Prasanna – Page 85 – Jharkhand Board Solution

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 3 Money and Credit

June 17, 2022June 14, 2022 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 3 Money and Credit

JAC Class 10th Economics Money and Credit InText Questions and Answers

Page 40

Question 1.
How does the use of money make it easier to exchange things?
Answer:
The use of money makes it easier to exchange things because

It is accepted as a medium of exchange.
It serves as a unit of value.
It solves the problem of double coincidence of wants.

Question 2.
Can you think of some examples of goods/services being exchanged or wages being paid through barter?
Answer:
In rural areas, usually foodgrains are exchanged for other crops in some cases. Even in some government schemes, labourers are paid not in cash but in kind, e.g., 5 kg of wheat per day of work.

Page 42

Question 3.
M. Salim wants to withdraw Rs. 20,000 in cash for making payments. How would he write a cheque to withdraw money?

Question 4.
After the transaction between Salim and Prem,
(a) Salim’s balance in his bank account increases, and Prem’s balance increases.
(b) Salim’s balance in his bank account decreases and Prem’s balance increases.
(c) Salim’s balance in his bank account increases and Prem’s balance decreases.
Answer:
(b) Salim’s balance in his bank account decreases and Prem’s balance increases.

Question 5.
Why are demand deposits considered as mqney?
Answer:
The facility of cheques against demand deposits makes it possible to directly settle payments without the use of cash. Sincb demand deposits are accepted widely as a means of payment, along with currency, they constitute money in the modem economy.

Question 6.
What do you think would happen if all the depositors went to ask for their money at the same time?
Answer:

If all the depositors go to banks and withdraw their money at the same time, there will be a huge cash crisis in the banks as they will run out of money.
They will not be able to give loans to markets and several companies.
There will be no daily transaction in banks, so footfall will be nil.
No loans can then be given as crop loans also. So this will affect the agricultural produce for the impending season.
Bank cash reserve ratio will also decrease drastically. It will lead to a complete collapse of the financial system.

Page 44

Question 7.
Fill in the following table.

	Salim	Swapna
Why did they need credit?
What was the risk?
What was the outcome?

Answer:

	Salim	Swapna
Why did they need credit?	To meet the working capital needs.	To meet the expenses of cultivation.
What was the risk?	No or little unknown risk.	Risk of crop failure.
What was the outcome?	Supplied the orders, earned profits and repaid the loans.	Crops failed found herself in the debt trap.

Question 8.
Supposing Salim continues to get orders from traders. What would be his position after 6 years?
Answer:
If Salim continues to get orders from traders for the next six years, he can use the profits from the sales of shoes to finance his future business. Then he will nof have to borrow money from any source of credit.

Question 9.
What are the reasons that make Swapna’s situation so risky? Discuss factors – pesticides; role of moneylenders; climate.
Answer:
Pest attack, exploitation by moneylenders and lack of monsoon are the reasons that make Swapna’s situation so risky. Pesticides – Pest attack can be controlled by pesticides. Role of Money Lenders – Generally moneylenders exploit farmers. They charge very high rate of interest and farmers are caught in trap. Climate – Nearly 60% of our agricultural land area is still unirrigated. Our farmers heavily depend only on rainfall. So, climate plays an important role.

Page 45

Question 10.
Why do lenders ask for collateral while lending?
Answer:

Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns (such as land, building, vehicle, livestocks, deposits with banks and uses this as a guarantee to a lender until the loan is repaid.
If the borrower fails to repay the loan, the lender has the right to sell the asset or collateral to obtain payment.

Question 11.
Given that a large number of people in our country are poor, does it in any way affect their capacity to borrow?
Answer:

The poor have low capacity to borrow since they have no collateral to offer.
They cannot get any credit from formal sources of credit like banks and co – operatives. They mostly take loans from informal sources of credit like moneylenders, friends, relatives, etc.

Question 12.
Fill in the blanks choosing the correct option from the brackets.
While taking a loan, borrowers look for easy terms of credit. This means …………. (low/high) interest rate, ………… (easy/ tough) conditions for repayment, …………. (less/more) collateral and documentation requirements.
Answer:
While taking a loan, borrowers look for easy terms of credit. This means low interest rate, easy conditions for repayment, less collateral and documentation requirements.

Page 47

Question 13.
List the various sources of credit in Sonpur.
Answer:
Various sources of credit in village Sonpur are:

Village moneylenders
Traders
Landowners as moneylenders
Commercial banks
Krishak co – operative society

Question 14.
Underline the various uses of credit in Sonpur in the above passages.
Answer:
Loans from co – operatives:
1. Besides banks, the other major sources of cheap credit in rural areas are the co – operative societies (or co – operatives).

2. The members of a co-operative pool in their resources for co-operation in certain areas.

3. There are several types of co-operatives possible such as farmers’ co-operatives, weavers’ co-operatives, industrial workers co-operatives, etc.

4. Krishak Co – operative functions in a village not very far away from Sonpur. It has 2300 farmers as members. It accepts deposits from its members. With these deposits as collateral, the co – operatives have obtained a large loan from the banks. These funds are used to provide loans to members.

Once these loans are repaid, another round of loans is given to ten members. Once these loans are repaid, Krishak round of lending can take place. Krishak Co – operatives provide loans fpr the purchase of agricultural implements, loans for cultivation and agricultural trade, fishery loans, loans for construction of houses and for a variety of other expenses.

Question 15.
Compare the terms of credit for the small farmer, the medium farmer and the landless agricultural worker in Sonpur.
Answer:

Terms of credit for small farmers
- High rate of interest.
- Promise to sell crops to traders at low prices as repayment of loan.
Terms of credit for medium farmers
- They can take loans from banks or from co-operatives who charge a very low rate of interest.
- Loan can be paid back in the next three years.
Landless agricultural workers in Sonpur
- Borrower has no means to repay the loan in cash. So, he pledges to repay loans by working for the landowner.
- Rate of interest is high.

Question 16.
Why will Arun have a higher income from cultivation compared to Shyamal?
Answer:
Arun gets a loan from a commercial bank at a rate of interest 8.5% per annum, while Shyamal gets loans from a village moneylender at an interest rate of 5% per month (i.e., 60% per annum). Arun has the capacity to pay bank loans as compared to Shyamal. So he gets a fresh loan in next three years. Like Shyamal, he is not bound to sell his produce to the moneylenders who him a very low price. He can sell his produce at market rates.

Question 17.
Can everyone in Sonpur get credit at a cheap rate? Who are the people who can?
Answer:
Everyone cannot get credit at a cheap rate. Only the following people are able to get it:

Who have some collateral.
Who have organised themselves into a co – operative society.
Who can fulfil the bank’s documentation requirements.

Question 18.
(i) Over the years, Rama’s debt
(a) will rise.
(b) will remain constant.
(c) will decline.
Answer:
(a) will rise.

(ii) Arun is one of the few people in Sonpur to take a bank loan because
(a) other people in the village prefer to borrow from the moneylenders.
(b) banks demand collateral which everyone cannot provide.
(c) interest rate on bank loans is same as the interest rate charged by the traders.
Answer:
(b) banks demand collateral which everyone cannot provide

Question 19.
Talk to some people to find out the credit arrangements that exist in your area. Record your conversation. Note the differences in the terms of credit across people.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Page 50

Question 20.
What are the differences between formal and informal sources of credit?

Formal Sources of Credit	Informal Sources of Credit
(i) Those sources of credit which are registered by the Government and have to follow its rules and regulations, e.g., banks, cooperatives.	(i) The small and scattered units which are outside the control of the Government, e.g., individual moneylenders, traders, employers, etc.
(ii) The RBI supervises the functioning of formal sources of credit.	(ii) There is no organization to supervise the credit activities of lenders in this sector.
(iii) Apart from profit making they have also an objective of social welfare.	(iii) Their only motive is to extract profit as much as possible.
(iv) The rate of interest charged by formal sources is much lower.	(iv) They charge very high rates of interest.
(v) The terms of credit are fair and reasonable.	(v) They sometimes impose very tough and unreasonable terms of credit on the borrower.

Question 21.
Why should credit at reasonable rates be available for all?
Answer:
Credit at reasonable rates should be available for all, so that the poor people can benefit from the cheaper loans.

Question 22.
Should there be a supervisor, such as the Reserve Bank of India, that looks into the loan activities of informal lenders? Why would its task be quite difficult?
Answer:
There should be a supervisor for checking the loan activities of informal lenders. However, this task is quite difficult because informal sector constitutes many people who have different kinds of business besides lending. They are not registered with the government.

Question 23.
Why do you think that the share of formal sector credit is higher for the richer households compared to the poorer households?
Answer:

The share of the formal sector credit is higher for the richer households because the richer households are in a better position to provide collateral and other necessary documents which are required by the banks and co – operatives.
Richer households have means to exert pressure on banks and co – operatives to sanction loans.
They have greater capacity to repay the loans compared to the poorer households.

JAC Class 10th Economics Money and Credit Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
In situations with high risks, credit might create further problems for the borrower. Explain.
Answer:
It is true that in situations with high risks, credit might create problems for the borrower, e.g.,

A small farmer takes a loan to meet the expenses of cultivation, hoping that his harvest would help him to repay the loan.
But if his crop fails due to shortage of rain or for any other reason, he will be unable to repay the loan.
In such situations a small farmer has to sell a part of his land to repay the loan.
Such cases have high risks because the payment of loan entirely depends on good crop which in turn depends on good rain, HYV seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and other factors.
This type of loan pushes the farmer into a debt – trap in the case of crop failure and the position of the farmer becomes worse off than before.

Question 2.
How does money solve the problem of double coincidence of wants? Explain with an example of your own.
Answer:

Double Coincidence of Wants is an important feature of the barter system.
In barter system, a seller needs to find a buyer who can purchase a commodity and vice versa. This condition is extremely difficult to fulfil.
The introduction of money resulted in the end of the barter system where goods were exchanged according to the needs.
Now, money acts as an intermediate in the exchange process, and is known as a medium of exchange. Anyone can exchange goods for money and buy commodities that are required by them.
For example, a fruit seller wants to sell his fruits in order to buy wheat. In the absence of money, he will have to look for some person who wants to sell wheat and buy fruits. This is not easy and always possible. In case of money as a medium of exchange, the fruit seller just has to find a buyer for her fruits. Once fruits are exchanged for money, she can purchase wheat from the market.

Question 3.
How do banks mediate between those who have surplus money and those who need money?
Answer:

Barfks act as a mediator between people who have surplus money and people who need money, by allowing them to open an account.
People, who have surplus cash, deposit their money in a bank.
The bank pays a fixed amount of interest on the savings.
This surplus money deposited by the people is given in the form of loan to the people who need money.
Banks charge a particular rate of interest to those it grants loan.

Question 4.
Look at a 10 rupee note. What is written on top? Can you explain this statement?
Answer:
At the top of a 10 rupee note, it is written ‘Reserve Bank of India’ along with a statement, “guaranteed by the Central Government”. This statement implies that the Reserve Bank of India issues currency on behalf of the Central Government. No other person or organisation apart from the RBI has the right to issue money.

Question 5.
Why do we need to expand formal sources of credit in India?
Answer:
We need to expand the formal source of credit in India, as:

In rural areas the informal source of credit such as moneylenders charge very high rate of interest from the people.
In such a situation, a borrower is usually caught in a debt trap.
The formal sources of credit provide loans to people at a cheaper rate of interests which benefits the farmers and small self – employed people.

Question 6.
What is the basic idea behind the SHGs for the poor? Explain in your own words.
Answer:

The idea is to organise rural poor, particularly women, into small Self Help Groups (SHGs) and pool (collect) their savings.
SHG has 15 – 20 members from the neighbourhood, who meet and save regularly ranging from 25 to 100 or more.
Members can take small loans from the group to meet their needs at a reasonable rate of interest and without much documentation process.
After a year or two, if the group is regular in savings, it becomes eligible for availing loan from the bank.
Loan is sanctioned in the name of group and is meant to create self-employment opportunities for the members.
For example, small loans are provided to the members for releasing mortgaged land, for meeting working capital needs (e.g buying seeds, fertiliser, raw materials like bamboo and cloth) for housing materials and for acquiring assets like sewing machines, hand looms, cattle, etc.
Most of the important decisions regarding the savings and loan activities are taken by the group members.
The group is responsible for the repayment of the loan.

Question 7.
What are the reasons why the banks might not be willing to lend to certain borrowers?
Answer: Banks might not provide loans to certain borrowers because of the following reasons:

People with lack of collateral such as house, livestock or any other property as a guarantee.
Lack of permanent job
Low credentials of the person on previously taken loans.

Question 8.
In what ways does the Reserve Bank of India supervise the functioning of banks? Why is this necessary?
Answer:

A number of borrowers do not have collateral against loans.
Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns and pledges as a guarantee to the lender until the loan is repaid.
The main demand for loans is for crop production. Repayment of the loan is crucially dependent on the income from farming.
Repayment depends on the risks in the situation. That is why, banks have no interest to lend to such borrowers.
Thus, the banks might not be willing to lend to those borrowers who have no collateral and whose repaying capacity is not guaranteed.

Question 9.
Analyse the role of credit for development.
Answer:

Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country’s development. Development is sustained by a proper credit policy.
By giving loans to industries and trade, banks provide them with the necessary funds for carrying on their business without problems. This results in increased production and services, more employment and also profits.
Caution is taken by the lenders when high risks are expected, so that there are no losses.
Credit from the formal sector needs to be increased as loans from the informal sector, have very high interest rates, do more harm than good.
For this reason, it is important that the formal sector gives out more loans so that borrowers are not exploited by the informal sector moneylenders, and the results will contribute to national development.

Question 10.
Manav needs a loan to set up a small business. On what basis will Manav decide whether to borrow from the bank or the moneylender? Discuss.
Answer:
Manav will decide whether to borrow from a bank or a moneylender on the following terms of the loan:

The documentation and collateral required
The rate of interest charged.
The mode of repayment (periodicity, cash/ kind, etc.)
The penalty in case of default in repayment.

Question 11.
In India, about 80 per cent of farmers are small farmers, who need credit for cultivation.
(a) Why might banks be unwilling to lend to small farmers?
(b) What are the other sources from which the small farmers can borrow?
(c) Explain with an example how the terms of credit can be unfavourable for the small farmers.
(d) Suggest some ways by which small farmers can get cheap credit.
Answer:
(a) Banks might be unwilling to lend money to the farmers in case of absence of collateral with the farmers.
(b) Other sources of credit from where small farmers can borrow are moneylenders, friends, relatives, neighbours and traders.
(c) When a farmer is charged with a high rate of interest and she/he will not be able to repay the loan. Sometimes during famine, floods or bad harvest, she/he may be forced to sell a part of her/his land. Under such circumstances, terms of credit may become unfavourable for her/him.
(d) By becoming a part of Self Help Group and by taking a loan from the credit societies, a farmer can get cheap credit.

Fill in the blanks:

Question 12.
(i) Majority of the credit needs of the ………….. households are met from informal sources.
Answer:
Majority of the credit needs of the poor households are met from informal sources.

(ii) …………… costs of borrowing increase the debt – burden.
Answer:
High costs of borrowing increase the debt – burden.

(iii) …………… issues currency notes on behalf of the Central Government.
Answer:
Reserve Bank of India issues currency notes on behalf of the Central Government.

(iv) Banks charge a higher interest rate op. loans than what they offer on ………..
Answer:
Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on deposits.

(v) …………. is an asset that the borrower owns and uses as a guarantee until the loan is repaid to the lender.
Answer:
Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns and uses as a guarantee until the loan is repaid to the lender.

Question 13.
Choose the most appropriate answer.
(i) In a SHG most of the decisions regarding savings and loan activities are taken by
(a) Bank.
(b) Members.
(c) Non – government organisation.
Answer:
(b) Members.

(ii) Formal sources of credit does not include
(a) Banks
(b) Cooperatives
(c) Employers.
Answer:
(c) Employers.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

June 15, 2022June 14, 2022 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

JAC Class 10th Economics Sectors of Indian Economy InText Questions and Answers

Page 2

Question 1.
Complete the table to show how sectors are dependent on each other. Examples of Economic Activities

Example	What Does This Show?
Imagine what would happen if farmers refuse to sell sugarcane to a particular sugar mill. The mill will have to shut down.	This is an example of the secondary or industrial sector being dependent on the primary.
Imagine what would happen to cotton cultivation if companies decide not to buy from the Indian market and import all cotton they need from other countries. Indian cotton cultivation will become less profitable and the farmers may even go bankrupt, if they cannot quickly switch to other crops. Cotton prices will fall.
Farmers buy many goods such as tractors, pumpsets, electricity, pesticides and fertilisers. Imagine what would happen if the price of fertilisers or pumpsets go up Cost of cultivation of the farmers will rise and their profits will be reduced.
People working in industrial and service sectors need food. Imagine what would happen if there is a strike by transporters and lorries refuse to take vegetables, milk, etc. from rural areas. Food will become scarce in urban areas whereas farmers will k be unable to sell their products.

Answer:

Example	What does this show?
Imagine what would happen if farmers refuse to sell sugarcane to a particular sugar mill. The mill will have to shut down.	This is an example of the secondary or industrial sector being dependent on the primary.
Imagine whjit would happen to cotton cultivation if companies decide not to buy from the Indian market and import all cotton they need from other countries. Indian cotton cultivation will become less profitable and the farmers may even go bankrupt, if they cannot quickly switch to other crops. Cotton prices will fall.	This situation highlights the dependency of primary sector on secondaiy or industrial sector.
Farmers buy many goods such as tractors, pumpsets, electricity, pesticides and fertilizers. Imagine what would happen if the price of fertilizers or pumpsets go up. Cost of cultivation of the v farmers will rise and their profits will be reduced.	This is also an example of primary sector dependency on secondary sector and vice a versa.
People working in industrial and service sector need food. Imagine what would happen if there is a strike by transporters and lorries refuse to take vegetables, milk, etc. from rural areas. Food will become scarce in urban areas whereas farmers will be unable to sell their products.	This is an example of primary sector’s dependency on tertiary sector and rural and urban areas interdependence

Question 2.
Explain the difference between primary, secondary and tertiary sectors using examples other than those mentioned in the text.
Answer:

Primary Sector: It includes all the activities in which natural resources are directly used, e.g., quarrying, mining, grazing, etc.
Secondary Sector: Activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity, e.g., oil refinery, furniture making
Tertiary Sector: This sector includes activities that provide services. These activities provide support or aid for the development of primary and secondary sector, e.g., banking, transport, insurance, etc.

Question 3.
Classify the following list of occupations under primary, secondary and tertiary sectors:

Tailor	Workers in match factory
Basket weaver	Moneylender
Flower cultivator	Gardener
Milk vendor	Potter
Fishermen	Bee – keeper
Priest	Astronaut
Courier	Call centre employee

Answer:

Primary Sector	Secondary Sector	Tertiary Sector
Flower cultivator	Workers in match factory	Courier
Fishermen	Basket weaver	Moneylender
Gardener	Potter	Astronaut
Bee-keeper	Tailor	Call centre employee
		Milk rendor

Question 4.
Students in a school are often classified into primary and secondary or junior and senior. What is the criterion that is used? Do you think this is a useful classification? Discuss.
Answer:
The above mentioned classification is on the basis of the class of the student in which they study. Yes, this is a useful and easy classification to categorize/group students/children. The total number of students in each primary or secondary wing in comparison to the total number of children highlights the literacy level of a country, state or an area.

Page 23

Question 5.
What does the history of developed countries indicate about the shifts that have taken place between sectors?
Answer:
The history of developed countries indicates that at initial stages of development, primary sector was the most important sector of economic activity. With changing time and with new methods of manufacturing many factories came up. Those working in farms began to work in factories in large numbers. Secondary sector eventually became the most important in total production and employment. In the last 100 years there has been a further shift from the secondary sector to the tertiary sector. The service sector has become the most important sector in terms of total production of the economy.

Question 6.
Correct and arrange the important aspects for calculating GDP from this Jumble. “To count goods and services we add the numbers that are produced. We count all those that were produced in the last five years. Since we shouldn’t leave out anything we add up all these goods and services.”
Answer:
We count the value of final goods and services produced in a country during a particular year. The sum of production in the three sectors is called the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country.

Page 24

Question 7.
Answer the following questions by looking at the graph:
Answer:
Graph 1: GDP by Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sectors

Question 8.
Which was the largest producing sector in 1973 – 74?
Answer:
Primary Sector was the largest producing sector in 1973 – 74.

Question 9.
Vhich is the largest producing sector in 2013 – 14?
Answer:
Tertiary Sector is the largest producing sector in 2013 – 14.

Question 10.
Can you say which sector has grown the most over forty years?
Answer:
Tertiary sector has grown the most over the forty years.

Question 11.
What was the GDP of India in 2013 – 14?
Answer:
The GDP of India in 20 13 – 14 was 5,250,000 Crore Rupees.

Page 27

Question 12.
Complete the following table using the data given in Graphs 2 and 3 and answer the question that follows.
Graph 2: share of sectors in GDP%

Graph 3: share of sectors in GDP%

Question 1.
Share of Primary Sector in GDP and Employment

	1972 – 73	1973 – 1974	2011 – 12	2013 – 14
Share in GDP
Share in employment

What are the changes that you observe in the primary sector over a span of forty years?
Answer:
In the span of 40 years the contribution of primary sector in GDP has majorly declined from 40% to 12%, where as its share in employment has declined by a margin from 74% to around 49%.

Question 2.
Choose the correct answer: Underemployment occurs when people
(a) do not want to work
(b) are working in a lazy manner
(c) are working less than what they are capable of doing
(d) are not paid for their work
Answer:
(c) are Working less than what they are capable of doing.

Question 13.
Compare and contrast the changes in India with the pattern that was observed for developed countries. What kind of changes between sectors were desired but did not happen in India?
Answer:
In India, like developed countries the primary sector has been major contributor in the country’s GDP in the beginning as can be seen from the table but now both the secondary and tertiary sectors are. increasing at the expense of the primary sector, though the increase in tertiary sector is more. For India to become a developed nation, the secondary sector needed to increase more along with the tertiary sector, but this is not happening due to variety of reasons.

Question 14.
Why should we be worried about underemployment?
Answer:
Underemployment is a worrying situation because it is disguised unemployment, hidden unemployment. Unemployment is visible but underemployment is when people work but not to their full potential and earn less leading to poor standard of living, which may lead to poverty.

Page 29

Question 15.
Why do you think MG NREGA 2005 is referred to as ‘Right to work’?
Answer:
MG NREGA is referred to as ‘Right to Work’ because, all those people who are able to, and are in need of work have been guaranteed 100 days of employment in a year by the government. If the government fails to provide employment, it will give unemployment allowances to the people.

Question 16.
Imagine that you are the village head. In that capacity suggest some activities that you think should be taken up under this Act that would also increase the income of people? Discuss.
Answer:
As a village head, I would suggest the following activities to increase the income of people:

Constructing irrigation canals: With better irrigation facility variety of crops can be cultivated throughout the year, which would increase production and income of the farmers.
Road construction: Construction of roads will give employment opportunity to construction labourers and will also improve rural connectivity, with easy access to the villages. With improved connectivity the farmers can easily sell their products to the urban market and earn handsomely.
Water harvesting: With proper water conservation and harvesting round the year cultivation will become easier for variety of crops.
Land can be developed for horticulture, floriculture apart from agriculture etc.

Question 17.
How would income and employment increase if farmers were provided with irrigation and marketing facilities?
Answer:

Irrigation facilities such as new dams, pipelines, canals, etc. could lead to increase in crop production, which can result in better income for the farmers.
The construction and maintenance of dams, canals, etc. increases employment opportunity for construction workers.
Marketing is an important segment, which can increase income and employment opportunities. For better marketing the important facilities required is better roads and storage facilities.
Better roads will help the tempos, small trucks to reach everywhere in the rural area.
Proper storage facilities for the crop yields for a long period before selling at better rates.
These activities can provide employment to not just farmers but also others such as those in services.

Question 18.
In what ways can employment be increased in urban areas?
Answer:
Employment in urban areas can be increased by:

Increasing skill based training centre. This will give better job opportunity to people.
Giving incentives to industries or business to increase their capacity and employ more people.
Establishing basic industries which can provide mass employment.

Page 31

Question 19.
Look at the following examples. Which of these are unorganized sector activities?
(a) A teacher taking classes in a school
(b) A headload worker carrying a bag of cement on his back in a market
(c) A farmer irrigating her field
(d) A doctor in a hospital treating a patient
(e) A daily wage labourer working under a contractor
(f) A factory worker going to work in a big factory
(g) A handloom weaver working in her house
Answer:
(b) A headload worker carrying a bag of cement on his back in a market.
(c) A farmer irrigating her field.
(e) A daily wage laborer working under a contractor.
(g) A handloom weaver working in her house. These are all unorganized sector activities.

Question 20.
How would you distinguish between organized and unorganized sectors? Explain in your own words.
OR
Talk to someone who has a regular job in the organized sector and another who works in the unorganized sector. Compare and contrast their working conditions in all aspects.

Organized Sector	Unorganized Sector
(i) In organized sector the terms of employment are regular. The enterprises in organized sector are registered by the government and in control of government.	(i) The unorganized sector is characterized by small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the government.
(ii) They work for a fixed number of hours every day. For extra hour of work they get paid overtime.	(ii) There are no fixed working hours. No payment is made for the extra hours put in by the workers.
(iii) They get paid holidays and weekly off.	(iii) They don’t get paid for holidays. No weekly off is given to workers.
(iv) They have fixed work.	(iv) They do not have fixed work.
(v) They get an appointment letter at the time of employment.	(i) They don’t get any appointment letter.
(vi) The employees get provident fund, L medical benefits, gratuity, etc.	(vi) There is no such benefit in unorganized sector.

Question 21.
The table below shows the estimated number of workers in India in the or – ganized and unorganized sectors. Read the table carefully. Fill in the missing data and answer the questions that follow. Workers in Different Sectors (In Millions)

Sector	Organised	Unorganised	Total
Primary	1		232
Secondary	41	74	115
Tertiary	40	82	172
Total	2
Total in Percentage			100%

(a) What is the percentage of people in the unorganised sector in agriculture?
(b) Do you agree that agriculture is an unorganised sector activity? Why?
(c) If we look at the country as a whole, we find that ………… % of the workers in India are in the unorganised sector. Organised sector employment is available to only about ……….. % of the workers in India.

Sector	Organised	Unorganised	Total
Primary	2	240	242
Secondary	9	54	63
Tertiary	17	76	93
Total	28	370	398
Total in Percentage	7%	93%	100%

(a) Assuming all people in the primary sector in the unorganized sector work in agriculture, it is estimated to be 99 %.

(b) Yes, agriculture is an unorganized sector activity because in agriculture sector people face the problem of unemployment as agricultural activities are not fixed for the whole year. Agricultural labourers do not get paid on regular basis because of the seasonal nature of work. Agricultural workers do not get any benefit of provident fund, medical benefits etc.

JAC Class 10th Economics Sectors of Indian Economy Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks using the correct option given in the bracket:
(i) Employment in the service sector ………… increased to the same extent as production. (has / has not)
Answer:
has not

(ii) Workers in the sector do not produce goods. (tertiary / agricultural)
Answer:
tertiary

(iii) Most of the workers in the ……….. sector enjoy job security, (organised / unorganised)
Answer:
organized

(iv) A ……….. proportion of labourers in Tndia are working in the unorganised sector. (large / small)
Answer:
large

(v) Cotton is a …………. product and cloth is a ………….. product. (natural/manufactured)
Answer:
natural, manufactured

(vi) The activities in primary, secondary and tertiary sectors are ………… (independent/interdependent)
Answer:
(vi) interdependent

Question 2.
Choose the most appropriate answer.
(i) The sectors are classified into public and private sector on the basis of:
(a) employment conditions
(b) the nature of economic activity
(c) ownership of enterprises
(d) number of workers employed in the enterprise
Answer:
(c) ownership of enterprises

(ii) Production of a commodity, mostly through the natural process, is an activity in ………… sector.
(a) primary
(b) secondary
(c) tertiary
(d) information technology
Answer:
(a) primary

(iii) GDP is the total value of …………. produced during a particular year.
(a) all goods and services
(b) all final goods and services
(c) all intermediate goods and services
(d) all intermediate and final goods and services
Answer:
(b) all final goods and services

(iv) In terms of GDP the share of tertiary sector in 2013 – 14 is between …………. percent.
(a) 20 to 30
(b) 30 to 40
(c) 50 to 60
(d) 60 to 70
Answer:
(c) 50 to 60

Question 3.
Match the following:

Problems faced by farming sector	Some possible measures
1. Unirrigated land	a. Setting up agro – based mills
2. Low prices for crops	b. Cooperative marketing societies
3. Debt burden	c. Procurement of food grains by government
4. No job in the off season	d. Construction of canals by the government
5. Compelled to sell their grains to the local traders soon after harvest.	e. Banks to provide credit with low interest

Answer:

Problems faced by farming sector	Some possible measures
1. Unirrigated land	d. Construction of canals by the government
2. Low prices for crops	c. Procurement of food grains by government
3. Debt burden	e. Banks to provide credit with low interest
4. No job in the off season	a. Setting up agro-based mills
5. Compelled to sell their grains to the local traders soon after harvest.	b. Cooperative marketing societies

Question 4.
Find the odd one out and say why.
(a) Tourist guide, dhobi, tailor, potter
(b) Teacher, doctor, vegetable vendor, lawyer
(c) Postman, cobbler, soldier, police constable
(d) MTNL, Indian Railways, Air India, Jet Airways, All India Radio.
Answer:
(a) Potter, is a secondary activity, rest are tertiary activities.
(b) Vegetable vendor is unskilled activity whereas rest are skilled activities.
(c) Cobbler is an unorganized Sector activity and rest are organized sector.
(d) Jet Airways Airlines is a private sector, rest are public sector job.

Question 5.
A research scholar looked at the working people in the city of Surat and found the following.

Place of work	Nature of employment	Percentage of working
In offices and factories registered with the government	Organised	15
Own shops, office, clinics in market places with formal license		15
People working on the street, construction workers, domestic workers		20
Working in small workshops usually not registered with the government

Complete the table. What is the percentage of workers in the unorganised sector in this city?
Answer:

Place of work	Nature of employment	Percentage of working
In offices and factories registered with the government	Organised	15
Own shops, office, clinics in market places with formal license	Organised	15
People working on the street, construction workers, domestic workers	Unorganised	20
Working in small workshops usually not registered with the government	Unorganised	50

70% workers are in unorganized sector in this city.

Question 6.
Do you think the classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary is useful? Explain how.
Answer:

Yes, classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary is useful because with these divisions it is easy to collect information about total percentage of people working in each of the sector.
The information about percentage of people in each sector will reveal the status of the economy.
This information helps in understanding the contribution of each sector in GDP and their role in economic development.
This information helps in smooth functioning of economy.

Question 7.
For each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter why should one focus on employment and GDP? Could there be other issues which should be examined? Discuss.
Answer:

Employment and GDP shows the economic status of a country, the growth in GDP and higher level of employment are common goals of a country.
The information about GDP and employment in each sector also helps us to compare the contribution of each sector in GDP and country’s total employment and thus necessary steps can be taken to improve the country’s economy.
Yes, there are other issues which should be examined like improved working condition of the people, proper distribution of wealth, regular employment, public welfare, sustainable development, self-reliance of the country etc.

Question 8.
Make a long list of all kinds of work that you find adults around you doing for a living. In what way can you classify them? Explain your choice.
Answer:

Nature of work	Sector	Nature of activity
Banker	Organized	Tertiary activity
Teacher	Organized	Tertiary activity
Maid servant	Unorganized	Tertiary activity
Construction worker	Unorganized	Secondary activity
Gardener	Unorganized	Primary activity
DTC bus driver	Organized	Tertiary activity

The nature of work can be classified on the basis of sector and nature of activity such as primary, secondary and tertiary. This classification provides information about percentage of employment in each sector.

Question 9.
How is the tertiary sector different from other sectors? Illustrate with a few examples.
Answer:

Tertiary sector is a service sector, the activities in this sector helps in development or smooth functioning of the other two sectors.
These activities, do not produce a good but they are an aid or a support for the production process.
For example, farmers produce wheat in their fields and need the wheat to be transported by tractor or trucks.
Secondary sector or industrial sector need services of transport, banking , insurance etc., which are all activities of tertiary sector.

Question 10.
What do you understand by disguised unemployment? Explain with an example each from the urban and rural areas.
Answer:

Disguised unemployment is underemployment wherein people work but not to their full potential and also get paid very less. It is called disguised because people look employed but are not fully employed. This situation is thus also known as hidden unemployment.
For instance, in agricultural sector, in a rural areas, disguised unemployment is very common found, e.g.,
- In a family of five people who only have small agricultural field to work on and all work in the same plot.
- Even if three people stop working in the same plot, there would be no impact on the production output from the plot.
- In this case these three people are disguisedly unemployed.
In urban areas if a large family works in a small business then many members will be working as underemployed person.

Question 11.
Distinguish between open unemployment and disguised unemployment.

Open l ncmplnymenl	Disguised Unemployment
(i) This kind of unemployment is visible to all.	(i) This kind of unemployment is hidden.
(ii) Open unemployment is a situation when workers with adequate skills and willingness to work are not getting opportunity to work.	(ii) Everyone is working non remains idle, but actually their labour effort gets divided, hence do not get paid appropriately and to their capabilities.
(iii) Open unemployment is mainly seen with educated people and in organized sector.	(iii) Disguised unemployment is mainly found in unorganized sector.

Question 12.
“Tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of Indian economy.” Do you agree? Give reasons in support of your answer.
Answer:

Tertiary sector is playing an important role in the development of Indian economy.
The contribution of tertiary sector in the country’s GDP has increased from 1973 to 2003. This is mainly because of increased demands of services by the consumers due to their increasing income.
It has replaced the primary sector in its contribution to the country’s GDP. However the percentage of employed people in tertiary sector is lagging behind the primary sector.
Once more people get to work in secondary and tertiary sector, the country’s economy would develop along with the country’s development.

Question 13.
Service sector in India employs two different kinds of people. Who are these?
Answer:
The service sector in India employs two kinds of people:

People who are skilled and educated, they may not directly help in the production of goods in the primary or secondary sector but indirectly supports in overall development. Such as doctors, teachers, engineers etc.
Others are those who are semi-skilled or not skilled and they directly support in the production of goods, e.g., truck drivers, repair person, tailor etc.

Question 14.
Workers are exploited in the unorganized sector. Do you agree with this view? Give reasons in support of your answer.
Answer:
Yes, workers get exploited in the unorganized sector.

This is mainly because in unorganized sector most of the time no government rules or regulation related to employment is followed.
Workers do not get any appointment letter with no terms of employment mentioned.
There is no fixed term of employment in unorganized sector with no fixed salary.
Employer can remove the worker anytime without any notice. Thus, there is no job security in unorganized sector.
Mainly poor people with no other options take up work in unorganized sector.

Question 15.
How are the activities in the economy classified on the basis of employment conditions?
Answer:
The activities in the economy are classified on the basis of employment as

1. Organized:
The organized sector include those enterprises or places of work where the terms of employment are regular and therefore, people have job security. They are registered by the government and have to follow its rules and regulations. People working in organized sector get all kind of benefits such as provident fund, gratuity, mediclaims, etc. People working in the organized sector get their paid holidays and weekly offs, e.g., teachers in colleges or schools, government employee, etc.

2. Unorganized:
The unorganized sector on the other hand includes enterprises those are not registered by the government. The unorganized sector is characterized by small and scattered units which do not follow rules for employment. No benefits are given to the workers. There is no job security or assurance of work. People working in unorganized sector do not get paid weekly offs or holidays. For example, there are casual construction workers, casual helpers in garages or shops etc.

Question 16.
Compare the employment conditions prevailing in the organized and unorganized sectors.
Answer:

Organized Sector	Unorganized Sector
(i) In organized sector the terms of employment are regular. The enterprises in organized sector are registered by the government and in control of government.	(i) The unorganized sector is characterized by small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the government.
(ii) They work for a fixed number of hours every day. For extra hour of work they ge’t paid overtime.	(ii) There are no fixed working hours. No payment is made for the extra hours put in by the workers.
(iii)They get paid holidays and weekly off.	(iii) They don’t get paid for holidays. No weekly off is given to workers.
(iv) They have fixed work.	(iv) They do not have fixed work.
(v) They get an appointment letter at the time of employment.	(v) They don’t get any appointment letter.
(vi) The employees get provident fund, medical benefits, gratuity, etc.	(vi) There is no such benefit in unorganized sector.

Question 17.
Explain the objective of implementing the NREGA 2005.
Answer:
It is called National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (MGNREGA 2005). Its main objectives are to provide livelihood to all. Those who are able to, and are in need of, work have been guaranteed 100 days of employment in a year by the government. If the government fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give unemployment allowances to the people.

Question 18.
Using,examples from your area compare and contrast that activities and functions of private and public sectors.
Answer:
private and public sectors.

private sectors.	public sectors.
(i) The main aim of this sector is public welfare.	(i) The main aim of this sector is maximization of profits.
(ii) Public sector enterprises are operated by government rules and regulations.	(ii) Private sector is not managed by government terms and rules.
(iii) Public sector mainly provide job security 4 even after retirement in the form of pension.	(iii) Private sector jobs mainly provide mediclaims, job security, but no pension post retirement.

Question 19.
Discuss and fill the following table giving one example each from your area.

	Well managed organization	Badly managed organization
Public Sector
Private Sector

Answer:

	Well managed organization	Badly managed organization
Public Sector	Such as MTNL, Railways	Air India
Private Sector	Reliance Industries	Kingfisher Airlines

Question 20.
Give a few examples of public sector activities and explain why the government has taken them up.
Answer:

Educational Institute such as Delhi University: The government has taken this up to provide higher education opportunity in various fields to students at reasonable fees.
Metro Rhil services: Government has taken this because only the government can invest large sums of money on a project like this and also to provide cheap, comfortable and well-connected transportation within mega cities.
Medical facilities such as AIIMS: To provide quality treatment or health related services to patients at reasonable cost.

Question 21.
Explain how public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation.
Answer:
Public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation in number of ways. It creates employment opportunity. It provides services and goods at moderate cost to all. It also provides opportunities for other small scale, medium scale or cottage, industries to develop. It also results in community development.

Question 22.
The workers in the unorganized sector need protection on the following issues: wages, safety and health. Explain with examples.
Answer:
The workers in unorganized sector need protection on the issues of wages, safety and health because often the unorganized sector is characterized by small and scattered units where often there is no control of the government and workers are exploited.

Wages: Workers often get lower wages and that too not on regular basis. No travel allowances or extra payment is given for overtime or extra hours.
Safety: Often the workers in unorganized sector are forced to work under unhealthy and unsafe conditions. Such as construction workers are often at risk of getting injured, however often the casual labourers work in the construction site without any safety tools.
Health: The health of unorganized sector workers is often ignored. In unorganized sector there is no fixed working hours. People work for long hours and often at times
in unhygienic working environment, which affect the health of the workers badly.

Question 23.
A study in Ahmedabad found that out of 15,00,000 workers in the city, 11,00,000 worked in the unorganized sector. The total income of the city in this year (1997 – 1998) was? 60,000 million. Out of this? 32,000 million was generated in the organized sector. Present this data as a table. What kind of ways should be thought of for generating more employment in the city?

Sectors	Workers	Income in
Organized	Employed	Million (1997 – 98)
Unorganized	4,00,000	32,000
Total	11,00,000	28,000

More employment can be generated by some of the following ways such as:

By setting up more industries and developing infrastructure. Setting up industries will not only generate employment but will also support other ancillary industries and will further promote employment.
Promote cottage, agricultural product based and local industries to generate employment in rural areas.

Question 24.
The following table gives the GDP in Rupees (Crores) by the three sectors:

Year	Primary	Secondary	Tertiary
2000	52,000	48,500	1,33,500
2013	8,00,500	10,74,000	38,68,000

(i) Calculate the share of the three sectors in GDP 2000 and 2013.
(ii) Show the data as a bar diagram similar to Graph 2 in the chapter.
(iii) What conclusions can we draw from the bar graph?
Answer:

(i) Share of three sectors in GDP in 2000:

Primary Sector:
$\frac{52,000}{2,34,000}$ × 100=22.2 %
Secondary Sector:
$\frac{48,500}{2,34,000 }$ × 100=20.7%
Tertiry Sector:
$\frac{1,33,500}{2,34,000}$ × 100=57 \%

(ii) Share of three sectors in GDP in 2013:

Primary Sector:
$\frac{8,00,500}{5,742,500}$ × 100
= 13.9%
Secondary Sector:
$\frac{10,74,000}{5,742,000}$ × 100
= 18.7%
Tertiary Sector:
$\frac{38,68,000 }{5,742,500}$ × 100
= 67.3%

Year	Primary	Secondary	Tertiary
2000	23	21	57
2013	14	19	68

(iii) We can draw following conclusion looking at the bar diagram such as the graph shows GDP of primary sector has decreased in 13 years from 2000 to 2013.

Share of secondary sector in GDP has decreased from 2000 – 2013.
Share of the tertiary sector in GDP has increased substantially in the last 13 years.

This indicates the economy moving away from developing towards developed economy with secondary and tertiary sector getting stronger.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

November 9, 2022June 14, 2022 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Important Questions Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
NSSO is an organization under:
(a) Ministry of Human Resource Development
(b) Ministry of Foreign Affairs
(c) Ministry of Statistics, Planning and Programme Implementation
(d) Census of India
Answer:
(c) Ministry of Statistics, Planning and Programme Implementation

Question 2.
Which organization in India conducts the employment and unemployment survey every five years?
(a) Census of India
(b) NSSO
(c) Economic Survey
(d) None of the above
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) NSSO

Question 3.
Which sector is also called the service sector?
(a) Primary
(b) Secondary
(c) Tertiary
(d) None of these
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Tertiary

Question 4.
What does ‘GDP’ stand for?
(a) Gross Domestic Product
(b) Gross Debited Product
(c) Goods Direct Production
(d) Gross Direct Production
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Gross Domestic Product

Question 5.
Mark the odd one out.
(a) Forestry
(b) Fishing
(c) Question uarrying
(d) Banking
(d) None of these
Answer:
(d) None of these

Question 6.
Alabourer working in a construction site is in ………… sector of employment.
(a) Organized
(b) Unorganized
(c) Disguised unemployment
(d) None of the above
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Unorganized

Question 7.
Through which shops Government of India sells wheat and rice at lower rate to consumers?
(a) Ration shops
(b) Departmental stores
(e) Kirana store
(d) Fair price shop
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Ration shops

Question 8.
TISCO is a ……….. sector organization.
(a) Public
(b) Private
(c) NGO
(d) Semi Government
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Private

Question 9.
Ten people working on a small field, is an example of ……….
(a) Full employment
(b) Disguised unemployment
(c) Unemployment
(d) Disguised employment
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Disguised unemployment

Question 10.
Which sector contributed maximum in India’s GDP in 2003?
(a) Primary
(b) Secondary
(c) Tertiary
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Tertiary

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define Economy.
Answer:
Economy is related with the production, consumption and distribution pattern of goods and services in a region. It shows the status of the region.

Question 2.
What is primary sector activity?
Answer:
Primary sector activity involves producing goods by directly using natural resources.

Question 3.
Give one example each of primary, secondary and tertiary activities.
Answer:

Primary: Forestry.
Secondary: Furniture making.
Tertiary: Banking.

Question 4.
Define secondary sector activity.
Answer:
Secondary sector includes those activities in which natural products are transformed into other products by ways of manufacturing.

Question 5.
What Is tertiary sector?
Answer:
Tertiary sector activities do not involve direct production of goods like the other two sectors, but these activities support the primary and secondary sector to develop.

Question 6.
Define GDP.
Answer:
Gross Domestic Product is the final value of goods and services produced in all of the three sectors in a year.

Question 7.
Who calculates GDP in India?
Answer:
The mammoth task of calculating GDP in India is done by Central government ministry.

Question 8.
Name few basic services that a developing country’s government need to provide to its citizens.
Answer:
Some basic services that a developing country’s government needs to provide to its citizens are educational institutions, medical facilities, transport, banking etc.

Question 9.
What is the full form of NREGA?
Answer:
The full form of NREGA is National Rural Employment Guarantee Act.

Question 10.
When was NREGA launched?
Answer:
NREGA was launched in the year 2005 in India.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define public sector and what Is its purpose?
Answer:

Public sector includes government organization which are owned, controlled and managed by the government. For example, AIIMS, State Bank of india etc., are public sector organizations.
The purpose of public sector organization is to provide services to the people at reasonable costs and with more benefits.

Question 2.
Why the value of final goods and services Is counted in calculating GDP?
Answer:

The value of fmal goods and services is counted to avoid repetition of calculating value of same item more than once.
For example, if biscuit is a final goods then its value of Rs. 50 would include the value of wheat, flour, sugar, oil, etc. So if value f all items is considered separately for GDP along with the value of biscuit, which is the final goods then there, will be repetition of values as the cost of biscuit
would already include all the values of the itens.

Question 3.
Why primary sector is called ‘Primary’?
Answer:
Primary sector is called primary because it provides the base for all other products that are made in the secondary sector. For example, minerals such as iron are natural product produced from exploiting natural resources, which is an activity of the primary sector and when the same iron is processed to make iron rods, then it’s an activity of secondary sector.

Question 4.
Why MGNREGA 2005 is called ‘Right to work’?
Answer:
MGNREGA 2005 is called right to work, because this Act guarantees 100 days of employment for those who are able to and are in need of work in a year by the government. Also, if the government fails to keep its guarantee, then the government would pay unemployment allowance to the people.

Question 5.
Why government raises money through taxes?
Answer:
Government raises money through taxes to provide basic services and facilities to its people. With the raised tax money government construct roadways, build infrastructure, provide other services such as education, health, transport and communication etc.

Question 6.
Define private sector and its purpose.
Answer:
Privatesectorincludesthoseorganizations, which are owned, controlled and managed by private companies or individuals or a family. Such as Reliance Industries, Bajaj Motors etc. The main purpose of these organizations is to earn profit.

Question 7.
What is Economic and Social development?
Answer:
Economic development is when people are financially in better position with higher per capita income. When people of a country are able to lead a good quality standard of living with a decent income that is economic development.Social development happens when all sections of the society is equally treated and no one is discriminated on the basis of caste or religion. When every individual of a society is able to lead a decent life and are able to reach their full potential is social development.

Question 8.
What does the statement means that ‘workers in agricultural sector are under employed’?
Answer:
Workers in agricultural sector are under employed means more people are engaged in agricultural work than required, hence the workers are neither able to work to their full potential and nor get paid fully.

Question 9.
What are the three types of sectoral classification of the economy?
Answer:
The three types of sectoral classification are:

On the basis of economic activities: Primary, Secondary and Tertiary.
On the basis of ownership: Private and Public sector.
On the basis of employment: Organized and unorganized.

Question 10.
What are intermediate goods?
Answer:
Intermediate goods are partly finished goods, which are further processed or used to produce the final goods.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Whieh sector in India employs maximum workers and why?
Answer:

The secondary and tertiary sectors though contribute majority to India’s GDP; have not yet been able to generate employment like in primary sector.
The primary sector in India employs maximum workers because of lack of job opportunities in other sectors.
Primary sector activities mainly agriculture, do not require high skills hence attract more people to work. More than half of the working population in India still works in primary sector contributing only a quarter of GDP.
Secondary and tertiary sector requires highly skill based and educated workers than the primary sector.
Lower level of education or lack of required level of skills thus limits the employment opportunity for many workers.

Question 2.
Why is tertiary sector developing or becoming important in India?
Answer:
Tertiary sector is becoming important in India because:

In a developing country like India the government needs to provide the provision for basic services to its citizens such as health facilities, education facilities, transportation, safe drinking water etc.
The development of primary and secondary sector automatically leads to the development of services such as transportation, banking, insurance etc.
With rising income demand for various services like shopping tourism, private hospital also increases.
Development in the information and technology, the demand for newer services are also increasing.

Question 3.
Explain the historical changes that have taken in different sectors of economy in the developed countries.
Answer:
The historical pattern of development of different sectors in the developed countries shows that:

Even in developed countries primary sector was the most important sector of economic activity.
With passage of time and better mechanization and industrialization secondary sector became important.
But now in the last 100 years there has been a further shift from secondary to tertiary sector m developed countries. The service sector has become the most important in terms of total production. Most of the working people are also employed in the service sector.

Question 4.
Which are the people who need protection in unorganised sector?
Or
Suggest ways to protect the workers in the unorganized sector.
Answer:

Landless farmers in the rural areas get exploited by their landlords, who make them work on low wages and don’t pay the workers during off season. Even marginal fanners and artisans need protection from low earning or no earning periods.
Marginal farmers and artisans can be given monetary support to help them buy good quality seeds or other raw materials. Good quality seeds can grow into good quality crops and farmers can have better productions from their fields.
Farmers need to be supported through adequate facility for timely delivery of seeds, agricultural inputs, credit, storage facilities and marketing outlets. Government needs to give job opportunities to the farmers/ workers during off season.
In urban areas, construction labourers, small scale industries workers, street vendors, rickshaw pullers etc. can be given monetary supports, so that if wanted they can start with something or some business of their own.
Government should frame laws to fix the working hours of workers in unorganized sector and pay extra for overtime.
Government needs to ensure decent working condition of the workers.

Question 5.
What are the positives of organized sector?
Answer:
The positives of the organized sectors are:

The organized sector provides job security.
Workers have fixed timings and also get paid for over time.
Organized sector provides safe working conditions for women.
This sector provides facilities, such as banking, paid leaves, summer vacations etc.
They get several other benefits from the employers.
Organized sector workers are thus better off than unorganized sector workers.

Activity Based Questions

Question 1.
The following table gives the GDP in Rupees (Crores) by the three sectors:

Year	Primary	Secondary	Tertiary
I960	70,000	20,000	10,000
2010	14,000	28,000	55,000

Calculate the share of the primary sector in GDP for 1960 and 2010.
Answer:
Share of primary sector in GDP is:

Year	Primary	Secondary	Tertiary	Total	Share of primary sector in GDP
1960	70,000	20,000	10,000	100,000	70%
2010	14,000	2,80,00	55,000	97,000	51%

The data shows that the contribution of primary sector in GDP has decreased over the past 50 years.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 1 Development

June 14, 2022June 13, 2022 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 1 Development

JAC Class 10th Economics Development InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why do different persons have different notions of development? Which of the following explanations is more important and why?
(a) Because people are different.
(b) Because life situations of persons are different.
Answer:
Life situations of different persons are different hence have different notions of development. Development goals of a landless farmer are different from prosperous farmer in Punjab. It is because their lifestyle, situations and status are very different from each other. With changing situations the goal of a person also changes.

Question 2.
Do the following two statements mean the same? Justify your answer.
(a) People have different developmental goals.
(b) People have conflicting developmental goals.
Answer:
The above mentioned two statements means almost the same, as different persons could have different as well as conflicting developmental goals. For instance, an industrialist may favour construction of dam for electricity generation, while the locals may oppose large dams as this may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of the people.

Question 3.
Give some examples where factors other than income are important aspects of our lives.
Answer:
Income in one way or the other is an important aspect of our lives; however people also seek things like freedom, equal treatment, security, and respect of others. They resent discrimination. Women desire respect and secure environment to take up diverse jobs or set up businesses. People
also seek political freedom and a healthy pollution free environment.

Question 4.
Explain some of the important ideas of the above section in your own words.
Answer:
The above section highlights that development goals are different for every individual. Even national goals are different for every individual. Income is an important aspect of everyone’s life however, money or materialistic aspirations are not that every individual desires. People also seek better quality of life, environment, freedom, security, respect from others and equal treatment.

Page 7

Question 5.
Look at the picture. What should be the developmental goals for such an area?

Answer:
The developmental goals of this area should include:

Making pucca houses for the occupants of the slums with proper toilet facilities.
Availability of basic services like water, electricity and sanitation.
Employment opportunites for the people to ensure that they can earn better living environment for themselves.

Question 6.
Read the newspaper report and answer the questions that follow:
A vessel dumped 500 tonnes of liquid toxic wastes into open – air dumps in a city and in the surrounding sea. This happened in a city called Abidjan in Ivory Coast, a country in Africa. The fumes from the highly toxic waste caused nausea, skin rashes, fainting, diarrhoea etc. After a month seven persons were dead, twenty in hospital and twenty – six thousand treated for symptoms of poisoning. A multi – national company dealing in petroleum and metals had contracted a local company of the Ivory Coast to dispose the toxic waste from its ship.
(a) Who are the people who benefited and who did not?
(b) What should be the developmental goal for this country?
Answer:
The local company who was supposed to dispose the waste benefitted as they got the money to dispose the waste from the multinational company.
(a) The people of Abidjan in Ivory Coast were badly impacted due to open – air waste disposal.
(b) The developmental goal would be to make people aware about the causes and effects of pollution. Also provisions should be made for proper waste disposal to avoid similar environmental and health crises.

Question 7.
What can be some of the developmental goals for your village, town or locality?
Answer:
The developmental goal for our village, town or locality depends on the present situation. However, better farming facilities, employment opportunities and availability of basic services like schools, hospitals, electricity and good connectivity are general goals for a village. Increase in per capita income, better infrastructure, housing and better security are other developmental goals. aspired by people of towns.

Question 8.
Give three examples where an average is used for comparing situations.
Answer:
Average is used to compare income of two countries. Average is also used to compare the life expectancy level of countries. Average can also be used to study pass percentage of girls and boys in a class or a school.

Question 9.
Why do you think average income is an important criterion for development? Explain.
Answer:
Average income is an important criterion for development because if a country’s per capita income is high, it can be expected that the living standard of its people will also be better. With better income people can earn better living facilities for themselves and even the country prospers.

Question 10.
Besides size of per capita income, what other property of income is important in comparing two or more societies?
Answer:
Besides per capita income the other important criterion for comparing two or more societies is the distribution of. income among the people. If the income is well distributed then every individual will benefit and the country or society will prosper. However, if higher – income is enjoyed by selected people then the societies don’t develop.

Question 11.
Suppose records show that the average income in a country has been increasing over a period of time. From this, can we conclude that all sections of the economy have become better? Illustrate your answer with an example.
Answer:
The rising average income of a country cannot guarantee all sections of the economy to do better. For instance in a country like India though the per capita income is increasing due to improving service sector and manufacturing sector but agriculture and rural economy is yet to develop fully.

Question 12.
From the text, find out the per capita income level of low – income countries as per World Development Reports.
Answer:
As per World Development Reports countries with per capita income of US $ 12,056 per annum and above in 2017, are called rich countries and those with per capita income of US $ 955 or less are called low – income countries.

Question 13.
Write a paragraph on your notion of what should India do, or achieve, to become a developed country.
Answer:
India to become a developed nation need to achieve the following:

better economy with higher per capita income and employment opportunity,
developed rural economy,
better infrastructure in the rural areas as well as in urban areas,
education facilities for all,
better health facilities,
access to basic facilities like food, shelter, clean water for all.
last but not the least a healthy clean environment.

Page 12

Question 14.
Look at data in Tables 1.3 and 1.4. Is Haryana ahead of Kerala in literacy rate, etc., as it is in terms of per capita income?
Table 1.3. Per Capita Income of Select States

State	Per Capita Income for 2015-16 (in
Haryana	1,62,034
Kerala	1,40,190
Bihar	31,454

Table 1.4. Some Comparative Data on Haryana, Kerala and Bihar

State	Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 live births (2016)	Literacy Rate (%) (2011)	Net Attendance Ratio (per 100 persons) secondary stage (age 14 and 15 years) 2013 – 2014
Haryana	33	82	61
Kerala	10	94	83
Bihar	38	62	43

Answer:
Yes, Haryana was ahead of Bihar m literacy rate as well as net attendance ratio for class 1 – 5 as in terms of the per capita income.

Question 15.
Think of other examples where collective provision of goods and services is cheaper than individual provision.
Answer:
Collective provision of goods and services gets cheaper when production is done at mass scale or services are delivered at large scale. Such as in manufacturing industries if production is done on a large scale then the cost of product can be minimized, if production is done for individual provision then cost of the product can rise. Collective provision of goods and services are meant for public consumption.

Question 16.
Does availability of good health and educational facilities depend only on amount of money spent by the government on these facilities? What other factors could be relevant?
Answer:
The availability of good health and educational facilities to a large extent depend on the amount of money spent by the government, quality of doctors and teachers are also relevant factors. Qualified good doctors and teachers can scale up the standard of the health and educational sectors. Even contribution of private sector or investment by private sector in this field is also very relevant. Investment by private sector would lead to competition, which ultimate lead to better facilities at reasonable cost.

Question 17.
In Tamil Nadu, 90 percent of the people living in rural areas use a ration shop, whereas in West Bengal only 35 percent of rural people do so. Where would people be better off and why?
Answer:
Ration shops provide good quality food grains and other items at reasonable rate. Hence, the state, Tamil Nadu in this example with more people availing the facilities will be better off than the people at West Bengal.

Page 12

Question 18.
Study Table 1.5 carefully and fill in the blanks in the following paragraphs. For this, you may need to make calculations based on the table.
Table 1.5. Educational Achievement of Rural Population in Uttar Pradesh

Category	Male	Female
Literacy rate for rural population	76%	54%
Literacy rate for rural children in age group 10 – 14 years	90%	87%
Percentage of rural children aged 10 – 14 attending school	85%	82%

(a) The literacy rate for all age groups, including young and old, is ……….. for rural males and ………… for rural females. However, it is not just, that these many adults could not attend school but that there are ………… who are currently not in school.

(b) It is clear from the table that ……….. % of rural girls and ………… % of rural boys are not attending Therefore, illiteracy among children in the age group 10-14 is as high as ………… % for rural females and ………… % for rural males.

(c) This high level of illiteracy among …………. age group, even after more than 68 years of our independence, is most disturbing. In many other states also we are nowhere near realisation of the constitutional goal of free and compulsory education for all children up to the age of 14, which was expected to be achieved by 1960.
Answer:
(a) The literacy rate for all age groups, including young and old, is 76% for rural males and 54% for rural females. However, it is not just that these many adults could not attend schools but that there are 36% of males and 69% of females who are currently not in school.

(b) It is clear from the table that 69% of rural girls and36% ofruralboys arenot attending schools. Therefore, illiteracy among children in the age group 10 – 14 is as high as 61% for rural females and 32% for rural males.

(c) This high level of illiteracy among 10-14 age group, even after more than 60 years of our independence, is most disturbing. In many other states also we are nowhere near realization of the constitutional goal of free and compulsory education for all children up to the age of 14, which was expected to be achieved by 1960.

JAC Class 10th Economics Development Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Development of a country can generally be determined by
(a) its per capita income
(b) its average literacy level
(c) health status of its people
(d) all the above
Answer:
(d) all the above

Question 2.
Which of the following neighbouring countries has better performance in terms of human development than India?
(a) Bangladesh
(b) Sri Lanka
(c) Nepal
(d) Pakistan
Answer:
(b) Sri Lanka

Question 3.
Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these families is ₹ 5000. If the income of three families is ₹ 4000, ₹ 7000 and ₹ 3000 respectively, what is the income of the fourth family?
(a) ₹ 7500
(b) ₹ 3000
(c) ₹ 2000
(d) ₹ 6000
Answer:
(d) ₹ 6000

Question 4.
What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any?
Answer:

Average income or per capita income is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries.
The limitation of this criterion is that it does not consider how the income is distributed among people of the country.
This criteria focus on the economic aspect and ignores the other developmental factors such as literacy rate, health status, infant mortality rate etc,. which are important indicators of development.

Question 5.
In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?
Answer:

World Bank in its World Development Report, used per capita income in classifying countries as developed or less developed.
As per WDR, countries with per capita income of US $ 12,056 per annum and above in 2017, are called rich countries and those with per capita income of US $ 955 or less are called low – income countries.
The Human Development Report published by UNDP on the other hand compares countries based on the health status of the people, their educational levels and per capita income.

Question 6.
Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development.
Answer:

Averages are used to compare different factors or entities. For instance, since countries have different populations, just comparing total income cannot tell us what an average person earns.
Averages have many limitations such as an average does not reveal the true picture regarding the distribution of income or distribution pattern of other factors.
For example, consider two schools A and B. For easy understanding let’s assumed only female students of class 10th. Based on the data given in the table, let us calculate the average height for both the schools.

Country	Height of Class 10th girls student in (2007)
Country	I	II	III	IV	V	Average
School A	120	105	115	100	125	113
School B	90	90	90	90	205	113

Question 7.
Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Punjab. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.
Answer:

Per capita income only highlights the economic factor, however factors like literacy rate, mortality rate and Net Attendance ratio are also important human development factors. In these factors Kerala is better than Haryana.
Hence, due to these advantages, Kerala has a better human development ranking than Haryana, in spite of lower per capita income.

Question 8.
Find out present sources of energy used by people in India. What could be the other possibilities fifty years from now?
Answer:

At present Indian people have more dependency on non-renewable sources of energy like coal, natural oil and gas.
With growing awareness and environmental Concerns and India’s agreement in Paris Climatic Convention, the chances are India will be utilizing more of renewable sources of energy such as solar energy, geothermal energy etc.

Question 9.
Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?
Answer:

Development is desired by everyone, even developed countries aspire to go up further or at least maintain development for future generation, which is possible with sustainable development.
Sustainable development is possible when all natural resources are judiciously used, so that future generation can also get the opportunity to utilize the resources for their development.

Question 10.
“The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person.” How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss.
Answer:

The earth has enough resources to meet our needs but often humans for the sake of development over utilizes resources, which can leads to environmental degradation.
Thus this is relevant to say that there is enough to meet the need but not greed.
For faster or more development humans resorts to activities like excessive utilization of fuels, deforestation, usage of chemicals in the forms of pesticides and fertilizers in farms etc., which leads to environmental degradation and ultimately results in declining development.

Question 11.
List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you.
Answer:
Activities such as deforestation, usage of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, excessive burning of fossil fuels, wastage of water and water pollution etc. are few common environmental degradation factors.

Question 12.
For each of the items given in Table 1.6, find out which country is at the top and which is at the bottom. Table 1.6. Some Data Regarding India and Its Neighbours for 2017

Country	Gross National Income (GNI) per capita (2011 ppp $)	Life expectancy at birth (2017)	Mean years of schooling of people aged 25 and above (2017)	HDI rank in the world (2018)
Sri Lanka	11,326	75.5	10.9	76
India	6,353	68.8	6.4	130
Myanmar	5,567	66.7	4.9	148
Pakistan	5,331	66.6	5.2	150
Nepal	2,471	70.6	4.9	149
Bangladesh	3,677	72.8	5.8	136

Notes:

HDI stands for Human Development Index. HDI ranks in above table are out of 189 countries in all.
Life expectancy at birth denotes, as the name suggests, average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.
Per Capita Income is calculated in dollars for all countries so that it can be compared. It is also done in a way so that every dollar would buy the same amount of goods and services in any country.

Answer:

In Per Capita Income: Sri Lanka is at the top and Bangladesh at the bottom.
In life expectancy at birth Sri Lanka is at the top and Myanmar is at the bottom.
In literacy rate for 15+ years population Sri bottom.

Question 13.
The following table shows the proportion of adults (aged 15 – 49 years) whose BMI is below normal BMI < 18.5 kg/m² in India. It is based on a survey of various states for the year 2015 – 16. Look at the table and answer the following questions.

State	Male (%)	Female (%)
Kerala	8.5	10
Karnataka	17	21
Madhya Pradesh	28	28
All States	20	23

(a) Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.
(b) Can you guess why around one- fifth of people in the country are undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the country? Describe in your own words.
Answer:
(a) The nutritional level of the people of Kerala is comparatively higher than Madhya Pradesh for both males and females as. the proportion of undernourished adults is more in Madhya Pradesh.

(b) There is enough food in the country but still many around one – fifth people in the country are undernourished because of the following reasons:

In most of the states, the Public Distribution System (PDS) does not function properly and the poor people cannot get cheap food items, so they remain undernourished.
Due to lack of proper health facilities in many parts of the country people remain backward and poor, and are not able to get nutritious food.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions Economics Chapter 1 Development

November 9, 2022June 13, 2022 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Important Questions Economics Chapter 1 Development

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
What does ‘HDR’ stand for?
(a) Human Development Result
(b) Human Development Report
(c) Human Deliverable report
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) Human Development Report

Question 2.
What is the most common indicator to measure development?
(a) Per Capita Income
(b) Infant mortality rate
(c) Literacy level
(d) Environmental degradation
Answer:
(a) Per Capita Income

Question 3.
What per capita income per annum makes a country rich as per WDR 2006?
(a) ₹ 4,53,000
(b) ₹ 37,000
(c) ₹ 2,00,000
(d) ₹ 26,000
Answer:
(a) ₹ 4,53,000

Question 4.
What does IMR stand for?
(a) International Mortality Rate
(b) International Monetary Report
(c) Infant Mortality Rate
(d) Infant Mortality Report
Answer:
(c) Infant Mortality Rate

Question 5.
What BMI indicates that an adult person is overweight?
(a) 25
(b) 18.5
(c) 18
(d) 22
Answer:
(a) 25

Question 6.
Which organization publishes Human Development Report?
(a) World Bank
(b) UNDP
(c) International Monetary Fund
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) UNDP

Question 7.
Which of the following is a renewable resource?
(a) Groundwater
(b) Coa
(c) Crude oil
(d) Nuclear energy
Answer:
(a) Groundwater

Question 8.
Which of the following country was ahead of India in both Per capita income and life expectancy at birth in 2004?
(a) Myanmar
(b) Nepal
(c) Sri Lanka
(d) Pakistan
Answer:
(c) Sri Lanka

Question 9.
………. is a PDS shop in India.
(a) Shoe shop
(b) Vegetable shop
(c) Chemist shop
(d) Ration shop
Answer:
(d) Ration shop

Question 10.
Literacy rate measures the proportion of literate population in the ………. and above age group.
(a) 7
(b) 10
(c) 14
(d) 6
Answer:
(a) 7

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What could be at least one developmental goal of a landless rural labourer?
Answer:
One developmental goal of landless rural labourer would be more days of work and better wages.

Question 2.
What development goals people aspire?
Answer:
People look at a mix of goals for development.

Question 3.
What may allow women to take more variety of jobs?
Answer:
A secure and safe environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs.

Question 4.
What is Infant Mortality Rate?
Answer:
Infant Mortality Rate (or IMR) indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live children bom in that particular year.

Question 5.
What is the role of Public Distribution System?
Answer:
The role of PDS is to make food available at lower cost to the public.

Question 6.
Which indicators are used to measure development by UNDP?
Answer:
Human Development Report published by UNDP measures development based on the educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita income.

Question 7.
What is BMI?
Answer:
BMI stands for Body Mass Index, which calculates the nutrition level of a body. It is calculated by dividing weight of a person by the square of his height.

Question 8.
In which currency the per capita income of all countries is made?
Answer:
US Dollar $ is used to calculate the per capita income of all countries.

Question 9.
Mention any two renewable and two non-renewable resources.
Answer:
Solar energy and wind energy are renewable sources of energy. Thermal energy and nuclear energy are nonrenewable sources of energy.

Question 10.
Why Kerala has low Infant Mortality Rate?
Answer:
Kerala has a low Infant Mortality Rate because it has adequate provision of basic educational facilities and health facilities.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is average income?
Answer:
Average income is also called per capita income. It is the total income of the country divided by its total population.

Question 2.
What could be developmental goal of prosperous farmers from Haryana?
Answer:
Developmental goals that a prosperous farmer from Haryana aspires could be assured high family income through higher support prices for their crops, through hardworking and cheap labourers. Many also aspire to settle their children abroad.

Question 3.
What is Human Development?
Answer:
Human development means development of people in such a way that they can lead a happy and good quality life, with proper education, health, security, freedom and income.

Question 4.
Why India comes under low middle – income category as per World Development Report?
Answer:
India is a low – middle income category country as per WDR because of lower per capita income. India’s per capita income in 2017 was US $ 1820 per year. Look at the table and answer the question numbers 5 and 6.

State	Per Capita loco me for 2015 – 16 (in ₹)	Infant Mortality Rate per 1.000 (2016)	Literacy Rate (%) (2011)
Haryana	1,62,034	33	61
Kerala	1,40,190	10	83
Bihar	31,454	38	43

Question 5.
Why Haryana with high per capita income (2015-16) than Kerala lags behind Infant Mortality Rate and literacy rate?
Answer:

This is because higher income does not guarantee one to get all the goods and services that one may need to live well. So, income by itself is not a complete adequate indicator of material goods and services that citizens are able to use.
For example, money does not guarantee pollution free environment, it may not be able to protect us from infectious diseases, unless the whole of the community takes preventive steps.
Money does not ensure that everyone (including girl child) enjoy the right to education, for this the attitude of the community needs to change.
Thus, Haiyana even with high per capita income lags behind Kerala in IMR and literacy rate.

Question 6.
What could be the reasons behind higher infant mortality rate in Bihar?
Answer:
Lack of basic health facilities, under nourishment of kids, gender discrimination with female child getting neglected are few reasons behind high infant mortality rate in the state.

Question 7.
What is sustainable development?
Answer:

Sustainable development means development that guarantees availability of resources for future generation so that they are able to fulfill their needs like us.
It is to improve the current level of development or maintain the pace of development in future as well.

Question 8.
What is renewable and non-renewable resources?
Answer:

Renewable resources are the ones, which are replenished by nature such as vegetation, crops, groundwater etc.
Non – renewable resources are the one’s which will get exhausted after use. Such resources do ot get replenished, as have limited stock on the earth. Such as coal, natural oil etc.

Question 9.
What is Net Attendance Ratio?
Answer:
It’s an indicator to assess the education level of a state, region or a country. Net Attendance Ratio is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15 attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.

Question 10.
Why is groundwater under serious threat in India?
Answer:
Groundwater is under serious threat because of over usages. In states like Punjab and western Utter Pradesh groundwater is used on regular basis for agricultural purposes, even in urban areas or big cities dependency on groundwater is high due to higher demand for water by increasing population.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why is sustainable development important?
Answer:

Sustainable development is important because even for developed countries to maintain the current level of development or aim to do better, development needs to be sustained.
Sustaining development is possible with judicious usage of natural resources especially the non -renewable resources.
Development should not be done at the cost of environmental degradation; resources should not be overused so that future generation is able to utilize the resources for their development.
The present levels of development are not sustainable. Post industrial revolution and at the current level of industrialization, the natural resources such as fossil fuels, water, forest etc. are getting overused and misused, which is resulting into environmental degradation.
Depleting stock of non – renewable resources from the earth would hamper the chances of development for future generation.
Hence sustainable development with conservation of nature and natural resources is important.

Question 2.
What would result due to over usage of non-renewable resources?
Answer:

Non – renewable resources are resources, which cannot be replenished by nature.
Since industrial revolution non – renewable resources such as coal, crude oil and natural gas have been extensively used for development.
Countries all over the world are still dependent on fossil fuels as major sources of energy. The challenge is due to overutilization stock of resources is reducing from the earth.
Chances are our future generation may not get to use these resources at all for their development.
Though new resources can be discovered, which were not discovered earlier, but overutilization of resources will ultimately exhaust the non – renewable resources.

Question 3.
What is national development?
Answer:

National development is when a country or a nation is able to provide good quality life to its people. Every individual has different goals and aspiration.
People’s notion for national development is different. People may have different as well as conflicting notions of a country’s development.
A country can mainly develop when it is able to meet the basic requirement of its people without impacting the environment or causing environment degradation.
A country can develop not only with higher per capita income but when its people have all the basic facilities like health facilities, education facilities, security, freedom to live, clean environment and ample resources for future.

Question 4.
Compare developed and developing countries? Give example.
Answer:

Developed Countries	Developing Countries
(i) These countries have higher per capita income.	(i) They have lower but increasing per capita income.
(ii) Living standards of its people are high.	(ii) Living standards of all people are not high.
(iii) Literacy rate is high due to better educational infrastructure and facilities. Also, due to easy accessibility to education, the literacy rate of these countries is better.	(iii) Literacy rate is low due to lack of proper educational infrastructure and facilities for all. Education is not easily accessible to many.
(iv) Lower infant mortality rate and high life expectancy due to better health facilities.	(iv) High infant mortality rate and low life expectancy due to less health facilities.
(v) Developed countries are Australia, USA, Japan etc.	(v) Developing countries are India, China etc.

Question 5.
What are public facilities?
Answer:

Public facilities are facilities offered by the government for the people of the country. Better public facilities are indicators of the level of development of the country or state or a region.
Public facilities include affordable housing, education and health facilities for all, ensuring access to clean environment and safe drinking water for all preventing health hazards and spread of infectious diseases, better infrastructure for easy and affordable transport etc.
Public facilities are required for people to lead an affordable, comfortable and good quality life.
Examples of public facilities are rail services, government schools, public transport such as bus, metro etc.

Activity Based Questions

Question 1.
Compare per capita income of the city A and city B. Assuming that both cities have five people, calculate the per capita income and find out which city is better to live in? Monthly income of each person

City	1	2	3	4	5	Per capita income
A	9500	10000	9800	10200	10500
B	1000	1000	1000	1000	46,000

Answer:
Per capita income is total income divided by the population.

City	1	2	3	4	5	6
A	9500	10000	9800	10200	10500	1000
B	1000	1000	1000	1000	46,000	10000

The table shows the per capita income of both the cities (A and B) are same. The per capita income of both the cities is same. However, city A would be a better place to live in as all the people of the city earns more or less similar to the average income. But the income pattern of city B shows only one person is earning more and rest all earn very less than the average income. Hence, City A would be decent place to stay, as one can expect to earn decent income.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions Civics Chapter 7 Outcomes of Democracy

November 9, 2022June 13, 2022 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Important Questions Civics Chapter 7 Outcomes of Democracy

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
How many countries of the world today claim and practise some kind of democratic politics?
(a) Less than 25 countries
(b) More than 25 countries
(c) Less than 100 countries
(d) More than 100 countries
Answer:
(d) More than 100 countries

Question 2.
On what idea is democracy based on?
(a) Deliberation and negotiation
(b) Dictatorial rule .
(c) Corruption and inefficiency
(d) Delayed decisions and procedures
Answer:
(a) Deliberation and negotiation

Question 3.
Democracy is preferred to dictatorship everywhere except
(a) China
(b) India
(c) Pakistan
(d) Bangladesh
Answer:
(c) Pakistan

Question 4.
Which form of governance has slightly higher rate of economic growth?
(a) Monarchy
(b) Democracy
(c) Federal
(d) Dictatorship
Answer:
(d) Dictatorship

Question 5.
Name two countries where the top 20 per cent take away more than 60 per cent of the national income, leaving less than 3 per cent for the bottom
(a) Denmark and Hungary
(b) South Africa and Brazil
(c) Russia and USA
(d) United Kingdom and USA
Answer:
(b) South Africa and Brazil

Question 6.
What was the rate of economic growth of all democratic regimes from 1950 to 2000? ‘
(a) 4.42
(b) 4.28
(c) 3.95
(d) 4.34
Answer:
(c) 3.95

Question 7.
Name the country where the top 20 per cent people take away 34.4 per cent of the national income.
(a) Hungary
(b) Russia
(c) United Kingdom
(d) Denmark
Answer:
(a) Hungary

Question 8.
In which country does more than half of its population live in poverty?
(a) Bhutan
(b) China
(c) Nepal
(d) Bangladesh
Answer:
(d) Bangladesh

Question 9.
Democratics usually develop a procedure to conduct their
(a) inefficiency
(b) competition
(c) atrocities
(d) debates
Answer:
(b) competition

Question 10.
Democracy stands much superior to any other form of government in
(a) delaying decision making
(b) promoting dignity and freedom of the individual
(c) being biased towards certain communities
(d) creating conflicts between communities
Answer:
(b) promoting dignity and freedom of the individual

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Why is democracy a better form of government when compared with dictatorship or any other alternative?
Answer:
Democracy is a better form of government when compared with dictatorship or any other alternative because it:

promotes equality among citizens;
enhances the dignity of the individual;
improves the quality of decision-making;
provides a method to resolve conflicts; and
allows room to correct mistakes.

Question 2.
What should be the first thought towards the outcome of democracy?
Answer:
The first step towards thinking carefully about the outcomes of democracy is to recognise that democracy is just a form of government. It can only create conditions for achieving something. The citizens have to take advantage of those conditions and achieve those goals.

Question 3.
What should be the most basic outcome of democracy?
Answer:
The most basic outcome of democracy should be that it produces a government that is accountable to the citizens, and responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens.

Question 4.
Why are non-democratic governments quick and efficient in decision making and implementation?
Answer:
Non – democratic governments do not have to bother about deliberation in assemblies or worry about majorities and public opinion. Therefore, they can be very quick and efficient in decision making and implementation.

Question 5.
When do democratic governments not have a good record?
Answer:
Democratic governments do not have a good record when it comes to sharing information with citizens.

Question 6.
Why is there an overwhelming support for democratic government?
Answer:
There is an overwhelming support for democratic government because it is a legitimate government. A democratic government is people’s own government. People wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them.

Question 7.
What does democracy fall behind in when compared with dictatorship?
Answer:
When compared with dictatorship, democracy falls short in economic growth. Dictatorships have slightly higher rate of economic growth.

Question 8.
What is one definite plus point of democratic regimes?
Answer:
Democratic regimes have the ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts.

Question 9.
How does democracy stand much superior to any other form of government?
Answer:
Democracy stands much superior to any other form of government in promoting dignity and freedom of the individual.

Question 10.
What is the most distinctive feature of democracy?
Answer:
The most distinctive feature of democracy is that its examination never gets over. As democracy passes one test, it produces another test. As people get some benefits of democracy, they ask for more and want to make democracy even better.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the common features of democracy? How are democracies, different from each other?
Answer:

Over a hundred countries of the world today claim and practise some kind of democratic politics.
They have formal constitutions, they hold elections, they have parties and they guarantee rights of citizens.
These democracies are very much different from each other in terms of their social situations, their economic achievements and their cultures. What may be achieved and not achieved under each of these democracies will be very different.

Question 2.
How is a democratic government transparent?
Answer:

In a democracy, if a citizen wants to know whether a decision was taken through the correct procedures, one can find this out.
One has the right and the means to examine the process of decision making. This is known as transparency.
Democratic government develops mechanisms for citizens to hold the government accountable and mechanisms for citizens to take part in decision making whenever they think fit.

Question 3.
Why is democracy a legitimate government?
Answer:

Democratic government may be slow, less efficient, not always responsive or clean. But a democratic government is people’s own government. That is why it is a legitimate government.
There is an overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all over the world. Support exists for democracy in countries with democratic regimes as well as countries without democratic regimes.
People wish to be ruled by the representatives elected by them.

Question 4.
Why do economic developments of a democratic country worry us?
Answer:

When we consider all democracies and dictatorships for all the fifty years between 1950 and 2000, dictatorships have slightly higher rate of economic growth.
The inability of democracy to achieve higher economic development worries people.
This alone cannot be the reason to reject democracy.
Economic development depends on several factors, such as country’s population, size, global economic priorities adopted by the country etc.
The difference in rates of economic development between less developed countries with dictatorships and democracies is negligible.

Question 5.
Democracies do not appear to be very successful in reducing economic inequalities. Discuss.
Answer:

The poor constitute a large proportion of voters and no party would like to lose their votes. Yet democratically elected governments do not appear to be as keen to address the question of poverty as one would expect them to.
The situation is worse in certain countries. In Bangladesh, more than half of its population lives in poverty.
People in several poor countries are now dependent on the rich countries even for food supplies.

Question 6.
How does democracy stand much superior to any other form of 1 government in promoting dignity and freedom of the individual?
Answer:

Every individual wants to receive respect from fellow beings. Often conflicts arise among individuals because some feel that they are not treated with due respect.
The passion for respect and freedom is the basis of democracy. Democracies throughout the world have recognised this, at least in principle. This has been achieved in various degrees in various democracies.
For example, long struggles by women have created sensitivity today that respect to and equal treatment of women are necessary ingredients of a democratic society.

Question 7.
Some delay is bound to happen in decision making and implementation in a democracy. Explain this in terms of costs.
Answer:
Decision making and implementation in a democracy.

Non – democratic rulers do not have to bother about deliberation in assemblies or worry about majorities and public opinion. Therefore, they can be quick and efficient in decision making and implementation.
The decisions may not be accepted by people and therefore face problems. Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation. Hence, it will take more time to follow procedures before arriving at a decision.
Because it has followed procedures, its decisions will not only be acceptable to the people and effective, but the cost of time that democracy pays will be worth it.

Question 8.
Write reasons why a democratic government is preferred to other forms of governments.
Answer:

Democracy promotes equality among its citizens. It enhances the dignity of the individual and people are free to make decisions.
In a democracy conflicts are solved amicably and there is room to correct mistakes.
These are the reasons why a democracy is preferred to other forms of governments.

Question 9.
Mention a few factors that determine the economic growth of a country.
Answer:
The factors that determine the economic growth of a country are:

Population
Size
Natural resources
Relationship with other countries
Global situation
Geographic position
Economic policies of the government.

Question 10.
What is the political outcome of democracy?
Answer:

Political outcome of democracy can be seen in the form decentralisation of powers. It is expected from the democracies that power should be decentralised and be divided from higher levels to lower levels.
Powers in India are divided from central government till local bodies.
In a democracy, there should be a retirement age for the politicians so that young individuals can come forward and take charge of the country.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
The prime duty of any democratic governfnent is to reduce inequality in wealth among its citizens and eliminate poverty. Discuss.
Answer:

The development strategies of a democracy should always work towards •the goaf of reducing the gap between the rich and the poor.
Economic growth should ensure that wealth is distributed in such a way that all citizens of the country will have a share and lead a better life.
In a democracy it is possible to provide equal opportunity to all the citizens to prosper because democracies are based on political equality as all individuals have equal right in electing their representatives. In practise we find that democracies have not been able to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor.
In most democracies a small number of rich enjoy a highly disproportionate share of wealth while the poor find it difficult to meet the basic needs of life, such as food, clothing, house, education and health.
It is the duty of a democratic country to lift the poor from the clutches of poverty, for all citizens have equal rights in a democracy.
Programmes, for the upliftment of the poor are necessary. Free education, free healthcare is very necessary in poor democracies.
India is implementing many schemes for the upliftment of the poor. The gap between the poor and the rich is slowly becoming narrower in India.

Question 2.
Wat are the two conditions that a democracy must fulfil to accommodate social diversities in a community?
Answer:
Two conditions that a democracy must fulfil to accommodate social diversities in a community are:

The majority always need to work with the minority so that governments function to represent the general view. Majority and minority opinions are not permanent.
Rule by majority does not become rule by majority community in terms of religion or race or linguistic group, etc. Rule by majority means that in case of every decision or in case of every election, different persons and groups may and can form a majority. Democracy remains democracy only as long as every citizen has a chance of being in majority at some point of time.

Question 3.
Does a democratic government respect the dignity of women?
Answer:

Yes, democratic governments respect the dignity of women. Long struggles by women have created some sensitivity today that respect to and equal treatment of women are necessary ingredients of a democratic society.
It does not mean that women are actually always treated with respect but once the principle is recognised, it becomes easier for women to wage a struggle against what is unacceptable legally and morally.
In a non – democratic regime, this unacceptability would not have legal basis because the principle of individual freedom and dignity would not have legal and moral force.

Question 4.
The fact that people are complaining in a democracy is itself a testimony to the success of democracy. Give reasons in support of your answer.
Answer:

Complaints from people about the government in a democracy shows that democracy is a success in that nation as it shows that people have developed awareness and the ability to expect and look critically at people in power, and the high and mighty.
A public expression of dissatisfaction with democracy shows the success of the democratic country. It transforms people from the status of a subject into that of a citizen.
People believe that they can make a difference with their votes about the way a government is supposed to run.

Question 5.
Distinguish between democratic government and non-democratic government.

Democratic Government	Non – democratic Government
(i) Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation.	(i) Non – democratic rulers do not have to bother about deliberation in assemblies or worry about majorities and public opinion.
(ii) Opinions of the people are considered. Hence, decision making and implementation takes time.	(ii) Opinions of the people are not considered. Therefore, decisions are taken quickly and efficiently.
(iii) It is a transparent government. There are mechanisms for citizens to hold the government accountable for its action.	(iii) There is no transparency in non-democratic governments.
(iv) Democratic governments are legitimate. People are ruled by representatives elected by them.	(iv) In non – democratic governments people are ruled entirely by the rulers of the nation and the citizens have no say in it.
(v) Economic growth and development is little slow.	(v) Dictatorships have slightly higher rate of economic growth.
(vi) Democracies usually develop a procedure to resolve conflicts among different groups.	(vi) Non – democratic regimes do not pay attention to internal social differences or suppress it.
(vii) Democracy stands much superior to any other form of government in promoting dignity and freedom of the individual.	(vii) In non – democratic governments, the principle of individual freedom and dignity does not have legal and moral force.

Activity Based Questions

Question 1.
Divide the class into two groups and organise a debate on ‘Are democratic governments more successful or Communist regimes’?
Hints:

List a few countries following democratic regime and communist regime.
Compare the advantages of democratic governments and communist governments in those nations.
Discuss the history of democratic nations and communist nations and the struggle they had to go through.
Analyse which type of government was more successful in overcoming the challenges faced by them.
Let the moderator decide the pros and cons of having both the regimes.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 7 Outcomes of Democracy

June 14, 2022June 13, 2022 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 7 Outcomes of Democracy

JAC Class 10th Civics Outcomes of Democracy InText Questions and Answers

Page 91

Question 1.
Can you think of what and how the government knows about you and your family (for example ration cards and voter identity cards)? What are the sources of information for you about the government?
Answer:
The government comes to know about us and our family through:

Census: Every ten years, the government conducts census. The surveyors visit homes to know the age sex, family background, professional background, and home town of residents. These details are analysed and published in general in Census reports.
The government maintains records of birth death and marriage through registrations. We come to know about the policies and programmes of the government through various political parties, Right to Information (RTI) Act, and various governmental department websites.

Page 93

Question 2.
The cartoon on this page and next three pages tell us about the disparities between the rich and poor. Should the gains of economic growth be evenly distributed? How can the poor get a voice for a better share in a nation? What can the poor countries do to receive a greater share in the world’s wealth?
Answer:
Yes, the gains of economic growth should be evenly distributed. Pressure groups or welfare organisations may be formed so that the poor can voice their grievances and opinions to the government. They may write down their suggestions in a letter, do a signature campaign and submit the letter to the Prime Minister for action. They may also form small action groups to utilise their talents and put them to use.

Page 94

Question 3.
What would be your verdict on democracy if you had to base it purely on economic performance of democratic regimes in terms of growth and equal distribution?
Answer:
As seen in Table 1, the growth rate of all democratic regimes has been 3.95 percent while it has been 4.42 percent for all dictatorial regimes for the last 50 years. The dictatorial nations have performed better in terms of economic growth as compared to democratic regimes. However, when we look at the economic growth of poor countries under dictatorship (4.34 percent) and poor countries under democracy (4.28 percent), the difference is negligible. In Table 2, with regards to distribution of national income, in most countries, the top 20 percent of the population fetch more than 50 percent of national income while bottom 20 percent get less than 10 percent of the share in national income. This reflects unequal distribution of national income.

Page 95

Question 4.
Democracy is a rule of the majority. The poor are in majority. So democracy must be a rule of the poor. How can this not be the case?
Answer:
Yes, the poor are in a majority. But rule by majority does not become rule by majority community in terms of religion or race or linguistic group, etc. Rule by majority means that in case of every decision or in case of every election, different persons and groups may and can form a majority. Therefore, it cannot be rule of poor people always as it will cause a division in the society. Democracy remains democracy only as long as every citizen has a chance of being in majority at some point of time.

Page 96

Question 5.
All you are saying is that democracy ensures that people do not break each other’s head. This is not harmony. Should we be happy about it?
Answer:
No society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups. But one can certainly learn to respect these differences and also evolve mechanisms to negotiate the differences. Democracy is best suited to produce this outcome. Democracy stands as much superior to any other form of government in promoting dignity and freedom of the individual.

Page 97

Question 6.
The two images depict two different kinds of effects democratic politics can have on social divisions. Take one example for each image and write a paragraph each on the outcome of democratic politics in both situations.

Answer:
The first image reflects how democratic politics can create a division in the society on the basis of caste, race, religion, etc. It can cause differences amongst people in the society and lead to conflicts. This is not healthy for democracy. The second image reflects that in a democracy, differences can be resolved without conflicts when majority works along with the minority. Rule by majority means in case of every election, different persons and groups may and can form a majority. Democracy remains a democracy only as long as every citizen has a chance of being in a majority at some point of time.

Page 98

Question 7.
Rosa Parks Still Inspires The above cartoon and graph illustrate a point made in this section (Dignity and freedom of the citizens). Underline the sentences from this section which connect to the cartoon or graph.
Answer:
Rosa Parks was an American activist in the civil rights movement in the United States. She refused to vacate her seat in the bus in the ‘coloured section’ to a White passenger, after the Whites – only section was filled. This cartoon reflects the’ discrimination faced by people on the basis of colour, race, caste, etc. Every nation had to struggle for equal rights and equal opportunities.

JAC Class 10th Civics Outcomes of Democracy Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate government?
Answer:
Democracy produces an accountable, responsive and legitimate government:
(i) Accountable government:
The most basic outcome of democracy is that it produces a government that is accountable to the citizens, and responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens.

(ii) Responsive government:
Democratic government develops mechanisms for citizens to hold the government accountable and mechanisms for citizens to take part in decision making whenever they think fit. A citizen has the right and the means to examine the process of decision making. This is known as transparency. This factor is often missing from a non – democratic government.

(iii) Legitimate government:
Democratic government is a legitimate government. It may be slow, less efficient, not always responsive or clean. But a democratic government is people’s own government. That is why there is an overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all over the world. People wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them.

Question 2.
What are the conditions under which democracies accommodate social diversities?
Answer:
Democracies always try to accommodate social diversities.
(i) Democracies usually develop a procedure to conduct their competition. This reduces the possibility of tensions becoming explosive or violent. Democracies accommodate various social divisions. For example, Belgium recognised the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities. It made several adjustments in its constitution to include equal number of Dutch and French speaking ministers in the central government.

(ii) One should learn to respect the differences among various groups and evolve mechanisms to negotiate the differences. Democracy is best suited to produce this outcome. Ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts is a plus point of democratic regimes. Democracy must fulfil two conditions in order to achieve this outcome:

The majority always need to work with the minority so that governments function to represent the general view.
Rule by majority does not become rule by majority community in terms of religion or raceor linguistic group, etc. Rule by majority means that in case of every decision or in case of every election, different persons and groups may and can form a majority. Democracy remains a democracy only as long as every citizen has a chance of being in majority at some point of time.

Question 3.
Give arguments to support or oppose the following assertions:
(a) Industrialised countries can afford democracy but the poor need dictatorship to become rich.
(b) Democracy can’t reduce inequality of incomes between different citizens.
(c) Government in poor countries should spend less on poverty reduction, health, education and spend more on industries and infrastructure.
(d) In democracy all citizens have one vote, which means that there is absence of any domination and conflict.
Answer:
(a) In opposition to this statement:
It is not true that industrialised countries can afford democracy but the poor need dictatorship to become rich. Democracy is the preferred form of governance these days. It is a better form of government when compared with dictatorship or any other alternatives. India became independent in 1947 and was included in Third World countries. Now it is one of the fastest economies. Under Robert Mugabe’s authoritarian regime from 1987 to 2017, there was widespread human rights violation.

(b) In opposition to this statement:
It is not true that democracies cannot reduce inequalities of income between different citizens. The Minimum Wages Act enacted by the government takes care of the small farmers and small industrialists. Several schemes have been introduced by the government such as Jawahar Rojgar Yojna, Integrated Rural Development Program, Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya, Livestock Insurance Scheme, etc.

(c) In opposition to this statement:
In a developing country like India, it is not possible for the government to spend less on poverty reduction, health and education, and spend more on industries and infrastructure. The poor and weaker class need support of the government for basic facilities and it is the responsibility of a democratic government to try to bring about equality in the society through providing services and subsidies for the economically weaker section.

(d) In support of this statement:
Universal Adult Franchise is followed in democracies where each adult citizen gets the right to cast one vote. Though there may be conflicts and differences between various groups and political parties, these are resolved in a constitutional manner.

Question 4.
Identify the challenges to democracy in the following descriptions. Also suggest policy/institutional mechanism to deepen democracy in the given situations:
(a) Following a High Court directive a temple in Orissa that had separate entry doors for dalits and non – dalits allowed entry for all from the same door.
(b) A large number of farmers are committing suicide in different States of India.
(c) Following allegation of killing of Three civilians in Gandwara in a fake encounter by Jammu and Kashmir police, an enquiry has been ordered.
Answer:
(a) A democracy faces several challenges. The challenges of inequality and untouchability have been identified here. There are many divisions in the society. There are ways to deal with such issues. In this case the High Court took action and allowed the dalits and non – dalits to enter from the same door. To deepen democracy, there should be laws instated in the Constitution of India banning discrimination on the basis of caste, religion or any other factors.

(b) The challenges of poverty are being highlighted here. The government should bring out schemes and programmes for the support of farmers. They should be given seeds, fertilisers, pesticides at subsidised rates. The farmers should be given loans at low interest rates.

(c) This issue reflects the challenges of dignity and freedom of citizens, trust of the people in the government and challenges of corruption. There should be transparency in the working of the various government departments, including the police department. There should be a stringent action against such issues and peace should be restored in the State.

Question 5.
In the context of democracies, which of the following ideas is correct – democracies have successfully eliminated:
(a) conflicts among people.
(b) economic inequalities among people.
(c) differences of opinion about how marginalised sections are to be treated.
(d) the idea of political inequality.
Answer:
(d) the idea of political inequality.

Question 6.
In the context of assessing democracy which among the following is odd one out. Democracies need to ensure:
(a) free and fair elections
(b) dignity of the individual
(c) majority rule
(d) equal treatment before law
Answer:
Democracies need to ensure all the above. It needs to hold free and fair elections, promote the dignity of the individual, ensure majority rule and provide equal treatment before law.

Question 7.
Studies on political and social inequalities in democracy show that
(a) democracy and development go together.
(b) inequalities exist in democracies.
(c) inequalities do not exist under dictatorship.
(d) dictatorship is better than democracy.
Answer:
(b) inequalities exist in democracies.

Question 8.
Read the passage below:
Nannu is a daily wage earner. He lives in Welcome Mazdoor Colony, a slum habitation in East Delhi. He lost his ration card and applied for a duplicate one in January 2004. He made several rounds to the local Food & Civil Supplies office for the next three months. But the clerks and officials would not even look at him, leave alone do his job or bother to tell him the status of his application. Ultimately, he filed an application under the Right to Information Act asking for the daily progress made on his application, names of the officials, who were supposed to act on his application and what action would be taken against these officials for their inaction. Within a week of filing application under the Right to Information Act, he was visited by an inspector from the Food Department, who informed him that the card had been made and he could collect it from the office.

When Nannu went tocollect his card next day, he was given a very warm treatment by the Food & Supply Officer (FSO), who is the head of a Circle. The FSO offered him tea and requested him to withdraw his application under the Right to Information Act, since his work had already been done. What does Nannu’s example show? What impact did Nannu’s action have on officials? Ask your parents their experiences when they approach government officials to attend their problems.
Answer:
This example shows that the government officials in certain departments are very relaxed and not proactive to the needs and requirements of the people. The government officials have realised that there are laws which the citizens can use for taking action against people or departments for non-performance or non – functioning. The officials need to perform their duty. The Right to Information Act has been of great help to the people.

The citizens are aware of various laws and can pressurise the officials and take action against them. The government health departments are also sometimes very relaxed. The doctors are often not regular in their duties. They usually get occupied in administrative work and do not look after their patients. Sometimes strict action needs to be taken to wake up the officials and get them into action.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions Civics Chapter 8 Challenges to Democracy

November 9, 2022June 13, 2022 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Important Questions Civics Chapter 8 Challenges to Democracy

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Which one of the following statements is true?
(a) The promise of democracy is far from being realised anywhere in the world.
(b) Democracy is better than any other form of government.
(c) Democracy faces many challenges.
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(c) Democracy faces many challenges.

Question 2.
What is not true regarding a challenge?
(a) Any sort of problem or difficulty is called a challenge
(b) A challenge is a difficulty which is significant and which can be overcome.
(c) A challenge is a difficulty that carries within it an opportunity for progress.
(d) Once we overcome a challenge, we go up to a higher level than before.
Answer:
(a) Any sort of problem or difficulty is called a challenge

Question 3.
Which one of the following countries is facing the foundational challenge of democracy?
(a) Ghana
(b) China
(c) Myanmar
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 4.
Which one of the following countries is facing the challenge of expansion of democracy?
(a) India
(b) US
(c) Sri Lanka
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 5.
Democracy in Nepal is facing which type of problem?
(a) Challenge of expansion
(b) Challenge of deepening of democracy
(c) Foundational challenge of democracy
(d) None of these
Answer:
(d) None of these

Question 6.
How many parts of the globe is not under democratic government?
(a) One – sixth
(b) One – fourth
(c) One – third
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) One – fourth

Question 7.
Which of the following statements is/are correct in the context of the foundational challenge of democracy?
(a) Making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic government.
(b) This involves bringing down the existing non-democratic regime and keeping military away from controlling the government.
(c) Establishing a sovereign and functional state
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

Question 8.
What is the tempting way of reforming politics?
(a) Legal ways
(b) Illegal ways
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) Legal ways

Question 9.
Which type of challenge is being faced by most of the democracies of the world?
(a) Foundational challenge
(b) Challenge of expansion
(c) Challenge of deepening of democracy
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Challenge of expansion

Question 10.
Which one of the following is not true regarding ‘Democratic Reforms’?
(a) Legal measures can sometimes prove to be counter-productive.
(b) The media should play an active role.
(c) Legal measures always help in reforming politics.
(d) Political empowerment and participation of citizens can help.
Answer:
(c) Legal measures always help in reforming politics.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1
Define challenge.
Answer:
A challenge is not just any problem. We usually call only those difficulties a ‘challenge’ which are significant and which can be overcome. A challenge is a difficulty that carries within it an opportunity for progress. Once we overcome a challenge we go up to a higher level than before.

Question 2.
Mention the three main challenges faced by a democracy.
Answer:
The three main challenges are the foundational challenge, the challenge of expansion and the challenge of deepening democracy.

Question 3.
What is the foundational challenge of democracy?
Answer:
The foundational challenges of democracy are bringing down the existing non – democratic regime, keeping military away from controlling government and establishing a sovereign and functional state.

Question 4.
How is challenge of ‘deepening of democracy’ faced by democracies?
Answer:
This involves straightening of the institutions and practices of democracy. This should happen in such a manner that people can realise their expectations of democracy.

Question 5.
Give importance of a law in forms of democracy.
Answer:
‘The Right to Information’ Act is a law that empowers the people to find out what is happening in government and act as watch dog of democracy.

Question 6.
How do we define a true democracy?
Answer:

The rulers elected by the people must take all the major decision.
Elections must offer a choice and fair opportunity to the people to change the current rulers.

Question 7.
What are the basic rights of citizens for exercising voting rights?
Answer:

The rulers elected by the people must take all the major decisions.
Elections must offer a choice and fair opportunity to the people to change the current rulers.
The choice and opportunity should be available to all the people on an equal basis.
The exercise of this choice must lead to a government limited by basic rules of the constitution and citizens rights.

Question 8.
What kind of challenge is facing by one – fourth countries of the world?
Answer:
One – fourth countries of the world are facing the foundational challenge of democracy.

Question 9.
What are reforms?
Answer:
The suggestions or proposals about overcoming various challenges to democracy are called ‘democracy reform’ or ‘political reforms’.

Question 10.
Which law empowers the people to act as watch dogs of the government in a democracy?
Answer:
Right to Information Act is the law that empowers the people to act as watch dogs of the government in a democracy.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 6 Political Parties

June 14, 2022June 10, 2022 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 6 Political Parties

JAC Class 10th Civics Political Parties InText Questions and Answers

Page 74

Question 1.
Okay, granted that we can’t live without political parties. But tell me on what grounds do people support a political party?
Answer:
There is nothing wrong with any of the political parties. It is we people who have power in a democracy. So, if we are right in our thought and action, the parties will have to work accordingly. They simply represent what we are. They also come from our society. We have ballots in our hands which give them life.

Question 2.
The inspiration behind the following imaginary narrative is Shri Kishen Patnaik (1930-2004), also known as Kishenji. He was elected as a Member of Parliament from Sambalpur, Odisha in 1962. What did Kishenji mean by an alternative political formation? The question came up in a conversation between Sudha, Koruna, Shaheen and Gracy. All four women had led very powerful people sovements in different parts of the country. They were meeting in a village in Odisha, away from their day-to-day struggles, to think afresh the future ofpeople s movements.

The discussion naturally turned to Kishenji, who was regarded as a friend, political philosopher and moral guide by all the movement groups in the country. He had argued that people’s movements should embrace politics openly. His argument was simple yet powerful. Movements focused on a single issue are suitable as long as we wish to achieve limited changes in a articular aspect of life. But if we wish to bring about a fundamental social transformation, or basic change even in one aspect of life, we would need a political organisation. People s movement must establish a new political formation to act as a moral force in politics.

This was an urgent task, he said, because all the existing political parties had become irrelevant for social transformation. “But Kishenji never clarified what that organisation will be. He talked of an alternative political formation or a third force in politics.But did he mean a political party?” said Gracy. She felt that an old style political party mas not the right instrument for social change. Sudha agreed with her. “I have thought about it several times. I agree that all the struggles that we are involved with – the struggle against displacement, against globalisation, against caste and gender oppression and for an alternative kind of development – all this is political. But the moment we form a party, all the goodwill we have earned all these years will be lost. People will think of us as no different from other politicians. “Besides”, added Karuna, we have seen that a lot can be achieved by putting pressure on the existing political parties.

We tried putting up candidates in panchayat elections, but the results were not very encouraging. People respect our work, they even adore us, but when it comes to voting they go for the established political parties. Shaheen did not agree with them Let us be very clear. Kishenji wanted all the people’s movements to forge a new political party. Of course he wanted this party to be a different kind of a party. He was not for political alternatives, but for an alternative kind of politics.” Kishenji is no more. What would be your advice to these four activists? Should they form a new political party? Can a political party become a moral force in politics? What should that party be like?
Answer:

We would not advice the four activists to form a new political party. But to launch a popular movement in order to bring about a fundamental social transformation.
Yes, political party can become a moral force if it is based on popular participation and the fundamental principles of social transformation.
As Kishenji believed in the different kind of a party based on, to provide alternative kind of politics, so the political party should be in the form of a healthy pressure group. The party must launch a new political movement to establish a new political formation to act as a moral force in politics.

Page 77

Question 3.
Let us apply what we have learnt about party systems to the various States within India. Here are three major types of party systems that exist at the State level. Can you find the names of at least two States for each of these types:
(a) Two – party system
(b) Multi – party system with two alliances
(c) Multi – party system
Answer:
(a) Two – party system: Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh.
(b) Multi – party system with two alliances: Maharashtra, Jammu & Kashmir.
(c) Multi – party system: Bihar, Uttar Pradpsh.

Page 83

Question 4.
Why don’t parties give enough tickets to women? Is that also due to lack of internal democracy?
Answer:

In patriarchal Indian society, men always tend to use authority in politics. If the parties give tickets to women, steadily the power will go into their hands, which the Indian mentality is still not ready to accept.
Yes, this is an example of lack of internal democracy. At least one-third of the seats, for which the party is contesting, should be allocated to the women.

Page 85

Question 5.
Can you identify which of the challenges described in this section are being highlighted in these cartoons (on page 83 to 85). What are the ways to curb the misuse of money and muscle power in politics?

Answer:
The cartoons highlight the challenge of the frequent use of money and muscle power in politics shown by the political parties.

Page 86

Question 6.
Do you agree that this form of reforming political parties will be acceptable to them?
Answer:
We hope so because this is good not only for them but also for the democracy. They all are meant for strengthening democracy. They also feel the need for reformation. A fair politics will be appreciated by all the parties.

JAC Class 10th Civics Political Parties Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
State the various functions political parties perform in a democracy.
Answer:
Following are the major functions performed by the political parties:
(i) Parties contest elections:
In most democracies, elections are fought mainly among the candidates put up by political parties. Parties select their candidates in different ways.

(ii) Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from them. Each of us may have different opinions and views on what policies are suitable for the society. But no government can handle such a large variety of views. In a democracy a large number of similar opinions have to be grouped together to provide a direction in which policies can be formulated by the governments.

(iii) Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country. Laws are debated and passed in the legislature. But since most of the members belong to a party, they go by direction of the party leadership irrespective of their personal opinions.

(iv) Parties form and run governments:
The big policy decisions are taken by the political executives who come from the political parties.

(v) Parties select leaders, train them and then make them ministers to run the government in the way they want.

(vi) Those parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition to the parties in power, by voicing different views and criticising government for its failures or wrong policies. Opposition parties also mobilise opposition to the government.

(vii) Parties shape public opinion:
They raise and highlight issues. Parties have lakhs of members and activists spread all over the country. Many of the pressure groups are the extensions of political parties among different sections of society. Parties sometimes also launch movements for solving of problems faced by the people. Often opinions in the society crystallise on the lines parties take.

(viii) Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes implemented by governments. For an ordinary citizen it is easy to approach a local party leader than a government officer. That is why they feel close to parties even when they do not fully trust them.

Question 2.
What are the various challenges faced by joiiticai parties?
Answer:
The various challenges faced by the political parties are:
(i) Lack of internal democracy within parties. All over the world there is a tendency in the political parties towards the concentration of power in one or few leaders at the top.

(ii) Dynastic succession is related to the first one. Since most political parties do not practise open and transparent procedures for their functioning, there are very few ways for an ordinary worker to rise to the top in a party. This keeps the parties deprived of apt leadership.

(iii) Growing role of money and muscle power in parties, especially during elections. Since parties are focussed only on winning elections, they tend to use short-cuts to win elections. They tend to nominate those candidates who have or can raise lots of money.

(iv) Parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters: In order to offer a meaningful choice, parties must be significantly different. In recent years there has been a decline in the ideological differences among the parties in most parts of the world.

Question 3.
Suggest some reforms to strengthen parties so that they perform their functions well.
Answer:
Many suggestions are often made to reform political parties:

Laws should be made to regulate the internal affairs of parties. They should follow their constitution.
They should have one – third seats reserved for women candidates at every level in the organization.
There should be a State funding of elections.
The people should put pressure on political parties through petitions, publicity and agitations.
Parties can improve if those who are interested also join the political parties.

Question 4.
What is a political party?
Answer:
A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. They agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote the collective good.

Question 5.
What are the characteristics of a political party?
Answer:
Following are the characteristics of a political party:

It is a group of people coming together to contest elections and share power.
It agrees on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote collective good.
It seeks to implement these policies by winning popular support through.
It reflects a fundamental political division of the society.
It is known by which part it stands for which policies it supports and whose interest it upholds.

Question 6.
A group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government is called a …………
Answer:
Political Party

Question 7.
Match List 1 (organizations and struggles) with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:

List – I	List – II
1. Congress Party	A. National Democratic Alliance
2. Bharatiya – Janata Party	B. State Party
3. Communist Party of India (Marxist)	C. United Progressive Alliance
4. Telugu Desam Party	D. Left Front

	1	2	3	4
(a)	C	A	B	D
(b)	C	D	A	B
(c)	C	A	D	B
(d)	D	C	A	B

Answer:
(c) C,A,D and B

Question 8.
Who among the following is the founder of the Bahujan Samaj Party?
(a) Kanshi Ram
(b) Sahu Maharaj
(c) B. R. Ambedkar
(d) Jyotiba Phule
Answer:
(a) Kanshi Ram

Question 9.
What is the guiding philosophy of the Bhartiya Janata Party?
(a) Bahujan samaj
(b) Revolutionary democracy
(c) Integral humanism
(d) Modernity
Answer:
(b) Revolutionary democracy

Question 10.
Consider the following statements on parties:
A. Political parties do not enjoy much trust among the people.
B. Parties are often rocked by scandals involving top party leaders.
C. Parties are not necessary to run governments.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) A, B and C
(b) A and B
(c) B and C
(d) A and C
Answer:
(b) A and B

Question 11.
Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:
Muhammad Yunus is a famous economist of Bangladesh. He received several international honours for his efforts to promote economic and social development for the benefit of the poor. He and the Grameen Bank he started jointly, received the Nobel Peace Prize for the year 2006. In February 2007, he decided to launch a political party and contest in theparliamentary elections. His objective was to foster proper leadership, good governance and build a new Bangladesh. He felt that only a political party different from the traditional ones would bring about new political culture. His party would be democratic from the grassroots level.

The launching of the new party, called Nagarik Shakti (Citizen’s Power) has caused stir among the Bangladeshis. While many welcomed his decision, some did not like it. “Now I think Bangladesh will have a chance to choose between good and, bad and eventually have a good government, ” said Shahedul Islam, a government official. “That government, we hope, would not only keep itself away from corruption but also make fighting corruption and lack money a top priority. ” But leaders of traditional political parties who dominated the country s politics for decades were apprehensive. “There was no debate (over him) winning the Nobel, but politics is different – very challenging and often controversial, ” said a senior leader of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party.

Some others were highly critical. They asked why he was rushing politics. “Is he being planted in politics by mentors from outside the country, ” asked one political observer. Do you think Yunus made a right decision to float a new political party? Do you agree with the statements and fears expressed by various people? How do you want this new party organised to make it different from other parties? If you were the one to begin this political party how would you defend it?
Answer:

(i) Yes, Yunus’s decision to float a new political party is right and appreciable.

(ii) I agree with the statement of the government official, Shahedul Islam that the launch of this new party may change the political culture of the country. But I don’t agree with the fear of the senior leader of Bangladesh Nationalist Party.

(iii) (1) It should be democratic from very grassroots level.

(2) It should have equal place for rich and poor, men and women, educated and non- educated, rural and urban people without any discrimination.

(3) It should draft policies which keep the society integrated and take the country towards development.

(iv) (1) The floating of such a party is necessary because the existing parties have moved away from carrying their democratic responsibilities.

(2) Instead of strengthening democracy, they are just taking it as a means to amass wealth.

(3) This party is being launched to foster proper leadership, good governance and build a new Bangladesh.

(4) It is going to bring about a totally new political culture, more democratic and more transparent.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions Civics Chapter 6 Political Parties

November 9, 2022June 10, 2022 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Important Questions Civics Chapter 6 Political Parties

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
What is the name of the alliance that formed the government in 1998 in India?
(a) National Democratic Alliance
(b) United Progressive Alliance
(c) National Progressive Alliance
(d) United Democratic Alliance
Answer:
(a) National Democratic Alliance

Question 2.
Which of these is not a good option for a democratic state?
(a) One – party system
(b) Two – party system
(c) Multi – party system
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) One – party system

Question 3.
Political parties exercise power through which of these functions?
(a) Parties contest elections
(b) They play a decisive role in making laws for a country
(c) They form and run governments
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Question 4.
Who chooses the candidates for contesting elections in India?
(a) Members and supporters of the party
(b) Top party leadership
(c) The existing government
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Top party leadership

Question 5.
When was the Communist Party of India- Marxist (CPI-M) formed?
(a) 1956
(b) 1986
(c) 1946
(d) 1964
Answer:
(d) 1964

Question 6.
Which of these statements is incorrect about CPI (M)?
(a) Supports socialism secularism and democracy
(b) Opposes imperialism and communalism
(c) Wants to secure socio – economic justice in India
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(d) None of the above

Question 7.
In which of these states does the CPI (M) enjoy strong support?
(a) Uttar Pradesh
(b) Andhra Pradesh
(c) West Bengal
(d) Chhattisgarh
Answer:
(c) West Bengal

Question 8.
What is a signed document submitted to an officer regarding her personal information?
(a) Affidavit
(b) Declaration
(c) Agreement
(d) Appeal
Answer:
(a) Affidavit

Question 9.
Which of these statements is correct?
(a) Every party in the country has to register with the Election Commission
(b) The Commission treats all the parties equally
(c) It offers some special facilities to large and established parties
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

Question 10.
How many parties are registered with the Election Commission of India?
(a) 250
(b) 300
(c) 500
(d) More than 750
Answer:
(d) More than 750

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Mention the three components of a political party.
Answer:
A political party has three components – the leaders, the active members and the followers.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Partisan?
Answer:
Partisan is a person who is strongly committed to a party, group or faction. Partisanship is marked by a tendency to take a side and inability to take a balanced view on an issue.

Question 3.
Explain the term Ruling Party.
Answer:
The party which wins the election with majority and runs government is called a Ruling Party.

Question 4.
What is meant by multi – party system?
Answer:
If several parties compete for power and more than two parties have a reasonable chance of coming to power either on their own strength or in alliance with others we call it a multi – party system.

Question 5.
Define opposition.
Answer:
The party that forms part of a legislature but is not in the Government is known as opposition party. Its main function is to check the activities of the Government.

Question 6.
What is Defection?
Answer:
Changing party allegiance from the party on which a person got elected (to a legislative body) to a different party is known as Defection.

Question 7.
What is Affidavit?
Answer:
Affidavit is a signed document submitted to an office where a person makes a sworn statement regarding her personal information.

Question 8.
Define Election Commission.
Answer:
It is an independent multi – member body which is constituted for the superintendence, direction and conduct of elections.

Question 9.
What is meant by alliance?
Answer:
When several parties in a multi – party system join hands for the purpose of contesting elections and winning power, it is called an alliance or a front.

Question 10.
Write any one challenge to political parties in India.
Answer:
Challenge of growing role of money and muscle power in parties, especially, during elections.

Question 11.
How many parties are registered with the Election Commission of India?
Answer:
There are over 750 political parties registered with the Election Commission of India.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why do we need political parties? Explain.
Answer:
We need political parties for the following reasons:

They put forward different policies and programmes before the people.
They play a decisive role in making laws for a country.
They form and run the government.
They play the role of opposition to the parties in power.
They shape public opinion. They raise and highlight the issue of utmost importance.
They provide people access to government-run machinery and welfare schemes.

Question 2.
What is the criteria set by the Election Commission of India for political parties?
Answer:
The Election Commission of India has set certain criteria for political parties:

National parties must secure at least 6% of the vote in the Lok Sabha elections or 6% of the vote in the election to at least 4 different State assemblies. They must win at least 4 seats in the Lok Sabha.
State parties must secure at least 6% of the vote in an assembly election. They must win at least two seats in the assembly election.

Question 3.
What is meant by a national political party? State the conditions required to be a national political party.
Answer:
The conditions required to be a national political party:

A national political party is a party that is present in several or all units of the federation. In other words, it is a country wide party.
It has its units in various states. By and large all these units follow the same policies.
The following are the conditions required for a party to become a national party:
A party has to secure at least six per cent of total votes polled in the Lok Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four States.
It has to win at least four seats in the Lok Sabha to be recognized as a national party.

Question 4.
What is meant by a regional party? State the conditions required to be recognized as a regional political party.
Answer:
The conditions required to be recognized as a regional political party:

A regional party also called a State party is a political party which takes care of regional concerns and State’s interests only.
It happens to have succeeded only in some States’ units of the federation. The following are the conditions required for a party to be recognised as a regional party:
A party that secures at least 6 per cent of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a state and wins at least two seats is recognised as a regional party.

Question 5.
Write a brief note on the Indian National Congress.
Answer:
The Indian National Congress was started in 1885/It was the dominant party of Indian politics at the national level and to a large extent at the State level for a long time. Since 1989 its influence has declined, but it still maintains a presence across the entire country. The party has seen many splits over the years. Ideologically, the party is centrist. It is neither leftist nor rightist. It Supports secularism and economic growth with a human face, especially towards the weaker sections of the society.

Question 6.
Write a brief note on State parties in India.
Answer:
brief note on State parties in India:

Parties which have their presence only in the State level are called State parties. These include parties with national – level political organisations, but which have succeeded in only a few States.
Samaj Wadi Party, Rashtriya Janata Dal, Samata Party are examples of State parties with a national presence.
Most State parties maintain a strong State- specific identity, like Biju Janata Dal and the Mizo National Front.
Over the last few decades, State or regional parties has grown considerably.
Since 1996, every government at the national level has been a coalition of parties headed usually by one national party.
This has led to strengthening of the federal structure of our government.

Question 7.
What is the difference between a national party and a State party?
Answer:
There are three major differences between a national party and regional, State party:

National parties have influence all over the country or in several States of India. The influence of a State party is limited to a State or a region.
National parties take interest in national as well as international issues whereas regional or State parties are interested in promoting regional and State interest only.
The national parties have to harmonise the national as well as State interests; whereas State parties usually stand for greater autonomy for States.

Question 8.
Why are symbols allotted to political parties in India? Explain the reasons.
Answer:
In India, every party has to register with the Election Commission. For the Commission, all parties are equal but it offers some special facilities to large and established parties.
The symbol allotted by the Commission shows that:

the party is large and established.
it has a well – organized presence in a large area.
only the official candidate of the party can use this symbol.
the party which gets it, is recognized by the Commission.
the party is either a national or a State party.

Question 9.
How do money and muscle power play an important role in elections? Explain.
Answer:
Money and muscle power play an important role in elections:

There is a great challenge about the growing role of money and muscle power in parties, especially during elections.
Since parties are focused only on winning elections, they tend to use short-cuts to win elections. They tend to nominate those candidates who have or can raise lots of money.
Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties tend to have influence on the policies and decisions of the party. In some cases, parties support criminals who can win elections.

Question 10.
What is the role of an ordinary citizen in reforming the political parties?
Answer:
The role of an ordinary citizen in reforming the political parties:

People can put pressure on political parties. This can be done through petitions, publicity and agitations. Ordinary citizens, pressure groups, movements and the media can play an important role.
In a democracy, everybody has been given the right to speak, right to express his ideas and right to agitate.
Political parties can improve if those who are interested also join the political parties. The quality of democracy depends on the degree of public participation. It is difficult to reform politics if ordinary citizens do not take part in it and simply criticise it from outside. The problem of bad politics can be solved by more and better politics.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the necessity of political parties in democratic politics.
Answer:
Modem democracies cannot exist without political parties. They play significant roles in democracy. Following are the functions and importance of the political parties in a democracy:

In most democracies, elections are fought mainly among the candidates put up by political parties.
Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from them. In a democracy, a large number of similar opinions have to be grouped together to provide a direction in which policies can be formulated by the governments. This is what the political parties do.
Political parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country.
Parties form and run the governments. Parties select leaders, train them and then make them ministers to run the government in the way they want.
Losing parties play the role of opposition to the parties in power, by voicing different views and criticizing government for its failure or wrong policies.
Parties shape public opinion. They raise and highlight issues. Many of the pressure groups are the extensions of political parties.
Parties sometimes also, launch movements for the resolution of problems faced by the people.

Question 2.
Describe various ways of classifying the political system and the political parties.
Answer:
(i) Ways for classifying party system: The party system can be classified on the basis that how many parties are allowed to form, control and run the government. On this basis the party system can be classified into three categories:

One – party system: In this system only one party is allowed to control and run the government. Example: China.
Two – party system: In this system, however there may exist several parties but power is generally changed between only two major parties. Example: USA, UK.
Multi – party system: In this system several parties compete for power. Example: India.

(ii) Ways for classifying of political parties:
1. On the basis of presence:

National Parties: These parties operate their functions country – wide. They have their units in various States. But by and large, all these units follow the same policies, programmes and strategies that are decided at the national level.
State Party: These parties do not operate their functions nation – wide. They keep their activities to a region or few states.

2. On the basis of proportion of votes and seats:

National Party: A party that secures at least six per cent of the total votes in the Lok Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four states and win at least four seats in the Lok Sabha is recognized as a national party.
State Party: A party that secures at least six per cent of total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a State and wins at least two seats is recognized as a state party.

Question 3.
What is meant by dynastic succession in politics? Explain with examples.
Answer:
The dynastic succession is a major challenge for political parties in India. It affects the functioning of the political parties adversely in the following ways:

The dynastic succession does not allow political parties to practise open and transparent procedures for their functioning. And, there is a limited scope for an ordinary worker to rise to the top in a party.
In such a party, the leaders are in a position to favour the people close to them or even their family members.
The top positions in the party are always controlled by members of one family which is unfair to other members of that party.
There is a concentration of power in one or few leaders at the top.
People who do not have adequate experience or popular support come to occupy positions of power.

Question 4.
Examine the institutional amendments made by different institutions to reform political parties and their leaders.
Answer:
The following are the two institutional amendments made by different institutions to reform political parties and their leaders:

(i) Anti – defection law:
The Constitution was amended to prevent elected MLAs and MPs from changing parties. This was done because many elected representatives were indulging in DEFECTION in order to become ministers or for cash rewards. Now the law says that if any MLA or MP changes parties, he or she will lose the seat in the legislature. This new law has helped bring defection down. At the same time this has made any dissent even more difficult. MPs and MLAs have to accept whatever the party leaders decide.

(ii) Affidavit:
The Supreme Court passed an order to reduce the influence of money and criminals. Now, it is mandatory for every candidate who contests elections to file an affidavit giving details of his property and criminal cases pending against him. The new system has made a lot of information available to the public. But there is no system to check if the information given by the candidates is true. As yet we do not know if it has led to decline in the influence of the rich and the criminals.

(iii) Mandatory organizational meeting and filling of ITR:
The Election Commission passed an order making it necessary for political parties to hold their organizational elections and file their income tax returns. The parties have started doing so but sometimes it is a mere formality. It is not clear if this step has led to greater internal democracy in political parties.

Question 5.
Write short note on Indian national Congress and Bhartiya Janata Party.
Answer:
1. Indian National Congress (INC):

Popularly known as the Congress Party, is one of the oldest parties of the world, founded in 1885.
Played an important role in Indian politics at the national and state level.
Under J.L. Nehru it sought to build a modem secular democratic republic in India.
A centrist, party espouses secularism and welfare of weaker sections and minorities and supports new economic reforms but with a human face.
A coalition partners in the state of Maharashtra in alliance with the Congress.
Since 2004 a member of the UPA.

2. Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP):

Founded in 1980 by the Bhartiya Jana Sangh.
Wants to build a strong and modern India by drawing inspiration from India’s culture and values.
Cultural nationalism (or ‘Hindutva’) is an important element with conception of Indian nationhood and politics.
Wants integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India, a uniform civil code for all people of all religions, and ban on religious conversions.
Its support base increased in the 1990’s, it was earlier limited to north, west and urban areas, the party expanded its support in south, east, the north – east and to rural areas.
Currently leads the mling NDA coalition government at the centre.

Activity Based Questions

Question 1.
Write about the party whose symbol is shown below.

Answer:
Communist Party of India – Marxist (CPI – M):
Founded in 1964. Believes in Marxism – Leninism. Supports socialism, secularism and democracy and opposes imperialism and communalism. It accepts democratic elections as a useful and helpful means for securing the objective of socio – economic justice in India. CPI – M enjoys strong support in Kerala and Tripura, especially among the poor, factory workers, farmers, agricultural labourers and the intelligentsia.

It is critical of the new economic policies that allow free flow of foreign capital and goods into the country. It had been in power in West Bengal without a break for 30 years. In 2004 elections, it won about 6 per cent of votes and 43 seats in the Lok Sabha. It supported the UPA government from outside, without joining the government.

Question 2.
Look at the picture and answer the following questions:

(a) Who was Berlusconi?
(b) When was Forza Italia founded?
(c) Write about the company owned by him?
Answer:
(a) Berlusconi was Prime Minister of Italy.
(b) Forza was founded in 1993.
(c) Berlusconi owns TV channels, the most important publishing company, a football club (AC Milan) and a bank

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions Civics Chapter 5 Popular Struggles and Movements

June 14, 2022June 10, 2022 by Prasanna

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Important Questions Civics Chapter 5 Popular Struggles and Movements

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
When was the King Birendra killed in a mysterious massacre of the royal family?
(a) 2000
(b) 2001
(c) 2002
(d) 2003
Answer:
(b) 2001

Question 2.
When did King Gyanendra dismiss the then prime minister and dissolve the Parliament?
(a) In February 2005
(b) In February 2006
(c) In March 2006
(d) In April 2006
Answer:
(a) In February 2005

Question 3.
Against whom the people of Bolivia led a successful struggle?
(a) Limited franchise
(b) Government’s apathy towards public facilities
(c) Privatisation of water
(d) Lack of educational facilities
Answer:
(c) Privatisation of water

Question 4.
Which financial agency/organisation pressurised the government to give up its control of municipal water supply?
(a) International Monetary Fund
(b) World Bank
(c) Central Bank of Bolivia
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) World Bank

Question 5.
What is not true regarding public interest groups?
(a) hey represent some common or general interest
(b) Members of the organisation may not benefit from the cause that the organisation represents
(c) They promote collective rather than selective good
(d) They aim to help their own members
Answer:
(d) They aim to help their own members

Question 6.
Who won Bolivia’s water war?
(a) People
(b) Government
(c) MNC
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) People

Question 7.
Most of the time democracy evolves through what?
(a) Consensus
(b) Popular struggles
(c) Both the above
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) Popular struggles

Question 8.
Which one of the following is not true about the pressure groups?
(a) They are directly engaged in party politics
(b) They take a political stance
(c) They organise protests
(d) They try to gain public support
Answer:
(d) They try to gain public support

Question 9.
Through what outstanding democratic conflicts are usually resolved?
(a) Mass mobilisation
(b) Institutions like the Parliament or the Judiciary
(c) Both the above
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Both the above

Question 10.
Which of these is one of the agencies of organised politics?
(a) Political parties
(b) Pressure groups
(c) Movement groups
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
When was the movement for democracy in Nepal conducted? What was its aim?
Answer:
The movement for democracy in Nepal was conducted in April 2006. Its aim was to restore democracy.

Question 2.
What was SPA in Nepal?
Answer:
SPA was Seven Party Alliance of all the major political parties in the parliament of Nepal.

Question 3.
What was the outcome of the struggle of people in Bolivia?
Answer:
The contract with the MNC was cancelled and water supply was restored to the municipality at old rates.

Question 4.
What are pressure groups?
Answer:
Pressure groups are organizations that attempt to influence government policies.

Question 5.
How are most of the trade unions and students’ union are established or afflicted in India?
Answer:
Most of the unions and students’ organization in India are either established or afflicted to one or other political party e.g. ABVP (BJP), NSUI (Congress).

Question 6.
Some parties grow out movements. Give one example.
Answer:
When the Assam movement led by students against the ‘foreigners’ came to an end, it led to the information of the Asom Gana Parishad.

Question 7.
Which organization led the protest against water privatisation in Bolivia?
Answer:
FEDECOR led the protest against water privatisation in Bolivia.

Question 8.
Name any two sectional interest groups.
Answer:
Two sectional interest groups of India are Hind Mazdoor Sabha and Bengal Jute Mill Workers’ Union.

Question 9.
Who were Maoists?
Answer:
Those communists who believed in the ideology of Mao, the great leader of the Chinese Revolution were called Maoists.

Question 10.
Give one difference between Nepal and Bolivia movements.
Answer:
The movement in Nepal was to establish democracy, while the struggle in Bolivia involved claims on an elected, democratic government.