Month: September 2024

JAC Jharkhand Board Class 12th Geography Solutions in Hindi & English Medium

JAC Board Class 12th Geography Solutions in Hindi Medium

Jharkhand Board Class 12th Geography Part 1 Fundamentals of Human Geography (मानव भूगोल के मूल सिद्धान्त भाग-1)

• Chapter 1 मानव भूगोल – प्रकृति एवं विषय क्षेत्र
• Chapter 2 विश्व जनसंख्या वितरण, घनत्व और वृद्धि
• Chapter 3 जनसंख्या संघटन
• Chapter 4 मानव विकास
• Chapter 5 प्राथमिक क्रियाएँ
• Chapter 6 द्वितीयक क्रियाएँ
• Chapter 7 तृतीयक और चतर्थ क्रियाकलाप
• Chapter 8 परिवहन एवं संचार
• Chapter 9 अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापार
• Chapter 10 मानव बस्ती

Jharkhand Board Class 12th Geography Part 2 India: People and Economy (भारत : लोग और अर्थव्यवस्था भाग-2)

• Chapter 1 जनसंख्या : वितरण, घनत्व, वृद्धि और संघटन
• Chapter 2 प्रवास : प्रकार, कारण और परिणाम
• Chapter 3 मानव विकास
• Chapter 4 मानव बस्तियाँ
• Chapter 5 भूसंसाधन तथा कृषि
• Chapter 6 जल संसाधन
• Chapter 7 खनिज तथा ऊर्जा संसाधन
• Chapter 8 निर्माण उद्योग
• Chapter 9 भारत के संदर्भ में नियोजन और सततपोषणीय विकास
• Chapter 10 परिवहन तथा संचार
• Chapter 11 अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापार
• Chapter 12 भौगोलिक परिप्रेक्ष्य में चयनित कुछ मुद्दे एवं समस्याएँ

JAC Board Class 12th Geography Solutions in English Medium

JAC Board Class 12th Geography Part 1 Fundamentals of Human Geography

• Chapter 1 Human Geography : Nature and Scope
• Chapter 2 The World Population : Distribution, Density and Growth
• Chapter 3 Population Composition
• Chapter 4 Human Development
• Chapter 5 Primary Activities
• Chapter 6 Secondary Activities
• Chapter 7 Tertiary and Quaternary Activities
• Chapter 8 Transport and Communication
• Chapter 9 International Trade
• Chapter 10 Human Settlements

JAC Board Class 12th Geography Part 2 India : People and Economy

• Chapter 1 Population : Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition
• Chapter 2 Migration : Types, Causes and Consequences
• Chapter 3 Human Development
• Chapter 4 Human Settlements
• Chapter 5 Land Resources and Agriculture
• Chapter 6 Water Resources
• Chapter 7 Mineral and Energy Resources
• Chapter 8 Manufacturing Industries
• Chapter 9 Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
• Chapter 10 Transport and Communication
• Chapter 11 International Trade
• Chapter 12 Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems

Students should go through these JAC Class 9 Maths Notes Chapter 14 Statistics will seemingly help to get a clear insight into all the important concepts.

JAC Board Class 9 Maths Notes Chapter 14 Statistics

Introduction:
The branch of science known as Statistics has been used in India from ancient times. Statistics deals with collection of numerical facts ie, data, their classification and tabulation and their interpretation. In statistics we shall try to study, in detail about collection, classification and tabulation of such data.
→ Importance of Data: Expressing facts with the helps of data is of great importance in our day-to-day life. For example, instead of saying that India has a large population it is more appropriate to say that the population of India, based on the census of 2001 is more than one billion.

→ Collection of Data: On the basis of methods of collection, data can be divided into two categories:
(i) Primary data: Data which are collected for the first time by the statistical investigator or with help of his workers is called primary data. For example if an investigator wants to study the condition of the workers working in a factory then for this he collects some data like their monthly income, expenditure, number of brothers, sisters, etc.

(ii) Secondary data: Data already collected by a person or a society and may be available in published or unpublished form is known as secondary data. Secondary should be carefully used. Such data is generally obtained from the following two sources.

• Published sources
• Unpublished sources

→ Classification of Data: When the data is compiled the same form and order in which it is collected, it is known as Raw Data. It is also called Crude Data. For example, the marks obtained by 20 students of class X in English out of 10 marks are as follow:
7. 4, 9, 5, 8, 9, 6, 7, 9, 2, 0 3, 7, 6, 2, 1, 9, 8, 3, 8
(i) Geographical basis: Here, the data is classified on the basis of place or region. For example, the production of food grains of different states is shown in the following table:

S. No.	State	Production (in Tons)
1	Andhra Pradesh	9690
2	Bihar	8074
3	Haryana	10065
4	Punjab	17065
5	Uttar Pradesh	28095

(ii) Chronological classification data’s classification is based on hour, day, week, month or year, then it is called chronological classification. For example, the population of India in different years is shown in following table:

S.No	Year	Production (in Crores)
1	1951	46.1
2	1961	53.9
3	1971	61.8
4	1981	68.5
5	1991	88.4
6	2001	100.01

(iii) Qualitative basis: When the data is classified into different groups on the basis of their descriptive qualities and properties such a classification is known as descriptive or qualitative classification. Since the attributes cannot be measured directly they are counted on the basis of presence or absence of qualities. For example intelligence, literacy, unemployment, honesty etc. The following table shows classification on the basis of sex and employment.

Population (in lacs)
Gender → Position of Employment ↓	Male	Female
Employed	16.2	13.7
Unemployed	26.4	24.8
Total	42.6	38.5

(iv) Quantitative basis: If facts are such that they can be measured physically e.g, marks obtained, height, weight, age, income, expenditure etc, such facts are known as variable values. If such facts are kept into classes then it is called classification according to quantitative or class intervals.

Marks obtained	10 – 20	20 – 30	30 – 40	40 – 50
No. of students	7	9	15	6

Definitions:
→ Variate: The numerical quantity whose value varies is called a variate, generally a variate is represented by x. There are two types of variate.
(i) Discrete variate: Its magnitude is fixed. For example, the number of teachers in different branches of a institute are 30, 35, 40 etc.
(ii) Continuous variate: Its magnitude is not fixed. It is expressed in groups like 10 – 20, 20 – 30, … etc.
→ Range: The difference between the maximum and the minimum values of the variable x is called range.
→ Class frequency: in each class, the number of times a data is repeated is known as its class frequency.
→ Class limits: The lowest and the highest value of the class are known as lower and upper limits respectively of that class.
→ Classmark: The average of the lower and the upper limits of a class is called the mid value or the class mark of that class. It is generally denoted by x.
If x is the mid value and his the class size, then the class limits are \(\left(x-\frac{h}{2}, x+\frac{h}{2}\right)\).

Example:
The mid values of a distribution are 54, 64, 74, 84 and 94. Find the class size and class limits.
Solution:
The class size is the difference of two consecutive class marks, therefore class size (h) = 64 – 54 = 10.
Here the mid values are given and the class size is 10. So, class limits are:

Therefore, class limits are 49 – 59, 59 – 69, 69 – 79, 79 – 89, and 89 – 99.

Frequency Distribution:
The marks scored by 30 students of IX class of a school in the first test of Mathematics out of 50 marks are as follows:

The number of times a mark is repeated is called its frequency. It is denoted by f.

Above type of frequency distribution is called ungrouped frequency distribution. Although this representation of data is shorter than representation of raw data, but from the angle of comparison and analysis it is quite bit. So to reduce the frequency distribution, it can be classified into groups in following ways and it is called grouped frequency distribution.

Class	Frequency
1 – 10	8
11 – 20	2
21 – 30	12
31 – 40	5
41 – 50	3

(a) Kinds of Frequency Distribution: Statistical methods like comparison, decision taken etc. depends on frequency distribution. Frequency distribution are of three types.
(i) Individual frequency distribution: Here each item or original price of unit is written separately. In this category, frequency of each variable is one.

Example:
Total marks obtained by 10 students in a class.

Marks obtained	S. No.
46	1
18	2
79	3
12	4
97	5
80	6
5	7
27	8
67	9
54	10

(ii) Discrete frequency distribution: When number of terms is large and variable are discrete, i.e., variate can accept some particular values only under finite limits and is repeated then it is called discrete frequency distribution. For example, the wages of employees and their numbers is shown in following table.

Monthly wages	No. of employees
4000	10
6000	8
8000	5
11000	7
20000	2
25000	1

The above table shows ungrouped frequency distribution and same facts can be written in grouped frequency as follows:

Monthly wages	No. of employees
0 – 10,000	23
11,000 – 20,000	9
21,000 – 30,000	1

Note: If variable is repeated in individual distribution then it can be converted into discrete frequency distribution.
(iii) Continuous frequency distribution:
When number of terms is large and variate is continuous, i.e. variate can accept all values under finite limits and they are repeated then it is called continuous frequency distribution. For example age of students in a school is shown in the following table:

Age (in years)	Class	No. of students
Less than 5 years	0 – 51	72
Between 5 and 10 years	5 – 10	103
Between 10 and 15 years	10 – 15	50
Between 15 and 20 years	15 – 20	25

Classes can be made mainly by two methods:
(i) Exclusive series: In this method upper limit of the previous class and lower limit of the next class is same. In this method the value of upper limit in a class is not considered in the same class, it is considered in the next class.

(ii) Inclusive series: In this method value of upper and lower limit are both contained in same class. In this method the upper limit of class and lower limit of next class are not same. Some time the value is not a whole number, it is a fraction or in decimals and lies in between the two intervals then in such situation the class interval can be constructed as follows:

A		B
Class	Frequency	Class	Frequency
0 – 9	4	0 – 9.5	4
10 – 19	7	9.5 – 19.5	7
20 – 29	6	19.5 – 29.5	6
30 – 39	3	29.5 – 39.5	3
40 – 49	3	39.5 – 49.5	3

Cumulative Frequency:
→ Discrete frequency distribution:
From the table of discrete frequency distribution, it can be identified that number of employees whose monthly income is 4000 or how many employees of monthly income 11000 are there. But if we want to know how many employees whose monthly income is upto 11000, then we should add 10, 8, 5 and 7 i.e., number of employees whose monthly income is upto 11000 is 10 + 8 + 5 + 7 = 30. Here we add all previous frequency and get cumulative frequency. It will be more clear from the following table:

Income	Frequency (f)	Cumulative frequency (cf)	Explanation
4000	10	10	10 = 10
6000	8	18	10 + 8
8000	5	23	18 + 5
11000	7	30	23 + 7
20000	2	32	30 + 2
25000	1	33	32 + 1

→ Continuous frequency distribution: In (a) part, we obtained cumulative frequency for discrete series. Similarly, cumulative frequency table can be made from continuous frequency distribution also.
For example, for table:

Monthly income	No. of employees	Cumulative	Explanation
Variate (x)	Frequency (F)	Frequency (cf)
0 – 5	72	72	72 = 72
5 – 10	103	175	72 + 103 = 175
10 – 15	50	225	175 + 50 = 225
15 – 20	25	250	225 + 25 = 250

Graphical Representation Of Data:
(i) Bar graphs
(ii) Histograms
(iii) Frequency polygons
(iv) Frequency curves
(v) Cumulative frequency curves or Ogives
(vi) Pie Diagrams

(i) Bar Graphs. A bar graph is a graph that present categorical data with rectangular bars with heights or lengths proportional to the values that they represent.

Example:
A family with monthly income of ₹ 20,000 had planned the following expenditure per month under various heads: Draw bar graph for the data giyen below:

Monthly income	No. of employees	Cumulative	Explanation
Variate (x)	Frequency (F)	Frequency (cf)
0 – 5	72	72	72 = 72
5 – 10	103	175	72 + 103 = 175
10 – 15	50	225	175 + 50 = 225
15 – 20	25	250	225 + 25 = 250

Solution:

To draw a bar graph, class intervals are marked along x-axis on a suitable scale. Frequencies are marked along y-axis on a suitable scale, such that the areas of drawn rectangles are proportional to corresponding frequencies.

(ii) Histogram: Histogram is rectangular representation of grouped and continuous frequency distribution in which class intervals are taken as base and height of rectangles are proportional to corresponding frequencies.

Now we shall study construction of histo grams related with four different kinds of frequency distributions.

• When frequency distribution is grouped and continuous and class intervals are also equal.
• When frequency distribution is grouped and continuous but class interval are not equal.
• When frequency distribution is grouped but not continuous.
• When frequency distribution is ungrouped and middle points of the distribution are given.

Now we try to make the above facts clear with some examples.

Example:
Draw a histogram of the following frequency distribution.

Class (Age in year)	0 – 5	5 – 10	10 – 15	15 – 20
No. of students	72	103	50	25

Solution:
Here frequency distribution is grouped and continuous and class intervals are also equal. So mark the class intervals on the x-axis i.e., age in year (scale 1 cm = 5 year). Mark frequency i.e., number of students (scale 1 cm = 25 students) on the y-axis.

Example:
The weekly wages of workers of a factory are given in the following table. Draw histogram for it.

Weekly wages	1000 – 2000	2000 – 2500	2500 – 3000	3000 – 5000	5000 – 5500
No. of worker	26	30	20	16	1

Solution:
Here frequency distribution is grouped and continuous but class intervals are not same. Under such circumstances the following method is used to find heights of rectangle so that heights are proportional to frequencies the least.
(i) Write the least class size (h), here h = 500.
(ii) Redefine the frequencies of classes by using following formula.
Redefined frequency of class = \(\frac{\mathrm{h}}{\text { class size }}\) × frequency of class interval.
So, here the redefined frequency table is obtained as follows:

Weekly wages (in Rs.)	No. of workers	Redefined frequency of workers
1000 – 2000	26	500/1000 × 26 = 13
2000 – 2500	30	500/500 × 30 = 30
2500 – 3000	20	500/500 × 20 = 20
3000 – 5000	16	500/2000 × 16 = 4
5000 – 5500	1	500/500 × 1 = 1

Now mark class interval on x-axis (scale 1 cm = 500) and no of workers on y-axis (scale 1 cm = 5). On the basis of redefined frequency distribution, construct rectangles A, B, C, D and E.

This is the required histogram of the given frequency distribution.

(a) Difference between Bar Graph and Histogram

• In histogram there is no gap in between consecutive rectangles as in bar graph.
• The width of the bar is significant in histogram. In bar graph, width is not important at all.
• In histogram the areas of rectangles are proportional to the frequency, however if the class size of the classes are equal then heights of the rectangle are proportional to the frequencies.

(iii) Frequency polygon: A frequency polygon is also a form of a graphical representation of frequency distribution Frequency polygon can be constructed in two ways:

• With the help of histogram.
• Without the help of histogram.

Following procedure is useful to draw a frequency polygon with the help of histogram.

• Construct the histogram for the given frequency distribution.
• Find the middle point of each upper horizontal line of the rectangle.
• Join these middle points of the successive rectangles by straight lines.
• Join the middle point of the initial rectangle with the middle point of the previous expected class interval on the x-axis.
• Join the middle point of the last rectangle with the middle point of the next expected class interval on the x-axis.

Example:
For the following frequency distribution, draw a histogram and construct a frequency polygon with it.

Class	20 – 30	30 – 40	40 – 50	50 – 60	60 – 70
Frequency	8	12	17	9	4

Solution:
The given frequency distribution is grouped and continuous, so we construct a histogram by the method given earlier Join the middle points P, Q, R, S, T of upper horizontal line of each rectangles A, B, C, D, E by straight lines.

Example:
Draw a frequency polygon of the following frequency distribution table.

Marks obtained	Frequency (No. of students)
0 – 10	8
10 – 20	10
20 – 30	6
30 – 40	7
40 – 50	9
50 – 60	8
60 – 70	8
70 – 80	6
80 – 90	3
90 – 100	4

Solution:
Given frequency distribution is grouped and continuous. So we construct a histogram by using earlier method. Join the middle points P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y of upper horizontal lines of each rectangle A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J by straight line in successions.

Example:
Draw a frequency polygon of the following frequency distribution.

Age (in years)	Frequency
0 – 10	15
10 – 20	12
20 – 30	10
30 – 40	4
40 – 50	10
50 – 60	4

Solution:
Here frequency distribution is grouped and continuous so here we obtain following table on the basis of class.

Age (in years)	Classmark	Frequency
0 – 10	5	15
10 – 20	15	12
20 – 30	25	10
30 – 40	35	4
40 – 50	45	10
50 – 60	55	14

Now taking suitable scale on graph mark the points (5, 15), (15, 12), (25, 10) (35, 4), (45, 11), (55, 14).

Measures Of Central Tendency:
The commonly used measure of central tendency are:
(a) Mean,
(b) Median,
(c) Mode

(a) Mean: The mean of a number of observations is the sum of the values of all the observations divided by the total number of observations. It is denoted by the symbol \(\overline{\mathrm{x}}\), read as x bar.
(i) Properties of mean:
→ If a constant real number ‘a’ is added to each of the observations, then new mean will be \(\overline{\mathrm{x}}\) + a.
→ If a constant real number ‘a’ is subtracted from each of the observations, then new mean will be \(\overline{\mathrm{x}}\) – a.
→ If a constant real number ‘a’ is multiplied with each of the observations, then new mean will be \(\overline{\mathrm{x}}\).
→ If each of the observation is divided by a constant no ‘a’ then new mean will be \(\frac{\overline{\mathrm{x}}}{\mathrm{a}}\).

(ii) Mean of ungrouped data: If x₁, x₂, x₃, ….., x_n are n values (or observations) then A.M. (Arithmetic mean) is

i.e. product of mean and no. of items gives sum of observations.

Example:
Find the mean of the factors of 10.
Solution:
Factors of 10 are 1, 2, 5 and 10.
\(\overline{\mathrm{x}}\) = \(\frac{1+2+5+10}{4}=\frac{18}{4}\) = 4.5

Example:
If the mean of 6, 4, 7, P and 10 is 8, find P.
Solution:
8 = \(\frac{6+4+7+P+10}{5}\)
⇒ P = 13

(iii) Method for Mean of ungrouped frequency distribution:

xi	fi	fixi
x1	f1	f1x1
x2	f2	f2x2
x3	f3	f3x3
·	·	·
·	·	·
xn	fn	fnxn
	Σfi	Σfixi

Then, mean \(\overline{\mathrm{x}}\) = \(\frac{\sum \mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{i}} \mathrm{x}_{\mathrm{i}}}{\sum \mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{i}}}\)

(iv) Method for Mean of grouped frequency distribution:
Example:
Direct Method: For finding mean

Marks	No. of students (fi)	Mid values (xi)	fixi
10 – 20	6	15	9
20 – 30	8	25	200
30 – 40	13	35	455
40 – 50	7	45	315
50 – 60	3	55	165
60 – 70	2	65	130
70 – 80	1	75	75
	Σfi = 40		Σfixi = 1430

\(\overline{\mathrm{x}}\) = \(\frac{\sum f_i x_i}{\sum f_i}=\frac{1430}{40}\) = 35.75

(v) Combined Mean:
\(\overline{\mathrm{x}}\) = \(\frac{\mathrm{n}_1 \overline{\mathrm{x}}_1+\mathrm{n}_2 \overline{\mathrm{x}}_2+\ldots \ldots .}{\mathrm{n}_1+\mathrm{n}_2+\ldots \ldots}\)

(vi) Uses of Arithmetic Mean

• It is used for calculating average marks obtained by a student.
• It is extensively used in practical statistics.
• It is used to obtain estimates.
• It is used by businessmen to find out profit per unit article, output per machine, average monthly income and expenditure etc.

(b) Median: Median of a distribution is the value of the variable which divides the distribution into two equal parts.
(i) Median of ungrouped data:

• Arrange the data in ascending or descending order.
  Count the no. of observations (Let there be ‘n’ observations)
  If n is odd then median = value of \(\left(\frac{\mathrm{n}+1}{2}\right)^{\mathrm{th}}\) observation.
  If n is even then median = value of mean of \(\left(\frac{n}{2}\right)^{\text {th }}\) observation and \(\left(\frac{\mathrm{n}}{2}+1\right)^{\mathrm{th}}\) observation.

Example:
Find the median of the following values:
37, 31, 42, 43, 16, 25, 39, 45, 32
Solution:
Arranging the data in ascending order, we have
25, 31, 32, 37, 39, 42, 43, 45, 46
Here the number of observations, n
= 9 (odd)
∴ Median
= Value of \(\left(\frac{9+1}{2}\right)^{\text {th }}\) observation
= Value of 5th observation = 39.

Example:
The median of the observation 11, 12, 14, 18, x + 2, x + 4, 30, 32, 35, 41 arranged in ascending order is 24. Find the value of x.
Solution:
Here, the number of observations, n = 10.
Since n is even, therefore
Median

(ii) Uses of Median:
(A) Median is the only average to be used while dealing with qualitative data which cannot be measured quantitatively but can be arranged in ascending or descending order of magnitude.
(B) It is used for determining the typical value in problems concerning wages, distribution of wealth etc.

(c) Mode:
(i) Mode of ungrouped data (By inspection only): Arrange the data in an array and then count the frequencies of each variate. The variate having maximum frequency is the mode.

Example: Find the mode of the following array of an individual series of scores 7, 10, 12, 12, 12, 11, 13, 13, 17.

Number	7	10	11	12	13	17
Frequency	1	1	1	3	2	1

∴ Mode is 12
(ii) Uses of Mode: Mode is the average to be used to find the ideal size, e.g., in business forecasting, in manufacture of ready-made garments, shoes etc.

Empirical Relation Between Mode, Median And Mean:
Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean
Range:
The range is the difference between the highest and lowest scores of a distribution. It is the simplest measure of dispersion. It gives a rough idea of dispersion. This measure is useful for ungrouped data.
(a) Coefficient of the Range:
If R and h are the lowest and highest scores in a distribution then the coefficient of the Range = \(\frac{\mathrm{h}-\mathrm{R}}{\mathrm{h}+\mathrm{R}}\)

Example: Find the range of the following distribution: 1, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16 and 19.
Solution:
R = 1, h = 19
∴ Range = h – R = 19 – 1 = 18.

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 9 Maths Solutions Chapter 4 Linear Equations in Two Variables Ex 4.4 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

JAC Board Class 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 4 Linear Equations in Two Variables Ex 4.4

Page-77

Question 1.
Give the geometric representations of y = 3 as an equation
(i) in one variable
(ii) in two variables
Answer:
(i) In one variable, it is represented as y = 3

(ii) In two variables, it is represented as a line parallel to x-axis.
0x + y = 3

Question 2.
Give the geometric representations of 2x + 9 = 0 as an equation
(i) in one variable
(ii) in two variables
Answer:
(i) In one variable, it is represented as

(ii) In two variables, it is represented as a line parallel to Y-axis.
2x + 0y + 9 = 0

JAC Board Class 10th English Grammar Factual Passages

JAC Class 10th English Grammar Factual Passages Textbook Questions and Answers

Factual Passages

1. Read the passage carefully.

Write-downs to surge for cos as Covid hits demand
Will Squeeze Profits, Or Even Push Them Into The Red

An increasing number of Indian companies are staring at write-downs in their business this fiscal as they will be forced to record the demand-collapse for their products on profit and loss accounts due to the pandemic.

They will have to provide for impairments starting June quarter, which could either pull their profits lower or push them into losses. Early signs of Covid-19 related impairment charges were visible in some entities when they announced their fourth quarter numbers for fiscal 2020. Industry watchers expect impairments to accelerate going forward.

Vedanta, for instance, took an exceptional charge of Rs- 17,132-crore in the three months through March of fiscal 2020, mainly due to the Rs-16,576-crore impairment of assets in its oil and gas business, triggered by the fall in crude oil prices following the coronavirus outbreak.

“Impairments are triggered due to falling demand/revenue/profitability, rising losses, increased competition intensity, among other factors. The cumulative effect of which is to reduce the economic viability of the subject business,” said RBSA Advisors MD Rajeev Shah. “Where the subject business is into commodities, it suffers a double whammy, wherein falling demand immediately triggers fall in prices, putting the company in a miserable position.”

Since Covid-19 manifested in the fourth quarter, companies have been making judgments and estimates on the impact of the pandemic on their business and have been reflecting the same in their impairment assessments while finalising their annual accounts.

“We don’t expect this (write-downs) to be a one time impact as most companies will need to continuously monitor the situation and reassess the economic scenarios that could play out in the future,” said KPMG partner Sai Venkateshwaran. “Where the assessment continues to show a decline or a prolonged impact on business, companies may need to record further losses in the coming quarters and we can expect to see more of these reflected on a quarter-by-quarter basis rather then only in the last quarter of fiscal 2021.”

Generally, firms carry out asset impairment assessments as and when there is an indication of a . possible impact from either external or internal indicators. However, for goodwill and intangible assets, companies typically carry out assessments in the fourth quarter as this coincides with the annual audit process. Companies in the non-essential businesses – such as automobiles, hospitality, aviation and shadow banking – are expected to take impairments on inventories and recoverability of loans/receivables this fiscal.

RBSA Advisors MD Ravishu Shah pointed out that certain businesses had been weak even before the onset of Covid-19 and the pandemic has only made matters worse for them. These companies have taken impairments in the fourth quarter.

Globally, capital-intensive sectors like energy, airlines and steel have been hit the hardest with impairments. (Courtesy: The Times of India)

Word-Meaning: Staring – gazing, Accelerate – speed up, Cumulative – growing, Triggers – activate, Whammy – an evil influence

On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, answer any ten of the questions given below by choosing the most appropriate option: [10 x 1 = 10]

a. Impairment of Vedanta’s assets in oil and gas business accounted for
(i) Rs. 17,132 crore
(ii) Rs. 16,570 crore
(iii) Rs. 16,575 crore
(iv) Rs. 16,576 crore
Answer:
(iv) Rs. 16,576 crore

b. What factors are triggering impairments?
(i) Falling demand, revenue, profitability, rising losses, increase in competition
(ii) Falling demand, profitability and rising losses
(iii) Profitability, rising losses and increase in competition
(iv) Profitability, rising losses and economic crisis
Answer:
(i) Falling demand, revenue, profitability, rising losses, increase in competition

c. What triggered impairment in oil and gas business?
(i) Rising prices
(ii) Fall in crude oil prices
(iii) Increasing competition
(iv) Falling demand
Answer:
(ii) Fall in crude oil prices

d. Which business is likely to suffer a double whammy?
(i) Commodity
(ii) Crude oil
(iii) Steel
(iv) Motors
Answer:
(i) Commodity

e. “Write downs are not a one-time impact on companies.” Who said this?
(i) Rajeev Shah
(ii) Ravishu Shah
(iii) Sai Venkatcshwaran
(iv) None of the above
Answer:
(iii) Sai Venkatcshwaran

f. Losses in business will be reflected
(i) in a quarter-by-quarter basis
(ii) in the last quarter of fiscal 2021
(iii) in the third quarter of fiscal 2021
(iv) in the coming quarters
Answer:
(i) in a quarter-by-quarter basis

g. Firms generally carry out asset impairment assessment when
(i) cumulative etlect reduces the economic viability
(ii) demand is more than supply
(iii) supply is more than demand
(iv) there is a possible impact from either external or internal indicators.
Answer:
(iv) there is a possible impact from either external or internal indicators.

h. In which business impairments on inventories and recoverability of loans are available?
(i) Essential businesses
(ii) Non-essential businesses
(iii) Both (i) and (ii)
(iv) None of these
Answer:
(ii) Non-essential businesses

i. Which sectors are worst affected with the impairmenh?
(i) Energy, airlines, and steel
(ii) Automobiles, hospitality. axd aviation
(iii) Automobile, energy, and airlines
(iv) Essential and non-essential businesses
Answer:
(i) Energy, airlines, and steel

j. Which company has lest impairments, according to the graph?
(i) Grasim
(ii) MSM
(iii) Tata Steel
(iv) IHH Health
Answer:
(iv) IHH Health

k. What has made the matter from bad to worst?
(i) Covid-19
(ii) Rising prices
(iii) Decrease in production
(iv) None of these
Answer:
(i) Covid-19

l. Who pointed out that certain businesses had been weak even before the onset of Covid-19?
(i) sai venkateswaram
(ii) rajeev Shah
(iii) Ravish Shsh
(iv) None of these
Answer:
(iii) Ravish Shsh

2. Read the passage carefully.

Retail gold prices go past ₹ 50k/10gm mark

Surge 57% in 2 Years | Seen At ₹ 80K by End 21

A strong global demand for gold, along with a depreciating rupee, helped the yellow metal to breach the Rs-50,000-per-10gm mark in Mumbai’s retail market on Wednesday. This is the first time the price of the precious metal, with which Indians associate sentimentally, crossed the psychologically important level.

At the same time, on leading commodities bourse MCX, the price was hovering just below Rs-49,000 mark for contracts that will expire in August’s first week.

According to data analysed by TOI, gold started moving up only after mid-2018, till when its price was range-bound at Rs-30,000-32,000 for several years. In the last two years, the return from the precious metal has been a staggering 57%. In the process, it has outperformed all other asset classes. The 10-year gilts — with nearly 17% returns — are the next best asset class.

On Tuesday night on the Nymex in New York, gold prices neared an eight-year high at just above the $ 1,800-per ounce mark. This helped domestic prices shoot up during the day, market players said. According to Motilal Oswal Financial Services VP (commodities research) Navneet Damani, gold surged to its highest in nearly eight years as mounting fears of a resurgence of new coronavirus cases kept safe-haven demand for the yellow metal alive. This set the precious metal on the path to its biggest quarterly gain since March 2016.

With stocks and bonds as investments not showing much hope for good returns in the next few years, gold stands out as the asset class that could give strong returns, a recent research report by Bank of America Securities said. The report had predicted that by end-2021, the price of gold could rally up to $ 3,000 per ounce which when translated into Indian rates could be upwards of Rs-82,000/1 Ogm at current exchange rates.

The factors that are aiding the gold-price rally are the uncertainties regarding the Hong Kong issue, fears about a second wave of Covid-19 infections slowing global economic growth further and the promise of central banks to infuse money into the financial system to fight the virus infection with a “whatever-it-takes” approach, industry players said.

“US treasury secretary Steven Mnuchin and Fed governor Jerome Powell pledged to do more for the US economy as it battles the enormous fallout from the virus outbreak,” Damani wrote in a note. (Courtesy: The Times of India)

Word-Meaning: Beach – violation, Surge – flow, outpouring, Asset – property

On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, answer any ten of the questions given below by choosing the most appropriate option: [10 x 1 = 10]

a. Which of the following metals is sentimentally associated with Indians?
(i) Copper
(ii) Gold
(iii) Diamond
(iv) Silver
Answer:
(ii) Gold

b. What happened for the first time, according to the passage?
(i) Demand of goal decreased.
(ii) The price of gold crossed the psychologically important level.
(iii) Global demand for gold increased.
(iv) None of these
Answer:
(ii) The price of gold crossed the psychologically important level.

c. Who is the treasury secretary of US?
(i) Jerome Powell
(ii) Damani
(iii) Steven Mnuchin
(iv) None of these
Answer:
(iii) Steven Mnuchin

d. What are the factors that are aiding the uncertainties regarding gold price rally?
(i) Hong Kong issues
(ii) Fears of Covid-19
(iii) Central banks promise to infuse money into financial system to fight the virus.
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(iv) All of the above

e. Who pledged to do more for the US economy?
(i) US treasury secretary
(ii) Steven Mnuchin and Jerome Powell
(iii) American citizens
(iv) None of these
Answer:
(ii) Steven Mnuchin and Jerome Powell

f. According to the report, what can provide the strong returns in next few years?
(i) Stocks and investments
(ii) Gold
(iii) Stocks and gold
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(ii) Gold

g. According to the data analysed by TOI, from which year gold started moving?
(i) January 2020
(ii) March 2016
(iii) mid-2018
(iv) December 2019
Answer:
(iii) mid-2018

h. What could be the price of gold at the end of 2021, when translated into Indian rates?
(i) Rs.80,000 per 10 gm
(ii) Rs.3,000 per ounce
(iii) Rs. 50,000 per 10 gm
(iv) Rs.82,000 per 10 gm
Answer:
(iv) Rs.82,000 per 10 gm

i. What helped gold to breach the Rs.50k per lOgm mark?
(i) Indian sentiments
(ii) Strong global demand for gold
(iii) Depreciating rupee
(iv) Both (ii) and (iii)
Answer:
(iv) Both (ii) and (iii)

j. In the last two years, the return from gold has been staggering %
(i) 16.6%
(ii) 17%
(iii) 57%
(iv) 74%
Answer:
(iv) 74%

k. Where is Nymex?
(i) Mumbai
(ii) New York
(iii) Sweden
(iv) Paris
Answer:
(ii) New York

l. Which investments are not showing much hope returns in the next few years?
(i) Stocks
(ii) Bonds
(iii) Gold
(iv) Both (i) and (ii)
Answer:
(iv) Both (i) and (ii)

3. Read the passage carefully.

Govt prods PSUs to step up capex to revive eco growth

FM Looks at Infra Push to Create Demand, Employment

Finance minister Nirmala Sitharaman on Tuesday sought to push capital expenditure by the country’s top public sector companies, as part of the government’s drive to boost investment in the economy and revive growth.

Separately, the government is looking at ways to fast-track some of the investment as part of the over Rs-100-lakh-crore National Infrastructure Pipeline as higher spending in creating assets is expected to spur the demand for cement, steel and other crucial inputs, in addition to creating employment.

Sitharaman discussed the capex plan of 23 public sector companies with their CMDs and secretaries of ministries of petroleum, power, coal, mines and atomic energy. These state-run companies, including Indian Oil, NTPC, Coal India, NMDC and SAIL, have been the Centre’s go-to entities to not just step up investment but also to milch them at the end of the year by seeking hefty dividends for the government to meet its revenue targets.

“This meeting was held as part of the series of meetings that the finance minister is having with various stakeholders to accelerate economic growth,” an official statement said.

While PSUs had over-achieved the capex target during the last financial year, they are seen to be lagging in the first quarter of the current fiscal due to the lockdown, which forced companies to put projects on hold. In fact, several companies have complained of a manpower crunch holding full-scale resumption. The manpower issue is, however, expected to be sorted out in the coming weeks as migrant workers are slowly returning.

“The ministries/CPSEs discussed constraints being faced by them due to Covid-19 like problems of availability of manpower, delay in imports, delay in payments by discoms on the dues of CPSEs like NPCIL and NLC (Neyveli Lignite). Sitharaman states that the extraordinary situation requires extraordinary efforts and, with collective effort, “we will not only perform better but also help the Indian economy to achieve better results”, the statement added.

Ministries have been instructed to ensure that the PSUs step up their capex significantly during the current quarter itself to ensure that half the spending for the current financial year is completed by September, with all concerns and pending issues to be flagged immediately so that a solution can be found. (Courtesy: The Times of India)

Word-Meaning: Fiscal – relating to government revenue, Resumption – restart, Extraordinary – exceptional, Flagged – marked

On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, answer any ten of the questions given below by choosing the most appropriate option: [10 x 1 = 10]

a. Nirmala Sitharaman discussed the capex plan with public sector companies.
(i) 11
(ii) 12
(iii) 22
(iv) 23
Answer:
(iv) 23

b. What is the full form of PSUs?
(i) Public Sector Units
(ii) Public Sector Undertakings
(iii) Power Supply Units
(iv) Public Sector Union
Answer:
(iii) Power Supply Units

c. What was the capex target of 23 PSUs in 2019-20?
(i) 1,84,822 lakh
(ii) Rs. 1,65,822 lakh
(iii) Rs. 1,64,822 crore
(iv) Rs. 1,64,822 lakh
Answer:
(ii) Rs. 1,65,822 lakh

d. Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman sought to push capital expenditure to
(i) boost investment in the economy and revive growth
(ii) increase performance of public sector companies
(iii) create employment opportunities
(iv) none of the above
Answer:
(i) boost investment in the economy and revive growth

e. The sanctioned amount for National Infrastructure Pipeline is
(i) Rs. 110 lakh crore
(ii) Rs. 100 lakh crore
(ii) Rs. 120 lakh crore
(iv) Rs. 115 lakh crore
Answer:
(ii) Rs. 100 lakh crore

f. Which state-run companies are relying on the centre to meet its revenue targets?
(i) Indian Oil, NTPC, Coal India, NLC
(ii) Indian Oil, NTPC, Coal India, NMDC
(iii) Indian Oil, NTPC, Coal India, NMDC and SAIL
(iv) None of these
Answer:
(iii) Indian Oil, NTPC, Coal India, NMDC and SAIL

g. What is the capex target of 23 PSUs in 2020-21?
(i) Rs 6,500 crore
(ii) Rs 1,65,510 crore
(iii) Rs 6,000 crore
(iv) Rs 1,00,410 crore
Answer:
(ii) Rs 1,65,510 crore

h. In the first quarter of FY 2020 …………….. of the target could be achieved for 2020-21.
(i) 12%
(ii) 16%
(iii) 11%
(iv) 15%
Answer:
(ii) 16%

i. The status of PSUs during current year is lagging due to
(i) less production
(ii) lockdown
(iii) lack of manpower
(iv) delay in payments
Answer:
(ii) lockdown

j. What has the ministries been instructed?
(i) To ensure PSUs step up their capex significantly during the current quarter.
(ii) To ensure half the spending for the current financial year.
(iii) Both (i) and (ii)
(iv) None of the above
Answer:
(i) To ensure PSUs step up their capex significantly during the current quarter.

k. What does the term ‘fast-track’ mean in the passage?
(i) To dimmish
(ii) To accelerate
(iii) To decrease
(iv) None of these
Answer:
(ii) To accelerate

l. Which issues are expected to be sorted out in the coming weeks?
(i) Price issue
(ii) Manpower issue
(iii) Production issue
(iv) Employment issue
Answer:
(ii) Manpower issue

4. Read the passage carefully.

Banks to raise nearly ₹ 80k crore in equity capital

Pvt Banks Account For Most, But SBI, PNB To Tap Mkt Too

ICICI Bank’s board approved a proposal to raise Rs-15,000 crore through issue of fresh equity. This has taken the tally of completed and proposed equity issuances by banks this year to nearly Rs- 80,000 crore.

Banks are taking advantage of the buoyancy in the capital market, making it the largest fund-raise from the markets in any year.
The bulk of the capital is being raised by private banks who have already crystallised their plans, while public sector lenders like SBI and PNB have also said that they will tap the market.

One positive aspect of the supportive capital market is that banks are likely to raise most of the additional funds requirement on account of the Covid-19 forecast by rating agencies. Earlier this month, Fitch Ratings forecast that Indian banks will require $15 billion (Rs 1.13 lakh crore) in a moderate stress scenario. In June, ICRA had said that public sector banks will need between Rs 45,000 crore and Rs 82,500 crore in additional capital as slippages increase by 5%. The rating agency placed the capital requirement by private banks between Rs 25,000 crore and Rs 48,300 crore.

Private lenders Kotak Mahindra Bank and IDFC First Bank were the first off the block. Kotak Bank mobilised Rs 7,442 crore in May, which helped it meet the RBI directive on dilution of promoter stake. Yes Bank has also firmed up plans for a public offer, in which SBI said it will invest up to Rs 1,760 crore.

In the public sector, SBI has an enabling provision from its board to raise Rs 20,000 crore and PNB’s board will meet on Thursday to approve a capital raise. Besides pure equity banks are also looking at raising funds by issuing quasi-equity bonds which qualify for the purpose of capital adequacy. HDFC Bank has obtained approval to raise Rs 50,000 crore by way of additional tier-1 bonds. Bank of Baroda and Indian Bank are also looking at raising Rs 2,000 crore and Rs 5,000 crore by way of quasi-equity.

Besides issuing equity, banks have been improving their capital position by selling stakes in insurance subsidiaries. The insurance business has been relatively less impacted by the Covid-19 crisis in the financial sector. In June, ICICI Bank sold a 1.5% stake in ICICI Prudential Life Insurance for Rs 840 crore bringing down its stake to 51.4%. It also divested 3.96% in its general insurance arm for nearly Rs 2,250 crore.

In the public sector, SBI sold 2.1% stake of its stake to its subsidiary SBI Life Insurance for Rs 1,522 crore. IDBI has obtained board permission to sell part of its stake to its JV partners — Belgian insurer Ageas will by 23% stake, while Federal Bank will by 4%. (Courtesy: The Times of India)

Word-Meaning: Buoyancy – cheerfulness, Crystallise – harden, Subsidiaries – a company^ ^controlled by holding companies, Slippages – the process of subsiding

On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, answer any ten of the questions given below by choosing the most appropriate option: [10 x 1 = 10]

a. Which proposal has recently been approved by ICICI Bank’s board, according to the passage?
(i) To raise $ 15,000 crore through issue of fresh equity.
(ii) To earn Rs. 80,000 crore by the end of year.
(iii) To raise Rs.15, 000 crore through issue of fresh equity.
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(iii) To raise Rs.15, 000 crore through issue of fresh equity.

b. What is the positive aspect of the supportive capital market?
(i) Banks are not looking for rising funds and issuing equity bonds.
(ii) Banks are likely to raise most of the additional funds requirement on account of Covid-19 forecast by rating agencies.
(iii) SBI and PNB have said that they will tap the market.
(iv) Banks are looking at Rs. 2,000 crore and Rs. 5,000 crore by the way of quasi-equity.
Answer:
(ii) Banks are likely to raise most of the additional funds requirement on account of Covid-19 forecast by rating agencies.

c. How much amount has been mobilised by the Kotak Mahindra Bank in May?
(i) Rs. 7,443 crore
(ii) 25,000 crore
(iii) Rs. 48,300 crore
(iv) Rs. 7,442 crore
Answer:
(iv) Rs. 7,442 crore

d. How the banks are improving their capital position?
(i) By the investment of equity shareholders
(ii) By selling stakes in insurance subsidiaries
(iii) By adding more equity shareholders
(iv) By not selling stakes in insurance subsidiaries.
Answer:
(ii) By selling stakes in insurance subsidiaries

e. Which of the following businesses have been relatively less impacted by the Covid-19 crisis in the financial sector?
(i) Telecom business
(ii) Banking business
(iii) Insurance business
(iv) Industrial business
Answer:
(iii) Insurance business

f. Which bank obtained the approval to raise Rs. 50,000 crore by way of additional tier-1 bonds?
(i) ICICI bank
(ii) Kotak Mahindra bank
(iii) HDFC bank
(iv) SBI and PNB banks
Answer:
(iii) HDFC bank

g. How much % of stake has SBI sold to SBI Life Insurance?
(i) 1.2%
(ii) 2.1%
(iii) 1.3%
(iv) 3.1%
Answer:
(ii) 2.1%

h. Bank of Baroda and Indian Bank are looking at raising …………… and ………… by way of quasi-equity respectively.
(i) Rs.2,000 crore / Rs.5,000 crore
(ii) Rs.80,000 crore / Rs.5,000 crore
(iii) Rs.20,000 crore / Rs.50,000 crore
(iv) Rs.5,000 crore / Rs.2,000 crore
Answer:
(i) Rs.2,000 crore / Rs.5,000 crore

i. The capital requirement by the private banks has been fixed between …………… by the rating agency.
(i) Rs.48,000 crore and Rs. 1,25,000 crore
(ii) Rs.25,000 crore and Rs.48,000 crore
(iii) Rs.25,000 crore and Rs.38,000 crore
(iv) Rs.45,000 crore and Rs.48,000 crore
Answer:
(ii) Rs.25,000 crore and Rs.48,000 crore

j. How the banks are taking advantage of the buoyancy in the capital market?
(i) By making it the largest fund-raise from the markets in any year.
(ii) By making it the fastest fund-raise from the sellers in a month.
(iii) By issuing fresh equity.
(iv) By issuance of banks this year to get largest fund-raise.
Answer:
(i) By making it the largest fund-raise from the markets in any year.

k. Which bank has got permission to sell parts of its stake to its JV partners?
(i) HDFC
(ii) IDBI
(iii) Kotak Mahindra
(iv) SBI
Answer:
(ii) IDBI

l. ICICI also sold a stake in ICICI Prudential Life Insurance.
(i) 0.5%
(ii) 1.0%
(iii) 1.5%
(iv) 2.5%
Answer:
(iii) 1.5%

5. Read the passage carefully.

TCS has worst qtr ever, sees recovery from Q3

Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) saw perhaps its worst performance ever in the first quarter of this fiscal year. Revenue dropped 7.8% to $5.1 billion, compared to the same period last year. Prior to this, the biggest decline was during the financial crisis — revenue in the second quarter of 2009-10 had fallen 2.3%. Revenue declines have been extremely rare in IT services.

In constant currency terms, the decline in the last quarter was 6.3%. Net income tanked 21% to $925 million, while operating margin slid to 23.6% — way below the company’s desired level of 26-28%. TCS is the first of the major IT companies to come out with the results for the first quarter.

CEO Rajesh Gopinathan said the company expects recovery from the third quarter of this fiscal, led by business from Europe, as the US and UK continue to remain bettered by the impact of the pandemic. “Europe is most ahead in the recovery curve as most customers in June have seen good traction and the geography will go back to a higher growth trajectory in the course of year,” Gopinathan said.
The US, the biggest market for most IT companies, remains the most impacted. The UK, Gopinathan said, is the most “unfortunate” due to the twin impact of Brexit and Covid-19 playing out.

For the quarter, Europe’s revenue in constant currency was up 2.7%, North America was down 6.1% and UK was down 8.5%. BFSI was down about 5%, retail was down 13% and manufacturing was down 7%. Only life sciences was up 14%.

“Our visibility in Q3 is better now as compared to our outlook last quarter. The recovery trajectory from here will be faster than post GFC (Great Financial Crisis of 2008-2009) due to the coordinated and large responses from governments. That should play out and we see the benefit of it,” Gopinathan said. Chief operating officer NG Subramaniam said customers who have adopted digital are seeing resilience in their operations.

CFO V Ramakrishnan said when there’s such a revenue decline, it will impact margins. “We used other efficiency levers to limit the impact of the sharp revenue decline during the quarter, including no salary increase and hiring freeze,” he said.

TCS global HR head Milind Lakkad described US President Donald Trump’s decision to suspend H-1B and L-l work visas as unfortunate and unfair. “There will be a business impact in the short-term,” Lakkad said. (Courtesy: The Times of India)

Word-Meaning: Decline — decrease, reduce, Pandemic — prevalent over the world, Traction — | l grip, adhesion, Trajectory – route, track, Resilience – flexibility

On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, answer any ten of the questions given below by choosing the most appropriate option: [10 x 1 = 10]

a. In the first quarter of this fiscal year, TCS saw a revenue drop of
(i) 6.3%
(ii) 7.8%
(iii)20.8%
(iv) 23.6%
Answer:
(ii) 7.8%

b. The desired operating margin of TCS is generally
(i) 28-26%
(ii) 21-23.6%
(iii) 26-28%
(iv) 21-24%
Answer:
(iii) 26-28%

c. The CEO of Tata Consultancy Services is
(i) N. G. Subramaniam
(ii) V. Ramakrishnan
(iii) Milind Lakkad
(iv) Rajesh Gopinathan
Answer:
(iv) Rajesh Gopinathan

d. The company is dependent on whom for recovery in the third quarter of this fiscal year?
(i) Asia
(ii) Africa
(iii) Europe
(vi) None of these
Answer:
(iii) Europe

e. Why according to the CEO of TCS, UK is the most ‘unfortunate’ nation?
(i) Twin impact of Brexit and Covid-19
(ii) H-1B and L-l work visas suspension
(iii) Impact of war IT companies
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(i) Twin impact of Brexit and Covid-19

f. Efficiency levers used by TCS to limit revenue decline are
(i) seeking government assistance
(ii) no salary increase and hiring freeze
(iii) customer’s reliance on digital operations
(iv) relying on Europe’s revenue in constant currency
Answer:
(ii) no salary increase and hiring freeze

g. Which is the biggest market for most IT companies?
(i) chine
(ii) UK
(iii) US
(iv) India
Answer:
(iii) US

h. According to the TCS global HR head, what is unfortunate and unfair?
(i) Fall in production
(ii) Pandemic
(iii) Revenue decline
(iv) H-1B and L-l work visas suspension
Answer:

i. According to Gopinathan, the visibility in Q3 is
(i) better
(ii) average
(iii) good
(iv) normal
Answer:
(iv) normal

j. Revenue in constant currency for retail and manufacturing was down by …………. and ……………. respectively.
(i) 6.1% and 8.5%
(ii) 13% and 7%
(iii) 5% and 7%
(iv) 14% and 13%
Answer:
(i) 6.1% and 8.5%

k. In which sector has revenue declined extremely?
(i) Banking services
(ii) Telecom sector
(iii) Education sector
(iv) IT services
Answer:
(iv) IT services

l. Which customers are seeing resilience in their operations?
(i) Digital
(ii) Loyal
(iii) New
(iv) Impulsive
Answer:
(i) Digital

6. Read the passage carefully.

Factory output shrinks 35% but pace of decline narrows

Fall in May is 3rd Month in a Row As Lockdown Takes Toll

The country’s factory output contracted sharply for the third consecutive month in May as the national lockdown imposed to contain the spread of the deadly coronavirus took a toll on several sectors such as manufacturing, but the pace of decline narrowed.

The National Statistical Office (NSO) only released the index numbers as a majority of the industrial sector establishments were not operating since the end of March. This has had an impact on the items being produced by the establishments during the period of lockdown and the subsequent periods of conditional relaxations in restrictions, it said.

The government had earlier said that it would not be correct to compare the numbers with the previous months due to data constraints.

According to the NSO, the index for the month of May 2020, stands at 88.4 as compared to 53.6 for April 2020, indicating a graded pick-up in industrial activity in the economy. The data, however, showed that the index of industrial production (IIP) contracted 34.7% in May compared to and expansion of 4.5% in the year ago month. The key manufacturing sector contracted 39.3% during the month compared to an expansion of 4.4% in the year earlier period. The capital goods and consumer durables sectors recorded sharp contractions of over 60% in May, highlighting subdued investment climate and weakness in consumer demand in the economy. However, the extent of negative growth has been lower in May than April, economists said.

“Economic activity is likely to tread a bumpy path in the coming month,” said Aditya Nayar, principal economist at ratings agency ICRA. Nayar said the biggest pick-up was displayed by infrastructure/construction goods sector, the contraction in which halved to 42% in May 2020 from 84.7% in April 2020. driven by cement and steel.

Economic activity has restarted and several sectors have shown some pickup in demand, prompting the government to say that green shoots of revival are visible. But the economy remains under severe stress with most forecasts pointing to a deep contraction in 2020-21, with a possibility of a feeble rebound next year. (Courtesy: The Times of India)

Word-Meaning: Lockdown – restricted access, Subsequent shrinking, Constraints – restriction, limitation

On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, answer any ten of the questions given below by choosing the most appropriate option: [10 x 1 = 10]

a. Write the full form of NSO from the passage.
(i) Native Statistical Office
(ii) Native Statistical Organisation
(iii) The National Statistical Office
(iv) Neglected Small Organisations
Answer:
(iii) The National Statistical Office

b. Who is Aditya Nayar?
(i) Principal economist at ratings agency ICRA
(ii) Head of NSO
(iii) In-charge of ICRA
(iv) Head of Industrial Union
Answer:
(i) Principal economist at ratings agency ICRA

c. What is the full form of IIP?
(i) Index of Industrial Programme
(ii) Index of Industrial Production
(iii) Industry of Index production
(iv) Indian Industrial Programme
Answer:
(ii) Index of Industrial Production

d. “Economic activity is likely to tread a bumpy path in coming months.” The statement belongs to …………….
(i) NSO
(ii) IIP
(iii) Aditya Nayar
(iv) Foreign Economist
Answer:
(iii) Aditya Nayar

e. According to NSO, what does the Index of May 2020 stand at?
(i) 53.6%
(ii) 36.6%
(iii) 88.4%
(iv) 34.7%
Answer:
(iii) 88.4%

f. Which sector recorded sharp contractions in May 2020?
(i) Manufacturing sector
(ii) Capital goods and consumer durable sectors
(iii) Industrial sector
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(ii) Capital goods and consumer durable sectors

g. Why did the country’s output contract sharply for the third consecutive month in May?
(i) Low production
(ii) Due to lockdown
(iii) Less demand
(iv) None of these
Answer:
(ii) Due to lockdown

h. What was the status of the extent of negative growth in May, according to economists?
(i) It was great.
(ii) There was no status.
(iii) Status remains same as in April.
(iv) Lower than April
Answer:
(iv) Lower than April

i. The index of industrial production (IIP) contracted 34.7% in May to an expansion of ………….
(i) 39.3% during the month
(ii) 4.4% in the year
(iii) 4.5% in the year-ago month
(iv) 34.7% in the year
Answer:
(iii) 4.5% in the year-ago month

j. According to Aditya Nayar, which sector displayed the biggest picke-up?
(i) Infrastructure/ construction goods sector
(ii) Consumer durable sector
(iii) Manufacturing sector
(iv) None of the above
Answer:
(i) Infrastructure/ construction goods sector

k. Is economy under severe stress in 2020-21, according to the passage?
(i) No
(ii) Yes
(iii) Perhaps
(iv) Not clear
Answer:
(ii) Yes

l. Have several sectors shown some pick up in demand, according to the graph?
(i) No
(ii) Yes
(iii) Not clear
(iv) None of these
Answer:
(ii) Yes

7. Read the passage carefully.

Google eyes $4bn Jio stake to expand Indian tech play

Tech Giant To Source Funds From $10Bn Reserved For India

A day after Google said it would invest $10 billion in India, the US company is considering to spend a good portion of that amount for a stake in Jio Platforms. The move is part of its plan to join rival Facebook in upping its play in one of the world’s biggest Internet services markets.

Google, according to Bloomberg, is in talks to acquire a $4-billion (Rs 30,000-crore) stake in Jio, the digital technology arm of billionaire Mukesh Ambani’s sprawling conglomerate Reliance Industries (RIL). If the talks convert into a transaction, then Google will be the second strategic investor in Jio after Facebook, with a seat on the board of the Indian company. Facebook has spent $5.7 billion (Rs 43,574 crore) for a 9.9% stake in Jio.

RIL didn’t respond to the query based on the Bloomberg report, while Google couldn’t be contacted for immediate comments.

While announcing its $ 10-billion commitment to India, Google CEO Sundar Pichai had said that the company will route the investment through equity deals, partnerships and other structures. The US tech major already has investments in Indian companies such as local delivery app Dunzo.

Google, whose Android mobile operating system powers a bulk of India’s 50 million smartphones, is looking at various opportunities to ramp up its play here. And Jio, which counts 400 million subscribers on its wireless network, offers the largest base of customers. So far, RIL has sold a quarter of Jio to 12 foreign investors, raising Rs 1.18 lakh crore (nearly $ 16 billion) in total. Aside from Facebook, the rest 11 shareholders in Jio are investment funds.

Jio, worth Rs 5,16 lakh crore, is at the core of Ambani’s plan to transform RIL from a refining- to-exploration company to a tech major. All the deals in Jio are a precursor to Ambani’s main plan of taking the digital company public in the future. Ambani may explore an overseas listing for Jio, possibly Nasdaq, after India proposed direct listing of companies in certain foreign jurisdictions. (Courtesy: The Times of India)

Word-Meaning: Conglomerate – mixture, Query – inquiry, Transform – change, transfigure

On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, answer any ten of the questions given below by choosing the most appropriate option: [10 x 1 = 10]

a. Who is the sixth richest person in the world, according to the passage?
(i) Larry Page
(ii) Mukesh Ambani
(iii) Sundar Pichai
(iv) Bill Gates
Answer:
(ii) Mukesh Ambani

b. What is the net worth of Mukesh Ambani?
(i) $4 billion
(ii) $5.7 billion
(iii) $16 billion
(iv) $72.4 billion
Answer:
(iv) $72.4 billion

c. If the deal mentioned in the passage is realised, then what will happen?
(i) Facebook will become one of the biggest internet service providers.
(ii) Facebook will become third largest service provider.
(iii) Google will be the second strategic investor in Jio after Facebook.
(iv) None of these
Answer:
(iii) Google will be the second strategic investor in Jio after Facebook.

d. How much have been spent by Facebook in Jio to get 9.9% stake?
(i) 5.9 billion
(ii) 43,570 crore
(iii) 9.9 billion
(iv) $5.7 billion (Rs.43,574 crore)
Answer:
(iv) $5.7 billion (Rs.43,574 crore)

e. According to Bloomberg, how much stake dose Google want to acquired?
(i) $4 billion
(ii) $9.9 billion
(iii) 72.4 billion
(iv) 15.6 billion
Answer:
(i) $4 billion

f. How much amount would Google invest in India?
(i) Rs. 10,000 crore
(ii) $10 billion
(iii) Rs.43,574 crore
(iv) $19.5 billion
Answer:
(ii) $10 billion

g. How will Google route the investment in India?
(i) Via Facebook and JIO
(ii) Through equity deals, partnerships and other structures
(iii) Via offering the largest share in Google
(iv) All of these
Answer:
(ii) Through equity deals, partnerships and other structures

h. Name the local delivery app mentioned in the passage.
(i) Dunzo
(ii) Zapier
(iii) Learn Dash
(iv) Lawyaw
Answer:
(i) Dunzo

i. Jio counts subscribers on its wireless network.
(i) 1.18 lakh
(ii) 5.16 lakh
(iii) 400 million
(iv) 12 foreign investors
Answer:
(iii) 400 million

j. The android mobile operating system of Google powers a bulk of India’s …………… .
(i) 400 million
(ii) 500 billion
(iii) 500 million
(iv) 12.5 million

8. Read the passage carefully.

As personal & small biz loans crash, bank lending in April shrinks ₹1.1 L cr

Bank lending has shrunk by Rs 1.1 lakh crore during the four weeks ended April 24 to Rs 91.5 lakh crore. While such a decline is not unusual, this year the drop was entirely because of loans to individuals in the personal segment shrinking by nearly Rs 63,000 crore and to micro and small enterprises by nearly Rs 50,000 crore during the period which coincided with Lockdown 1.0 and the first half of Lockdown 2.0.

In percentage terms, the sharpest drop was in the personal segment with middleclass borrowing for consumption through credit card outstanding and advances against fixed deposits and shares falling by over 10%. Most Indians in this period stayed home, unable to go out and spend or order anything online other than food and groceries.

The personal loan segment saw outstanding advances decline by Rs 62,861crore to Rs 24.9 lakh crore. According to data released by the RBI, the total bank credit as on April 24 stood at Rs 91.5 lakh crore — a dip of 1.2% from Rs 92.6 lakh crore on March 27. Loans to micro and small enterprises in the priority sector shrunk 4.2% in four weeks to Rs 11 lakh crore from Rs 11.49 lakh crore. While the lockdown has clearly brought down demand, many private banks, which were active in the retail and personal loan segments, turned risk-averse by tightening credit standards and reducing exposure.

The Rs 11,116-crore drop in credit card outstanding is largely explained by the closure of all non-essential retail outlets, including online ones, during the lockdown. Credit card outstanding, which had crossed Rs 1.08 lakh crore in March 2020, has declined to Rs 96,978 crore in April. The drop in loan against shares and FDs also appears to be reflecting a decline in consumption.

Loans against FDs fell 14% to Rs 60,975 crore while loans against shares dropped 10% to Rs 4,818 crore in April 2020.

The sectors which saw an expansion in bank credit included large industry, where banks lent an additional Rs 8,900 crore, retail trade where loans grew by nearly Rs 7,000 crore and, surprisingly, non-banking financial companies, where banks lent an additional Rs 5,000 crore. Loans to the services segment did reasonably better, shrinking only 0.8% to Rs 25.74 lakh crore from Rs 25.94 lakh crore a month earlier. In the services sector, transport operators were the biggest borrowers in April. Loans outstanding to this sector grew 3% to Rs 1.48 lakh crore. The demand for loans was the lowest in the wholesale trade segment, where outstanding loans fell by 5% to Rs 2.49 lakh crore.

To help banks overcome their risk aversion, the government has come out with a scheme to guarantee loans to businesses that have an outstanding credit limit of up to Rs 25 crore. This will include MSMEs and other small businesses. (Courtesy: The Times of India)

Word-Meaning: Shrinking – getting smaller in size, Segment – section, portion, Reducing – decreasing, Consumption – utilisation

On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, answer any ten of the questions given below by choosing the most appropriate option: [10 x 1 = 10]

a. RBI data states that the total bank credit as on April 24 stood at
(i) Rs. 91.5 lakh crore
(ii) Rs. 92.6 lakh crore
(iii) Rs. 24.9 lakh crore
(iv) Rs. 21.6 lakh crore
Answer:
(i) Rs. 91.5 lakh crore

b. Rs. 11,116 crore drop in credit card outstanding is due to
(i) Covid-19
(ii) Bank scam
(iii) Closure of all non-essential retail outlets
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(iii) Closure of all non-essential retail outlets

c. Loans against FDs and shares have dropped and respectively in April 2020.
(i) 14%, 10%
(ii) 15%, 10%
(iii) 10.3%, 9.7%
(iv) 9.7%, 4.2%
Answer:
(i) 14%, 10%

d. In which segment was the sharpest drop of bank loans seen?
(i) Priority sector
(ii) Agriculture sector
(iii) Services sector
(iv) Personal loans
Answer:
(iv) Personal loans

e. Which sectors saw expansion in bank credit?
(i) Services sector, consumer durables and priority sector
(ii) Large industry, retail trade and non-banking financial companies
(iii) Retail trade, personal loans and housing
(iv) Non-banking financial companies and priority sector
Answer:
(ii) Large industry, retail trade and non-banking financial companies

f. Based on the report, loans to micro and small enterprises shrunk by
(i) Rs. 63,000 crore
(ii) Rs. 50,000 crore
(iii) Rs. 62,861 crore
(iv) Rs. 60,975 crore
Answer:
(ii) Rs. 50,000 crore

g. Who were the biggest borrowers in the services sector in April?
(i) Transport operators
(ii) Retail industry
(iii) Real Estate
(iv) Media and communications
Answer:
(i) Transport operators

h. What is the government doing to overcome banks’ risk aversion?
(i) Launching schemes to guarantee loans with credit limit of up to Rs 25 crore
(ii) Tightening credit standards and reducing exposure
(iii) Both (i) and (ii)
(iv) None of the above
Answer:
(i) Launching schemes to guarantee loans with credit limit of up to Rs 25 crore

i. Which segment had the lowest demand for loans?
(i) Retail trade
(ii) Agriculture
(iii) Personal
(iv) Wholesale trade
Answer:
(iv) Wholesale trade

j. Loans to the services segment has shrunk only by
(i) 0.1%
(ii) 0.8%
(iii) 0.7%
(iv) 0.6 %
Answer:
(ii) 0.8%

k. What has clearly brought down demand?
(i) Lockdown
(ii) Less production
(iii) Less consumption
(iv) All of these
Answer:
(i) Lockdown

l. According to RBI data, the percentage dip in total bank credit is
(i) 2.2%
(ii) 4.2%
(iii) 1.2%
(iv) 3.2%
Answer:
(iii) 1.2%

9. Read the passage carefully.

Infosys does much better than peers in Q1

Infosys put up a stellar show in comparison with its peers in the first quarter. That, together with its big contract win from US investment firm Vanguard, took the Bengaluru-based company’s share price up by 12% in morning trades on the NYSE.

The company announced its results after markets closed in India. But here too, the share price on Wednesday was up over 6%, mainly on account of the Vanguard deal, which sources tell TOI is worth about $700 million.

“We had an exceptionally good quarter. Our confidence and visibility for the rest of the year is improving, driven by our Q1 performance and large deal wins,” said CEO Salil Parekh. Infosys also resumed giving revenue guidance, which it had suspended last quarter on account of the uncertainties following the Covid-19 pandemic. The company expects its growth to be flat or at best inch up by 2% this fiscal on constant currency.

The range, not surprisingly, is nowhere close to what IT services companies have been seeing in the past decade — Infosys grew at 9.8% last fiscal — and shows the massive impact of the pandemic. The guidance also shows that the company has better visibility into the future, compared to its peers. Wipro did not provide its usual quarterly guidance and said on Tuesday that it is difficult to look beyond September.

For the three months ended June 30, Infosys’ revenue was up 1.5% in constant currency compared to the same period last year. On a reported basis, revenue was down by just 0.3%. TCS’s corresponding numbers were a negative 6.3% and 7.8% respectively.

Infosys signed large deals worth about $1.8 billion in the quarter and, out of the 15 deals, five were from the BFSI (banking, financial services and insurance) vertical. Some demand in banking is coming back in the US and Asia-Pacific Zone, while capital markets, cards and payments space continue to face challenges, chief operating officer UB Pravin Rao said. Overall, the financial services business was up 2.1% in constant currency against last year. A large part of deal wins was driven by digital, which grew at 25.5% and now contributes 44.5% of the top line.

Operating margin jumped 220 basis points (100bps = 1 percentage point) to 22.7% largely aided by various cost-reduction measures, including lower advertisement and marketing spends, freeze on salary hikes, negligible travel and visa costs, and the benefit of rupee depreciation. Net profit was up 3.1% to $564 million. (Courtesy: The Times of India)

Word-Meaning: Peers – persons of the same age or position, Visibility – the state of being seen, j Constant – continuous, Corresponding – alike, Negligible – minor, Depreciation – reduction, fall

On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, answer any ten of the questions given below by choosing the most appropriate option: [10 x 1 = 10]

a. Infosys’ share price in morning trades on the NYSE was up by
(i) 11%
(ii) 12%
(iii) 13%
(iv) 14%
Answer:
(ii) 12%

b. Which company did not provide its usual quarterly guidance?
(i) Infosys
(ii) Reliance
(iii) Wipro
(iv) TCS
Answer:
(iii) Wipro

c. Who is the CEO of Infosys?
(i) Salil Parekh
(ii) Thierry Delaporte
(iii) Pravin Rao
(iv) None of the above
Answer:
(i) Salil Parekh

d. The full form of BFSI is
(i) Banking Financial Service Institute
(ii) Banking Financial Service Insured
(iii) Banking, Financial services, and Indemnity
(iv) Banking, Financial services, and Insurance
Answer:
(iv) Banking, Financial services, and Insurance

e. TCS’ constant currency revenue growth for the first quarter (Ql) is
(i) 1.5%
(ii) 4.4%
(iii) 2%
(iv) 6.3%
Answer:
(iv) 6.3%

f. The financial services business grew in constant currency against last year.
(i) 2.1%
(ii) 3.1%
(iii) 0.3%
(iv) 1.5%
Answer:
(i) 2.1%

g. Demand in banking is coming back in which two zones?
(i) The US and India
(ii) Asia Pacific and the US
(iii) Asia Pacific and Middle East
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(ii) Asia Pacific and the US

h. Which of these statements is true?
(i) Rupee depreciation benefited cost-reduction measures.
(ii) Net profit of Infosys was up 1.5%.
(iii) Infosys grew at 8% last fiscal,
(iv) All of these
Answer:
(i) Rupee depreciation benefited cost-reduction measures.

i. Which deal boosted Infosys stock on NYSE?
(i) Edelweiss
(ii) Vanguard
(iii) Both (i) and (ii)
(iv) None of these
Answer:
(ii) Vanguard

j. What did the guidance show about the visibility of Infosys?
(i) Better visibility into the future
(ii) Bleak visibility
(iii) Neither better nor bleak visibility
(iv) None of the above
Answer:
(i) Better visibility into the future

k. Infosys signed how many deals with the BFSI industry?
(i) 15
(ii) 14
(iii) 5
(iv) 4
Answer:
(iii) 5

l. What did Infosys suspend due to Covid-19 uncertainties?
(i) Giving revenue guidance
(ii) Advertisement and marketing spending
(iii) Signing deals with investment companies
(iv) None of the above
Answer:
(i) Giving revenue guidance

10. Read the passage carefully.

Secondary-level students take coaching most: Survey

Times View: Private coaching is a multi-million rupee industry in India. But it is the symptom of a problem, not the problem itself. Coaching centres merely fill the gap caused by lack of quality teaching especially in government schools, more so in small towns and villages. Only a sincere and sustained effort to improve education in such schools will alter the picture and prevent this huge drain on the resources of the families desperately seeking to give their children decent education.

Secondary level students topped the number of students taking private coaching with 31% males and 29% female students taking recourse to. this method, a recent NSSO survey has shown. The report also showed that nearly 20% students attending pre-primary and above level (21% of males and 19% of females) were taking private coaching.

According to the final report of the 75th round of the survey information was collected on whether a student was taking/had taken private coaching relating to the basic course. Private coaching might be taken by a student individually or in a group, at home or in any other place, by a single or more tutors.

Private coaching is a thriving business across the country and according to a 2016 NSSO report more than 7.1 crore students were taking private coaching or tuition classes in addition to their basic education.

At the pre-primary level 11.6% of students across the country were taking private coaching but this number rose gradually at the upper primary and middle level to 21.9% and rose to 30.2% at the secondary level. It then tapped to 27.5% at the higher secondary level.
Experts attributed the trend of a larger share of students at the secondary level taking recourse to private coaching to the entrance exams for professional courses such as engineering and medicines.

Anil Swarup, former secretary school education in the ministry of human resource development, explained the increase of students taking private coaching to the different competitive examinations and said this was a result of the dichotomy between learning and understanding. (Courtesy: The Times of India)

Word-Meaning: Symptom – indication, Sustained-continuous, Desperately – badly, Thriving – booming, growing, Gradually – constantly, Dichotomy – disagreement

On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, answer any ten of the questions given below by choosing the most appropriate option: [10 x 1 = 10]

a. According to the recent survey of NSSO, what percentage of female students in the secondary level take private coaching?
(i) 20.6%
(ii) 21.9%
(iii) 29%
(iv) 24.7%
Answer:
(iii) 29%

b. The 2016 NSSO report states that students were taking private coaching in addition to their basic education.
(i) 7.1 crore
(ii) 7 crore
(iii) 8 crore
(iv) 8.1 crore
Answer:
(i) 7.1 crore

c. Which level of students take the highest number of private coaching in India?
(i) Higher Secondary
(ii) Upper primary/middle
(iii) Secondary
(iv) Primary
Answer:
(iii) Secondary

d. Which industry is worth multi-million rupee in India, according to the Times View?
(i) Technical education
(ii) Private coaching
(iii) Skill-based education
(iv) None of the above
Answer:
(ii) Private coaching

e. What percentage of pre-primary students take private coaching?
(i) 20%
(ii) 21%
(iii) 19%
(iv) 11.6%
Answer:
(iv) 11.6%

f. What do coaching centres do?
(i) Fill the gap caused by lack of quality teaching
(ii) Only give tuition to the students
(iii) Only develop their intelligence level
(iv) None of these
Answer:
(i) Fill the gap caused by lack of quality teaching

g. What can improve education system, according to the passage?
(i) Sincere and sustained efforts
(ii) Provide decent education
(iii) Prevent huge drain
(iv) Both (ii) and (iii)
Answer:
(i) Sincere and sustained efforts

h. For which professional courses do students take private coaching at large level?
(i) Medicines
(ii) Engineering
(iii) Both (i) and (ii)
(iv) None of these
Answer:
(iii) Both (i) and (ii)

i. Who is the former Secretary of School Education?
(i) Rajarshi Bhattacharya
(ii) Anil Swarup
(iii) Dheeraj Kumar
(iv) Sandeep Kumar
Answer:
(ii) Anil Swarup

j. Lack of quality teaching is prevalent mostly in
(i) urban areas
(ii) rural areas
(iii) small towns and villages
(iv) none of the above
Answer:
(iii) small towns and villages

k. According to the graph, which category of students take minimum private coaching?
(i) Graduate and above level
(ii) Pre-primary
(iii) Primary
(iv) Diploma Certificate
Answer:
(iv) Diploma Certificate

l. The percentage of higher secondary students taking private coaching across India is
(i) 21.9%
(ii) 30.2%
(iii) 27.5%
(iv) 31%
Answer:
(iii) 27.5%

JAC Class 10 English Solutions

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 9 Maths Solutions Chapter 4 Linear Equations in Two Variables Ex 4.3 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

JAC Board Class 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 4 Linear Equations in Two Variables Ex 4.3

Page-74

Question 1.
Draw the graph of each of the following linear equations in two variables:
(i) x + y = 4
(ii) x – y = 2
(iii) y = 3x
(iv) 3 = 2x + y
Answer:
(i) x + y = 4
Put x = 0 then y = 4
Put x = 4 then y = 0

x	0	4
y	4	0

(ii) x – y = 2
Put x = 0 then y = -2
Put x = 2 then y = 0

x	0	-2
y	-2	0

(iii) y = 3x
Put x = 0 then y = 0
Put x = 1 then y = 3

x	0	1
y	0	3

(iv) 3 = 2x + y
Put x = 0 then y =3
Put x = 1 then y = 1

x	0	1
y	3	1

Question 2.
Give the equations of two lines passing through (2, 14). How many more such lines are there, and why?
Answer:
Here, x = 2 and y = 14.
Thus, x + y = 16
also, y = 7x (∵ x = 2, y = 14)
⇒ y – 7x = 0
∴ The equations of two lines passing through (2, 14) are x + y = 16 and y – 7x = 0.
There will be infinite such lines because infinite number of lines can pass through a given point.

Question 3.
If the point (3, 4) lies on the graph of the equation 3y = ax + 7, find the value of a.
Answer:
The point (3, 4) lies on the graph of the equation 3y = ax + 7.
∴ Putting x = 3 and y = 4 in the equation
3y = ax + 7, we get
3 × 4 = a × 3 + 7
⇒ 12 = 3a + 7
⇒ 3a = 12 – 7
⇒ a = \(\frac{5}{3}\)

Question 4.
The taxi fare in a city is as follows: For the first kilometre, the fare is ₹8 and for the subsequent distance it is ₹5 per km. Taking the distance covered as x km and total fare as ₹y, write a linear equation for this information, and draw its graph.
Answer:
Total fare = ₹y
Total distance covered = x kilometre
Fair for the subsequent distance after 1st kilometre = ₹5
Fair for 1st kilometre = ₹8
y = 8 + 5(x – 1)
⇒ y = 8 + 5x – 5
⇒ y = 5x + 3

x	0	\(\frac{-3}{5}\)
y	3	0

Question 5.
From the choices given below, choose the equation whose graphs are given in Fig (a) and Fig (b).
For Fig (a)
(i) y = x
(ii) x + y = 0
(iii) y = 2x
(iv) 2 + 3y = 7x

For Fig (b)
(i) y = x + 2
(ii) y = x – 2
(iii) y = -x + 2
(iv) x + 2y = 6

Answer:
In fig. (a), points are (0, 0), (-1, 1) and (1,-1).
∴ Equation (ii) x + y = 0 is correct as it satisfies all the values of the points.
In fig. (b), points are (-1, 3), (0, 2) and (2, 0).
∴ Equation (iii) y = -x + 2 is correct as it satisfies all the values of the points.

Page-75

Question 6.
If the work done by a body on application of a constant force is directly proportional to the distance travelled by the body,
(i) 2 units (ii) 0 unit

Answer:
Let the distance traveled by the body be x and y be the work done by the force.
y ∝ x (Given)
⇒ y = 5x (To equate the proportional, we need a constant).
Here, it was given 5
When x = \(\frac{1}{4}\), y = \(\frac{5}{4}\)
When x = \(\frac{1}{2}\) , y = \(\frac{5}{2}\)

x	\(\frac{1}{4}\)	\(\frac{1}{2}\)
y	\(\frac{5}{4}\)	\(\frac{5}{2}\)

(i) When x = 2 units then y = 10 units
(ii) When x = 0 unit then y = 0 unit

Question 7.
Yamini and Fatima, two students of Class IX of a school, together contributed ? 100 towards the Prime Minister’s Relief Fund to help the earthquake victims. Write a linear equation which satisfies this data. (You may take their contributions as ₹ x and ₹ y.) Draw the graph of the same.

Answer:
Let the contribution amount by Yamini be ₹ x and contribution amount bv Fatima be ₹ y.
x + y = 100
When x = 0 then y = 100
When x = 50 then y = 50
When x = 100 then y = 0

x	0	50	100
y	100	50	0

 

Question 8.
In countries like USA and Canada, temperature is measured in Fahrenheit, whereas in countries like India, it is measured in Celsius. Here is a linear equation that converts Fahrenheit to Celsius:
F = (\(\frac {9}{5}\))C + 32
(i) Draw the graph of the linear equation above using Celsius for x-axis and Fahrenheit for y-axis.
(ii) If the temperature is 30°C, what is the temperature in Fahrenheit?
(iii) If the temperature is 95°F, what is the temperature in Celsius?
(iv) If the temperature is 0°C, what is the temperature in Fahrenheit and if the temperature is 0°F, what is the temperature in Celsius?
(v) Is there a temperature which is numerically the same in both Fahrenheit and Celsius? If yes, find it.
Answer:
(i) F = (\(\frac {9}{5}\))C + 32
When C = 0 then F = 32
also, when C = -10 then F = 14

(ii) Putting the value of C = 30° in
F = (\(\frac {9}{5}\))C + 32, we get
F = \(\frac {9}{5}\) × 30 + 32
⇒ F = 54 +32
⇒ F = 86

(iii) Putting the value of F = 95 in
F = (\(\frac {9}{5}\))C + 32, we get
95 = (\(\frac {9}{5}\))C + 32
⇒ \(\frac {9}{5}\)C = 95 – 32
⇒ C = 63 × \(\frac {5}{9}\) = 35

(iv) Putting the value of F = 0 in
F = (\(\frac {9}{5}\))C + 32, we get
0 = (\(\frac {9}{5}\))C + 32
⇒ \(\frac {9}{5}\)C = – 32
⇒ C = – 32 × \(\frac {5}{9}\)
⇒ C = \(\frac{-160}{9}\)

Putting the value of C = 0 in
F = (\(\frac {9}{5}\))C + 32, we get
F = (\(\frac {9}{5}\)) × 0 + 32
⇒ F = 32

(v) Here, we have to find when F = C
Therefore, putting F = C in F = \(\frac {9}{5}\)C + 32, we get
F = \(\frac {9}{5}\)F + 32
⇒ F – \(\frac {9}{5}\)F = 32
⇒ –\(\frac {4}{5}\)F = 32
⇒ F = -40
Therefore at -40, both Fahrenheit and Celsius are numerically the same.

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 10 Hindi Solutions Sparsh Chapter 6 मधुर-मधुर मेरे दीपक जल Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

JAC Board Class 10 Hindi Solutions Sparsh Chapter 6 मधुर-मधुर मेरे दीपक जल

JAC Class 10 Hindi मधुर-मधुर मेरे दीपक जल Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए –

प्रश्न 1.
महादेवी वर्मा की कविता में ‘दीपक’ और ‘प्रियतम’ किसके प्रतीक हैं?
उत्तर :
प्रस्तुत कविता में ‘दीपक’ कवयित्री की कोमल भावनाओं से परिपूर्ण हृदय का प्रतीक है। कवयित्री ने ‘प्रियतम’ का प्रयोग अपने प्रिय ईश्वर के लिए किया है।

प्रश्न 2.
दीपक से किस बात का आग्रह किया जा रहा है और क्यों ?
अथवा
न कवयित्री ने दीपक को किस प्रकार जलने के लिए कह रही है और क्यों? कवयित्री ने दीपक से जलने की प्रार्थना क्यों की है?
उत्तर :
दीपक से निरंतर जलते रहने का आग्रह किया जा रहा है। दीपक स्वयं जलता है, किंतु दूसरों के मार्ग को आलोकित कर देता है। वह त्याग और परोपकार का संदेश देता है। कवयित्री दीपक से जलने का आग्रह करते हुए कहती है कि जलने में पीड़ा नहीं है। जलने में तो आनंद की अनुभूति होती है। संसार की समस्त वस्तुएँ अपने भीतर अग्नि समेटे हुए हैं। यदि जलने में आनंद न होता, तो ऐसा कभी न होता। अतः उसे निरंतर जलते रहना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 3.
‘विश्व-शलभ’ दीपक के साथ क्यों जल जाना चाहता है?
उत्तर :
“विश्व-शलभ’ अपनी परोपकारी वृत्ति के कारण दीपक के साथ जल जाना चाहता है। उसकी इच्छा है कि जिस प्रकार दीपक के जलने से सबको प्रकाश प्राप्त होता है, उसी प्रकार उसके जलने से भी सभी प्रकाश प्राप्त करें। वह भी किसी की भलाई का कारण बने।

प्रश्न 4.
आपकी दृष्टि में ‘मधुर मधुर मेरे दीपक जल’ कविता का सौंदर्य इनमें से किस पर निर्भर है-
(क) शब्दों की आवृत्ति पर
(ख) सफल बिंब अंकन पर सफल बिंब अंकन पर।
उत्तर :
सफल बिंब अंकन पर।

प्रश्न 5.
कवयित्री किसका पथ आलोकित करना चाह रही हैं?
उत्तर :
कवयित्री अपने प्रियतम का पथ आलोकित करना चाह रही है। उसकी इच्छा है कि वह स्वयं दीपक के समान जलकर प्रकाश फैला दे और अपने प्रियतम के मार्ग के अंधकार को दूर कर दे। वह अपने प्रियतम के मार्ग को प्रकाशित कर देना चाहती है, ताकि वह उसके पास सरलता से पहुंच सके।

प्रश्न 6.
कवयित्री को आकाश के तारे स्नेहहीन से क्यों प्रतीत हो रहे हैं?
उत्तर :
स्नेनहीन शब्द से तात्पर्य प्रेम-रहित, नीरस और तेल से रहित है। आकाश के तारे मध्यम रोशनी में टिमटिमा रहे हैं। उनकी रोशनी अत्यधिक कम है। वे कभी जलते और कभी बुझते से प्रतीत होते हैं। कवयित्री कहती है कि ऐसा लगता है, मानो इन दीपकों का तेल समाप्त हो रहा है और ये तेल-रहित होने के कारण टिमटिमा रहे हैं। इसी कारण उसे आकाश के तारे स्नेहहीन से प्रतीत होते हैं।

प्रश्न 7.
पतंगा अपने क्षोभ को किस प्रकार व्यक्त कर रहा है?
उत्तर :
पतंगा स्वयं को दीपक के समान जला देना चाहता है। उसकी इच्छा है कि वह भी किसी के कुछ काम आ सके। जिस प्रकार दीपक स्वयं जलकर दूसरों को रोशनी प्रदान करता है, उसी प्रकार वह भी दूसरों के मार्ग को प्रकाशित करना चाहता है। इस बात का उसके मन में बहुत क्षोभ है। वह कहता है कि काश! वह भी दीपक की लौ में जलकर किसी के मार्ग को प्रकाशित करने का कारण बन पाता। ऐसा न कर पाने का उसे बहुत पछतावा है।

प्रश्न 8.
मधुर-मधुर, पुलक-पुलक, सिहर-सिहर और विहँस-विहँस, व वयित्री ने दीपक को हर अलग-अलग तरह से जलने को क्यों कहा है ? स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर :
कवयित्री ने इन शब्दों से अलग-अलग बिंब योजनाएँ की हैं। जलते हुए दीपक की क्षण-क्षण हिलती और जगमगाती लौ की उज्ज्वलता और सुंदरता को प्रकट करने के लिए उसने दीपक को हर तरह से जलने के लिए कहा है।

प्रश्न 9.
नीचे दी गई काव्य-पंक्तियों को पढ़िए और प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए –
जलते नभ में देख अल्पसंख्यक,
स्नेहहीन नित कितने दीपक,
जलमय सागर का उर जलता,
विद्युत ले घिरता है बादल!
विहँस विहँस मेरे दीपक जल।
(क) ‘स्नेहहीन दीपक’ से क्या तात्पर्य है?
(ख) सागर को ‘जलमय’ कहने का क्या अभिप्राय है और उसका हृदय क्यों जलता है?
(ग) बादलों की क्या विशेषता बताई गई है?
(घ) कवयित्री दीपक को ‘विहँस विहँस’ जलने के लिए क्यों कह रही हैं?
उत्तर :
(क) ‘स्नेहहीन दीपक’ से तात्पर्य आकाश के असंख्य तारों से है। आकाश के तारे इस प्रकार टिमटिमाते हैं, मानो उनमें तेल समाप्त हो गया हो।

(ख) सागर में सर्वत्र जल-ही-जल दिखाई देता है। लेकिन कवयित्री का मानना है कि यद्यपि जल और अग्नि एक साथ नहीं रह सकते, फिर भी सागर में अग्नि का निवास होता है। सागर की इस अग्नि को बड़वाग्नि कहते हैं। इसी अग्नि से सागर का हृदय जलता हुआ प्रतीत होता है।

(ग) बादलों की विशेषता उसमें छिपी बिजली को बताया गया है। बादल पानी से लबालब भरा होता है, वह बहुत जल बरसाता है, किंतु उसके भीतर भी बिजली के रूप में अग्नि का निवास होता है। बादल से जब भी घनघोर वर्षा होती है, तो बिजली अवश्य कौंधती है।

(घ) विहँस का अर्थ है-‘हँसकर’। कवयित्री दीपक से कहती है कि उसे निरंतर जलने में पीड़ा का अनुभव नहीं होना चाहिए। संसार की सभी वस्तुएँ जल रही हैं। सभी में अग्नि विद्यमान है। आकाश के तारे, समुद्र, बादल सभी किसी-न-किसी अग्नि में जल रहे हैं। अत: कवयित्री ने दीपक को जलने में पीड़ा का अनुभव न करके हँसने के लिए कहा है।

प्रश्न 10.
क्या मीराबाई और आधुनिक मीरा ‘महादेवी वर्मा इन दोनों ने अपने-अपने आराध्य देव से मिलने के लिए जो युक्तियाँ अपनाई हैं उनमें आपको कुछ समानता या अंतर प्रतीत होता है? अपने विचार प्रकट कीजिए।
उत्तर :
मीराबाई और महादेवी वर्मा ने अपने-अपने आराध्य देव से मिलने के लिए अलग-अलग युक्तियाँ अपनाई थीं। मीराबाई ने स्पष्ट रूप से श्रीकृष्ण को अपना प्रियतम माना था और उन्हें रिझाने के लिए हर संभव कार्य किया था। वे उनके लिए नाचती थीं; गाती थीं; ज़हर का प्याला तक उन्होंने पी लिया था। महादेवी के प्रियतम रहस्यवाद से घिरे हैं। वे उन्हें अनुभूति से पाना चाहती थीं। वे उन्हें प्रकृति के कण-कण से ढूँढ़ना चाहती थीं। वे उन्हें साकार रूप में न पाकर मानसिक रूप से प्राप्त करना चाहती थीं।

(ख) निम्नलिखित का भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए –

प्रश्न :
1. दे प्रकाश का सिंधु अपरिमित,
तेरे जीवन का अणु गल गल!
2. युग-युग प्रतिदिन प्रतिक्षण प्रतिपल,
प्रियतम का पथ अलोकित कर!
3. मृदुल मोम सा घुल रे मृदु तन!
उत्तर :
1. प्रस्तुत पंक्तियों में कवयित्री ने लोकमंगल की भावना को अत्यंत सुंदर ढंग से अभिव्यक्त किया है। कवयित्री कहती है कि जैसे दीपक स्वयं को मिटाकर संसार को प्रकाश प्रदान करता है, वैसे ही मनुष्य को आत्म-बलिदान द्वारा संसार का कल्याण करना चाहिए। कवयित्री की भाषा तत्सम प्रधान है। प्रवाहमयता, चित्रात्मकता तथा लयात्मकता द्रष्टव्य है। मानवीकरण एवं पुनरुक्ति प्रकाश अलंकार का सुंदर प्रयोग है। भाषा सरल, सरस और प्रभावशाली है। बिंबात्मकता का सुंदर प्रयोग है।

2. यहाँ कवयित्री ने सूफी कवियों के समान प्रेम की पीड़ा को सुंदर ढंग से व्यक्त किया है। वह कहती हैं कि जिस प्रकार दीपक निरंतर जल-जलकर संसार में आलोक बिखेरता है, वैसे ही मनुष्य को भी स्वयं को मिटाकर संसार का कल्याण करना चाहिए। प्रतीकात्मकता का सुंदर प्रयोग है। प्रसादात्मकता और लयात्मकता ने काव्य-सौष्ठव में अभिवृद्धि की है। भाषा में तत्सम शब्दावली का प्रयोग है। भाषा की सरसता, भावानुकूलता तथा प्रवाहमयता द्रष्टव्य है। पुनरुक्ति प्रकाश तथा अनुप्रास अलंकार के प्रयोग से काव्य-सौंदर्य में वृद्धि हुई है।

3. प्रस्तुत पंक्तियों में कवयित्री का कथन है कि जैसे दीपक धीरे-धीरे मोम की तरह गलकर प्रकाश फैलाता है, वैसे ही मनुष्य को भी स्वयं का बलिदान कर संसार का कल्याण करना चाहिए। कोमलकांत शब्दावली का प्रयोग किया है। भाषा में तत्सम श प्रधानता है। सरसता एवं लयात्मकता द्रष्टव्य है। अनुप्रास एवं उपमा अलंकार का सुंदर प्रयोग है।

भाषा अध्ययन –

प्रश्न 1.
कविता में जब एक शब्द बार-बार आता है और वह योजक चिह्न द्वारा जुड़ा होता है, तो वहाँ पुनरुक्ति प्रकाश अलंकार होता है; जैसे-पुलक-पुलक। इसी प्रकार के कुछ और शब्द खोजिए जिनमें यह अलंकार हो।
उत्तर :
इसी प्रकार के अन्य शब्द हैं –
(i) मधुर-मधुर
(ii) युग-युग
(iii) गल-गल
(iv) सिहर-सिहर
(v) विहँस-विहँस

योग्यता विस्तार –

प्रश्न 1.
इस कविता में जो भाव आए हैं, उन्हीं भावों पर आधारित कवयित्री द्वारा रचित कुछ अन्य कविताओं का अध्ययन करें; जैसे
(क) मैं नीर भरी दुख की बदली
(ख) जो तुम आ जाते एक बार
ये सभी कविताएँ ‘सन्धिनी’ में संकलित हैं।
उत्तर
विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें।

प्रश्न 2.
इस कविता को कंठस्थ करें तथा कक्षा में संगीतमय प्रस्तुति करें।
उत्तर
विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें।

प्रश्न 3.
महादेवी वर्मा को आधुनिक मीरा कहा जाता है। इस विषय पर जानकारी प्राप्त कीजिए।
उत्तर :
विद्यार्थी अपने अध्यापक/अध्यापिका की सहायता से स्वयं करें।

JAC Class 10 Hindi मधुर-मधुर मेरे दीपक जल Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
‘मधुर-मधुर मेरे दीपक जल’ कविता में कवयित्री किसका पथ आलोकित करना चाहती है ? स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर :
कवयित्री अपने प्रियतम के मार्ग को प्रकाशित करना चाहती है। इसी कारण वह दीपक को युगों-युगों तक, प्रतिदिन, प्रतिपल अपना प्रकाश बिखेरने के लिए कहती है। वह चाहती है कि दीपक के प्रकाश से उसके प्रियतम के मार्ग का समस्त अंधकार दूर हो जाए और उसके प्रियतम को उस तक पहुँचने में किसी प्रकार की कठिनाई न हो। कवयित्री ईश्वर-मिलन में बाधक अज्ञानरूपी अंधकार को समाप्त कर देना चाहती है।

प्रश्न 2.
विश्व के नवीन और शीतल पदार्थ दीपक से क्या माँगते हैं और क्यों?
उत्तर :
विश्व के नवीन और शीतल पदार्थ दीपक से ज्वाला के कण माँगते हैं। कवयित्री का मानना है कि विश्व की समस्त वस्तुओं में पीड़ा का भाव छिपा हुआ है। पीड़ा के बिना किसी भी चीज़ का महत्व नहीं है। जब मन में वेदना हो, तो दुनिया का दर्द समझ में आता है। जब तक मनुष्य दुख और पीड़ा का अनुभव नहीं करेगा, वह समर्पण का आनंद नहीं जान सकेगा। इसी कारण विश्व के सभी नवीन और शीतल पदार्थ दीपक से ज्वाला के कण माँगते हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
कवयित्री ने ‘मृदु तन’ किसको कहा है और उसे क्या करने के लिए कहा है?
उत्तर :
कवयित्री ने दीपक को ‘मृदु तन’ कहा है। वह दीपक से कहती है कि वह अपने कोमल और सुंदर शरीर को मोम की तरह घोल दे। इससे संसार को प्रकाश प्राप्त होगा। उसे अपने व्यक्तिगत सुख की अपेक्षा अपने आपको संसार के लिए नष्ट कर देना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 4.
मधुर मधुर मेरे दीपक जल!
युग युग प्रतिदिन प्रतिक्षण प्रतिपल,
प्रियतम का पथ आलोकित कर!
अवतरण का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर :
इस अवतरण में महादेवी वर्मा ने दीपक को परोपकार, त्याग एवं वेदना का प्रतीक मानकर उसे युगों-युगों तक जलकर प्रकाश फैलाने की प्रेरणा दी है। तत्सम प्रधान भाषा सहज व सरल है। गेयता का गुण विद्यमान है। शांत रस एवं माधुर्य गुण है। रूपक, वीप्सा, अनुप्रास एवं पुनरुक्ति प्रकाश की छटा है। दृश्य बिंब की योजना है।

प्रश्न 5.
‘सौरभ फैला विपुल धूप बन’ पंक्ति के माध्यम से हमें क्या प्रेरणा मिलती है ?
उत्तर :
इस पंक्ति के माध्यम से हमें त्याग, परोपकार एवं निःस्वार्थ भावना से मानवता के कल्याण की प्रेरणा मिलती है। हमें सदैव मानव कल्याण के लिए कार्य करने चाहिए। दूसरों के हित के लिए सदा तत्पर रहना चाहिए। यहाँ तक कि दूसरों को सुख प्रदान करने के लिए यदि स्वयं को जलाना पड़े, तो पीछे नहीं हटना चाहिए। स्वयं जलकर दूसरों को प्रकाश देने का प्रयास करना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 6.
कवयित्री ने दीपक को किसका प्रतीक माना है? वह उससे क्या करना चाहती है?
उत्तर :
कवयित्री ने दीपक को परोपकार, वेदना और त्याग का प्रतीक माना है। उसने दीपक के माध्यम से प्रकट करना चाहा है कि वह अपने जीवन के कण-कण को दीपक की लौ की तरह जलाकर प्रियतम के मार्ग को प्रकाशमान करना चाहती है। वह अपने प्रियतम के पथ को सदा प्रकाशित करना चाहती है। वह चाहती है कि उसके मार्ग के सभी अंधकार मिट जाएँ।

प्रश्न 7.
अपने जीवन अणु को कवयित्री क्यों गलाना चाहती है?
उत्तर :
कवयित्री अपने जीवन-पथ पर पूर्णतः अडिग है। वह अपने प्रियतम को पाने हेतु स्वयं को भी अर्पित कर देना चाहती है। इसलिए वह अपना अहम् गला देना चाहती है। अपने शरीर को तिल-तिल कर घुलाने और विभिन्न प्रकार के कष्टों को सहज भाव से झेलने के लिए पूरी तरह से तैयार है।

प्रश्न 8.
कवयित्री ने स्नेहहीन दीपक का क्या अर्थ प्रकट करना चाहा है?
उत्तर :
कवयित्री ने स्नेहहीन दीपक उस जीवन को कहा है, जो भक्ति से रहित होता है। जिनके हृदय में प्रभु के लिए समर्पण का भाव शून्य हो जाता है; जिनका लगाव और आकर्षण प्रभु के प्रति दिखावा मात्र रह जाता है, ऐसे लोगों के जीवन को कवयित्री ने उस दीपक के समान माना है जो तेल के बिना होता है। उनके जीवन में प्यार का कोई नाम नहीं होता।

मधुर-मधुर मेरे दीपक जल Summary in Hindi

कवयित्री-परिचय :

जीवन-श्रीमती महादेवी वर्मा हिंदी साहित्य में आधुनिक युग की मीरा के नाम से विख्यात हैं। इसका कारण यह है कि मीरा की तरह महादेवी जी ने अपनी विरह-चेतना को कला के रंग में रंग दिया। महादेवी जी का जन्म सन 1907 में उत्तर प्रदेश के फर्रुखाबाद नामक नगर में हुआ था। इनकी प्रारंभिक शिक्षा इंदौर में हुई। माता के प्रभाव ने इनके हृदय में भक्ति-भावना के अंकुर को जन्म दिया। छोटी आयु में ही इनका विवाह हो गया था। आस्थामय जीवन की साधिका होने के कारण ये शीघ्र ही विवाह के बंधन से मुक्त हो गईं।

सन 1933 में इन्होंने प्रयाग में संस्कृत विषय में एम० ए० की परीक्षा उत्तीर्ण की। प्रयाग महिला विद्यापीठ के आचार्य पद के उत्तरदायित्व को निभाते हुए महादेवी जी साहित्य-साधना में लीन रहीं। सन 1987 में इनका निधन हो गया। रचनाएँ-महादेवी जी ने पद्य एवं गद्य-दोनों में अपनी प्रतिभा का परिचय दिया है। कविता में अनुभूति तत्व की प्रधानता है, तो गद्य में चिंतन की। उनकी कृतियों का उल्लेख इस प्रकार है काव्य-नीहार, रश्मि, नीरजा, सांध्यगीत तथा दीपशिखा आदि।

गद्य रचनाएँ – श्रृंखला की कड़ियाँ, अतीत के चलचित्र, स्मृति की रेखाएँ, पथ के साथी, क्षणदा।

काव्यगत विशेषताएँ – महादेवी जी आधुनिक युग की सफल कवयित्री हैं। इनके काव्य में भाव-पक्ष एवं कला-पक्ष-दोनों का सुंदर निखार है। इनके काव्य में निम्नलिखित तत्वों की प्रधानता है –

1. वेदना – महादेवी जी वेदना और करुणा की सबसे बड़ी कवयित्री हैं। अपने जीवन में व्याप्त पीड़ा एवं दुखवाद के बारे में उन्होंने एक स्थान पर लिखा है, “बचपन से ही भगवान बुद्ध के प्रति एक भक्तिमय अनुराग होने के कारण उनके संसार को दुखात्मक समझने वाले दर्शन से मेरा असमय ही परिचय हो गया था।” यही कारण है कि महादेवी जी पीड़ा को अपनी सबसे बड़ी थाती समझती हैं। इसका परित्याग करके वे प्रियतम का उपहार ‘अमरों का लोक’ भी ठुकरा देना चाहती हैं –

क्या अमरों का लोक मिलेगा, तेरी करुणा का उपहार
रहने दो हे देव! अरे, यह मेरा मिटने का अधिकार।

2. रहस्यवाद – महादेवी जी ‘चिर सुंदर’ की उपासिका हैं। उन्होंने अपने गीतों में रहस्यवाद की सभी स्थितियों का चित्रण किया है। वे निरंतर साधनामय जीवन व्यतीत करने में विश्वास रखती हैं।

3. प्रकृति-चित्रण – छायावादी युग की कवयित्री होने के कारण महादेवी जी ने प्रकृति के भिन्न रूपों का भी चित्रण किया है। कभी वे प्रकृति के उपकरणों में अपने प्राणों का स्पंदन खोजती हैं, तो कभी यह प्रकृति उस विराट की छाया मात्र बन जाती है। प्रकृति का प्रत्येक रहस्यमय व्यापार उस अनंत की साधना करता प्रतीत होता है।

4. छायावाद – महादेवी जी के काव्य में छायावाद, प्रकृति-चित्रण तथा रहस्यवाद घुल-मिलकर प्रस्तुत हुए हैं। इसका कारण यह है कि प्रकृति के माध्यम से ही महादेवी जी उस चिर सुंदरता के दर्शन करती हैं। उनके काव्य में छायावाद की भाव-पक्ष एवं कला पक्ष संबंधी सभी विशेषताएँ उपलब्ध हो जाती हैं।

5. गीति तत्व – महादेवी जी प्रमुख रूप से गीतिकार हैं। उनके गीतों में एकरूपता, वैयक्तिक्ता, संगीतात्मकता, ध्वन्यात्मकता, प्रवाहपूर्णता, भावातिरेक आदि सभी विशेषताएँ पाई जाती हैं। गीत लिखने में जो सफलता महादेवी जी को मिली है, वह आधुनिक युग के किसी भी कवि को प्राप्त नहीं हुई।

भाषा-शैली – महादेवी जी को संस्कृत का अच्छा ज्ञान था। अतः उनकी भाषा संस्कृतनिष्ठ बन गई है। भाषा में संगीतात्मकता, कोमलता और सरसता है। इनके गीतों में अलंकारों की भी सुंदर छटा है। ‘मानव’ के शब्दों में-“महादेवी जी की कला का जन्म अक्षय सौंदर्य के मूल से, दिव्य-प्रेम के भीतर से, अलौकिक प्रकाश की गुहा और पावन आँसुओं के अंतर से हुआ है।”

कविता का सार :

है। कवयित्री ने ‘दीपक’ को परोपकार, वेदना और त्याग की भावनाओं का प्रतीक मानकर प्रकट किया है कि वह भी अपने जीवन के कवयित्री ने प्रतीकों का सुंदर प्रयोग किया है। वह जीवनरूपी दीपक को संबोधित करती हुई कहती है कि हे मेरे मधुर दीपक! सदा जलता रह, जिससे मेरे प्रियतम का पथ सदा प्रकाशित रहे; उनके पथ का अंधकार मिट जाए और मेरे पास आने में उन्हें किसी प्रकार की असुविधा न हो! हे दीपक! तू धूप बनकर संसार में सुगंधि को फैला दे। तू स्वयं को जलाकर सारे संसार को दिव्य प्रकाश प्रदान कर। संसार में जितने भी शीतल, कोमल और नवीन पदार्थ हैं, वे सभी तेरी जलन में जलना चाहते हैं।

संसाररूपी पतंगा पछताकर कहता है कि वह तुझमें मिलकर क्यों नहीं जल गया। अरे दीपक ! हँस-हँसकर जल। तुम्हें जलने में किसी प्रकाश की पीड़ा अनुभव न हो, क्योंकि संसार के अन्य सभी पदार्थ भी तो लगातार जलते रहते हैं। आकाश में असंख्य तारे बिना तेल के ही जल रहे हैं। सागर पानी से भरा होने पर भी बड़वाग्नि (समुद्री आग) से अपने हृदय को जलाता रहता है। बादल बिजली से निरंतर स्वयं को जलाता रहता है। कवयित्री दीपक से पुनः कहती है कि उसे जलने में पीड़ा का अनुभव नहीं करना चाहिए। पीड़ा में ही आनंद की प्राप्ति होती है। अत: उसे चुपचाप निरंतर जलते रहना चाहिए।

सप्रसंग व्याख्या –

1. मधुर मधुर मेरे दीपक जल!
युग युग प्रतिदिन प्रतिक्षण प्रतिपल,
प्रियतम का पथ आलोकित कर!

शब्दार्थ : प्रतिदिन – प्रत्येक दिन। प्रतिक्षण – प्रत्येक क्षण। प्रियतम – प्रिय। पथ – रास्ता। आलोकित – प्रकाशित।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ प्रसिद्ध छायावादी कवयित्री महादेवी वर्मा द्वारा रचित कविता ‘मधुर मधुर मेरे दीपक जल’ से ली गई हैं। इन पंक्तियों में प्रस्तुत पाक्तया प्रासन कवयित्री ने दीपक को परोपकार, वेदना और त्याग की भावनाओं का प्रतीक मानकर वेदना से ही प्रियतम को प्राप्त करने की बात कही है।

व्याख्या : कवयित्री कहती है कि हे मेरे भावनारूपी दीपक! तू जलता रह। तू इसी प्रकार युगों-युगों तक, प्रतिदिन, प्रतिपल अपना प्रकाश बिखेरता रह और मेरे प्रियतम के पथ को प्रकाशित कर। तेरे इस प्रकार प्रकाश फैलाने से उनके रास्ते का अंधकार मिट जाएगा और उन्हें मुझ तक पहुँचने में किसी प्रकार की असुविधा नहीं होगी। भाव यह है कि वह स्वयं कष्ट झेलकर अपने प्रियतम के मार्ग को प्रकाशित करना चाहती है, क्योंकि वेदना को सहन करने से ही परम प्रियतम की प्राप्ति संभव हो सकती है।

2. सौरभ फैला विपुल धूप बन,
मृदुल मोम सा घुल रे मृदु तन;
दे प्रकाश का सिंधु अपरिमित,
तेरे जीवन का अणु गल गल!
पुलक पुलक मेरे दीयक जल!

शब्दार्थ सौरभ – सुगंधि। विपुल – बहुत अधिक। मृदुल – कोमल। मृदु तन – कोमल शरीर। सिंधु – सागर। अपरिमित – अपार। पुलक – पुलकित होकर, प्रसन्न होकर।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ प्रसिद्ध छायावादी कवयित्री महादेवी वर्मा द्वारा रचित कविता ‘मधुर मधुर मेरे दीपक जल! से ली गई हैं। इन पंक्तियों में कवयित्री ने स्वयं को ‘दीपक’ के समान जलाकर दूसरों को सुख प्रदान करने की भावना को प्रकट किया है। कवयित्री का मानना है कि दूसरों को सुख प्रदान करने के लिए स्वयं को दुख देना ही पड़ता है।

व्याख्या : कवयित्री कहती है कि हे मेरे दीपक ! तू प्रसन्नता में भरकर जल। तू धूप बनकर सारे संसार में सुगंधि फैला दे तथा उसे प्रकाश से भर देने के लिए अपने सुंदर शरीर को कोमल मोम की तरह घोल दे। तेरे जीवन का कण-कण गलकर संसार को अपार प्रकाश का सागर प्रदान करे अर्थात तू स्वयं को मिटाकर संसार को उज्ज्वलता प्रदान कर। भाव यह है कि कवयित्री स्वयं दुख उठाकर दूसरों को सुख प्रदान करना चाहती है। उसे अपने सुखों के प्रति मोह नहीं है। वह तो सारे समाज को सुख-संपन्न करना चाहती है।

3. सारे शीतल कोमल नूतन,
माँग रहे तुझसे ज्वाला-कण
विश्व-शलभ सिर धुन कहता ‘मैं
हाय न जल पाया तुझ में मिल’!
सिहर सिहर मेरे दीपक जल!

शब्दार्थ शीतल – ठंडा। नूतन – नया, नवीन। ज्वाला-कण – आग के टुकड़े। विश्व-शलभ – संसार रूपी पतंगा। सिर धुनना – पछताना।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ प्रसिद्ध छायावादी कवयित्री महादेवी वर्मा द्वारा रचित कविता ‘मधुर मधुर मेरे दीपक जल’ से ली गई हैं। इन पंक्तियों में कवयित्री ने मानव को स्वार्थपूर्ण विचारधारा छोड़कर सभी की हितकारी विचारधारा अपनाने की प्रेरणा दी है।

व्याख्या : हे मेरे प्रिय दीपक! तू सिहर-सिहर कर निरंतर जलता रह। संसार के जितने भी शीतल, कोमल और नवीन पदार्थ हैं, वे सभी तुझसे आग के टुकड़े माँग रहे हैं। भाव यह है कि सभी तेरी जलन को ग्रहण करके स्वयं जलना चाहते हैं। संसाररूपी पतंगा पछताकर कहता है कि वह तुझमें मिलकर स्वयं को मिटा क्यों नहीं पाया अर्थात उसे अत्यंत दुख है कि वह भी कल्याणकारी भावना को लेकर नष्ट क्यों नहीं हुआ। संसार में त्याग और परोपकार की भावनाओं की अत्यंत कमी है। मनुष्य अपने स्वार्थमयी स्वभाव के कारण इन्हें अपना नहीं रहा है, जबकि उसे इन्हें अपनाना चाहिए।

4. जलते नभ में देख असंख्यक,
स्नेहहीन नित कितने दीपक;
जलमय सागर का उर जलता,
विद्युत ले घिरता है बादल!
विहँस विहँस मेरे दीपक जल!

शब्दार्थ : नभ – आकाश। असंख्यक – अनगिनत, अपार। स्नेहहीन – नीरस, प्रेम से रहित। जलमय – जल से परिपूर्ण। उर – हृदय। विद्युत – बिजली। विहँस – हँसकर।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ प्रसिद्ध छायावादी कवयित्री महादेवी वर्मा द्वारा रचित कविता ‘मधुर मधुर मेरे दीपक जल!’ से ली गई हैं। इन पंक्तियों में कवयित्री ने दीपक से कहा है कि संसार का प्रत्येक पदार्थ ज्वलनशील है। अतः उसे भी निरंतर जलते रहना चाहिए।

व्याख्या : कवयित्री कहती है कि हे मेरे दीपक! तू हँस-हँसकर जल और निरंतर जलने में किसी प्रकार की पीड़ा का अनुभव न कर, क्योंकि संसार में पता नहीं कितने और पदार्थ भी लगातार जल रहे हैं। ज़रा देख तो, आकाश में असंख्य तारे तेलरहित होकर भी जल रहे हैं। यद्यपि सागर पानी से भरा हुआ है, फिर भी बड़वाग्नि (समुद्री आग) इसे भीतर ही भीतर जलाती है। उसका दिल जलता रहता है। चाहे बादल पानी से भरा हुआ है; पानी बरसाता है, फिर भी यह बिजली को लेकर घिरता है अर्थात् कौंधने वाली बिजली से स्वयं को जलाता है। भाव यह है कि प्रकृति में यदि सभी किसी-न-किसी कारण जल रहे हैं, तो दीपक को भी निरंतर जलते रहना चाहिए।

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 9 Maths Solutions Chapter 4 Linear Equations in Two Variables Ex 4.2 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

JAC Board Class 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 4 Linear Equations in Two Variables Ex 4.2

Page-70

Question 1.
Which one of the following options is true, and why?
y = 3x + 5 has
(i) a unique solution
(ii) only two solutions
(iii) infinitely many solutions
Answer:
Since the equation, y = 3x + 5 is a linear equation in two variables. It will have (iii) infinitely many solutions.

Question 2.
Write four solutions for each of the following equations:
(i) 2x + y = 7
(ii) πx + y = 9
(iii) x = 4y
Answer:
(i) 2x + y = 7
⇒ y = 7 – 2x
Put x = 0,
y = 7 – 2 × 0
⇒ y = 7
∴ (0, 7) is the solution.

Now, put x = 1
y = 7 – 2 × 1
⇒ y = 5
∴ (1, 5) is the solution.

Now, put x = 2
y = 7 – 2 × 2
⇒ y = 3
∴ (2, 3) is the solution.

Now, put x = -1
y = 7 – 2 × (-1)
⇒ y = 9
∴ (-1, 9) is the solution.
The four solutions of the equation 2x + y = 7 are (0, 7), (1, 5), (2, 3) and (-1, 9).

(ii) πx + y = 9
⇒ y = 9 – πx
Put x = 0,
y = 9 – π x 0
⇒ y = 9
∴ (0, 9) is the solution.

Now, put x = 1
y = 9 – π × 1
⇒ y = 9 – π
∴ (1, 9 – π) is the solution.

Now, put x = 2
y = 9 – π × 2
⇒ y = 9 – 2n
∴ (2, 9 – 2π) is the solution.

Now, put x = -1
y = 9 – π × -1
⇒ y = 9 + π
∴ (-1, 9 + 7t) is the solution.

The four solutions of the equation πx + y = 9 are (0, 9), (1, 9 – n), (2, 9 – 2n) and (-1, 9 + n).

(iii) x = 4y
Put x = 0,
0 = 4y
⇒ y=0
∴ (0, 0) is the solution.

Now, put x = 1
1 = 4y
⇒ y = 1/4
∴ (1, 1/4) is the solution.

Now, put x = 4
4 =4y
⇒ y=1
∴ (4,1) is the solution.

Now, put x = 8
8 = 4y .
⇒ y= 2
∴ (8, 2) is the solution.
The four solutions of the equation x = 4y are (0, 0), (1, 1/4), (4, 1) and (8, 2).

Question 3.
Check which of the following are solutions of the equation x – 2y = 4 and which are not:
(i) (0, 2)
(ii) (2, 0)
(iii) (4, 0)
(iv) (\(\sqrt{2}\), 4\(\sqrt{2}\))
(v) (1, 1)
Answer:
(i) Put x = 0 and y = 2 in the equation x – 2y = 4.
0 – 2 × 2 = 4
⇒ -4 ≠ 4
∴ (0, 2) is not a solution of the given equation.

(ii) Put x = 2 and y = 0 in the equation x – 2y = 4.
2 – 2 × 0 =4
⇒ 2 ≠ 4
∴ (2, 0) is not a solution of the given equation.

(iii) Put x = 4 and y = 0 in the equation x – 2y = 4.
4 – 2 × 0 =4
⇒ 4 = 4
∴ (4, 0) is a solution of the given equation.

(iv) Put \(\sqrt{2}\) and y= 4\(\sqrt{2}\) in the equation x – 2y = 4.
\(\sqrt{2}\) – 2 × 4\(\sqrt{2}\) = 4
⇒ \(\sqrt{2}\) – 8\(\sqrt{2}\) = 4
⇒ \(\sqrt{2}\) (1 – 8) = 4
⇒ – 7\(\sqrt{2}\) ≠ 4
∴ (\(\sqrt{2}\), 4\(\sqrt{2}\)) is not a solution of the given equation.

(v) Put x = 1 and y = 1 in the equation x – 2y = 4.
1 – 2 × 1 =4
⇒ -1 ≠ 4
(1, 1) is not a solution of the given equation.

Question 4.
Find the value of k, if x = 2, y = 1 is a solution of the equation 2x + 3y = k.
Answer:
Given equation is 2x + 3y = k.
x = 2, y = 1 is the solution of the given equation.
Putting the values of x and y in the equation, we get
2 × 2 + 3 × 1 = k
⇒ k = 4 + 3
⇒ k = 7

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 9 Maths Solutions Chapter 4 Linear Equations in Two Variables Ex 4.1 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

JAC Board Class 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 4 Linear Equations in Two Variables Ex 4.1

Question 1.
The cost of a notebook is twice the cost of a pen. Write a linear equation in two variables to represent this statement.
(Take the cost of a notebook to be ₹ x and that of a pen to be ₹ y).
Answer:
Let the cost of a pen be ₹ y and the cost of a notebook be ₹ x.
Cost of a notebook = twice the cost of a pen = 2y.
∴ x = 2y
⇒ x – 2y = 0
This is a linear equation in two variables to represent the given statement.

Question 2.
Express the following linear equations in the form ax + by + c = 0 and indicate the values of a, b and c in each case:
(i) 2x + 3y = \(9.3 \overline{5}\)
(ii) x – \(\frac {y}{5}\) – 10 = 0
(iii) – 2x + 3y = 6
(iv) x = 3y
(v) 2x = – 5y
(vi) 3x + 2 = 0
(vii) y – 2 = 0
(viii) 5 = 2x
Answer:
(i) 2x + 3y = \(9.3 \overline{5}\)
⇒ 2x + 3y – \(9.3 \overline{5}\) = 0
On comparing this equation with ax + by + c = 0, we get a = 2, b = 3 and c = –\(9.3 \overline{5}\)

(ii) x – \(\frac {y}{5}\) – 10 = 0
On comparing this equation with ax + by + c = 0, we get a = 1, b = –\(\frac {1}{5}\)and c = -10

(iii) -2x + 3y = 6
⇒ -2x + 3y – 6 = 0
On comparing this equation with ax + by + c = 0, we get a = -2, b = 3 and c = -6

(iv) x = 3y
⇒ x – 3y = 0
On comparing this equation with ax + by + c = 0, we get a = 1, b = -3 and c = 0

(v) 2x = -5y
⇒ 2x + 5y = 0
On comparing this equation with ax + by + c = 0, we get a = 2, b = 5 and c = 0

(vi) 3x + 2 = 0
⇒ 3x + Oy + 2 = 0
On comparing this equation with ax + by + c = 0, we get a = 3, b = 0 and c = 2

(vii) y – 2 = 0
⇒ 0x + y – 2= 0
On comparing this equation with ax + by + c = 0, we get a = 0, b = 1 and c = -2

(viii) 5 = 2x
⇒ 2x + 0y – 5 = 0
On comparing this equation with ax + by + c = 0, we get a = 2, b = 0 and c = -5

JAC Board Class 9th Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 4 Forest Society and Colonialism

I. Objective Type Questions

1. Which transport system was most essential for colonial trade and movement of goods:
(a) Waterways
(b) Railways
(c) Roadways
(d) Airways.
Answer:
(b) Railways

2. When was the Indian forest service set up?
(a) 1864
(b) 1878
(c) 1845
(d) 1947
Answer:
(a) 1864

3. Who was the first Inspector General of Forests in India?
(a) Dietrich Brandis
(b) Gouges
(c) Napoleon
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) Dietrich Brandis

4. Where is Bastar located?
(a) Northernmost part of Madhya Pradesh
(b) Easternmost part of Chhattisgarh
(c) Southermost part of Chhattisgarh
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(c) Southermost part of Chhattisgarh

5. The Saminist movement was led by:
(a) Suroutiko Samin
(b) Birsa Munda
(c) Dietrich Brandis
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) Suroutiko Samin

II. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by deforestation? Why does it take place?
Answer:
Deforestation refers to the cutting of forests. It takes place for:

1. Industrial use
2. Residential use
3. Pastures
4. Wood.

Question 2.
Which transport system was most essential for colonial trade and movement of goods?
Answer:
Railways were most essential for colonial trade and movement of goods.

Question 3.
How many sleepers are required to lay every mile of railway track?
Answer:
Approximately 1760-2000 sleepers are required to lay every mile of a railway track.

Question 4.
Who was Dietrich Brandis? Why was he invited to India?
Answer:
Dietrich Brandis was a German expert who was invited by the Britishers to India for advice regarding the forests. The Britishers made him the first Inspector General of Forests in India.

Question 5.
What was the prime aim of Brandis’s system of Scientific Forestry?
Answer:
The prime aim of Brandis’s system of Scientific Forestry was to restrict felling of trees and grazing, so that forests could be preserved for timber production.

Question 6.
What do you know about Scientific Forestry?
Answer:
It was a system of cutting trees controlled by the forest department. In this system, natural forests which had lots of different types of trees were cut down. In their place, one type of tree was planted in straight rows. This was called as plantation.

Question 7.
in which city of India the Imperial Forest Research Institute was set up?
Answer:
in Dehradun.

Question 8.
Name any two plantation crops.
Answer:
1. Tea, Rubbef.

Question 9.
Give any four local terms for shifting agriculture.
Answer:
Dhya, Penda, Jhum, Kumri.

Question 10.
By which name shifting cultivation is known in Sri Lanka?
Answer:
Chena.

Question 11.
How many tigers were shot dead by a British Officer npjped Jeorge Yule?
Answer:
400 Tigers.

Question 12.
Which place did Birsa Munda belong to?
Answer:
Birsa Munda belonged to Chhotanagpur region.

Question 13.
Who was the leader of rebel foresters in Andhra Pradesh?
Answer:
Alluri Sita Ram Raju was the leader of rebel foresters in Andhra Pradesh.

Question 14.
Where is Bastar located?
Answer:
Bastar is located in the southernmost part of Chhattisgarh.

Question 15.
Name the tribal communities live in Bastar.
Answer:
A number of different communities live in Bastar, such as Maria and Muria Gonds, Dhurwas, Bhatras and Halbas.

Question 16.
What were ‘forest villages’?
Answer:
Forest villages were those villages which were allowed to stay on in the reserved forests. In return, the people had to work free for the forest department. They had to help in cutting and transporting trees and protecting forests from fires.

Question 17.
Which island is known as the rice producing island?
Answer:
Indonesia.

Question 18.
Who was Surontiko Samin?
Answer:
Surontiko Samin was a villager who lived in Randublatung village, a teak forest in Indonesia. He started questioning state ownership of the forest. Under him, the movement gained momentum, and by 1907, 3,000 families were following his ideas.

III. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe brief any four reasons for the expansion of cultivation by the colonical rulers in India.
Answer:
Following wei the main four reasons for the expansion of cultivation by the colonial rulers in India

1. In Europe foodgrains were needed to feed the growing urban population. The demand for wheat increased largely in the 19th century.
2. The colonial rulers considered the expansion of cultivation as a sign of progress.
3. The British government encouraged the production of commercial crops like jute, sugar, wheat and cotton to get more profit.
4. Europe needed raw materials for industrial production.

Question 2.
Why the ship industry of England was also responsible for deforestation in Indm.
Answer:
Due to the high demand by the early 19th century, oak forests in England, were disappearing. This created a problem of timber supply for the Royal Navy which required it to build ships. To obtain the supply of oak for the ship industry, Britishers started exploring Indian forests on a vast scale.

Within a decade, trees were being felled on a large scale and vast quantities of timber were being exported from India. Thus, it can be concluded that the ship industry of England was also responsible for deforestation in India.

Question 3.
Why did forests around railway tracks in India start disappearing after 1860s?
Answer:
In India the railway network expanded rapidly from the 1860s. Due to following reasons, forest started disappearing around railway tracks at the time.

1. By 1890, about 25,500 knf of track had been laid and in 1946 the length of the
   tracks had increased-to over 7,65,000 km. ,
2. As the railway tracks increased, large number of trees were cut’down.
3. The government provided contracts to private individuals, to supply the required quantity of wpod.
4. These contraetprs begem to cut trees indiscriminately.

Question 4.
Why did the British Colonial Government start commercial forestry in India? Give any two reasons.
Answer:
The British Colonial Government started commercial forestry in India due to following reasons:

1. By the early 19th century, oak forests in England were disappearing. The colonial government needed timber supply for the royal navy and railways which were essential for the movement of imperial troops and commercial trade.
2. The Colonial Government took over the forests in India and gave vast areas to European planters at cheap rates. These areas were enclosed and planted with tea and coffee.

Question 5.
Explain the term ‘Scientific Forestry’.
Answer:
The system of managing forests was termed as Scientific Forestry. “This system includes:

1. Natural forests, which had various types of different types of trees were cut down. In their place, one type of tree was planted in straight rows. This, was called as plantation.
2. Forest officials surveyed the forests, estimated the area under different types of trees, and made working plans for forest management.
3. Forest officials planned how much of the plantation area to be cut every year. The area cut was then to be replanted so that it could be ready to be cut again in the coming years.

Question 6.
What were the defects of‘Scientific Forestry’ technique?
Answer:
Following were the major defects of‘Scientific Forestry’ technique:

1. In this system, natural forest diversity got disturbed because various types of trees were cut down.
2. This system advocated the plantation of only those trees in forests which provied timber. It snatched the different rights of forest dwellers. The forest dwellers wanted a mixture of species of trees for their fuel, fodder and food.

Question 7.
What were the provisions of the Forest Act of 1878?
Answer:

1. The Forest Act of 1878 divided forests into three categories: reserved, protected and village forests.
2. The best forests were called reserved forests. Villagers could not take anything from these forests even for their personal use. They could take wood for building their houses or for fuel from protected or village forests.

Question 8.
How were the forests categorised in India under the Forest Act of 1878?
Answer:

1. The Forest Act of 1865 was amended in 1878. Under the amended Act, the forests in I ndia were divided into three categories:
2. Protected Forests: In these forests, grazing of animals and cultivation was allowed. But these activities were subjected to some restrictions.
3. Village Forests: These were unclassified forests. Villagers had open access to these forests.

Question 9.
Describe the system of shifting cultivation.
Answer:

1. Shifting cultivation or Swidden agriculture is a very old agricultural practice. It is followed in many parts of Asia, Africa and South America.
2. In India, it is known by many names such as dhya, bewar, pPnda, nevad, podu, khandad, kumri, jhum etc.
3. In this kind of cultivation, parts of forest are cut and burnt in rotation. Seeds are sown in the ashes after the first monsoon rains and the crop is harvested by October-November. Such plots are cultivated for two years and then left fallow for 12 to 18 years for the forest to grow back. Different crops are grown in these areas.

Question 10.
Why did the colonial government decide to ban the shifting cultivation?
Answer:
The colonial government decided to ban the shifting cultivation because of the following reasons:

1. European foresters felt that land which was used for cultivation every few years could not grow trees which could provide timber for railway sleepers.
2. When a forest was burnt, there was the added danger of the flames spreading and burning valuable timber.
3. Shifting cultivation also made it harder for the government to calculate taxes.

Question 11.
Describe the common customs and beliefs of the people of Bastar.
Answer:
The common customs and beliefs of the people of Bastar were as follows:

1. The people of Bastar believed that each village was given its land by the Earth and thus they look after the Earth by making some offerings at each agricultural festival. Respect is also given to the spirits of the river, the forest and the mountains.
2. As each village was aware of their boundaries, all the natural resources within that boundary were looked after by the local people.
3. If people from a village want to take some wood from the forests of another village, they have to pay a small fee called devsari, dand or man. Some villages also protect their forests by engaging watchmen and every household contribute some grain to pay them.

Question 12.
Briefly discuss how the Bastar rebellion was organised and financed?
Answer:
The tribals of Bastar were for long plagued by the policies of the British. The British policy of reservations proved the last straw to organise and finance the rebellion.

1. In 1910, mango boughs, a lump of earth, chillies and arrows were circulated between villages. These were actually messages inviting villagers to rebel. Every village contributed to the expenses of the rebellions.
2. Bazaars were looted, the houses of officials and traders, schools and police stations were burnt and robbed and grains were redistributed.
3. Most of those who were attacked in some way or another associated with the exploitative policies of the colonial state.

Question 13.
How was the Bastar rebellion suppressed?
Answer:
The Bastar rebellion were suppressed in the following ways:

1. The British government sent troops to put down these rebellion.
2. The adivasi leaders were ready to talk but the British troops surrounded them and opened fire. Then the soldiers dragged the rebels through the streets, flogging them mercilessly on the way.
3. Naturally, this created panic among tribal people. They ran away to jungles. Only after three months, the British were able to control the area again.

Question 14.
Briefly discuss the features of Dutch Scientific Forestry.
Answer:
Like the British in India, the Dutch in Java were driven to manage forests because they wanted to exploit colonial forest wood for ship-building and railways.

1. Forest laws were enacted in Java, restricting villagers’ access to forests.
2. Wood could only be cut for specified purposes like making river boats or constructing houses from specific forests under close supervisiop.
3. Villagers were punished for grazing cattle in forest areas, transporting wood without a permit or travelling on forest roads with horse carts and cattle.

Question 15.
Who were the Kalangs? Mention any four characteristics of Kalang community.
Answer:
The Kalangs were tribal community of Java. Following were the four characteristics of Kalangs community:

1. They were skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivators.
2. They had a great skill in building palaces.
3. The Kalangs worked under the Dutch when the Dutch began to gain control over the forests in the 18th century.
4. They were so valuable that in 1755, when the Mataram kingdom of Java split, the 6000 Kalang families were equally divided between the two kingdoms.

Question 16.
Why were the Kalangs of Java known as a community of skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivators ?
Answer:
The Kalangs of Java used shifting cultivation. They harvested teak. They were also skilled forest cutters. Without their expertise, it was difficult to harvest teak and to build the palace for the king of Java. They were so valuable to the king that in 1755, when the Mataram kingdom of Java split, the 6000 Kalang families were equally divided among the two kingdoms.

When the Dutch began to gain control over the forests in the eighteenth century, they tried to make the Kalangs work under them. Thus, the Kalangs were regarded as skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivators.

Question 17.
Highlight the new developments in forestry since the 1980s.
Or
What new developments have occurred in forestry in Asia and Africa?
Answer:
Since the 1980s, governments across Asia and Africa have begun to realise that scientific forestry and the policy of keeping forest communities away from forests has resulted in many conflicts.

1. Under the new policy, conservation of forests rather than collecting timber has become a more important goal.
2. The government has recognised that in order to meet this goal, the people who live near the forests must be involved.
3. In many cases, across India, from Mizoram to Kerala, dense forests have survived only because villages protected them in sacred groves known as sarnas, devarakudu, kan, rai etc.

IV. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How did the British exploit the forests resources of India for their economic development? Explain it.
Answer:
The British exploited the forests resources of India for their economic development in the manner given ahead :
1. By the early 19th century, Oak forests in England were disappearing. The British needed timber supply for their Royal Navy and they sent search parties to explore forest resources of India. In 1820, within a decade, vast quantities of timber were being exported from India.

2. Not only for Royal Navy and for the movement of imperial troops the Britishers also needed the expansion of railways for their colonial trade. They needed wood to run locomotives and timber to lay railway tracks.

3. Large areas of natural forests were also cleared to make way for tea, coffee and rubber plantations to meet Europe’s growing need for these commodities.

4. In the colonial period, cultivation expanded rapidly for a variety of reasons. The British directly encouraged the production of commercial crops like wheat, jute, cotton and sugar. These crops were demanded for the consumption of urban population and also for the raw-materials needed in industrial production.

5. The British colonial government thought that forests were unproductive, so they tried to expand agriculture by cleaning forests which would increase the revenue of the state. So between 1880 and 1920, cultivated area rose by 6.7 million hectares.

Question 2.
Describe the Brandis’s proposal for the management of forests.
Answer:
Dietrich Brandis was a German expert on forestry. The British feared that the reckless felling of trees by local people and traders would destroy the forests. So, they invited Brandis for advice and made him the first Inspector General of Forests in India. Brandis’s Proposal to Manage Forests :

1. He realised that a proper system would have to be introduced to manage the forests and people would have to be trained in the science of forest conservation.
2. He suggested that this system would need legal sanction. Rules about the use of forest resources had to be framed. Felling of trees and grazing had to be restricted, so that forests could be preserved for timber production.
3. Anyone who cut trees without following the system had to be punished.
4. Brandis set up the Indian Forest Service in 1864 and helped to formulate the Indian Forest Act of 1865.
5. The Imperial Forest Research Institute was set up at Dehradun in 1906.
6. The system they taught here was called ‘Scientific Forestry’.

Question 3.
How did the Forest Act affect the lives of foresters and villagers?
Answer:
The 1878 Forest Act divided forests in India into three categories-reserved, protected and village forests. Foresters and villagers had a very different idea of ‘a good forest’. The following points show the effect of Forest Act on the lives of foresters and. villagers:

1. Villagers wanted forests with a mixture of species to satisfy their different needs fuel, fodder and leaves. Villagers could not take anything from ‘reserved’ forests. For house building or fuel, they could take wood from protected or villa ge forests. On the other hand, forest department needed trees that could provide hard, tall and straight wood for commercial use. So they encouraged to plant o nly Teak and Sal tress and ordered that other trees should be cut.

2. In forest areas, people use forest products, roots, leaves, fruits and tuber etc. Almost everthing is available in the forest for their livelihood. The Forest act meant severe hardship for them. All their everyday practices cutting wood for their houses, grazing their cattle, collecting fruits and roots, hunting and fishing were declared illegal.

3. Villagers were forced to steal wood and if they were caught, they were at the mercy of the forest guards,who even claimed bribe and free food from th em.

4. Women who collected fuel wood were scared of the forest guards. It became a common practice for police constables and forest guards to demand free food from the villagers.

Question 4.
What is Shifting cultivation or Swidden agriculture? Where is it practised? Explain its main features.
Answer:
Shifting cultivation or Swidden agriculture: Shifting cultivation of Swidden agriculture is a traditional agriculture practice where cultivators used to cut certain parts of the forest in rotation. Then they bum the trees and sow seeds in ashes after the monsoon rains. It is practised in many parts of Asia, Africa and South America.

It has many local names like Ladding in South-East Asia, Milpa in Central America, Chitemene or Tavy in Africa, Chena in Sri Lanka. In India dhya, penda, bewar, navad, jhum, podes, khandad and kumari are some local terms used for shifting or Swidden agriculture. Main Features of Shifting Cultivation or Swidden Agriculture. Following are the salient features of Shifting Cultivation or Swidden Agriculture:

1. The crop is harvested in month of October-November.
2. These crops are cultivated for couple of years and then they are left fallow for 12 to 18 years to allow the forest to grow back.
3. They use the forest in rotation for cropping and bum it after harvesting.
4. A mixture of crops is grown on the plots. So they have diversified source of income and this also replenishes and adds nutrients to the soil.

Question 5.
How did the lives of forest dwellers change significantly after the forest departments took over control of the forests ? Describe.
Answer:
The forests department took control of the forests by introduction of the-Forest Act of 1865 and 1871. In the following ways, life of forest-dwellers changed after the Act:

1. After this, some people benefitted from the new opportunities, they left their traditional occupations and started trading in forest products.
2. From the medieval period onwards, adivasi communities were trading in elephants and other goods like hides, horns, silk cocoons, ivory, bamboo, spices, fibres, grasses, gums, resins etc.
3. The British Government took total control over trade in forest products. They gave many large European trading firms the sole right to trade in the forest products of particular areas.
4. Grazing and hunting by local people was restricted. Many Pastroralist and Nomadic communities like the Korava, Karacha, Yerukula of Madras presidency and Banjaras lost their livelihoods.
5. Some tribals were branded as criminal tribes and they lost their old occupations and were forced to work in factories, mines and plantations under government supervision and were offered a very low wage. In this way, the lives of forest- dwellers were quite changed significantly after the forest department took over control of the forests.

Question 6.
How did the people of Bastar retailiate against the British forest policies? What were its results?
Or
Why did the people of Bastar rise in revolt against the British? Describe.
Answer:
Bastar is located in the southernmost part of Chhattisgarh on the borders of Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Maharashtra. A number of different communities like Maria and Muria Gonds, Dhurwas, Bhatras and Halbas live in Bastar. They speak different languages, but share common customs and beliefs. They believe that each village was provided its land by the Earth and in return they look after the land and give some offering at each agricultural festival.

Rise of Revolt in Bastar:
When the British colonial government proposed to reserve two thirds of the forest in 1905 and stop shifting cultivation, hunting and collection of forest products, the people of Bastar bacame too worried. Some people were allowed to stay in ‘forest villages’ on the condition that they worked for the forest department and

protected the forest from fires. Other people were displaced without any notice or compensation.
For a long time, the villagers had been suffering from excessive land rents and frequent demand of free labour and goods by the colonial officials. Moreover, there were two terrible famines, one in 1899-1900 and other in 1907-1908.

People began to gather and discuss these issues in their village councils, but the initiative was taken by the Dhurwas of Kangar Forest, where reservation first took place. In 1910, mango boughs, a lump of earth, chillies and arrows started circulating between villagers. The rebels looted the bazaars, the houses of officials and traders. Schools and police stations were burnt and robbed and grains were redistributed.

Result of the Revolt: The British troops suppressed the revolt. Adivasis fled into the jungles, their leader Gunda Dhur could not be captured. In a major victory for the rebels, work on reservation was temporarily suspended and the area to be reserved was reduced to roughly half of that planned before 1910.

Question 7.
Describe the forest transformation in Java.
Or
Discuss the Samin’s movement in Java.
Answer:
Java is a famous island of Indonesia where rice is cultivated. At one time, this island was covered with forests. The Dutch ruled upon Indonesia. They created laws for forest control. They also wanted timber to build ships.

1. The Woodcutters of Java:
There was a community called Kalangs who lived by cutting forests and shifting cultivation. They were considered very helpful in Indonesia. They were needed to get teak wood from the forests to build the palaces of kings.

In the eighteenth century, the Dutch began to gain control over the forests. They tried to make the Kalangs work for them. But the Kalangs resisted by attacking a Dutch Fort at Joana in 1770. This rebellion was, however, put down by the Dutch.

2. Dutch Scientific Forestry:
In the nineteenth century, the Dutch enacted forest laws to control the total territory in Java. According to these laws, the villagers’ access to forests was controlled. They were allowed to get wood from only a few forests for building boats or houses. That too could be done under close supervision.

Villagers were punished for grazing cattle in young stands, transporting wood without a permit or travelling on forest roads with horse carts or cattle. In Java also, forest service could be managed for ship-building and railways. For cutting trees, labour was needed. The Dutch imposed rents on the land being cultivated in the forests.

3. Samin’s Challenges:
Around the year 1890, Surontiko Samin of the village Randublatung challenged the state ownership of forests. By the year 1907, around 3,000 families were following his ideas. When the Dutch officials came to survey, some saminists lay down on their land to protest, while others refused to pay taxes or fines or work free of charge.

Question 8.
How were the forest in India and Java affected by the First and Second world wars?
Or
The First and Second World War had great impact on the forests areas of the world.” Explain.

1. In India, the forest department cut trees freely to meet British war demands.
2. In Java, the Dutch followed ‘a scorched earth’ policy, just before the Japanese occupied the region. They destroyed saw mills and burnt off huge piles of giant teak logs so that they would not fall into Japanese hands.
3.  The  Japanese exploited the forests indiscriminately for their own war industries and forced the forest dwellers to cut down the forests.
4. Many villagers took this opportunity for the expansion of cultivation land by cutting down the forests.
5. After the war, it was difficult for the Indonesian Forest Service to get back this land.
6. In India, people needed more agricultural land for cultivation for its increasing population. Forest departments desired to control the land and excluded people from it. This variation in interests, led to a conflict between them.

JAC Class 9 Social Science Important Questions

JAC Board Class 9th Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 3 Nazism and the Rise of Hitler

I. Objective Type Questions

1. Germany, Italy and Japan were jointly known as:
(a) Axis powers
(b) Allied powers
(c) Centralist powers
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) Axis powers

2. After the Second World War, International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg was established to prosecute war criminals for :
(a) Crimes against humanity
(b) War crimes
(c) Crimes against peace
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

3. Nazi propaganda skillfully projected Hitler as a:
(a) Saviour
(b) Messiah
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Both (a) and (b)

4. When did Hitler become the Chancellor of Germany?
(a) in 1933
(b) in 1930
(c) in 1937
(d) in 1948.
Answer:
(a) in 1933

5. Nazis wanted only a society of pure and healthy:
(a) citizens
(b) Jews
(c) Nordic German Aryans
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(c) Nordic German Aryans

6. “In my state, the mother is the most important citizen”. When did Hitler declare it?
(a) In 1933
(b) In 1920
(c) In 1948
(d) In 1942.
Answer:
(a) In 1933

II. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What was the work entrusted to the International War Tribunal set up in Nuremberg after the war?
Answer:
International War tribunal was set up to prosecute Nazi war criminals for crimes against peace and humanity.

Question 2.
Which were the Allied Powers in the Second World War?
Answer:
United Kingdom, United States of Soviet Russia, France and USA were the Allied Powers in the Second World War.

Question 3.
Name the countries constituting the Axis Power.
Answer:
Germany, Italy and Japan were the countries constituting the Axis Powers.

Question 4.
What was the German Parliament called?
Answer:
The German Parliament was called Reichstag.

Question 5.
Who were called “November Criminals”?
Answer:
Socialists, Catholics and Democrats, the supporters of the Weimar Republic were called “November Criminals”.

Question 6.
How were the deputies of the Reichstag appointed?
Answer:
The deputies of the Reichstag were elected on the basis of universal adult franchise.

Question 7.
When and between whom was the Treaty of Versailles signed?
Answer:
The Treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28, 1919 between Germany and Britain, France and USA.

Question 8.
What is hyperinflation?
Answer:
Hyperinflation is a situation in which prices is rise very high.

Question 9.
When did the Wall Street Exchange crash?
Answer:
In 1929, the Wall Street Exchange crashed.

Question 10.
In which country was Hitler born?
Answer:
Hitler was born in Austria.

Question 11.
Which party was named as Nazi Party?
Answer:
National Socialist German Workers’ Party was named as the Nazi Party.

Question 12.
What was the symbol of Nazi party?
Answer:
The red banner with Swastika was the symbol of Nazi party.

Question 13.
When was Hitler offered Chancellorship of Germany and by whom?
Answer:
On 30th January 1933, president Hindburg offered the Chancellorship of Germany, the highest position in the cabinet of ministers, to Hitler.

Question 14.
What was Enabling Act?
Answer:
Enabling Act established dictatorship in Germany.

Question 15.
Which was the most feared security force of Nazi Germany?
Answer:
The Gestapo (secret state police) was the most feared security force of Nazi Germany.

Question 16.
Who was Hjalmar Schacht?
Answer:
Hjalmar Schacht was a great economist who was given the responsibility of economic recovery by Hitler.

Question 17.
Which move of Hitler is said to be a historic blunder?
Answer:
Hitler attacking the Soviet Union in June 1941 is said to be a historic blunder.
Answer:

Question 18.
What was Article 48 of Weimar Constitution?
Answer:
Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution gave the President the powers to impose emergency, suspend civil rights and rule by decree in Germany.

Question 19.
What was the theme of the movie ‘The Eternal Jew’?
Answer:
The theme of the movie ‘The Eternal Jew’ was to create hatred for Jews.

Question 20.
Name the Nazi youth organisation that consisted of all German boys of 14 to 18 years.
Answer:
Jungvolk was the organisation that consisted of all German boys of 14 to 18 years.

Question 21.
Who wrote the ‘Third Reich of Dreams’?
Charlotte Beradt wrote the ‘Third Reich of Dreams’.

Question 22.
What was the name given to a gas chamber by Nazis?
Answer:
The name given to a gas chamber by Nazis was Disinfection Area.

Question 23.
What was ‘Holocaust’?
Answer:
The ‘Holocaust’ was a Nazi killing operation which was carried out to kill the Jews.

Question 24.
Who wrote the book ‘Mein Kampf?
Answer:
Adolf Hitler wrote the book ‘Mein Kampf.

Question 25.
Which community Hitler hated the most?
The Jews.

III. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
State the verdict of the Nuremberg Tribunal. Why the Allies did not want to impose harsh punishment on defeated Germany?
Answer:
Germany had waged a genocidal war. It resulted in the mass murder of selected groups of innocent civilians of Europe. After the Second World War, the Nuremberg Tribunal against Germany verdicted only eleven leading Nazis to death while many other were imprisoned for life.

The retribution did come but the punishment of the Nazis was far short compared to the brutality and extent of their crimes they had committed against humanity. The Allies did not want to be as harsh on defeated Germany as they had been after the First World War because they realised that the rise of Adolf Hitler was the result of the humiliation Germany faced after the First World War.

Question 2.
Write a note on the Weimar Republic.
Or
Politically, the Weimer was fragile republic. Explain the statement.
Answer:
The Weimar “epublic is the name given by historians to the parliamentary republic established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of government. In 1919, a national ass mbly was convened in the city of Weimar, where a new constitution for the Germa Reichstag was written.

This liberal democracy eventually lapsed in the early 1930?., leading to the ascent of the NSDAP and Adolf Hitler in 1933. In its 14 years, the Weimar Republic faced numerous problems, including hyper-inflation, political extremists and their paramilitaries and hostility from the victors of the First World War.

Question 3.
Write the main provisions of the Peace Treaty of Versailles.
Answer:
The main provisions of the Peace Treaty of Versailles were as follows:
1. Germany lost its overseas colonies, one-tenth of its population, 13 per cent of its territories, 75 per cent of its iron deposits and 26 per cent of its coal to France, Poland, Denmark and Lithuania. The Allied Powers demilitarised Germany to weaken its power.

2. The War Guilt Clause held Germany responsible for the war and damages, the Allied countries suffered. Germany was forced to pay war compensation amounting to 6 billion dollars.

3. The Allied armies also occupied the resource rich Rhineland for much of the 1920s. Many Germans held the new Weimar Republic responsible for not only the defeat in the war, but also for the disgrace at Versailles.

Question 4.
Who were called as the November criminals ? Why were they targeted ? Explain.
Answer:
The First World War had a significant impact on Europe, both psychologically and financially. Europe from a continent of creditors turned into one of debtors. Unfortunately, infant Weimar Republic was being made to pay all the remaining debts.

The Republic also carried burden of war guilt and national humiliation. Those who supported the Weimar Republic mainly socialists, Catholics and democrats, came to be know as ‘November Criminals’. They were targeted because they became easy targets of attack in the conservative nationalist circles.

Question 5.
Explain the impact of the First World War on European society and polity.
Answer:
The First World War left a deep impact on European society and polity which were the following:

1. In the society, soldiers were ranked higher than civilians.
2. Trench life of the soldiers was glorified by the media.
3. Politicians and publicists laid great stress on the need for men to be aggressive, strong and masculine.
4. Aggressive war propaganda and national honour occupied centre stage in the public sphere.
5. People’s support grew for the recently-established conservative dictatorships.
6. Democracy as a young and fragile idea could not survive the instabilities of Europe between the two world wars.

Question 6.
Describe the effect on Germany because of her refusal to pay war compensation in 1923.
Answer:
Following were the effects of refusal to pay war compensation in 1923 on Germany :

1. France occupied its leading industrial area, Ruhr, which was rich in coal.
2. Germany retaliated with passive resistance and printed paper currency recklessly. With too much printed money in circulation, the value of the German mark fell drastically, causing the prices of goods to soar high.
3. Eventually, the Americans helped Germany to recover from the crisis by reworking the terms of reparation to ease the financial burden on Germans.

Question 7.
What was the impact of the Great Depression on the United States of America?
Answer:
The Great Depression started when the Wall Street Exchange of USA crashed in 1929. As a result, values of shares dropped significantly and the national income of the USA fell by half. Hundreds of American banks, factories, mining companies and business firms went bankrupt. There was large-scale unemployment, poverty and starvation in the country. The effects of this recession in the US economy were felt worldwide.

Question 8.
When was the Enabling Act passed in Germany? How did this act establish dictatorship of Hitler in Germany? Describe.
Answer:
On 3rd March 1933, the famous Enabling Act was passed in Germany. This the Act established dictatorship in Germany. It gave Adolf Hitler all powers to sideline parliament and rule by decree. All political parties and trade unions were banned in Germany, except the Nazi Party and its affiliates.

The new state machinery under Hitler established complete control over the economy, media, army and judiciary. Exclusive surveillance and security forces like the protection squads, the security service Gestapo and criminal police were created to control and mould society in the way that the Nazis wanted.

Question 10.
Describe the Adolf Hitler’s foreign policy. What did Schacht advise to Hitler?
Answer:
Adolf Hitler’s Foreign Policy: The following were the key elements of Adolf Hitler’s foreign policy :

1. He pulled Germany out of the League of Nations in 1933.
2. Germany reoccupied the Rhindand in 1936.
3. He integrated Austria and Germany in 1938 under the slogan ‘one people, one empire and one leader.’
4. He then captured German-speaking Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia and later the entire country. However, Schacht advised Hitler not to invest hugely in rearmament because the German state was still surviving on deficit financing.

Question 11.
What was the impact of Adolf Hitler’s attack on Soviet Union? Explain.
Answer:
By the end of 1940, Adolf Hitler was at the height of power. He moved ahead to achieve his long term aim of conquering eastern Europe. He wanted to ensure food supplies and living space for Germans. His attack on Soviet Union in June 1941, proved to be a historic blunder.

In this, he exposed the German Western Front to British aerial bombing and the Eastern front to the powerful Soviet armies. The Soviet Red Army defeated Germany at Stalingrad badly. After this, they established Soviet hegemony over the entire Eastern Europe for half a century.

Question 12.
“Nazism was an anti-democratic movement”. How?
Answer:
Nazism was an anti-democratic and imperialistic movement.

1. It was a movement which arose because of peculiar conditions in Germany.
2. Nazism is a sworn enemy of liberalism, democracy and civil liberties.
3. According to Nazism, the leader is always right, individual is nothing, the state is everything. This phenomenon of Nazism is totally opposite to democratic concept. Thus, it was an anti-democratic movement.

Question 13.
How were the Jews the worst sufferers in the Nazi Germany?
Answer:
The Jews were the worst sufferers in the Nazi Germany because:

1. The Nazi hatred for Jews was rooted in the traditional Christian hostility towards them. They had been stereotyped as killers of Christ and usurers.
2. In Nazi Germany, they lived in separately marked areas called ghettos. They were often persecuted through periodically organised violence and expulsion from the land.
3. From 1933 to 1938, the Nazis terrorised, pauperised and segregated the Jews, compelling them to leave Germany.
4. Hitler believed that ‘the Jewish problem’ could be solved only through total elimination. As a result, they were killed on a mass scale in gas chambers.

Question 14.
‘Nazi rule was barbarous’. Explain any three points to prove this statement.
Answer:
The following three points prove that Nazi rule was barbarous :

1. In Nazi Germany, only Nordic German Aryans were considered ‘desirable’, and Jews, Gypsies, Blacks, Russians and Polish people were brutally killed in gas chambers.
2. The Jews and communists were tortured in concentration camps. Even ‘undesirable children’ were segregated and taken to the gas chambers.
3. Special surveillance and security forces were created to control and carry out atrocities against the selected group of innocent people. Extra-constitutional powers were given to these forces which made the Nazi state as the most dreaded criminal state.

Question 15.
Describe the new education policy introduced by Adolf Hitler in Germany.
Answer:
The following were the main points of the new education policy introduced by Adolf Hitler in Germany:

1. School text books were rewritten.
2. Jewish teachers were dismissed from the schools.
3. Racial science was introduced to justify Nazi ideas of race.
4. Children were segregated. Germans and Jew could not sit together or play together.
5. Undesirable children, like the Jews, physically handicapped and Gypsies were thrown out of schools.
6. Stereotypes about Jews were popularised even through math classes.
7. Children were taught to be loyal and submissive, hate Jews and worship Hitler.
8. Sports like boxing, which could make children iron-hearted, strong and masculine, were introduced in schools.

Question 16.
Evaluate the use of media by the Nazis to popularise their ideology in Germany.
Answer:
The following points state the use of media by the Nazis in Germany:

1. Nazi ideas were spread through visual images, films, radio, posters, catchy slogans and leaflets.
2. It posters, enemies of Germany were stereotyped, mocked and abused.
3. Propaganda films were produced to create hatred for Jews.
4. Orthodox Jews were stereotyped and marked, being shown with flowing beards and wearing kaftans. They were referred to as vermins, rats and pests.

Question 17.
HowHow did the common people react to Nazism?
The common people reacted to Nazism in the following ways:

1. Many people saw the world through Nazi eyes.
2. They spoke their mind in Nazi language.
3. They felt hatred and anger when they saw someone looked like a Jew.
4. They marked the houses of Jews and reported about their suspicious neighbours to government.
5. Common men really believed that Nazism would bring happiness and prosperity for them.
6. A large majority of Germans were passive onlookers, as they were scared to act or protest against Nazism.
7. However, many Germans organised active resistance to Nazism, braving police repression and death.

IV. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the impact of the Great Economic Depression on Germany.
Answer:
The German economy was the worst hit by the economic crisis caused by the Great Economic Depression (1929-1932) in the USA. German investments and industrial recovery was largely dependent on loans from the USA. When the USA stock market crashed in 1929, the USA withdraw financial support from Germany. The following points state the impact of Great Economic Depression on Germany :

1. By 1932, industrial production was reduced to 40 percent of the 1929 level.
2. The number of unemployed rose to 6 million. People with signboards ‘willing to do any work’, unemployed youths playing cards or simply sitting on the streets were common sights. Unemployed youths were sometimes involved in criminal activities and total despair became commonplace.
3. The economic crisis created deep anxieties and fears in people. As businesses got ruined, small businessmen, self employed and retailors were filled with the fear of being reduced to the ranks of workers or unemployed. Big businessmen were also in crisis.
4. The large mass of peasantry was affected by a sharp fall in agricultural prices.
5. The middle classes like salaried employees and pensioners found their savings diminish due to the currency losing its value.
6. Women unable to feed their children properly were filled with a sense of despair.

Question 2.
What steps were taken by Hitler to militarise Germany?
Answer:
The steps taken by Hitler to militarise Germany were as follows :

1. Special surveillance and security forces were created to control and order society in ways that the Nazis wanted.
2. Apart from the already existing regular police in green uniform and the SA or the Storm Troopers, these included the Gestapo (secret state police), the SS (the protection squads), criminal police and the Security Service (SD).
3. It was the extra-constitutional powers of these newly-organised forces that gave the Nazi-state its reputation as the most dreaded criminal state.
4. People could now be detained in Gestapo torture chambers, rounded up and sent to concentration camps, deported at will or arrested without any legal procedure.
5. The police forces acquired powers to rule with impunity.

Question 3.
Describe Hitler’s policy of Nazification.
Answer:

1. Gleichschaltung subjected all major German institutions universities, schools, professions, youth organisations to Nazi control. Only the armed forces, the catholic church and some dissenting Lutheran congregations resisted takeover.
2. Trade unions were abolished.
3. In 1934, the German Parliament (Reichstag) voted its powers to Hitler through the Enabling Law. Popular support for Nazism was mobilized by the dramatisation of the leader cult and through mass political spectacles, of which the annual highlight was the party Rally at Nuremberg.
4. A strong appeal to Germanic traditions and false culture was also a major element in Hitler’s Nazification programme.

Question 4.
Who was Adolf Hitler? Trace his rise to power and downfall in Germany.
Answer:

1. Hitler was born in Austria in 1889 and he spent his youth in poverty.
2. During the First World War, he enrolled himself in the German army, acted as a messanger at the front, became a corporal and earned medals for bravery.
3. In 1919, he joined a small group called the German Workers’ Party and subsequently took control of this party, renaming it as the National Socialist German Workers’ Party. This party later came to be known as the Nazi Party.
4. In 1923, Hitler was arrested and tried for treason.
5. By 1932, the Nazi Party had become the largest party in Germany with 37 per cent votes.
6. In 1933, Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany. Having acquired power, Hitler set out to dismantle the structure of democratic rule.
7. Hitler went on to rebuild Germany along his personal preferences and the desires of the Nazi Party.
8. He believed in racial superiority of Nordic German Aryans. He had full faith in the policy of external expansion.
9. Hitler dragged the whole of the world into war once again which came to be known as the Second World War.
10. At the height of the war, when defeat was knocking at his doors, Hitler committed suicide.

Question 5.
Explain the Nuremberg Laws of citizenship.
Answer:
The Nuremberg Laws of citizenship of September 1935 declared the following:

1. Only persons of German or related blood would henceforth be German citizens, enjoying the protections of German empire.
2. Marriages between Jews and Germans were forbidden.
3. Extramarital relations between Jews and Germans were declared a crime.
4. Jews were forbidden to hoist the German national flag. Other legal measures included :
   (a) Boycott of Jewish businesses.
   (b) Expulsion from government services.
   (c) Forced selling and confiscation of their properties.
   (d) Jewish properties were vandalised and looted, houses attacked, synagogues burnt and men arrested and massacred in November 1938, remembered as the night of broken glass.

Question 6.
Explain the crimes against humanity carried out by the Nazis of Germany.
Answer:
Followings were the crimes against humanity carried out by Nazis of Germany:

1. They suspended civic rights like freedom of speech, press and assembly.
2. Concentration camps were established to torture the communists.
3. Hitler banned all political parties and trade unions except the Nazi Party and 4ts affiliates.
4. Special surveillance and security forces were created to control and order society in ways that the Nazis wanted. People could now be detained in Gestapo- .torture” camps.
5. The Jews, Gypsies and Blacks were classified as ‘undersirables’ and they were widely persecuted.
6. Germany occupied Czechoslovakia and Poland. Captured civilians were forced to serve as slave labour.
7. Jewish teachers and ‘politically unreliable’ teachers were dismissed from the schools. Jews, physically handicapped and Gypsies were considered as ‘undesirable children’ and were thrown out of schools.
8. Aryan women who deviated from the prescribed code of conduct were publicly condemned and punished.

Question 7.
Describe Hitler’s Policy towards youth.
Answer:
Hitler’s Policy Towards Youth: Hitler’s policy towards youth can be summarised as below:
1. Total Control over Schools:
Hitler was fanatically interested in the youth of the country. He felt that a strong Nazi society could be established only by teaching children the Nazi ideology. This required a control over the child, both inside and outside the school.

2. Purification of Schools:
All schools were cleansed and purified. This meant that teachers who were Jews or seen as ‘politically unreliable’ were dismissed. Children were first segregated : Germans and Jews could not sit together or play together. Subsequently, ‘undesirable children’ were thrown out of schools, and finally, in the 1940s, they were taken to the gas chambers.

3. New Education Policy:
To popularise his ideology, Hitler announced a New Education Policy. Under this, school textbooks were rewritten. Racial science was introduced to justify Nazi ideas of race. Stereotypes about Jews were popularised even through math classes. Children were taught to be loyal and submissive, hate Jews, and worship Hitler.

4. Division of the Life:
Life of the youth was divided into different stages. At each stage, he had to pass through various training and teaching programmes.

5. Formation of Hitler Youth:
The Youth League of the Nazis was founded in 1922. Four years later, it was renamed ‘Hitler Youth’. To unify the youth movement under Nazi control, all other youth organisations were systematically dissolved and finally banned.

Question 8.
Explain the Nazi’s Art of Propaganda.
Answer:
The Nazi’s Art of Propaganda: The Nazis used language and media with great care. Their art of propaganda can be explained as follows:
1. Various Codes:
Nazis used code language. The terms they coined to describe their various parctices are not deceptive but chilling also. Nazis never used the words, ‘kill’ or ‘murder’ in their official communication. Mass killings were termed special treatment, final solution (for the Jews), euthanasia (for the disabled), selection and disinfection. ‘Evacuation’ meant deporting people to gas chambers. They were labelled ‘disinfection-areas’, and looked like bathrooms equipped with fake showerheads.

2. Use of Mass Media:
Media was carefully used to win support for the regime and popularise its worldview. The Nazi ideas were spread through visual images, radio, posters, catchy slogans and leaflets. In posters, groups identified as the enemies of Germans were stereotyped, mocked, abused and described as evil. Socialists and liberals were presented as weak and degenerate. They were attacked as malicious foreign agents.

3. Films:
Propaganda films were made to create hatred for Jews. The most infamous film was “The Eternal Jew”.

Question 9.
What is Holocaust? How was it practised in Germany?
Answer:
The atrocities and sufferings that the Jews had endured during the Nazi killing
operations is known as the Holocaust. Holocaust was practised in Germany by the Nazis using the following methods:

1. Physically eliminating all those who were seen as undesirable (Jews, Gypsies, Blacks and other ‘racially impure’ people) by killing them in gas chambers by the use of poisonous gas.
2. Making people from Poland and Russia work as slave labour and imprisoning them in concentration camps.
3. Jews were segregated (including Jewish children in school) and pauperised, many of them were forced to leave the country.
4. Jews were victimized through the media by circulating films, pictures, leaflets and slogans. They were stereotyped, mocked, abused and described as evil.
5. Jews were referred to as vermins, rats and pests. Their movements were compared to those of rodents.

MAP WORK

Question 1.
In an outline map of world, locate/label/identify the following:
Major countries of Second World War Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan
Allied Powers: United Kingdom, France, Soviet Union, USA (show with bold colour)
Answer:

JAC Class 9 Social Science Important Questions

JAC Board Class 9th Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

I. Objective Type Questions

1. It is a system under which the means of production are controlled and managed by the people of the government
(a) Capitalism
(b) Socialism
(c) Communalisation
(d) Globalisation.
Answer:
(b) Socialism

2. Suffregated movement means a movement to give women the right to.
(a) property
(b) vote
(c) equality
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) vote

3. Who was Robert Owen?
(a) A socialist who believed in the idea of cooperatives
(b) A leading English manufacturer
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(c) Both (a) and (b)

4. The majority religion in Russian empire was:
(a) Catholics
(b) Orthodox Christianity
(c) Protestants
(d) Muslims.
Answer:
(b) Orthodox Christianity

5. When was the Russian Social Democratic Workers party founded?
(a) In 1895
(b) In 1840
(c) In 1898
(d) In 1820.
Answer:
(c) In 1898

II. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What were the views of the liberals regarding universal adult Franchise?
Answer:
The liberals were opposed to universal adult franchise. They felt that only men owning property should have the right to vote.

Question 2.
Mention the objective of the women’s suffragette movement.
Answer:
Objective of the women’s suffrange movement was to get the right to vote for women.

Question 3.
Who opposed the ideas of both radicals and liberals?
Answer:
Conservatives opposed the idea of both liberals and radicals.

Question 4.
By the 19th century, how conservatives wanted a change in the society?
Answer:
By the 19th century, conservatives wanted a gradual change in society. The believed that the change should be done by respecting the past.

Question 5.
Who was Robert Owen?
Answer:
Robert Owen was an English manufacturer who started a cooperative community called New Harmony. It was started in Indiana (USA).

Question 6.
Name any two advocates of co-operatives in Russia.
Answer:

1. Robert Owen, and
2. Louis Blanc.

Question 7.
Name some major socialists of the 19th century Europe.
Answer:
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels were major socialists of the 19 century Europe.

Question 8.
Who was the rular of Russia at the start of the first World War?
Answer:
Tsar Nicholas II was the ruler of Russia at the start of the First World War.

Question 9.
What was the other name of Commune in Russia?
Answer:
In Russia, the Commune of farmers was known as Mir.

Question 10.
When was the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party founded?
Answer:
The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was founded in 1898.

Question 11.
What was RSDWP?
Answer:
RSDWP stood for the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party.

Question 12.
How did the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party (RSDWP) enlist support?
Answer:
The RSDWP enlisted support by setting up a newspaper, mobilising workers and organising strikes.

Question 13.
Name the prominent groups into which the Russian Socialist Democratic Labour Party war divided in 1898.
Answer:

1. Bolsheviks, and
2. Mensheviks.

Question 14.
Who led the Bolshevik group in Russia during Russian Revolution?
Answer:
Vladimir Lenin led the Bolshevik group in Russia during Russian Revolution.

Question 15.
What was the outcome of the 1905 revolution in Russia?
Answer:
Tsar allowed the creation of Duma- an elected consultative parliament.

Question 16.
By what name, the event ‘Bloody Sunday’ was called later?
Answer:
The event Bloody Sunday was called as the 1905 Revolution.

Question 17.
After 1905, which elected representative body was formed in Russia?
Answer:
The elected representative body formed in Russia after 1905 was the Duma.

Question 18.
What kind of members were incorporated in the Duma under the Tsar in Russia?
Answer:
Conservatives politicians were incorporated members of Duma under the Tsar in Russia.

Question 19.
What was the new name given to the St. Petersburg?
Answer:
Petrograd was the new name given to the St. Petersburg.

Question 20.
What was called “Russian Steam Roller”?
Answer:
The Imperial Russian army came to be known as the “Russian Steam Roller”. It was the largest armed force in the world.

Question 21.
Who led the February Revolution that brought down the monarchy in February 1917?
Answer:
The Petrograd Soviet led the February Revolution that brought down the Monarchy in February, 1917.

Question 22.
Why is International Women’s Day celebrated on February 23rd?
Answer:
International Women’s Day is celebrated on February 23rd, as a mark of honour, because on this day, in Russia, many women led the way to strikes in factories.

Question 23.
State the three demands of Lenin.
Answer:
In 1917, Lenin demanded that the war be brought to a close, land be transferred to the peasants and banks be nationalised.
These three demands of Lenin were called Lenin’s ‘April Theses’.

Question 24.
Name the ship which played an important role in the assault of the Winter Palace.
Answer:
Aurora.

Question 25.
What was ‘Cheka’ in Russia?
Answer:
The Russian secret poice under Bolshevik rule was referred to by the name ‘Cheka’.

Question 26.
Who succeeded to power after Lenin?
Answer:
Joseph Stalin succeeded to power after Lenin.

Question 27.
What emergency measure did Stalin introduce?
Answer:
Stalin introduced collectivisation measure for emergency.

Question 28.
What was ‘Kolkhoz’?
Answer:
‘Kolkhoz’ was the collective farm in Russia.

Question 29.
Name two Indian reformers who told the importance of Russian Revolution.
Answer:

1. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru and
2. Rabindranath Tagore.

Question 30.
What was the new name given to Bolshevik Party?
Answer:
Russian Community Party was the new name given to Bolshevik Party.

Question 31.
Who were the ‘Reds’?
Answer:
The Bolsheviks were called the ‘Reds’.

Question 32.
Who were called ‘Whites’ and ‘Greens’?
Answer:
The Pro-Tsarists were called ‘Whites’ while the socialist revolutionaries were called ‘Greens’.

Question 33.
Who were ‘Kulaks’?
Answer:
Rich farmers of Russia were called ‘Kulaks’.

III. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Distinguish between the ideas of liberals and the radicals.

Liberals	Radicals
1. Liberals argued for a represent¬ative, elected parliamentary government, but did not believe in universal adult franchise.	1. They also argued for a represent¬ative, elected parliamentary government, but believed in universal adult franchise.
2. They felt men of property should have the right to vote.	2. They felt all citizens should have the right to vote.
3. They were in favour of giving privileges to the rich or the men of property.	3. They opposed the privileges of the rich or the men of property.

Question 2.
How did the radicals and the liberals wanted to transform the Russian Society?
Answer:

1. They were in favour of industrialisation.
2. They firmly believed in the value of individual effort, labour and enterprise.
3. They were in favour of the freedom of individuals.
4. They were against aristocracy.

Question 3.
Explain the views of different socialists and philosophers regarding the vision of the future or to transform the society.
Answer:

1. Robert Owen, a leading English manufacturer and a socialist, sought to build a co-operative community called the New Harmony in Indiana (USA).
2. Louis Blanc of France wanted the government to encourage co-operative and replace the capitalists.
3. Karl Marx believed that to free themselves from capitalist exploitation, workers had to construct a radically socialist society, where all the properties were socially controlled. Friedrich Engels, a German revolutionary was also against capitalism.

Question 4.
Explain the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels about the capitalists.
Answer:
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels gave an apparent idea about how the society should be structured under socialism. They argued that industrial society was capitalist. Capitalists owned the capital invested in factories. They accumulated wealth by the profit produced by the workers. Workers were not getting any profit for their hardwork.

Marx believed that to free workers from capitalists exploitation, workers had to construct a radically socialist society where all property was socially controlled. Both Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels believed that workers would triumph in their conflict with capitalists.

Question 5.
Explain the economic condition of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.
Answer:
At the beginning of this century, about 85 percent of the Russian population was agriculturist which was much higher than other European countries. Industry in Russia was developed in some pockets likest. Petersburg and Moscow. Large factories existed along side craft workshop. Many factories were setup in the 1890s. The reason behind it was the extension of the railway network and the increase in foreign investment.

Coal production doubled and iron and steel output quarupled at that time. Most Industries were the private property of industrial government supervised large factories to ensure minimum wages and limited hours of work. But factory inspectors could not prevent rules being broken.

Question 6.
Differentiate between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.

Bolsheviks	Mensheviks
1. The Bolsheviks were in majority, They wanted to transform Russian society by uprooting the autocratic ruler.	1. The Mensheviks were in minority. They wanted to transform Russian society through education and revolution reforms among the workers.
2. This party was disciplined and controlled the number and quality of its members.	2. This party was liberal and open to and all.
3. Vladimir Lenin was the leader of the party.	3. Alexander Kerenskii was the leader of the party.

Question 7.
Explain the term ‘Bloody Sunday”.
Answer:
On January 9, 1905, a mass of peaceful workers, with their wives and children, was fired at St. Petersburg while on their way to the Winter Palace to present a petition to the Tsar. More than 100 of them were killed and 300 of others were wounded. The events of the Bloody Sunday provoked unprecedented disturbances throughout Russia. Sections of the army and the navy also revolted.

Question 8.
What was the Duma? To what extent was it successful?
Answer:
The Tsar of Russia allowed the creation of an elected consultative parliament which was known as Duma. Duma had representatives from the third estate. The Tsar dismissed the first Duma within 75 days and reelected second Duma within 3 months. He did not want any questioning of his authority. He changed the voting laws and packed the third Duma with conservative politicians. Thus the Duma was largely unsuccessful.

Question 9.
Describe the condition of Russia during the First World War.
Answer:
In Russia, the war was intially popular and the policies of Tsar Nicholas II were supported by the people. The First World War on the Eastern front differed from that on the western front. In the west, armies fought from trenches, but in the East, armies moved a good deal and fought battles leaving large casualties.

Russia’s F-my lost badly in Germany and Austria between 1914 and 1916. There were over 7 million casualties by 1917. As the German armies moved forward, the Russian army started leaving land. The situation discredited the Russian Government and the Tsar. The Russian soldiers did not wish to fight such a war.

Question 10.
Describe briefly the effects of the First World War on the Russian economy.
Answer:
Following were the effects of the First World War on the Russian economy:

1. Russia had few industries and the country was cut off from other supplies of industrial goods by German control of the Baltic Sea.
2. Industrial equipment disintegrated more rapidly in Russia than elsewhere in Europe. By 1916, railway lines began to break down.
3. Able bodied men were sent to fight war. Thus, labour shortages resulted, shutting down industries and small workshops producing essentials. Large supplies of grain were sent to feed the army. For the people in the cities, bread and flour became scarce.

Question 11.
Who was the ruler of Russia during October Revolution? How and why was the provisional government of Kerenskii overthrown by the Bolsheviks?
Answer:
Alexander Kerenskii was the ruler of Russia during October Revolution.
1. Kerenskii’s government was overthrown because it was unpopular with the people. It failed to meet the demands of the people for peace, land to the tiller, control of industries to workers and equal status to Non-Russian nationalities.

2. It sought to establish political democracy through constitutional means, but the Bolsheviks wanted to establish a socialist state immediately, even if it meant taking recourse to violent means.

3. The Bolsheviks campaigned against the war and for peace, on the basis of no annexations and no indemnities. They successfully staged a coup in October 1917 and overthrew the Provisional Government of Kerenskii.

Question 12.
State any three reasons for the success of socialist economy in post revolution Russia.
Answer:
Following were the reasons for the success of socialist economy in post revolution Russia.

1. The Bolsheviks nationalised industries and banks. A process of centralised planning war introduced. Officials assessed the condition of the economy and made the five year plans on its basis.
2. The government fixed all prices to promote industrial growth during the first two five year plans. It led to economic growth and increase in industrial production, with new industrial cities coming into being.
3. Stalin introduced a collectivisation programme under which the peasants were forced to cultivate in collective farms (Kolkhoz) and the government fixed the prices of grains sold to it.

IV. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the ideology of the three power groups present in the Russian society.
Answer:
Following was the ideology of the three power groups present in the Russian society
(a) Liberals:

1. Liberals were one of the groups which looked to change.
2. They wanted a representative elected parliamentary government and a well- trained judiciary that was independent of the ruler and officials.
3. They opposed religious discrimination and uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers. They wanted to safeguard the rights of the individuals.

(b) Radicals:
(i) They wanited a government based on the majority of country’s population. They supported 1 universal adult suffrage, including voting right for women.
(ii) Unlike they opposed the privileges granted to rich landowners and wealthy ictory owners.
(iii) They were not against private property, but Opposed the concentration of property in the lands of a few people.

(c) Conservatives:

1. They opposed liberals and radicals. They generally opposed the idea of change in the 18th century.
2. By the 19th century, they accepted that some change was inevitable, but believed that it had to be brought through a gradual process.
3. They respected past/old traditions and customs.

Question 2.
How did Russia’s involvement in the First World War contribute to the fall of Russian autocracy and the Revolution of 1917?
Answer:
Russian involvement in the First World War contributed to the fall of Russian autocracy in the following ways:

1. The Tsar took Russia into the war. This proved fatal and brought about the final breakdown of Russian autocracy.
2. During the war, Russia lost more than 7 million soldiers. In order to increase the strength of army, farmers and workers were forcibly recruited to the army. So there was discontent among the masses.
3. The war led to the destruction of crops, homes and industries. So, over 3 million people became refugees.
4. Shortage of production gave birth to an economic crisis. Means of transport and communication were also destroyed in the war.
5. There was shortage of workers and food grains in the country. So, the riots at breadshops were common.
6. Because of the above reasons, the Russian people were discontent and opposed against Tsar’s autocracy and led the revolution of 1917.

Question 3.
What was October Revolution? Examine the circumstances that led to a civil war in Russia after the October Revolution.
Answer:
It was the revolution which occured in October 1917. It was led by Petrograd Soviet and the Bolshevik Party under the leadership of Lenin. The uprising began on 24 October. Though Prime Minister Kerenskii resisted, the seizure was complete within a day. When the Bolsheviks ordered land redistribution, the Russian army began to break up.

Soldiers and peasants wished to go home for the redistribution and were deserted. Non-Bolshevik socialists, liberals and supporters of autocracy condemned the Bolshevik uprising. Their leaders moved to south Russia and organised troops to fight the Bolsheviks (the Reds). During 1918 and 1919, the ‘Greens’ (Socialist Revolutionaries) and the ‘Whites’ (Pro-Tsarists) controlled most of the Russian empire.

They were backed by French, American, British and Japanese troops. All these forces were worried at the growth of socialism in Russia. Hence, there occurred a civil war amongst all these troops and the Bolsheviks. As a result, looting, banditry and famine became common.

Question 4.
Briefly describe the role of Lenin in Post 1917 Russian reconstruction.
After the civil war ended, Lenin sought to fulfil his priorities to eliminate capitalism and rapidly industrialise Russia through the following ways:

1. He organised the economy like an army. On orders from the high command, state appointed managers who operated various functions of the economy.
2. The New Economic Policy was implemented, whereby peasants were allowed to keep surplus production after payment of tax. Private trade was allowed to a limited extent.
3. While major industries were under government control, small businesses and home industries could be privately owned and operated for profit.
4. Foreign capital was encouraged for the development of state industries. This helped revive the Russian economy and in improvement in the conditions of the common people.
5. On the political front, Lenin banned differences within the communist party. Those who held a different view from the official party line were either expelled or shot dead.
6. Lenin succeeded in destroying the feudal structure of Russia and establishing the World’s first communist state.

Question 5.
Write the impact of the Russian Revolution on Russia.
Answer:
The impact of the Russian Revolution on Russia was as follows:
1. End of Autocratic Rule and Establishment of a socialist government:
The Revolution put an end to the autocratic monarchy in Russia. With the murder of Tsar Nicholas II and his wife, the Romanov dynasty which was in power for the last three centuries came to an end. The most important result of the Revolution was the establishment of a socialist government in Russia. All the means of production were nationalised.

2. Russia’s Withdrawal from the War:
After the revolution, the Russian government decided to withdraw from the war because of the following reasons:
(a) Most of the revolutionaries thought that the war was being fought to satisfy the imperialistic designs of the Tsar.

(b) Russia lost its 700,000 soldiers.

(c) The new government wanted economic development and modernisation of the country. So it was not possible for them to spend money on war.

3. Industrial Growth and Economic Development:
The new government followed socialism. A new Economic Policy was adopted in 1921. Under this policy, it was decided to develop the economy through Five-year plans. With the growth of industrial and agriculture production, poverty started disappearing and the country moved on to the path of prosperity.

4. Equal Rights to all the Nationalities:
The policy of discrimination towards Non-Russian nationalities was abandoned and equality of all the nationalities in the USSR was recognised. The Non-Russian were given freedom to develop their own languages and cultures. –

5. Emergence of Russia as a World Power:
The new government adopted the policy of economic development which promoted modem technology. It gave a boost to industry and agriculture. Economic and social policies adopted by the government made Russia not only a major power of Europe, but also of the whole world.

Question 6.
Describe the international effects of Russian Revolution.
Or
Write in detail the impact of Russian Revolution on the world.
Answer:
Impact of the Russian Revolution on the World:
The Russian Revolution affected the world in the following ways:
1. Promotion of Socialism and Communism:
The Russian Revolution helped in the spread of socialism and communism in the world. The communist parties were formed in most countries of the world. Communist government was established in many countries like Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and China.

2. Redefinition of Democracy:
After the Revolution, it was felt that mere political democracy had no meaning without social and economic equality.

3. Right of Workers:
It united the workers of the world on the basis of equality. It also enhanced the prestige of workers.

4. Rise of Nationalism:
It revolutionised the minds of people of Asia and Africa who were being exploited by their imperialist masters. The revolution contributed greatly in weakening the policy of imperialism.

5. Encouraged Struggle Between Capitalists and Workers:
It gave birth to direct struggle between Marxism and Capitalism. It terrified the capitalists of the world so much, that they began to give due attention to the welfare of workers.

6. Division of World and Cold War:
It divided the world into two groups, i.e. Socialists and Capitalists. The rivalry between these two blocs posed a great threat to the world peace for a long time.

7. Economic Planning:
The idea of state playing an active role in regulating the economy and planning the economy, to improve the conditions of the people gained wide acceptance.

Question 7.
Some developments in USSR were not in conformity with the ideals of Socialism. Discuss.
Answer:
It is true that some developments in USSR were not in conformity with the ideals of socialism. The following points favoured this view:

1. The social and economic developments in USSR were accompanied by many serious failures. Within a few years of the Revolution, political power came to be concentrated in the hand of a single man Stalin. Russia became a one-party state.
2. Discussion and debate over policies within the ruling party had ceased. Critics within the party were charged withconspiracy against socialism and sent to labour camps or prisons.
3. Civil liberties were curbed. A large number of people, many talented professionals were forced to make false confessions under torture and executed.
4. Some economic policies of the government brought terrible misery to the people especially peasants.
5. Russian revolution led to establishment of totalitarianism and regimentation of life. Life of an individual came to be controlled by the state.
6. Dictatorship of the Tsar came to be replaced by tyranny of the State.

MAP WORK

Question 1.
On an outline map of world, locate /label/identify the following: Major countries of First World War (Central Powers and Allied Powers)

1. Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey (Ottoman Empire)
2. Allied Powers: France, England, Russia, America.

Answer:

JAC Class 9 Social Science Important Questions