the occupation of Ahom society.
Answer:
Most of the adult males served in the army during war. At other times, they were engaged in building dams, irrigation systems and other public works. They also introduced new methods of rice cultivation. These were the occupation of Ahoms.

Question 9.
Briefly discuss how did the tribes earn their livelihood.
Answer:
Agriculture was the main source of livelihood of many tribes. Some were hunter-gatherers or herders. Most of the time they combined these activities to make full use of the natural resources of the area in which they lived. Some of the tribes were nomadic and moved from one place to another. A tribal group controlled land and pastures jointly and divided these amongst households according to its own rules.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain in detail about the tribal people found in different parts of subcontinent.
Answer:
Tribal people were found in most of the region of the subcontinent.

In Punjab, the Khokhar tribe was very influential during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Later, the Gakkhars became more important.
The Langahs and Arghuns were found in Multan and Sind and dominated extensive regions before they were defeated by the Mughals.
In the north-west, the Balochis were another large and very powerful tribe.
In the western Himalayas, the shepherd tribe of Gaddis were present.
The distant north-eastern part of the subcontinent too was entirely dominated by tribes such as the Nagas, Ahoms and many more.
In many areas of present-day Bihar and Jharkhand by the twelfth century, Chero chiefdoms had emerged.
The Mundas and Santals were among the other important tribes that lived in this region and also in Orissa and Bengal.
In the Maharashtra highlands, Gujarat and Karnataka, Kolis, Berads and numerous others were found.
Further south there were large tribal populations of Koragas, Vetars, Maravars and many others.
Across western and central India, the large tribe of Bhils were spread. The Gonds were found in great numbers across the present-day states of Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh.

Question 2.
In which way the religious differences occur over the years in state?
Answer:
The religious differences occurred over the years in the state in the following ways:

Initially, the Ahoms worshipped their own tribal gods and followed their own rituals and traditions.
During the first half of the seventeenth century, the influence of Brahmanas increased.
At the same time, temples and Brahmanas were granted lands by the king. And, gradually, Brahmanas became powerful.
During the reign of Sib Singh, Hinduism became a predominant religion.
Even after variations in religion, the kings did not comply completely and give up their beliefs after adopting Hinduism.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 Rulers and Buildings

June 4, 2022May 30, 2022 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 Rulers and Buildings

JAC Class 7th History Rulers and Buildings InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What would have been the impact of a building like the Qutb Minar on observers in the thirteenth century?
Answer:
The building like Qutb Minar would have had a huge impact such as that of Taj Mahal or Red Fort today, on the observers in the thirteenth century.

Question 2.
What differences do you notice between the shikharas of the two temples? Can you make out that the shikhara of the Rajarajeshvara temple is twice as high as that of the Kandariya Mahadeva?
Answer: Between the shikharas of the two
temples, the difference of height can be noticed. The shikhara of the Rajarajeshvara temple is twice as high as that of the Kandariya Mahadeva which is easily seen.

Page 63

Question 3.
Compare figures 2(a) and 2(b) with figures 5(a) and 5(b).

Answer:
The figures in 2(a) and 2(b) have apex shape. This is the “trabeate” or “corbelled” style of architecture. The figures 5(a) and 5(b) have curved shape. This is “arcuate” style of architecture.

Question 4.
Describe what the labourers are doing, the tools shown, and the means of carrying stones.
Answer:
The labourers are placing cemented plaster to construct the floor of the fort. Some of them are carrying stones by rolling it by big iron rods or by carrying it on shoulders. Some are assisting the masons. Some horses are also engaged to carry stones and other construction materials.

Question 5.
In what ways do you think the policies of Rajendra I and Mahmud of Ghazni were a product of their times? How were the actions of the two rulers different?
Answer:
The two contemporaries Rajendra I and Mahmud of Ghazni attacked and looted the temples of other states and kings and considered it as a normal activity. Temples showed power and honour for any king and by destroying the temple, the king and his statements were humiliated.

The only difference in the actions of Rajendra I and Mahmud Ghazni was that latter destroyed Hindu temples in order to become a hero of Islam. Whereas, Rajendra I destroyed temples and re-established their deities at the temples that he constructed in his state. Mahmud of Ghazni used the occupied wealth of temples in constructing a capital city for himself.

Page 72

Question 6.
Lookat theillustration and try to identify the bell towers.

Answer:
The bell towers are those wh.ch are constructed in the last floor and stand tallest in the building.

Question 7.
Imagine you are an artisan standing on a tiny wooden platform held together by bamboo and rope fifty metres above the ground. You have to place an inscription under the first balcony of the Qutb Minar. How would you do this?
Answer:
I would stand up on the tinny wooden platform held together by bamboo and rope fifty meters above the ground. And then I would do the work of inscribing by the tools such as hammer and chisel.

JAC Class 7th History Rulers and Buildings Textbook Questions and Answers

( Let’s Recall)

Question 1.
How is the “trabeate” principle of architecture different from “arcuate”?
Answer:
The difference is that in “trabeate” principle of architecture, roofs, doors and windows were made by placing in a horizontal beam across two vertical columns. Whereas, in “arcuate” form, the weight of the superstructure above the doors and windows are carried by arches.

Question 2.
What is a shikhara?
Answer:
The highest roof of a Hindu temple is called a ‘Shikhara’. The Rajarajeshvara temple at Thanjavur had the tallest shikhara among the temples of its time. Constructing it was not easy because there were no cranes in those days and the ninety tonne stone for the top of the shikhara was too heavy to lift manually.

Question 3.
What is pietra-dura?
Answer:
Pietradura is the coloured hard stones placed in depressions carved into marble or sandstone, creating beautiful and ornate patterns. Behind the emperor Shah Jahan’s throne were a series of pietradura inlays that depicted the legendary Greek god Orpheus playing the lute. It was believed that Orpheus’s music could calm ferocious beasts until they coexisted with humans peacefully.

Question 4.
What are the elements of a Mughal Chahar bagh garden?
Answer:
Char bagh gardens were gardens placed within rectangular walled enclosures and divided into four quarters by artificial channels. These gardens were called ‘Chahar bagh’x.Q ., four gardens because of their symmetrical division into quarters. The chahar bagh garden also had a variation that historians describe as the “riverfront garden”. This dwelling was not located in the middle of the chahar bagh but at its edge, close to the bank of the river.

(Let’s Understand)

Question 5.
How did a temple communicate the importance of a king?
Answer:
Temple communicate the importance of a king in the following manner:

They were meant to exhibit the powe r, wealth and devotion of the ruler.
The name of the god and the king were similar as god’s name was considered auspicious.
The king also got a chance to proclaim their close relationships with god.
Kings usually constructed large temples. As they worshipped their deities together in the royal temples, it seemed as if they brought the just rule of the gods on earth.
The temple was a miniature model of the world ruled by the king and his allies.

Question 6.
An inscription in Shah Jahan’s diwan-i khas in Delhi stated: “If there is Paradise on Earth, it is here, it is here, it is here.” How w as this image created?
Answer:
During Shah Jahan’s reign, the different elements of Mughal architecture were fused together in a grand harmonious synthesis. His reign witnessed a huge amount of construction activity, especially in Agra and Delhi. The ceremonial halls of the public and private audience (Diwan-i khas and Diwan-i-am) were carefully planned. These courts were placed within a large courtyard and were described as ‘Chihil Sutun’ or forty-pillared halls.

The audience halls wrere specially constructed to resemble a mosque, and the pedestal on which Shah Jahan’s throne was placed was frequently described as the ‘Question ibla’, i.e., the direction faced by Muslims at prayer. ‘ The idea of the king as a representative of God on earth was suggested by these architectural features.

Question 7.
How did the Mughal court suggest that everyone the rich and the poor, the powerful and the weak received justice equally from the emperor?
Answer:
The Mughal court which had the Diwan- i-aam suggested that everyone the rich and the poor, the powerful and the weak received justice which was made for all in an equal way. Shah Jahan’s audience hall was constructed and designed in such a way to communicate that the king’s justice was equal for the high and the low.

Its aim was to create a world where all could live together in harmony. He also hanged a golden chain in front of his Taj Mahal. Anyone at anytime w’ho need justice can strike that bell. There w’as no difference between the rich and poor in the emperor’s court.

Question 8.
What role did the Yamuna play in the layout of the new Mughal city at Shahjahanabad?
Answer:
The river Yamuna had a very crucial role in the layout of the new Mughal city at Shahjahanabad in the following way:
In Shahjahanabad, the imperial palace commanded the river-front. Only the most favoured nobles were given access to the river. Shah Jahan chose the river-front garden in the layout of the Taj Mahal.

To control the access that the nobles had to the river, he developed the same architectural form. Only the exceptionally favoured nobles like his eldest son Dara Shukoh were given access to the river. Common people had to construct their homes in the city away from the river Yamuna. It expanded the layout of the city.

(Let’s Discuss)

Question 9.
The rich and powerful construct large houses today. In what ways were the constructions of kings and their courtiers different in the past?
Answer:
The rich and powerful construct large houses today. But these houses are not the same as those of the kings and their courtiers in the past because:

Safety and security were the major consideration of the kings and their courtiers for the constructions. The houses had very big courtyards, huge and thick walls, domed roofs, big gardens and beautifully decorated halls. Houses and palaces were generally surrounded by water bodies.
Nowadays, they have less open areas and meet mainly individual requirements. The houses do not have courtyards, domed roofs. Hence, in many ways these are inferior to those of the kings and their courtiers houses.

Question 10.
Look at Figure 4. How could that

building be constructed faster today?
Answer:
Nowadays, technologies have advanced and we have many facilities, equipments, tools which can construct huge buildings veiy easily and in less time. Earlier, it was very difficult to construct them’ but they were made possible with labourers. Those buildings took a very long time. Those temples and buildings were usually constructed as a matter of pride in old days.

(Let’s Do)

Question 11.
Find out whether there is a statue of or a memorial to a great person in your village or town. Why was it placed there? What purpose does it serve?
Answer:
Since the places will be different so students can write on their own. They need to put the following points in the write up: After finding the memorial, find out in w hich location it is situated and when it was established? Who was the founder? What was its significance?

Question 12.
Visit and describe any park or garden in your neighbourhood. In what w ays is it similar to or different from the gardens of the Mughals?
Answer:
Since the places will be different, students can discuss it in the class. Few points given such as the gardens of Mughals were spread over a large area and had varieties of plants and flowers. They were also beautifully decorated and protected.

JAC Class 7th History Rulers and Buildings Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The Kandariva Mahadeva temple had a main hall which was known as…..
(a) Mahamandir
(b) Mahamandapa
(c) Maharaksha
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Mahamandapa

Question 2.
The Agra Fort was built by……
(a) Babur
(b) Shah Jahan
(c) Jahangir
(d) Akbar
Answer:
(d) Akbar

Question 3.
The surface of the Qutub Minar was……..
(a) circular
(b) rectangular
(c) curved and angular
(d)triangular
Answer:
(c) curved and angular

Question 4.
The Taj Mahal is the grandest architectural achievement in the reign of…….
(a) Jahangir
(b) Shah Jahan
(c) Babur
(d) Akbar
Answer:
(d) Akbar

Question 5.
Whenever the kingdoms were attacked by another ruler, temples were targeted and looted. looted the famous Shiva temple at Somnath, Gujarat.
(a) Sultan of Baghdad
(b) Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni
(c) Jahangir
(d) Ibrahim Lodi
Answer:
(b) Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni

Question 6.
Indian architecture flourished under……… dynasty.
(a) Mughal
(b) Maratha
(c) Chola
(d) Rashtrakuta
Answer:
(a) Mughal

Question 7.
Babur, built formal gardens, placed within rectangular walled enclosures and divided into four quarters by artificial channels. This style of four gardens (symmetrical division into quarters) called as…..
(a) Nayan bagh
(b) Ghazal bagh
(c) Chahar bagh
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Chahar bagh

Question 8.
The courts like Diwan-i-khas and Diwan-i-aam, were planned very carefully and were known as forty- pillared halls, and placed within a large courtyard. These halls are known as
(a) Chihil Sutun
(b) Pishtaq
(c) Chihil khas
(d) Sutun forty
Answer:
(a) Chihil Sutun

Question 9.
Architecture Hasht-Bihisht refers to a specific type of floor-plan, common in Persian architecture and Mughal architecture, whereby the floor plan is divided into eight chambers surrounding a central room. Hasht- Bihisht means
(a) Eight paradises in water
(b) Eight chahar bagh
(c) Paradise in the eighth life
(d) Eight paradises
Answer:
(d) Eight paradises

Question 10.
The construction of baolis were done
(a) for entertainment of royals
(b) to fulfil the water demand
(c) for rainwater harvesting
(d) to provide a place for bathing for royals
Answer:
(c) for rainwater harvesting

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which building was constructed by using the architectural style pietra- dura?
Answer:
The Taj Mahal was constructed by using the architectural style pietra-dura.

Question 2.
Which language has been used to write the two bands of inscription found under the balcony of Qutb Minar?
Answer:
Arabic language has been used to write the two bands of inscription found under the balcony of Qutb Minar.

Question 3.
Was Rajendra Chola one of the powerful rulers of the Chola Dynasty?
Answer:
Yes, Rajendra Chola was one of the powerful rulers of the Chola dynasty.

Question 4.
Which Mughal Emperor has mentioned about Hindustan in his biography?
Answer:
Babur has mentioned about Hindustan in his biography.

Question 5.
What do you mean by Mahamandapa in temple?
Answer:
Mahamandapa means the main hall in the temple.

Question 6.
Madhurai, the capital of the Pandyas was invaded by which ruler?
Answer:
Sena II, invaded Madhurai, the capital of the Pandyas.

Question 7.
Which ruler won universal appreciation for constructing a large reservoir just outside Dehli-i-Kuhna?
Answer:
Sultan Iltutmish was the ruler who won universal appreciation for constructing a large reservoir just outside Dehli-i- Kuhna.

Question 8.
To which lord, Brihadesvara temple is dedicated?
Answer:
To lord Shiva, Brihadesvara temple is dedicated.

Question 9.
What do you mean by pishtaq?
Answer:
Pishtaq means the tall gateway.

Question 10.
What was the special feature of Akbar’s capital, Fatehpur Sikri?
Answer:
The special feature of Akbar’s capital, Fatehpur Sikri was the architecture of the buildings which were influenced by the styles of Malwa and Gujarat.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What were the main traits of Shah Jahan’s city Shahjahanabad?
Answer:
Shah Jahan’s city of Shahjahanabad that he constructed was on one side of River Yamuna. The imperial palace commanded the river-front. Only specially favoured nobles were given access to the river such as his eldest son Dara Shikoh. All other people had to construct their homes in the city away from the River Yamuna.

Question 2.
What types of buildings were built between eighth and eighteenth centuries?
Answer:
Between the eighth and the eighteenth centuries, kings and their nobles built two kinds of buildings, they were: First one were forts, palaces, garden residences and tombs safe, protected and grandiose places of rest in this world. Second one were structures meant for public activity including temples, mosques, tanks, wells, caravans, sarais and bazaars.

Question 3.
Where is Panch Mahal located and for what it is known?
Answer:
Panch Mahal is the part of Fatehpur Sikri, Uttar Pradesh, India. The Panch Mahal meaning ‘Five level Palace’ was commissioned by Akbar This structure stands close to the Zenana quarters (Harem) which supports the supposition that it was used for entertainment and relaxation. It has different temples with beautiful pillars in several designs. It was built to enjoy fresh air and has five storey buildings.

Question 4.
Describe the architecture of Taj Mahal.
Answer:
The Taj Mahal incorporates and expands on design traditions of Persian and earlier Mughal architecture. The architecture of Taj Mahal was one of
the great accomplishments. Shah Jahan adapted the river-front garden in the layout of the Taj Mahal, during his reign. The white marble mausoleum was placed on a terrace by the edge of the river and the garden was to its south. Shah Jahan developed this architectural form as a means to control the access that nobles had to the river.

Question 5.
Why Rajarajeshwara temple was very difficult to construct?
Answer:
Rajarajeshwara temple was very difficult to construct because:

It was built in eleventh century and it had the tallest Shikhara amongst all the temples of that time.
Since there were no technology like these days and to lift the stones for the ” top of Shikhara of weight around 90 kgs was a tough thing and they did it manually.
An inclined path was built to the top of the temple, placed the boulders on the rollers and rolled it all the way to the top.
The path was made from 4 kms away so that it would not be so steep and easy to climb.

Question 6.
What are the two technological and stylistic developments noticeable and appreciable from the twelfth century.
Answer:
Two technological and stylistic developments that are noticeable and appreciable from the twelfth century are:-

The weight of the superstructure above the doors and windows was sometimes carried by arches. This style of architectural form was known as “arcuate”.
In construction, limestone cement was used in many folds. This was very high quality cement which when mixed with stone chips hardened into concrete. And, for this, construction of large structures was easier and faster.

Question 7.
Write a brief note on Humayun’s tomb.
Answer:
Humayun tomb’s construction started in 1564 A.D. and it took eight years to complete. It was built by Humayun’s wife, Persian queen HamTdah Banu Begam. It was designed by Persian architect Mirak MIrza Ghiyas. The construction was made in Persian method of construction. The use of stones and marbles shows Indian influence a lot.

Question 8.
What do you understand by ‘Mausoleum’?
Answer:
A ‘Mausoleum’ is an impressive building housing a tomb or group of tombs. Some of the mausoleums such as Sheikh Salim Chisti at Fatehpur Sikri and Taj Mahal at Agra are built on Persian framework.

Question 9.
Explain briefly the Kandariya Mahadeva temple.
Answer:
The Kandariya Mahadeva Temple meaning “The Great God of the Cave”, is the largest and most ornate Hindu temple in the medieval temple group found at Khajuraho in Madhya Pradesh, India. Brief on Kandariya Mahadeva Temple

The Kandariya Mahadeva temple was constructed in 999 by the king Dhangadeva of the Chandela Dynasty.
It was dedicated to Shiva.
The entrance had an ornamented gateway and the main hall (mahamandapa) was there where dances were performed.
The image of the chief deity was kept in the main shrine known as garbhagriha. In this place only the king, his immediate family and priests gathered for ritual worship.

Question 10.
What is Islamic architecture?
Answer:
The Islamic architecture represents the order of Islam. It was a mixture of Persian, Timurid, Samarkand and Bukhara style and not entirely foreign implant on Indian scene. It is one of the world’s most renowned building traditions and known for its minarets, domes, vaulting, arches, tombs, etc.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the main architectural technique adopted in Qutub Minar. Name the people, ruler who were involved in the construction of Qutb Minar.
Answer:
The main architectural technique adopted in Qutb Minar are:

Qutb Minar is five storeys high.
It has two bands of inscription under the balcony.
It has the pattern under the balcony by the geometrical designs and small arches.
Only the most skilled craftsperson could perform this task as the surface of the minar is curved and angular.
It required great distinctness to place an inscription on such a surface.
Qutbuddin Aybak constructed the first floor around 1199. Then Iltutmish constructed it around 1229. But over the years, it was damaged by natural calamities like earthquake, lighting but repaired by Alauddin. Khalji, Muhammad TUghluq, Firuz Shah Tughluq and Ibrahim Lodi.

Question 2.
Is the statement true ‘The Mughal ruler spent their money more on architecture and art and less on improving the condition of the people’. Justify your answer.
Answer:
It is true that the Mughal rulers spent their money more on architecture and art and less on improving the condition of the people. Reasons are:

Most of the Mughal rulers were interested in art and architecture. They built buildings with fine patterns and designs of architecture.
Akbar built Fatehpur Sikri and Buland Darwaza near Agra.
Jahangir made beautiful gardens like Shalimar Bagh. He also built Red Fort, Jama Masjid, the greatest achievement.
Art and architecture was at its peak during his reign. Shah Jahan built Taj Mahal which is also one of the achievements.
Lots of money were required for the construction of these architectural buildings and for monuments.
The Mughals got it from the royal treasury without giving a thought for the welfare of the common people.
It would have been commendable and admirable for the Mughal emperors, if they had spent these money on improving and for the betterment of the common people.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire

June 4, 2022May 30, 2022 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 7th Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire

JAC Class 7th History The Mughal Empire InText Questions and Answers

Page 46

Question 1.
Do you think this painting suggests that the Mughals claimed kingship as a birthright?

Answer:
As this painting portraits the hierarchy of the Mughal emperors right from Timur to Aurangzed, it depicts that the Mughals claimed kingship as a birthright.

Page 47

Question 2.
How was Humayum’s relationship with Safavid Iran different from Akbar’s?
Answer:
Humayum took refuge in the court of Safavid Iran when he was defeated by Sher Shah Suri. Therefore, he had friendly relations with Iran. Whereas, Akbar seized Kandahar from Safavid Iranian rulers. Hence, he was at war with them.

Question 3.
Did the annexation of Golconda and Bijapur in Aurangzeb’s reign end hostilities in the Deccan?
Answer:
No, in spite of the annexation of Golconda and Bijapur, Aurangzeb faced unending disturbances in Deccan as Marathas started guerrilla warfare against him.

Page 50

Question 4.
Which do you think is a fairer division of inheritance: primogeniture or coparcenary?
Answer:
Coparcenary is the fairer division of inheritance. It is based on the principle of equality.

Page 51

Question 5.
What was the consequence of Shivaji’s insult by Aurangzeb?
Answer:
When Aurangzeb insulted Shivaji, and when latter came to accept Mughal authority, Shivaji escaped from prison and began guerrilla warfare in Deccan against Mughals .

Question 6.
Would this have meant more expenditure for the state?
Answer:
Yes, the increase in number of mansabdars with higher zat rankings would have led to more expenditure for the State.

Page 55

Question 7.
Can you identify the Jesuit priests in this picture?

Answer:
Two persons wearing black robes are the Jesuit priests who are sitting on the upper left side in the picture.

Poge 57

Question 8.
Imagine you have inherited a kingdom. (Remember Babur and Akbar were about your age when they became rulers). How would you make your
Answer:
kingdom stable and prosperous? In order to make my kingdom stable and prosperous I will undertake following actions:

I will reform administration, revenue, military and trade systems.
I will try to uplift the common people such as peasants, artisans.
I will check corruption in the court.
I will tighten my hold on nobles.
I will expand my kingdom.
I will induct new war technology, etc.

JAC Class 7th History The Mughal Empire Textbook Questions and Answers

( Let’s Recall)

Question 1.
Match the following.

Mansab	Marwar
Mongol	Governor
Sisodiya Rajput	Uzbeg
Rathor Rajput	Mewar
Nur Jahan	Rank

Answer:

Mansab	Rank
Mongol	Uzbeg
Sisodiya Rajput	Mewar
Rathor Rajput	Marwar
Nur Jahan	Jahangir
Subadar	Governor

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks.
(a) The capital of Mirza Hakim, Akbar’s half-brother,was……..
(b) The five Deccan Sultanates were Berar, Khandesh, Ahmadnagar,……. and
(c) If zat determined a mansabdar’s rank and salary, sawar indicated his………
(d) Abul azl, Akbar’s friend and counsellor, helped him frame the idea of ………so that he could govern a society composed of many religions, cultures and castes.
Answer:
(a) Kabul
(b) Bijapur, Golconda
(c) number of cavalrymen
(d) sulh-i-kul

Question 3.
What were the central provinces under the control of the Mughals?
Answer:
The central provinces under the control of the Mughals were Delhi, Kabul, Sind, Marwar, Gujarat, Mewar, Bihar, Bengal, Orissa and Deccan.

Question 4.
What was the relationship between the mansabdar and the jagirl
Answer:
Mansabdars received the salary as revenue assignment which was called jagir. They didn ’t administer their jagirs. The revenue was collected for them by their servants while the mansabdars were working in some other parts of the province.

(Let’s Understand)

Question 5.
What was the role of the zamindars in Mughal administration?
Answer:
The role of the zamindars in Mughal administration is as follows:
Zamindars were the local headmen of the villages or a powerful chieftains appointed by the Mughal emperor. They worked as intermediaries. They were responsible for collecting taxes from peasants and deposited them with the treasurer.They also played a role of mnning the administration of the Mughals.1 Sometimes they became rebellious against the Mughal empire as they exercised a great deal of power.

Question 6.
How were the debates with religiousscholars important in the formation of Akbar’s ideas on governance?
Answer:
During the 1570s, Akbar had a discussion on religion with the Ulama, ” Brahmanas, Jesuit priests who were Roman Catholics and Zoroastrians. These discussions took place during his stay at Fatehpur Sikri in the ibadat 1 khana. Akbar was interested in thereligion and social customs of different people and his interaction with people of different faiths made him realise that their teachings created divisions and disharmony among his subjects.

Thus Akbar came to an idea known as ‘sulh-i kul’ which focused on a system of ethics honesty, justice and peace.Abul Fazl helped Akbar in framing a vision of governance around this idea of sulh-i kul, which was also followed by ‘ Jahangir and Shah Jahan as well.

Question 7.
Why did the Mughals emphasise their Timurid and not their Mongol descent?
Answer:
The Mughals emphasised on their Timurid and not their Mongol descent because the memory of Mongol emperor Genghis Khan was associated with the massacre of a vast number of people. It was also linked with the Uzbegs, their Mongol competitors. On the other hand, the Mughals took pride in the fact that Timur ancestry had captured the city of Delhi in 1398.

(Let’s Discuss)

Question 8.
How important was the income fromland revenue to the stability of the Mughal Empire?
Answer:
The income from land revenue led to thestability of the Mughal Empire because it was the main source of income of the Mughal Empire. It strengthened the economic system of the Mughal Empire. A huge amount of finance was needed to meet the administrative purpose and maintaining law and order which came from the revenue.It was important as they had to pay the salaries to the soldiers and officials and do welfare works for the common people.Its importance can be easily assessed from the fact that Todar Mai, Akbar ‘s revenue minister,, took 10-year period to carry out the proper calculation of land revenue.

Question 9.
Why was it important for the Mughals to recruit mansabdars from diverse backgrounds and not just Turanis and Iranis?
Answer:
It was important for the Mughals to recruit mansabdars from diverse backgrounds and not just Turanis and Iranis because Mughal empire expanded to different regions. Hence, the problems of common folks would be understood better by the people living with them. This included Rajputs, Marathas, Afghans, Muslims and other groups. They came here to rule, so they needed to respect the diversity of the country in order to have a control over it.

Question 10.
Like the Mughal Empire, India today is also made up of many social and cultural units. Does this pose a challenge to national integration?
Answer:
Like the Mughal Empire, India today is also made up of many social and cultural units. This does not pose a challenge to national integration because of the following reasons: India follows a tradition of ‘unity in diversity’. All religions are equally reckoned by the constitution. Now-a-days, people get the right to choose their government and freedom to do what they want which was not same under the reign of Mughals. No, the gap in the income between the rich and the poor in India has not changed a great deal from the period of the Mughals, but the incomes have highly increased compared to that period.Some special advantages are also given to the weaker sections of the society for the upliftment of their living standards.

Question 11.
Peasants were vital for the economy of the Mughal Empire. Do you think that they are as important today? Has the gap in the income between the rich and the poor in India changed a great deal from the period of the Mughals?
Answer:
Peasants were vital for the economy ofthe Mughal Empire. Therefore, today’s economy does not totally depend upon peasants. Yes, they are important today as well.No, , the gap in the income between the rich and the poor in India has not changed a great deal from the period of the Mughals, but the incomes have highly increased compared to that period.

(Let’s Do)

Question 12.
The Mughal Empire left its impact on the different regions of the subcontinent in a variety of ways. Find out if it had any impact in the city/village/region in which you live.
Answer:
The Mughal Empire left its impact on thedifferent regions of the subcontinent in a variety of ways. It had many impact in the city, village, region in which we live. Urdu has enriched our literature, music and art of writing. Their contributions made the cities rich and colourful. As we can discuss about Delhi. It was the capital of Mughal Empire. We see many monuments and beautiful architecture.

JAC Class 7th History The Mughal Empire Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Name the ruler whose mother was a descendant of the greatest Mongol warrior, Ghengis Khan, and his father descended from the legendary Timur.
(a) Babur
(b) Humayun
(c) TodarMal
(d) Jahangir
Answer:
(a) Babur

Question 2.
Babur was forced to leave his ancestral land and came to India and set up the first Mughal empire because
(a) He was a born tourist
(b) His younger brother wanted to become a king
(c) There was a drought in his ancestral land
(d) The Uzbegs invaded his ancestral land, Ferghana.
Answer:
(d) The Uzbegs invaded his ancestral land, Ferghana.

Question 3.
Humayun recaptured Delhi in 1555 with the help of
(a) Muhammad Ali of Africa
(b) Sher Khan of Afghanistan
(c) Ali Zafar of Turkey
(d) Safavid Shah of Persia (Iran)
Answer:
(d) Safavid Shah of Persia (Iran)

Question 4.
Who became the emperor at the age of 13 and reigned from 1556 to 1605?
(a) Jahangir
(b) Akbar
(c) Humayun
(d) Shahjahan
Answer:
(b) Akbar

Question 5.
After Akbar, who continued his military campaigns and forced the Sisodiya Rajputs to accept the Mughal rule?
(a) Jahangir
(b) Bahadur Shah Zafar
(c) Shah Jahan
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Jahangir

Question 6.
Genghis Khan was the emperor of
(a) Central Asia
(b) China
(c) Mongol tribes
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 7.
Sulh-i-kul means
(a) Unity
(b) Gender discrimination
(c) Universal peace
(d) Payment equality
Answer:
(c) Universal peace

Question 8.
Which Mughal emperor was also known as Salim?
(a) Humayun
(b) Jahangir
(c) Akbar
(d) Shah Jahan
Answer:
(b) Jahangir

Question 9.
The salary of the mansabdars were known as…….
(a) Zabt
(b) Jat
(c) Jagir
(d) Mansab
Answer:
(c) Jagir

Question 10.
Akbar Nama was written by …….
(a) Todar Mai
(b) Birbal
(c) Tansen
(d) Abul Fazl
Answer:
(d) Abul Fazl

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What does Mansab mean?
Answer:
Mansab means position or rank.

Question 2.
What do you mean by the rule of primogeniture?
Answer:
By the rule of primogeniture, the elder son inherits the father’s property.

Question 3.
Ibrahim Lodi was defeated by Babur in which year and battle?
Answer:
Ibrahim Lodi was defeated by Babur in 1526 in the first battle of Panipat.

Question 4.
Whom did Sher Khan defeated in the battle of Chausa and Kanauj?
Answer:
Sher Khan defeated Humayun in the battle of Chausa and Kanauj.

Question 5.
What was the other name of Prince Khurram assumed after he ascended the throne?
Answer:
Prince Khurram was named Shah Jahan when he ascended to the throne in 1627 after the death of Jahangir.

Question 6.
What do you mean by zat?
Answer:
Zat is a numerical value which determines the ranks and salaries. If zat is on higher side then the noble’s position is also a prestigious one and a big salary as well.

Question 7.
Who fought guerilla warfare?
Answer:
The Marathas fought the guerilla warfare.

Question 8.
In Iran, who helped and gave shelter to Humayun when he fled there?
Answer:
In Iran, Safavid Shah helped Humayun when he fled there.

Question 9.
Who was Genghis Khan?
Answer:
Genghis Khan was the king of the Mongol tribe, Central Asia and China.

Question 10.
Who established the chain of justice?
Answer:
Jahangir, the Mughal emperor established the chain of justice outside his palace.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Under the Mughals, what was the relationship between rank and salary?
Answer:
Zat, a numerical value helped in determining the rank and salary of the nobles. A grading system, ‘mansab’ was used to fix the rank, salary and military responsibilities.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Dogma and Bigot,
Answer:
Dogma is a statement or a connotation declared as authoritative with the expectation that it would be followed without question.
Bigot is an individual who is intolerant of another person’s religious beliefs or culture.

Question 3.
Whom did Aurangzeb insulted when he came to accept Mughal authority? What was the outcome of this insult?
Answer:
Aurangzeb insulted Shivaji when he came to accept Mughal authority. The outcome of this insult was that Shivaji escaped from Agra, declared himself an independent king and resumed his .campaigns against the Mughals.

Question 4.
What were the major events happened during Shahjahan’s reign?
Answer:
Under Shah Jahan, Mughal campaigns continued in the Deccan. The Afghan noble, Khan Jahan Lodi was defeated as he became rebellious. Campaigns were launched against Ahmadnagar, the Bundelas were also defeated and Orchha was seized. In the north-west, the campaign to seize Balkh from the Uzbegs was not successful and Question andahar was lost to the Safavids. In 1632, Ahmadnagar was finally annexed and the Bijapur forces sued for peace.

Question 5.
Babur was the first Mughal emperor. How he became an emperor and of which place?
Answer:
Babur was the first Mughal emperor (1526-1530), succeeded to the throne of Ferghana in 1494 when he was only 12 years old. Due to the invasion of another Mongol group, the Uzbegs, he was forced to leave his ancestral throne. After years of wandering he seized Kabul in 1504. In 1526, he defeated the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, at Panipat which is called as First Battle of Panipat and captured Delhi and Agra. Hence, led the foundation of Mughal Empire.

Question 6.
Akbar had a discussion with people of different faiths. What did he realize after the discussion?
Answer:
On his discussion with people of different faiths, Akbar realized that the religious scholars who emphasized rituals and dogma were often bigots. Their teachings mainly created disharmony and divisions amongst the subjects.

Question 7.
Write at least two instances of the Mughal marrying the Rajput women.
Answer:
Instances of the Mughal marrying the Rajput women are: The Kachhwaha princess, daughter of the Rajput ruler of Amber was the mother of Jahangir.
A Rathore princess, daughter of the Rajput ruler of Marwar was the mother of Shah Jahan.

Question 8.
What was Akbar’s religious policy?
Answer:

Akbar’s religious policy was as under:
Akbar introduced the idea of sulh-i-kul or “universal peace”.
This idea of tolerance did not discriminate between people of different religions in his realm.
Instead it focused on a system of ethics- honesty, justice and peace-that was universally applicable.

Question 9.
Write a note on Humayun.
Answer:
Humayun was the son of Babur. According to the will of his father, Humayun divided his inheritance. His brothers were each given a province. The ambitions of his brother Mirza Kamran weakened Humayun’s cause against Afghan competitors. Sher Khan defeated Humayun at Chausa (1539) and Kanauj (1540), and he fled to Iran. In Iran, Humayun received support from Safavid Shah. He recaptured Delhi in 1555 but died the next year after an accident.

Question 10.
What power and potential did the nobles exercise during Akbar’s reign?
Answer:
During Akbar’s reign, nobles commanded large armies and had access to large amounts of revenue. While they were loyal to the empire, they even functioned efficiently and effectively but by the end of the seventeenth century many nobles had built independent networks of their own. Their loyalties to the empire were weakened by their own self-interest.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe Akbar Nama and Ain-i- Akbari.
Answer:
A three-volume history of Akbar’s reign, titled Akbar Nama was written by Abul Fazl. The first volume dealt with Akbar’s ancestors and the second volume recorded the events of Akbar’s reign. The third volume is the Ain-i-Akbari. It majorly deals with Akbar’s administration, army, household, revenues and the geography of his empire. It also provides important details about the traditions and culture of the people living in India. The most interesting aspect about the third volume, Ain-i-Akbari is its rich statistical details about things as diverse as crops, yields, prices, wages and revenues.

The descriptive features of administration was explained in Ain-i-Akbari. The empire was divided into provinces called subas which were governed by a subadar who carried out both political and military functions. And each province also had a financial officer or diwan. For the maintenance of peace and order, the subadar was supported by other officers mainly the military paymaster (bakhshi), the minister in charge of religious and charitable patronage (sadr), military commanders (faujdars) and the town police commander (kotwal).

Question 2.
The peasantry suffered tremendously in the last years’of Aurangzeb’s reign. Explain.
Answer:
During Akbar’s reign, the jagirs were carefully assessed so that their revenues were more or less equal to the salary of the mansabdar. But during Aurangzeb’s reign this was no longer the case. The actual revenue collected was often less than the granted sum. There was also a huge increase in the number of mansabdars, which meant a long wait before they received a jagir. Hence, these and other factors created a shortage in the number of jagirs. Therefore, many jagirdars tried to extract as much revenue as possible while they had a jagir. So, Aurangzeb was unable to control these developments in the last years of his reign and the peasantry therefore suffered tremendously.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 7 Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication

June 4, 2022May 30, 2022 by Bhagya

JAC Board Class 7 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 7 Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication

→ Places where people build their homes are called as settlements. The settlements grew near the river valleys as water was available and land was fertile. The civilizations that grew along the banks of rivers were Indus, Tigris, Nile and Hwang-He.

→ Settlements are of two types:

permanent or
temporary.

→ Temporary settlements

Temporary settlements are the settlements which are occupied for a short time.
The people who live in deep forests, hot and cold deserts and mountains often dwell in the temporary settlements.

→ Permanent settlements are the settlements where people build homes to live in.

The villages are rural settlement where people are occupied in activities such as agriculture, fishing, forestry, crafts work and trading. These type of settlements can be compact or scattered.
A closely built area of dwellings wherever flat land is available is known as a compact settlement.
A scattered settlement is a settlement where dwellings are spaced over an extensive area. It is mostly found in hilly tracts, thick forests and regions of extreme climate.
People build houses to suit their environment in rural areas. In regions of heavy rainfall, they have slanting roofs as the houses are constructed on a raised platform or stilts.
Thatched roofs are common in areas of hot climate which have thick mud walled houses. Local materials such as stones, mud, clay, straw, etc., are used to construct houses.
The people are engaged in manufacturing, trading, and services in urban settlements.

→ Transport

The means by which people and goods move is known as transport.
Transport was made easier by the invention of the wheel.
Different means of transport was developed but even today people use animals for transport.
The animals such as donkeys, mules, bullocks and camels are used for transport in India. Whereas, in the Andes Mountains of South America, llamas are used and yaks are used in Tibet.
The early traders took either the sea route or the land route from other countries to reach India which took many months. Modem means of transport such as airplanes have made travel faster. It takes only 6-8 hours to travel from India to Europe and hence saves time and energy.
The four important means of transport are:
- roadways
- railways
- waterways
- airways.

→ Roadways

The most used means of transport for short distances are roads. They can either be metalled (pucca) or unmetalled (kutcha).
Roads have also been built in territories such as deserts, forests and even high mountains. One of the highest roadways in the world is Manali-Leh highway in the Himlayan Mountains.
Subways or under paths is the roads built underground. Roads which are built over raised structures are known as flyovers.

→ Railways

The Industrial Revolution and invention of the steam engine helped in rapid growth and development of rail transport.
In course of time, the steam engines have been replaced by diesel and electric engines. In many places to make the journey faster, superfast trains have been launched.
The network of Indian railway is the largest in Asia and well developed.

→ Waterways:

The cheapest means of transport for carrying heavy and bulky goods over long distances are the waterways.
There are two types of waterways
- inland waterways and
- sea routes.
Inland waterways are navigable rivers and lakes. The Ganga-Brahmaputra river system in India, the Great Lakes in North America and the Nile river in Africa are some of the major inland waterways.
For transporting merchandise and goods from one country to another, sea routes and oceanic routes are mainly used and are connected with the ports.
Singapore and Mumbai in Asia, New York, Los Angeles in North America, Rio
de Janerio in South America, Durban and Cape Town in Africa, Sydney in Australia, London and Rotterdam in Europe are some of the major ports of the world.

→ Airways

The fastest way of transport is the airways which has been developed in the early twentieth century. It is the most expensive and exorbitant due to high cost of fuels.
To reach the most remote and distant places specially where there are no roads and railways, this mode of transport is used.
Due to bad weather such as fog and storms, air traffic is adversely affected and very troublesome.
Some of the major airports are Delhi, Mumbai, New York, London, Paris, Frankfurt and Cairo.
Helicopters are very useful in most inaccessible areas.

→ Communication

The process of conveying messages to others is known as the communication.
Different modes and means of communication are used to provide information, to educate as well as to entertain people.
Mass media contains newspapers, radio and television so that we can communicate with a large number of people.
Satellites made the communication even more faster and have helped in oil exploration, survey of forest, underground water, mineral wealth, weather forecast and disaster warning.
Now-a-days, we can send electronic mails or e-mails through Internet.
Cellular phones are the wireless telephonic communications which have become very popular nowadays.
Internet had made our lives more comfortable and easier and also provides us
with worldwide information and interaction. We can book tickets for movie or reserve a resort or hotel online.
We have become a large global society due to interconnectivity of people, services and institutions all across the world.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 8 Human Environment Interactions: The Tropical and the Subtropical Regions

June 4, 2022May 29, 2022 by Bhagya

JAC Board Class 7 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 8 Human Environment Interactions: The Tropical and the Subtropical Regions

→ Life in the Amazon Basin:

The river Amazon flows through the equatorial region between 10°N and 10°S.
River’s mouth is the place where a river flows into another body of water.
Number of tributaries join the Amazon River to form the Amazon basin. The river basin drains portions of Brazil, parts of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Columbia and a small part of Venezuela.

→ Climate

The Amazon Basin has been characterized by hot and wet climate throughout the year. Day and nights both are almost equally hot and humid. The skin feels sticky.
Rain occurs almost everyday. The temperatures of daytime are high with very high humidity. The temperature during night goes down but the humidity remains high.

→ Rainforests:
In this region, heavy rainfalls happen. Hence, the forests are very thick that the dense ‘roof’ are created by the leaves and branches which does not allow the sunlight to reach the ground.

Orchids, bromeliads grow as plant parasites as only shade tolerant vegetation may Birds which are found are toucans, humming birds, bird of paradise with their brilliantly coloured plumage, oversized bills for eating make them different from birds we commonly see in India. These birds make loud sounds in the forests. These forests are very rich in fauna.
Monkeys, sloth and ant-eating tapirs are found in this forest. Different species of reptiles and snakes such as crocodiles, snakes, pythons are also found. Anaconda and boa constrictor are some of the species which are found here.
It is the home for various kinds of insects. Many species of fishes such as the flesh eating Piranha fish is also found in the river. Hence, this basin is exceptionally rich in the variety of life found there.

→ People of the Rainforests

Most of the food are grown in small places after clearing some trees in the forest. Men usually hunt and fish along the rivers and women take care of the crops.
They mainly grow tapioca, pineapple and sweet potato. The women take care of their families alive by growing vegetables as hunting and fishing are uncertain.
They practice ‘slash and bum agriculture’ which is a way of cultivating land where farmers clear a piece of land by slashing or cutting down trees and bushes and then they are burnt.
Manioc which is also known as cassava that grows under the ground like the potato is the staple food. They also eat queen ants and egg sacs. Coffee, maize and cocoa are also grown which are the cash crops.
Some people live in thatched houses shaped like beehives. Some live in large apartment like houses are known as ‘Maloca’ with a steeply slanting roof.
In the older days, only by navigating the river the core of the forest could be reached. In 1970, all parts of the rainforest was made accessible by the Trans Amazon highway. Aircrafts and helicopters are also used for reaching the remote places.
In the Amazon basin, it is evaluated that a large area of the rainforest has been disappearing annually.
Due to destruction of forest, the topsoil is washed away as the rains fall and the lush forest turns into a barren landscape.

→ Life in the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin

Ganga-Brahmaputra basin in the Indian subcontinent is formed by the tributaries of rivers Ganga and Brahmaputra together. This basin lies in the sub-tropical region which is situated between 10°N to 30°N latitudes.
The River Ganga has the tributaries such as the Ghaghra, the Son, the Chambal, the Gandak, the Kosi and the tributaries of Brahmaputra drain it.
The main features of this basin are the plains of the Ganga and the Brahmaputra, the mountains and the foothills of the Himalayas and the Sundarbans delta.
The monsoon climate is the main climate of this region. The monsoon brings rains from mid-June to‘mid-September. Hence, the summers are hot and the winters cool.
The environment plays a major role in the distribution of the population. Inhospitable terrain is mostly found in the mountain areas with steep slopes. Hence, population is less who live in the mountain area of the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin.
Human habitation is present in the plain area which is the most suitable land as the soil is fertile. The main occupation of the people is agriculture where flat land is available to grow crops.
The density of population of the plains is very high. Paddy is the main crop as the cultivation of paddy requires sufficient water, so it is grown in the regions where there is high rainfall.
The other crops which are grown here are wheat, maize, sorghum, gram and millets. Sugarcane and jute are the cash crops which are also grown. In some areas of the plain, banana plantations are found.

→ Tea is grown in West Bengal and Assam.
In some parts of Bihar and Assam, silk is produced through the cultivation of silk worms. Crops are grown on terraces in the mountains and hills, where the slopes are gentle.

In the Ganga and Brahmaputra plain tropical deciduous trees grows such as teak, sal and peepal. In the Brahmaputra plain, thick bamboo groves are very common. The delta region is covered with the mangrove forests.
In some parts of Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh, coniferous trees such as pine, deodar and fir can be found. The climate is cool and the slopes are steep.
Many animals are found in this basin. Elephants, tigers, deer and monkeys are found. In the Brahmaputra plain, the one-homed rhinoceros is found. In the delta region, Bengal tiger, crocodiles and alligator are found. Aquatic life are found in the fresh river waters, the lakes and the Bay of Bengal Sea. The most popular varieties of the fish are the rohu, catla and hilsa.

→ The staple diet of the people living in this region are fish and rice.

Several big towns and cities are present near the Ganga-Brahmaputra plain. The main cities are Prayagraj, Kanpur, Varanasi, Patna and Kolkata with the dense population which are located along the River Ganga.
The wastewater and garbage from these cities and industries is discharged into the rivers which leads to the pollution of the rivers.
In the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin, all the means of transport are well developed. In the plain areas, the people use the roadways and railways transport to move from one place to another. The waterways, is an important means of transport particularly along the rivers. Kolkata is an important port on the River Hooghly. Large number of airports are present in the plain areas.
The other important activity of the basin is tourism. Taj Mahal on the banks of River Yamuna in Agra, Prayagraj on the confluence of the Rivers Ganga and Yamuna and invisible Saraswati river which is known as Triveni Sangam, Buddhist stupas in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, Lucknow with its Imambara, Kaziranga and Manas wild life sanctuaries in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh has a distinct tribal culture which are some of the places worth a visit.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 9 Life in the Deserts

June 4, 2022May 29, 2022 by Bhagya

JAC Board Class 7 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 9 Life in the Deserts

→ There are places in the world where people have learned to survive in extreme severe and harsh temperatures some regions are as hot as fire and some as cold as ice and these regions are known as the deserts of the world.

→ Low rainfall, scanty vegetation and extreme temperatures are the features and specifications of deserts.

→ The Hot Desert-Sahara:

Sahara desert is the world’s largest desert. It has an area of around 8.54 million sq km.
The Sahara desert covers eleven countries – Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Sudan, Tunisia and Western Sahara.
Sahara desert is covered not only with the enormous stretches of sands, but there are also gravel plains and elevated plateaus with bare rocky surface. At some regions, these surfaces may be more than 2500 m high.

→ Climate:

The climate of the Sahara desert is scorching and unbearably hot and parch dry.
Rainy season is very short. The sky is cloudless and clear.
During the day, the temperatures may soar as high as 50°C which heats up the sand and the bare rocks and which in turn radiates heat making everything around very hot.
During the nights temperatures reach near zero degrees with freezing cold.

→ Flora and Fauna:

In the Sahara desert, vegetation consists of cactus, date palms and acacia.
There are oasis in some regions – green islands with date palms surrounding them.
The animals which are found here include camels, hyenas, jackals, foxes, scorpions, many varieties of snakes and lizards.

→ People:

Despite rough and harsh climate, the desert has been inhabited by many groups of people who are engaged in different types of works and activities.
There are many nomadic tribes and among them are the Bedouins and Tuaregs who are mainly into rearing livestock like goats, sheep, camels and horses.
These animals provide them with numerous things such as milk, hides from which they make leather for belts, slippers, water bottles, hair is majorly used for mats, carpets, clothes and blankets. These people wear heavy robes as protection against dust storms and hot and fiery winds.
The oasis in the Sahara and the Nile Valley in Egypt holds up and supports the settled population. The people grow date palms because water is available.
Crops such as rice, wheat, barley and beans are also grown. In Egypt, Egyptian cotton is famous worldwide which is grown there. The detection and finding out oil which is required by the whole world in Algeria, Libya and Egypt is constantly transforming and changing the Sahara desert.
Other important minerals that are found here includes iron, phosphorus, manganese and uranium.
The cultural environment of the Sahara is undergoing a vast change. Highways are made which criss-cross the ancient camel paths. High rise glass cased buildings tower over mosques.
In the salt trade, trucks and vehicles are replacing camels.
Tuaregs are working as guides to foreign tourists: Most of the nomadic herdsmen are heading to city life finding jobs in oil and gas operations.

→ The Cold Desert-Ladakh:

A cold desert lying in the Great Himalayas on the eastern side of Jammu and Kashmir is Ladakh.
In the north, the Karakoram Range and in the south, the Zanskar mountains enclose it. Through Ladakh, many rivers flow and the most important one is Indus river. The rivers form deep valleys and gorges. In Ladakh, many glaciers are found such as the Gangri glacier.
The altitude in Ladakh varies from about 3000 m in Kargil to more than 8,000 m in the Karakoram. The climate is extremely cold and dry due to its high altitude.
In summer, the day temperatures are just above zero degree and the night temperatures below 30°C.
In the winters, it is freezing cold where the temperatures remain below 40°C for most of the time.
There is very little rainfall as low as 10 cm every year as it lies in the rain shadow of the Himalayas. The region encounters freezing winds and burning hot sunlight.

→ Flora and Fauna:

Due to high deficiency of moisture and barrenness, the vegetation is sparse. There are scanty patches of grasses and shrubs for animals to graze. In the valleys, groves of willows and poplars are seen.
In the summers, apples, apricots and walnuts the fruit trees bloom.
In Ladakh, many species of birds are seen such as Robins, redstarts, Tibetan snowcock, raven and hoopoe. Some of these are migratory birds also.
Wild goats, wild sheep, yak and special kinds of dogs are the animals of Ladakh.
The animals are reared to provide the milk, meat and hides.
To make cheese and butter, Yak’s milk is used. The hair of the sheep and goat is used to make woollens.

→ People:

People here are either Muslims or Buddhists.
Many Buddhist monasteries dot the Ladakhi environment with their traditional ‘gompas’. Some of the famous monasteries are Hemis, Thiksey, Shey and Lamayuru.
People involve themselves in cultivating barley, potatoes, peas, beans and turnip in the summers.
The climate in winter months is so harsh and unbearable that people keep themselves engaged in different festivities and ceremonies.
The women not only work in the house and fields but also manage small business and shops. They are very hardworking and laborious.
The capital of Ladakh is Leh which is well connected by both road and air. The National Highway 1A connects Leh to Kashmir Valley through the Zoji La Pass.
The major activity is the tourism as many tourists streaming in from within India and abroad. The major and important activities are visiting the gompas, treks to see the meadows and glaciers, witnessing ceremonies and festivities.
Due to modernization, life of people is undergoing change. Due to scarcity and lack of resources like water and fuel, they are used with reverence, appreciation and care. Nothing is discarded or wasted.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes History Chapter 10 Eighteenth-Century Political Formations

June 4, 2022May 29, 2022 by Bhagya

JAC Board Class 7 Social Science Notes History Chapter 10 Eighteenth-Century Political Formations

→ In eighteenth century, the political conditions of India changed quite elaborately and within a relatively short span of time.

→ The Crisis of the Empire and the Later Mughals:

During the closing years of the seventeenth century, the Mughal Empire started facing a variety of crisis after having huge success period. There were number of reasons for this crisis. Emperor Aurangzeb had depleted the military and financial resources of his empire by fighting a long war in the Deccan.
It became very tough and difficult for the later Mughal emperors to keep a check and hold on their powerful mansabdars.
They had exceptional political, economic and military powers over vast regions of the Mughal Empire. As the governors amalgamated their control over the provinces, the periodic remission of revenue to the capital declined.
In many parts of northern and w estern India, peasants and zamindari rebellions also created these problems.
In 1739, Nadir Shah, the ruler of Iran sacked and devastated the city of Delhi during the economic and political crisis, and took away huge amounts of wealth. Between 1748 and 1761, this invasion was followed by a series of ransacking raids by Ahmad Shah Abdali, the Afghan ruler w’ho invaded north India five times.
The different groups of nobles were divided into two major groups — the Iranis and Turanis means nobles of Turkish descent.
Mughal emperors w’ere humiliated a lot. Farrukh Siyar (1713-1719) and Alamgir II (1754-1759) were assassinated and two others Ahmad Shah (1748-1754) and Shah Alam II (1759-1816) were blinded by their nobles.

→ Emergence of New States:

The Mughal Empire gradually disintegrated into a number of independent, regional states in the eighteenth century. These can be divided into three overlapping groups:
The rulers of Awadh, Bengal and Hyderabad states did not break their formal ties with the Mughal emperor though extremely powerful and quite independent. These w’ere the old Mughal provinces.
States such as several Rajput principalities that had enjoyed considerable independence under the Mughals as watan jagirs.
The last group consists of states that were under the control of Marathas, Sikhs and others like the Jats. They had seized their independence from the Mughals after a long-drawn battle.

→ The Old Mughal Provinces:

Among all the states in the old Mughal provinces, the three stand out strikingly.
These were Hyderabad, Awadh and Bengal and founded by members of the high Mughal nobility who had been governors of these large provinces, Asaf Jah (Hyderabad), Sa‘adat Khan (Awadh) and Murshid Quli Khan (Bengal).
Asaf Jah and Murshid Quli Khan held a zat rank of 7,000 each while Sa’adat Khan’s zat was 6,000.

→ Hyderabad:

The founder of Hyderabad state, Nizam-ul- Mulk Asaf Jah (ruled 1724-1748), was one of the most powerful members at the court of the Mughal Emperor Farrukh Siyar.
He ruled independently without seeking any direction or order from Delhi or without facing any interference however he was still a servant of the Mughal emperor.
They were constantly engaged in war against the Marathas to the west and with independent Telugu warrior chiefs, Nayakas of the plateau. The desire was to control the rich textile-producing areas of the Coromandel coast in the east.

→ Awadh:

In 1722, Burhan-ul-Mulk Sa‘adat Khan was appointed subadar of Awadh and founded the Awadh state.
Burhan-ul-Mulk also held the important offices of subadari, diwani and faujdari. It means he was responsible for managing the political, financial and military affairs of the province of Awadh.
He also tried to decrease Mughal influence in his region by reducing the number of officeholders i.e., jagirdars appointed by the Mughals and appointed his loyal servants to these vacant positions.
The state sold the right to collect taxes to the highest bidders. These are called as ‘revenue farmers’ or ijaradars who agreed to pay the state a fixed sum of money.
New social groups like moneylenders, bankers influenced the management of the state’s revenue system.

→ Bengal:

Murshid Quli Khan was appointed as the naib means deputy to the governor of the province and was not a formal subedar. Bengal broke away from the Mughals under Murshid Quli Khan.
He also had the hold of the revenue system similar to the rulers of Hyderabad and Awadh.
He transferred all Mughal jagirdars to Orissa (now Odisha) and ordered a major reassessment of the revenues of Bengal to reduce Mughal influence there.
The contiguous connection between the state and bankers was noticeable in Hyderabad and Awadh as well as in Bengal under the rule of Alivardi Khan (ruled 1740-1756).
During his reign, Jagat Seth’s banking house became extremely prosperous.

→ Three common features of these states were:

First, they were highly dubious of some of the administrative systems that they had inherited from the Mughals particularly in the jagirdari system.
Second, they followed the practice of ijaradari means contracted with revenue-farmers for the collection of revenue.
The third is very common feature in all these states was that their emerging relationship with rich bankers and merchants.

→ The Watan Jagirs of the Rajputs:

In the eighteenth century, many Rajput kings had served under the Mughals with variation. In return, they were permitted to enjoy considerable autonomy in their watan jagirs. The ruler of Jodhpur, Ajit Singh was also involved in the sectional politics at the Mughal court.
Raja Ajit Singh of Jodhpur was the governor of Gujarat and Sawai Raja Jai Singh of Amber was governor of Malwa. In 1713, these offices were renewed by Emperor Jahandar Shah.
As they extended their watans or territories, Nagaur was conquered and annexed to the house of Jodhpur, whereas Amber seized large portions of Bundi. Sawai Raja Jai Singh founded his new capital at Jaipur and was given the subadari of Agra in 1722.

→ Seizing Indepedence: The Sikhs:

Sikh organisation helped in regional state building in Punjab during seventeenth century. Guru Gobind Singh fought many battles against the Rajput and Mughal rulers both before and after the establishment of the Khalsa. The Khalsa rose in revolt against the Mughal power under Banda Bahadur’s leadership after Guru Gobind Singh’s death in 1708 and declared their monarch by striking coins in the name of Guru Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh, between the Sutlej and the Jamuna. Banda Bahadur was captured in 1715 and executed in 1716.
The Sikhs organised themselves into a number of bands known as jathas and later on misls. Their combined forces were known as the dal khalsa means grand army.
Rakhi was introduced as a system which offered protection to cultivators on the payment of a tax of 20 per cent of the produce.
In the late eighteenth centuiy, the Sikh territories extended their rule from the Indus to the Jamuna but they were separated under different rulers. One of the powerful rulers was Maharaja Ranjit Singh who reunited these groups and established his capital at Lahore in 1799.

→ The Marathas:

Another powerful regional kingdom was the Maratha kingdom who opposed to Mughal rule. With the support of powerful warrior families of Deshmukhs, Shivaji (1627-1680) established a stable kingdom.
The backbone of the Maratha army was the groups of highly mobile, peasant pastoralists (kunbis).
After Shivaji’s death, a family of Chitpavan Brahmanas served Shivaji’s successors as Peshwa or principal minister. The capital of the Maratha kingdom became Poona (now Pune).
The Marathas developed a very successful military organisation under the Peshwas.
The Maratha empire expanded in between 1720 and 1761. The Maratha king was acknowledged as the overlord of the entire Deccan peninsula by the 1730s and possessed the right to. levy chauth and sardeshmukhi in the entire region.
The Maratha expanded their rule rapidly into Rajasthan and the Punjab in the north, Bengal and Orissa in the east and Karnataka and the Tamil and Telugu regions in the south, after attacking Delhi in 1737.
During the third battle of Panipat in 1761, the rulers became hostile and didn’t supported the Marathas.
Apart from strong military campaigns, the Marathas also developed an effective administrative system. Agriculture was uplifted and trade was also revived. This helped Maratha chiefs means sardars such as Sindhia of Gwalior, Gaekwad of Baroda and Bhonsle of Nagpur to utilize the resources to raise powerful and strong armies.
New trade routes emerged within regions such as trade between Agra and Surat expanded to include Poona and Nagpur in the south and Lucknow and Allahabad in the east.

→ The Jats:

During the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Jats consolidated their power and their leader, Churaman, had captured territories situated to the west of the city of Delhi. By the 1680s they had begun to rule the region between the two royal cities of Delhi and Agra.
They were prosperous agriculturists and towns- such as Panipat and Ballabhgarh became important trading centres.
The kingdom of Bharatpur emerged as a strong state under the rule of Suraj Mai. Many of the city’s notables took refuge there when Nadir Shah sacked Delhi in 1739.
Nadir Shah’s son Jawahir Shah had a strong troops of 30,000 people, hired another 20,000 Maratha and 15,000 Sikh troops to fight the Mughals.
The Bharatpur fort was built in a fairly traditional style but at Dig the Jats built an elaborate garden palace combining styles influenced by Amber and Agra.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 1 On Equality

June 4, 2022May 29, 2022 by Bhagya

JAC Board Class 7 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 1 On Equality

→ Equality is the main characteristics of democracy and affects all aspects of its functioning.

→ Equal Right to Vote:

In India which is a democratic country, all adults irrespective of what religion they belong to, how much education they have had, what caste they are, or whether they are rich or poor are allowed to vote is called Universal Adult Franchise.
The idea of universal adult franchise is based on the idea of equality because it states that every adult in a country, irrespective of their wealth and the communities she/he belongs to, has one vote.

→ Other Kinds of Equality:

Many kinds of inequalities exist in our country till now. One of the most common form is the caste system which is alive from centuries in India which also creates division among human beings.
Another form of inequality exists is lower castes or Dalits.
Dalit means ‘broken’ and lower castes are pointing to how they were and continue to be seriously discriminated against and exploited most of the time.
Dalits belong to the unprivileged class.
Omprakash Valmiki is a famous Dalit writer who wrote his harsh experience and feelings in his autobiography, ‘Joothari. He mentioned that how he was tortured by the teachers. He had to clean and sweep the floors and playgrounds while the other children were in the class studying.
There is another form of inequality which exists. The religion is also a big factor. The Ansaris were not given apartments on rent by many landlords and landladies because of they were from different religion. So made different types of excuses.

→ Recognising Dignity:

The three things – the caste we are bom into, the religion we practice and the class background we come from whether we are male or female determines why some people are treated unequally.
The above things happened with Omprakash Valmiki and the Ansaris who were treated unequally on the basis of differences of caste and religion.
The dignity of a person is violated when the person is treated unequally.
In the case of Omprakash and the Ansaris, they do not deserve to be treated like this. They deserve the same respect and dignity as anyone else.

→ Equality in Indian Democracy:

The Indian Constitution recognizes and acknowledges every person as equal. This means that every individual in the country including male and female persons from all castes, religions, tribes, educational and economic backgrounds are recognised as equal. This is not to say that inequality ceases to exist. It doesn’t.
Earlier no law existed to protect people from discrimination, torture and ill-treatment but now there are many works to see that people are treated with dignity and as equals. This means that no one can be discriminated against on the basis of their caste, creed, place of birth, religion, race, etc.

→ The recognition of equality consists some of the following provisions in the Constitution:

First, that every person is equal before the law. This means that every person from the President of the country to a domestic worker has to obey the same laws. Everyone is equal in front of law.
Second, no person can be discriminated against on the basis of their religion, race, caste, place of birth or whether they are female or male.
Third, every person has access to all public places including playgrounds, hotels, shops and markets. All persons can use publicly available wells, roads and bathing ghats.
Fourth, untouchability has been abolished.

→ The government has tried to implement the equality that is guaranteed in the Constitution by two ways.

First through laws
Second through government programmes or schemes to help disadvantaged communities.
Apart from the laws, the government has also set up several schemes to improve the lives of communities and individuals who have been treated unequally for several centuries.
The midday meal scheme is one of the steps taken by the government. This scheme was introduced in all government elementary schools to provide children with cooked lunch. The first state in India was Tamil Nadu to introduce this scheme, and in 2001, the Supreme Court asked all state governments to begin this scheme.
This midday meal scheme has many positive results. This has helped to lessen the caste prejudices because both lower and upper caste children in the school eat this meal together. Apart from this, in few places, Dalit women have been employed to cook the meal.
The midday meal scheme also helped to reduce the hunger of poor students who often come to school and cannot concentrate because their stomachs are empty. Hence, there is increase in the enrollment and attendance of poor children in school.
Despite of all these efforts, there continues to be a huge differences in our country between schools that the. rich attend and those that the poor children attends.
One of the reasons for the discrimination is that the attitudes change is very slow.
Establishing equality in a democratic society is a continuous struggle and one in which individuals as well as various communities in India need to contribute.

→ Issues of Equality in Other Democracies:

There are many democratic countries in the world where the issue of inequality exists. India is not the only country where there is inequality.
In the United States of America, the African-Americans whose ancestors were brought over from Africa to work as slaves, continue to describe their lives today as largely unequal and discriminated.
A day came when a huge agitation against the unequal ways in which African- Americans were treated and which came to be known as the Civil Rights Movement. It was started by Rosa Parks, an African- American woman who changed the course of American history with one defiant act.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited and banned discrimination on the basis of race, religion or national origin. It also stated that all schools would be open to African- American children and that they would no longer have to attend separate schools specially set up for them. In spite of this, a majority of African-Americans continue to be among the poorest in the country.

→ Challenge of Democracy:
The struggle for the recognition of all persons as equal and for their dignity should be maintained so that we can think of an equal people society. This issue of equality affects various aspects of our daily lives in democratic India.

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 7 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 2 Role of the Government in Health

June 4, 2022May 29, 2022 by Bhagya

JAC Board Class 7 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 2 Role of the Government in Health

→ People expect the government to work tor their welfare in a democratic country and along with the provision of education, health, employment, housing or the development of roads, electricity, etc.

→ What is Health?

Health means our ability to remain free from illness and injuries. But health isn’t only about diseases, there are other factors as well that affect our health.
if people get clean drinking water or a pollution free environment they are likely to be healthy. While if people do not get adequate food to eat or have to live in cramped conditions, they will be prone to illness or unhealthy.
The various aspects of our lives which are a part of health are active positive not very anxious and without mental strain and stress.
Good health consists of both sound mind andbody.

→ Healthcare in India:

Healthcare facilities consists of health centres, hospitals, laboratories for testing, ambulance services, blood banks, etc., which can provide the required care and services that patients need.
To run these facilities we need health workers, nurses, qualified doctors and other health professionals who can advice, diagnose and treat illnesses. Apart from these, we also need the medicines and equipment that are necessary and required for treating patients.
In India there are numerous experienced doctors and nurses present. Public healthcare system is a system of hospitals and health centres run by the government. It has the ability to look after the health of a large section of its population scattered over hundreds of thousands of villages.
Though we have most of the facilities and positive developments but then also we are not able to provide proper healthcare facilities to people.

→ Public and Private Healthcare Services:
Healthcare services .is divided into two services:

Public Health Services
Private Health Services

→ Public Health Services:

A series of health centres and hospitals run by the government is known as the public health service. They are linked together because they cover both rural and urban areas and can also provide treatment to all kinds of problems from common illnesses to special services.
Primary Health Care centres are available in villages which has a doctor and a nurse to assist and to deal with common illnesses. Such a centre covers many villages in a rural area. .
The District Hospital at the district level, supervises all the health centres. Large cities have many government hospitals.
For several reasons health service is called as ‘public’. To fulfil its promise and commitment of providing healthcare to all citizens, the government has established these hospitals and health centres. The resources needed to run these services are obtained from the money that we, the public, pay to the government as taxes.
The most important function of the public health system is that it is meant to provide quality healthcare services either free cfr at a low cost so that the poor can seek treatment.
Another important function of public health is to take action to prevent the spread of diseases such as TB, malaria, jaundice, cholera, diarrhoea, chikungunya, etc. This has to be organised by the government with the participation and support of people otherwise it is not effective.

→ Private Health Facilities:

There is a vast range of private health facilities that exist in our country. A large number of doctors run their own private clinics and hospitals. In the rural areas, Registered Medical Practitioners (RMPs) are available. Urban areas have large number of doctors, many of them providing specialised services.
There are many laboratories that do tests and offer special facilities such as X-ray, ultrasound, etc. There are shops as well from where we buy medicines.
In private facilities, patients have to pay a lot of money for every service that they use but this is not the case in public health facilities.
Now there are large companies that run hospitals and some are engaged in manufacturing and selling medicines.

→ Healthcare and Equality:

Is adequate healthcare available to all?
In India, we face a situation where private services are increasing but public services are not. These private services are very expensive and it is difficult for poor people to afford the expenses. Apart from this, private facilities are available in urban areas only.
In order to earn more money and profit, these private services encourage practices which are incorrect. At times cheaper methods are available but not used.
The fact is that approximately 20 per cent of the population can afford all the medicines that they require during an illness. Hence, even for middle class people as well, medical expenses cause hardship.
In a study it was reported that nearly 40% of the people who are admitted in hospital had to borrow money or sell some of their possessions for their illness.
Poor people are undernourished and tend to fall ill frequently.
These poor families are not eating as much as they should. They are not provided basic necessities such as drinking water, adequate housing, clean surroundings, etc., and hence, are more likely to fall ill. The expenses on illness make their situation even worse and to sustain.
Many tribal areas have few health centres and they do not run properly and even private hospitals are also not present.
It is not only the deficiency of money that prevents people from getting proper medical treatment, it is also there lack of concerns as women’s health concerns are considered to be far less important than the health of men in the family.

→ What Can Be Done?

It is the responsibility of the government to provide quality healthcare services to all its citizens, especially to the poor and the disadvantaged.
Health is as much dependent on basic amenities and social conditions of the people, as it is on healthcare services.

→ The Kerala Experience:

Kerala government gave 40% of the budget to the panchayats in 1996 to provide better environment in terms of healthcare, education, living standards, etc. to the rural peoples.
Water supply schemes were checked, the working of schools and anganwadis was ensured and specific problems of the village were taken up to solve. Health centres were also improved. All of this helped to improve the situation. But then also, some problems such as shortage of medicines, insufficient hospital beds, not enough doctors stayed.

→ The Costa Rican Approach:

Costa Rica is considered to be one of the healthiest countries in Central America.
The Costa Rican government spend the money that the army would have used, on health, education and other basic needs of the people. They believed that a country has to be healthy for its development and pays a lot of attention to the health of its people.
It provides safe drinking water, sanitation, nutrition and housing. Health education is also considered very important and knowledge about health is an essential and important part of education at all levels.