JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Forest and Wildlife Resources 

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Forest and Wildlife Resources

JAC Class 10th Geography Forest and Wildlife Resources Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below.
(i) Which of these statements is not a valid reason for the depletion of flora and fauna?
(a) Agricultural expansion.
(b) Large scale developmental projects.
(c) Grazing and fuel wood collection.
(d) Rapid industrialisation and urbanisation.
Answer:
(c) Grazing and fuel wood collection.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Forest and Wildlife Resources 

(ii) Which of the following conservation strategies do not directly involve community participation?
(a) Joint Forest Management
(b) Chipko Movement
(c) Beej Bachao Andolan
(d) Demarcation ofWildlife Sanctuaries
Answer:
(d) Demarcation ofWildlife Sanctuaries

Question 2.
Match the following animals with their category of existence.

Animals/Plants Category of existence
Black buck Extinct
Asiatic elephant Rare
Andaman wild pig Endangered
Himalayan brown bear Vulnerable
Pink head duck Endemic

Answer:

Animals/Plants Category of existence
Black buck Endangered
Asiatic elephant Vulnerable
Andaman wild pig Endemic
Himalayan brown bear Rare
Pink head duck Extinct

Question 3.
Match the following.

Reserved other forests and wastelands’ belonging to both government and private individuals and communities.
Protected forests forests are regarded as most valuable as far as the conservation of forest and wildlife resources.
Unclassed, forests forest lands are protected from any further depletion.

Answer:

Reserved forests are regarded as’ most valuable as far as the conservation of forest and wildlife resources.
Protected forests forest lands are protected from any further depletion.
Unclassed forests other forests and wastelands belonging to both government and private individuals and communities.

Question 4.
Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
(a) What is biodiversity? Why is biodiversity important for human lives?
(b) How have human activities affected the depletion of flora and fauna? Explain.
Answer:
(a) Biodiversity is immensely rich in wildlife and cultivated species, diverse in form and function, but closely integrated in a system through multiple networks of interdependencies. Biodiversity is important for humans because human beings, with biodiversity, form a complete ecological system in which we are a part and are dependent on this system for our own existence.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Forest and Wildlife Resources 

(b) Following human activities affected the depletion of flora and fauna:

  1. Habitat destruction, hunting, poaching, over-exploitation, environmental pollution, poisoning and forest fires.
  2. Unequal access, inequitable consumption of resources and differential sharing of responsibility for environmental well-being.
  3. Grazing and fuel-wood collection.
  4. Use valuable forest products, minerals and other resources that meet the demands of the rapidly expanding industrial-urban economy.
  5. Large-scale development projects.
  6. Mining is another important factor behind deforestation. The Buxa Tiger Reserve in West Bengal is seriously threatened by the ongoing dolomite mining. It has disturbed the natural habitat of many species and blocked the migration route of several others, including the great Indian elephant.
  7. The major threat to tiger population by poaching for trade, shrinking habitat, depletion of prey base species, growing human population, etc. The trade of tiger skins and the use of their bones in traditional medicines.

Question 5.
Answer the following questions in about 120 words.
(a) Describe how communities have conserved and protected forests and wildlife in India?
(b) Write a note on good practices towards conserving forest and wildlife.
Answer:
(a) Role of Community (local people) in Conserving Forest and Wildlife:
Community or local people are very helpful in conserving biodiversity i.e. plants and animals. Many communities live in the forest. Forest is home of many traditional people. In Rajasthan, local people came forward to stop mining activities to protect Sariska Tiger Reserve.

People of five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have declared 1200 hectares of land as ‘Bhairodev Dakav Sonchuri’ in which hunting is not allowed. In Jharkhand, Munda tribe worship Mahua and Kadamba trees and they protect them.

Famous Chipko Movement in Himalayas was started by local community only. Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya have produced crops without the use of synthetic chemicals. Joint Forest Management [JFM] started in Odisha is good method of involving local community in management and restoration of degraded forest.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Forest and Wildlife Resources 

(b) According to the state of forest report (2015), the dense forest cover has increased by 3,775 sq km since 2013.

(i) This apparent increase in the forest cover is due to conservation measures, management interventions and plantation, etc., by different agencies.

(ii) The Indian wildlife (Protection) Act was implemented in 1972, with various provisions for protecting habitats.

(iii) An all India list of protected species ‘ was also published. The thrust of the
programme was towards protecting the remaining population of certain endangered species.

(iv) Central and many state governments established national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.

(v) The central government announced several projects for protecting specific animals, which were gravely threatened, including the tiger, the one-horned rhinoceros, the Kashmir stag or hangul, three types of crocodiles etc.

(vi) Most recently, the Indian elephant, black buck (chinkara), the great Indian bustard (godawan) and the snow leopard, etc. have been full or partial legal protection against hunting and trade throughout India.

(vii) Under Wildlife Act of 1980 and 1986, several hundred butterflies, moths, beetles, and one dragonfly have been added to the list of protected species. In 1991, for the first time plants were also added to the list, starting with six species.

(viii) In Some areas of India, local communities are struggling to conserve these habitats along with government officials like Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, Bhairodev Dakav ‘Sonchuri’, Chipko movement, the Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya, joint forest management (JFM) etc.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 2 Forest and Wildlife Resources 

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 2 Forest and Wildlife Resources

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Buxa Tiger Reserve is seriously threatened by the mining of?
(a) Iron
(b) Coal
(c) Bauxite
(d) Dolomite
Answer:
(d) Dolomite

Question 2.
Which of the following plays a key role in the ecological system?
(a) Rocks
(b) Roads
(c) Forests
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Forests

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 1 Resource and Development

Question 3.
Which one among the following are not a part of the complex web of ecological system?
(a) Plants
(b) Animals
(c) Computers
(d) Humans
Answer:
(c) Computers

Question 4.
Biodiversity is very important for which of the following creatures?
(a) Plants
(b) Earthworms
(c) Humans
(d) Aliens
Answer:
(c) Humans

Question 5.
What percentage of India’s wild flora and mammals are on the threatened list?
(a) 10 percent of recorded wild flora and 20 percent of mammals
(b) 20 percent of recorded wild flora and 10 percent of mammals
(c) 10 percent of cultivated species of flora and 20 percent animals
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) 10 percent of recorded wild flora and 20 percent of mammals

Question 6.
Which of the following birds do not fall in the category of ‘critical’ species?
(a) Pink-headed duck
(b) Peacock
(c) Mountain quail
(d) Forest-spotted owl
Answer:
(b) Peacock

Question 7.
Which of the following is a species of grass categorised as a ‘critical’ species among the threatened list of flora and fauna?
(a) Taxus
(b) Tamarindus indica
(c) Hubbardia heptaneuron
(d) Mangifera indica
Answer:
(c) Hubbardia heptaneuron

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 1 Resource and Development

Question 8.
Determining the different categories of existing plants and animal species are based on which of the following agencies?
(a) The State Forest Department
(b) International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).
(c) Forest Survey of India
(d) Earth Summit
Answer:
(b) International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name any one species in India which is already extinct.
Answer:
Asiatic cheetah is already extinct in India.

Question 2.
How are various species interdependent in the ecosystem?
Answer:
The plants, animals and micro-organisms recreate the quality of the air we breathe, the water we drink and the soil that produces our food without which we cannot survive.

Question 3.
What is the role of forests in ecological system?
Answer:
Forests plays a key role in the ecological system as these are also the primary producers on which all other living beings depend.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 1 Resource and Development

Question 4.
Which are endangered species?
Answer:
The cheetah, pink-headed duck, mountain quail, forest spotted owlet and plants like mahua and hubbardia are all at the verge of extinction. The survival of such species is difficult if the negative factors that have led to a decline in their population continue to operate.

Question 5.
How is colonial period to be blamed for depletion of forest?
Answer:
The greatest damage inflicted on Indian forests was during the colonial period due to the expansion of the railways, agriculture, and commercial and scientific forestry and mining activities.

Question 6.
What are the main causes of environ-mental destruction?
Answer:
Important causes of environmental destruction are unequal access, inequitable consumption of resources and differential sharing of responsibility for environmental well-being.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions Geography Chapter 1 Resource and Development

Question 7.
How are animal and plant life catego-rized?
Answer:
Animal and plant life can be categorized as follows: Normal Species, Endangered Species, Vulnerable Species, Rare Species, Endemic Species, Extinct Species.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes in Hindi & English Jharkhand Board

JAC Jharkhand Board Class 10th Social Science Notes in Hindi & English Medium

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Notes in English Medium

Jharkhand Board Class 10th History Notes

Jharkhand Board Class 10th Geography Notes

Jharkhand Board Class 10th Civics Notes

Jharkhand Board Class 10th Economics Notes

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions in Hindi Medium

JAC Board Class 10th History Notes in Hindi

JAC Board Class 10th Geography Notes in Hindi

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JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions in Hindi & English Jharkhand Board

JAC Jharkhand Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions in Hindi & English Medium

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions in English Medium

Jharkhand Board Class 10th Social Science History: India and The Contemporary World – II

Jharkhand Board Class 10th Social Science Geography: Contemporary India – II

Jharkhand Board Class 10th Social Science Civics: Democratic Politics – II

Jharkhand Board Class 10th Social Science Economics: Understanding Economic Development

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions in Hindi Medium

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science History: India and The Contemporary World – II (इतिहास : भारत और समकालीन विश्व-II)

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Geography: Contemporary India – II (भूगोल : समकालीन भारत-II)

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Civics: Democratic Politics – II (राजनीति विज्ञान : लोकतांत्रिक राजनीति-II)

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Economics (अर्थशास्त्र : आर्थिक विकास की समझ)

JAC Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना

Jharkhand Board JAC Class 10 Hindi Solutions मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf.

JAC Board Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना

(i) भाषण, वाद-विवाद –

भाषण देना एक अनूठी कला है जिसे थोड़े से अभ्यास से सीखा जा सकता है। अच्छा भाषण देने वाला व्यक्ति आज के युग में शीघ्र ही ख्याति प्राप्त कर लेता है। राजनीति, धर्म आदि तो ऐसे क्षेत्र हैं जहाँ अच्छा भाषण देने वालों ने बहुत नाम कमाया है।
भाषण देने की कला मुख्य रूप से दो आधारों पर टिकी हुई है –

  • उच्चारण और वाक्य संरचना
  • शारीरिक हाव-भाव।

JAC Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना

अच्छे भाषण के गुण –

रोचकता – अच्छा भाषण वही कहलाता है, जो अपने भीतर रोचकता का गुण छिपाए हुए हो। उसमें श्रोता को अपने साथ बाँध लेने का गुण होना चाहिए। भाषण ऐसा होना चाहिए कि श्रोता का ध्यान पूरी तरह से भाषण देने वाले की ओर लगा रहे। रोचकता को बढ़ाने के लिए भाषण में काव्यांशों, चुटकलों, उदाहरणों, चटपटी बातों आदि का स्थान-स्थान पर प्रयोग किया जाना चाहिए।

स्पष्टता – भाषण में भाव, विषय और भाषा की स्पष्टता होनी चाहिए। भाषण देने वाले को पूर्ण रूप से पता होना चाहिए कि उसने कहाँ और क्या बोलना है। उसके मन में विचारों की व्यवस्था पहले से ही होनी चाहिए। उसे विषय पर पूर्ण रूप से अधिकार होना चाहिए। उसकी भाषा में सरलता और स्पष्टता निश्चित रूप से होनी चाहिए।

ओजपूर्ण – वक्ता को भाषण देते समय उत्साह और ओज का परिचय देना चाहिए। उसकी वाणी ऐसी होनी चाहिए जो श्रोताओं की नस- नस में मनचाहा जोश भर दे। उसके भाषण में ऐसे भाव भरे होने चाहिए कि श्रोताओं को लगे कि वे वही तो सुनना चाहते थे, जो वक्ता कह रहा है।

पूर्णता – भाषण में पूर्णता का गुण होना चाहिए। श्रोता को सदा ऐसा लगना चाहिए कि वक्ता के द्वारा कही जाने वाली बात बिलकुल पूरी है और उसमें किसी प्रकार का कोई अधूरापन नहीं है। वक्ता को किसी भी निश्चित उद्देश्य की पूर्ति की ओर स्पष्ट संकेत करना चाहिए।

श्रोताओं की रुचि के अनुसार – भाषण का औचित्य सीधा श्रोता से जुड़ा होता है। वक्ता को ऐसे विषय और उदाहरण चुनने चाहिए जो श्रोताओं की रुचि के अनुसार हों। श्रोताओं की आयु, मनोदशा और परिस्थितियों को समझ कर ही उसे बोलना चाहिए। उसे दैनिक जीवन से विभिन्न प्रसंगों को लेकर उन्हें अपने भाषण का हिस्सा बनाना चाहिए। विषय से जुड़ी विभिन्न समस्याओं को श्रोताओं के सामने उठाना चाहिए और उन समस्याओं का तर्कपूर्ण समाधान बताना चाहिए। उसे वही बात कहनी चाहिए जो कोरी कल्पना पर आधारित न होकर यथार्थ जीवन से जुड़ी हुई हो।

स्वर में आरोह-अवरोह – भाषण देते समय वक्ता को सीधी – सपाट भाषा का प्रयोग नहीं करना चाहिए। उसे श्रोताओं को संबोधित करते समय अपने स्वर में आरोह और अवरोह की ओर विशेष ध्यान रखना चाहिए। उसे स्थान-स्थान पर प्रश्न उपस्थित करके उनका समाधान प्रस्तुत करना चाहिए।

तथ्यात्मकता – भाषण में तथ्यों और सूचनाओं को प्रस्तुत करके श्रोताओं को अपनी ओर सरलता से आकृष्ट किया जा सकता है। इससे जिज्ञासा तो बढ़ती ही है पर साथ-ही-साथ वक्ता के ज्ञान का परिचय भी मिलता है।

क्रियात्मक अभिनय – वक्ता अपने चेहरे पर आए भावों, हाथों के संकेतों और गर्दन की गति से भावों के प्रकाशन में नए आयाम जोड़ सकता है। क्रियात्मक अभिनय स्वाभाविक होना चाहिए। इसकी अति कृत्रिमता को जन्म देती है जो श्रोताओं को कदापि सहन नहीं हो पाती। संभाव्यता – भाषण कल्पना के आधार पर टिका हुआ नहीं होना चाहिए। वक्ता मंच से जो भी कहे वह प्रामाणिक होना चाहिए। किसी पर झूठे आक्षेप तो कभी नहीं लगाए जाने चाहिए।

JAC Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना

भाषणों के कुछ उदाहरण –

1. आइए, हम भी बनें जल – मित्र

मंच पर आसीन मुख्य अतिथि महोदय, सम्माननीय प्राचार्य जी, आदरणीय अध्यापकगण और मेरे प्रिय साथियो ! आज की प्रतियोगिता में मेरे संभाषण का विषय है – ‘आइए हम भी बनें जल – मित्र।’

जल हमारा जीवन है। हम भोजन के बिना तो कुछ दिन या कुछ सप्ताह जीवित रह सकते हैं पर जल के बिना अधिक देर तक जीवित नहीं रह सकते। हमारे देश में जल संकट बढ़ता जा रहा है। हम इस संकट का जिस स्तर पर अनुमान लगा रहे हैं, संकट उससे कहीं अधिक गंभीर है। एक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार गंगा, भागीरथी और अलकनंदा बेसिन के 564 ग्लेशियर तेज़ी से सिमट रहे हैं।

इनमें से आधे से अधिक सन 2075 तक पूरी तरह समाप्त हो जाएँगे। हार्वर्ड बिजनेस स्कूल के अनुसार दिल्ली के भू-जल भंडार सन 2015 तक पूरी तरह समाप्त हो जाएँगे। केंद्रीय जल आयोग की रिपोर्ट के अनुसार अप्रैल 2006 में भाखड़ा सहित उत्तर भारत के प्रमुख बाँधों में क्षमता से 70% – 90% तक पानी की कमी थी। मध्य प्रदेश के गांधी सागर बाँध में जल का स्तर शून्य पर था।

साथियो, निश्चित रूप से इसके लिए ज़िम्मेदार हम हैं। हमने जल को सहेज कर नहीं रखा। हमने बड़ी बेरहमी से भू-जल का दोहन किया है पर इतना निश्चित है कि प्रकृति हमें लंबे समय तक ऐसा नहीं करने देगी। जब जल ही नहीं रहेगा तो हम उसका दोहन कैसे कर सकेंगे ? पर ज़रा सोचो तो, तब हम सबका क्या होगा ? हमारी आने वाली पीढ़ियों का क्या होगा ?

स्पष्ट है कि जल के अनियंत्रित उपयोग पर अंकुश लगाना होगा और स्थिति को अधिक बिगड़ने से पहले हमें एक साथ दो मोर्चों पर काम करना होगा – वर्षा के जल का संग्रहण तथा उपलब्ध जल का बेहतर प्रबंधन।

हमें वर्षा के जल को सीधा भू-गर्भ में उतार देने का रास्ता अपनाना चाहिए क्योंकि वर्षा जल बिलकुल स्वच्छ होता है। देश में कई स्थानों पर ऐसा किया गया है और वहाँ भू-जल की गुणवत्ता में सुधार आया है। हमें बोरवेल तरीके का प्रयोग करना चाहिए। इस तरीके से ज़मीन में रेतीली सतह की गहराई तक पाइप डालकर जल संग्रहण किया जाता है।

साथियो, जल-संग्रहण से भी अधिक ज़रूरी है उपलब्ध जल का समझदारी से उपयोग करना। हम अपने दैनिक जीवन में कुछ आदतों को बदलकर घर में पानी की खपत को पचास प्रतिशत तक बचा सकते हैं। हम बचे हुए पेयजल को गमलों में उगे पौधों को डाल सकते हैं। कपड़े धोने का बचा पानी पोछे में इस्तेमाल कर सकते हैं। वाहनों की धुलाई बालटी में पानी लेकर करनी चाहिए न कि पाइप से। घर में लॉन की सतह शेष पक्के फर्श से नीचे रखकर, छत का पानी लॉन में छोड़ना चाहिए। प्याऊ या हैंडपंप के व्यर्थ पानी के लिए गड्ढा खुदवाना चाहिए।

भाइयो! हमें चाहिए कि पानी की बूँदें जहाँ गिरें उन्हें वहीं रोक लिया जाए। जल-संरक्षण का यही मूलमंत्र है। इसके अनगिनत समाधान आप स्वयं भी सोच सकते हैं। भू-जल भंडार एक बैंक के समान है, जिसमें पानी जाता रहता है तो निकलता भी रहता है। यदि हमने इस बैंक से केवल निकासी ही जारी रखी तो उसका परिणाम हम समझ सकते हैं। समय आ चुका है कि हम सब जल के महत्त्व को समझें और जी-जान से उसकी रक्षा करें ताकि हमारा भविष्य सुखद बना रहे।

JAC Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना

2. जीवन

मान्यवर अध्यक्ष महोदय और आज की इस सभा में उपस्थित महानुभावो ! हम सबके मन में हमेशा ही एक प्रश्न चक्कर काटता रहता है कि जीवन क्या है ? जीवन का उद्देश्य क्या है ? जीवन को देखकर कोई इसे नश्वर कहता है और इसकी क्षणभंगुरता को देखकर परेशान रहता है। किसी को यह सुंदर सपना लगता है और कोई इसकी वास्तविकता पर मुग्ध है। कोई इसे सुखद बनाने के लिए प्रयत्न करता है तो कोई इससे परेशान होकर अपने शरीर को भी त्याग देने की ठान लेता है।

सच में तो जीवन तर्क-वितर्क का विषय नहीं है। यह हमारे अनुभव की वस्तु है। इसका उद्देश्य कहीं बाहर नहीं बल्कि इसमें ही छिपा हुआ है। यह तो हम सब के भीतर वैसे ही है जैसे दीपक की लौ में रोशनी और फूल में सुगंध और सुंदरता छिपी रहती है। प्रकाश के रहस्य को समझना ही दीपक को समझना है। सुगंध और सौंदर्य को समझना फूल को समझना है पर बुद्धि के प्रयोग से जीवन को समझने का रहस्य तो और अधिक उलझता जाता है। तब हमारा हृदय हम से महादेवी वर्मा की तरह पूछने लगता है –

किन उपकरणों का दीपक, किसका जलता है तेल ?
किसकी बाति कौन करता इसका ज्वाला से मेल ?

दीपक के जलने में ही जीवन का आनंद है। हमारी भावनाएँ ही इसे सुखद बनाती हैं या परेशान कर देती हैं तभी तो महादेवी वर्मा अपने जीवन रूपी दीपक से मधुर मधुर जलने को कहती है –

मधुर-मधुर मेरे दीपक जल!
युग-युग प्रतिदिन प्रतिक्षण प्रतिपल !

पर वहीं यह भी मान लिया जाता है कि फूल की हँसी उसकी मौत से पहले का रूप है –

धूल हाय! बनने को ही खिलता है फूल अनूप।
वह विकास मुरझा जाने का ही है पहला रूप ॥

साथियो, सबका अपना-अपना दृष्टिकोण है जीवन के प्रति। फारसी के कवि उमर खय्याम का कहना है कि –
” मरने से पहले, आओ, हम जीवन का आनंद उठा लें। फिर तो हमें मिट्टी में मिलकर मिट्टी के नीचे दब जाना है।” तो प्रसिद्ध अंग्रेज़ी ड्राइडन का मानना है –
“जब मैं जिंदगी के बारे में सोचता हूँ तो मुझे सरासर धोखा प्रतीत होता है। फिर भी आशा ने लाखों को इस प्रकार उलझा रखा है कि वे इस मिथ्या प्रवचनों से किसी तरह छूट नहीं पाते। वे सोचते हैं कि आने वाला कल उनकी कामनाओं को फल देगा। पर वास्तव में कल आज से भी असत्य होता है।”

मान्यवर, पाल लॉरेंस का कहना है – ” घड़ी भर के लिए हँसना और घंटों रोना, थोड़ा-सा आनंद और भारी दुख, बस यही जीवन है।” हैनरी वाइल्ड ने जीवन की तुलना पतझड़ के उस पत्ते से की है जो चाँद की धुंधली किरणों में काँपता है और शीघ्र ही झड़कर गिर पड़ता है।

यदि हम ध्यान से सोचें तो लगता है कि जीवन हमारे अनुभव का शास्त्र है। यह लेने के लिए नहीं है बल्कि देने के लिए है। जीवन केवल खाने और सोने का नाम नहीं है। यह तो नाम है, सदा आगे बढ़ने की लगन का जीवन विकास का सिद्धांत है, स्थिर रहने का नहीं। जीवन तो कर्म का दूसरा नाम है। जो कर्म नहीं करता, उसका अस्तित्व तो है किंतु वह जीवित नहीं होता। इस बात का कोई महत्त्व नहीं कि मनुष्य मरता किस प्रकार है, महत्त्व की बात यह है कि वह जीवित किस प्रकार रहता है।

साथियो, हमें याद रखना चाहिए कि जीवन एक गतिशील छाया मात्र है। इसका द्वार तो सीधा है पर मार्ग बहुत संकीर्ण है। आत्मज्ञान, स्वाभिमान और आत्मसंयम जीवन को अलौकिक शक्ति की तरफ़ ले जाते हैं। स्वेट मार्डेन का कहना है- ‘जो दूसरों के जीवन के अंधकार में सूर्य का प्रकाश पहुँचाते हैं, उनका इस मृत्युलोक में कभी नाश नहीं होगा।’ तभी तो रवींद्रनाथ ठाकुर कवितामयी भाषा में लिखते हैं- पत्तों पर नृत्य करती हुई ओस के समान अपने जीवन को भी समय के दलों पर नृत्य करने दो।

असल में, जीवन एक गंभीर सत्य है। ईश्वर ने इसे हमें प्रदान किया है। मृत्यु इसकी मंजिल नहीं है। वह तो एक मार्ग का दूसरी तरफ मुड़ जाना मात्र है। पता नहीं कब तक हमें इस मार्ग पर आगे बढ़ते रहना है।

JAC Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना

(ii) सस्वर कविता – वाचन –

कविता सुनना किसे अच्छा नहीं लगता ? कविता – पाठ से बरसता रस सहज ही मन को मुग्ध कर लेता है पर कविता का पाठ करना बहुत सरल नहीं है। कुछ लोगों में इसकी जन्म- जात प्रतिभा होती है। इसके लिए अभ्यास और सूक्ष्म दृष्टि की आवश्यकता होती है। कविता – पाठ सामान्य गानों के गायन से कुछ भिन्न है। गायन में संगीत की प्रधानता होती है, स्वर लहरियों का जादू होता है और मिठास का लहलहाता सागर होता है। कोई भी कविता इन गुणों को पाकर गीत बन जाती है।

जब कोई व्यक्ति कविता-पाठ करता है तो उसे श्रोताओं की मानसिकता और स्थिति को समझकर अपनी कविता चुननी चाहिए। हर कविता कवि के अलग मूड को प्रतिबिंबित करती है और श्रोताओं पर उसका प्रभाव भी उसी प्रकार पड़ना चाहिए। हँसी- खुशी के अवसर पर करुणा से भरी कविता का कोई औचित्य नहीं है तो दुख भरे माहौल में श्रृंगार रस से भरी कविता सुनाने वाला उपहास का कारण ही बनता है। उसकी बुद्धि पर सभी को तरस आता है।

कविता-पाठ करते समय जिन बातों की तरफ़ ध्यान रखा जाना चाहिए वे हैं –

  • अवसरानुकूल कविता – पाठ का स्वर।
  • उच्चारण की स्पष्टता और शुद्धता।
  • स्वर में समुचित आरोह-अवरोह।
  • लयात्मकता और गेयता।
  • हस्त-संचालन।
  • कंठस्थता।
  • चेहरे और आँखों से भावों की अभिव्यक्ति।
  • भावानुसार स्वर की गति – योजना।

प्रत्येक कविता – पाठ करने वाले को कविता में छिपे भावों को स्वरों से उभारने का प्रयत्न करना चाहिए। उसे भावों में छिपे गूढ़ अर्थ को व्यक्त करने के लिए शब्दों और वाक्यों के बीच उचित ठहराव के महत्त्व को कभी नहीं भूलना चाहिए। काव्य-रस के अनुसार उसके चेहरे पर कठोरता, कोमलता, करुणा, श्रद्धा आदि के भाव आने चाहिए। उसकी वाणी को कोमल, कठोर, मंद, उच्च, करुण आदि रूपों में प्रकट होना चाहिए।

इसका श्रोता पर गहरा प्रभाव पड़ता है। कविता पाठ करने वाले को स्वयं कविता में पूरी तरह डूब जाना चाहिए। जहाँ तक संभव हो कविता को बिना कहीं से पढ़े प्रस्तुत करना चाहिए। इससे भावों को प्रकट होने में स्वाभाविकता मिलती है।

JAC Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना

उदाहरण 1

मैंने जीवन के प्याले में आँसू का विषपान किया है,
और बरसते नयनों से भी सुबक सुबक कर गान किया है।

करुण रस से भरी इन दो पंक्तियों का श्रोता के हृदय पर तब प्रभाव पड़ेगा जब स्वर में करुणा का भाव हो। स्वर में बहुत अधिक उच्चता न हो और चेहरे पर बहुत उत्साह के भाव न हों। इनसे ऐसा लगना चाहिए जैसे कवि अपने हृदय में छिपी पीड़ा को व्यक्त करना चाहता हो। अपने शब्दों को प्रभावात्मकता का गुण देने के लिए उसे इस प्रकार बोलना चाहिए –

मैंने –
जीवन के प्याले में……
आँसू का
विषपान किया है,
और!
बरसते नयनों से भी
सुबक- सुबक कर …….
गान
किया है।
‘मैंने’ के पश्चात् पल भर रुक कर अपने प्रति ध्यान आकृष्ट करना चाहिए।
‘जीवन के प्याले में’ के बाद विराम से जिज्ञासा उत्पन्न करनी चाहिए।
‘आँसू का’ के साथ दुख का भाव व्यक्त होना चाहिए।
‘विषपान किया है’ में असह्यता प्रकट होनी चाहिए।
‘और’ के द्वारा कथन को आगे बढ़ाने पर बल होना चाहिए।
‘बरसते नयनों से भी’ से निराशा जगनी चाहिए।
‘सुबक सुबक कर’ में व्यथा का भाव जागृत होना चाहिए।
‘गान’ में पीड़ा से भरे व्यंग्य को प्रकट होना चाहिए।
‘किया है’ में विवशता विद्यमान रहनी चाहिए।
जब कोई कवि कविता का पाठ आरंभ करता है तो उसे कविता का शीर्षक बताने के साथ कविता में निहित भाव संक्षेप में बताने चाहिए।

JAC Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना

उदाहरण 2

मैं आपके समक्ष राष्ट्र कवि मैथिलीशरण गुप्त की कविता सुनाने जा रहा हूँ जिसका शीर्षक है- मातृभूमि। कवि ने अपनी इस कविता में भारत-भूमि का गुणगान अति स्वाभाविक रूप से किया है।

(iii) वार्तालाप और उसकी औपचारिकताएँ –

इस संसार में कोई भी इनसान किसी दूसरे से कड़वी बात नहीं सुनना चाहता। किसी के द्वारा बोले गए मीठे शब्द दूसरों के हृदय पर भीषण गर्मी में ठंडी हवा के झोंकों-सा काम करते हैं। जो व्यक्ति स्वयं कड़वा और कठोर बोल लेते हैं वे भी अपने लिए दूसरों से मीठी आवाज़ ही सुनना चाहते हैं। कड़वी बातचीत सीधे मन पर ऐसा प्रभाव डालती है कि वह चाहकर भी कभी नहीं भूलती। अधिकांश लड़ाई-झगड़े कड़वी जुबान से ही शुरू होते हैं और अनेक बड़ी गलतियाँ मीठी जुबान से क्षमा हो जाती हैं। सभ्यता की पहचान ही सद्व्यवहार और मीठी बातचीत है। जो व्यक्ति जितना मधुर व्यवहार और मीठी बातचीत करता है उतना ही वह समाज में प्रतिष्ठा पा जाता है। चेहरे पर आई मुस्कराहट और मधुर बातचीत सबके हृदय को जीत लेने की क्षमता रखती है।

वार्तालाप की मधुरता से आपसी संबंध घनिष्ठ होते हैं। कई तरह के भेदभाव और झगड़े मिट जाते हैं। इसके लिए न तो कुछ खर्च करना पड़ता है और न ही कोई परिश्रम करना पड़ता है। इसके लिए निम्न औपचारिकताएँ हैं –

  • मीठे शब्द
  • चेहरे पर मुस्कान
  • विनम्र व्यवहार
  • अपनेपन और सहयोग का भाव
  • संवेदना
  • मृदुता

मधुर वार्तालाप दूसरों के हृदय को ही जीतने में सहायता नहीं देता बल्कि अपने मन को भी सुख-शांति प्रदान करता है। इससे व्यक्ति तनाव रहित जीवन जीने में सफलता प्राप्त कर लेता है।

शिष्ट वार्तालाप से संबंधित कुछ उदाहरण :

उदाहरण 1 – माँ-बेटे का वार्तालाप

  • माँ – ओह ! मेरी पीठ
  • शुभम – (घबरा कर) क्या हुआ मम्मी ?
  • माँ – पता नहीं बेटा ? पीठ में दर्द है।
  • शुभम – कब से है यह ?
  • माँ – आज दोपहर से।
  • शुभम – क्या पापा को बताया था आपने ?
  • माँ – नहीं… वे तो सुबह ही चले गए थे अपने काम पर।
  • शुभम – मेरे साथ अभी डॉक्टर के पास चलो।
  • माँ – रहने दे बेटा। अपने आप ठीक हो जाएगा।
  • शुभम – नहीं, माँ। हम दोनों अभी जाएँगे। आपका चेहरा दर्द से कितना पीला पड़ गया है।
  • माँ – तू बहुत ध्यान रखता है, मेरा। भगवान तुझे लंबी उमर दे।

JAC Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना

उदाहरण 2 – अध्यापक-अध्यापक का वार्तालाप

  • गुप्ता सर – (बैठते हुए) पहले कभी देखा नहीं आप को, स्टॉफ रूम में।
  • जैन सर – सर, मैं इस स्कूल में आज ही नियुक्त हुआ हूँ।
  • गुप्ता सर – (हाथ आगे बढ़ाते हुए) यह तो बहुत अच्छा है,।
  • जैन सर – (हाथ मिलाते हुए) मैं मनोज जैन हूँ। इससे पहले जयपुर में था।
  • गुप्ता सर – किस विभाग में आए हैं, आप ?
  • जैन सर – गणित में।
  • गुप्ता सर – अरे, वाह ! मैं भी गणित में हूँ।
  • जैन सर – फिर तो बहुत अच्छा हो गया। मुझे आपका सहारा मिल जाएगा।
  • गुप्ता सर – सहारा तो मुझे आपका मिलेगा। शर्मा सर के जाने के बाद उनकी सारी कक्षाएँ भी मैं ले रहा था।
  • जैन सर – हाँ, मुझे उन्हीं का टाइम टेबल दिया गया है।
  • गुप्ता सर – मैं आपको सब बता दूँगा कि किस-किस कक्षा में क्या-क्या हो चुका है और शेष क्या रह गया है।
  • जैन सर – धन्यवाद सर।

उदाहरण 3 – अध्यापक छात्र का वार्तालाप

  • छात्र – (हाथ जोड़ते हुए) नमस्कार सर !
  • अध्यापक – नमस्कार बेटा। आज बहुत दिन बाद दिखाई दिए।
  • छात्र – सर, मुझे टाइफॉइड हो गया था। तीन सप्ताह बाद आज स्कूल आ सका हूँ।
  • अध्यापक – ओह ! अब तो पूरी तरह से ठीक हो न ?
  • छात्र – जी हाँ ….. पर मुझे आपसे कुछ पूछना है।
  • अध्यापक – पूछो, जो पूछना है।
  • छात्र – सर, मेरा बहुत-सा सिलेबस पूरा नहीं हो पाया है।
  • अध्यापक – हाँ, वह तो है। उसे अब अपने मम्मी-पापा की सहायता से पूरा कर लो।
  • छात्र – सर, उन्हें तो इक्नॉमिक्स नहीं आती। उन्होंने कभी यह विषय पढ़ा ही नहीं।
  • अध्यापक – कोई बात नहीं। तुम कुछ दिन के लिए अपनी आधी छुट्टी के समय स्टॉफ रूम में आ जाया करो। मैं तुम्हारा पिछला काम पूरा करा दूँगा।
  • छात्र – (प्रसन्न होकर) धन्यवाद सर। आपने तो मेरी समस्या पल भर में सुलझा दी।

JAC Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना

उदाहरण 4 – फल विक्रेता से एक ग्राहक का वार्तालाप

  • ग्राहक – भैया, सेब किस भाव दिए हैं?
  • फल-विक्रेता – चालीस रुपए किलो।
  • ग्राहक – ताज़े तो हैं ये?
  • फल-विक्रेता – आज सुबह ही आए हैं। बहुत मीठे हैं।
  • ग्राहक – तुम्हारा भाव थोड़ा ज़्यादा है।
  • फल-विक्रेता – नहीं साहब। भाव तो बिलकुल ठीक है।
  • ग्राहक – वह सामने रेहड़ी वाला तो तीस रुपए किलो दे रहा है।
  • फल-विक्रेता – साहब, उसे अपने माल का भाव पता है। पिछले सप्ताह का बासी माल बेच रहा है।
  • ग्राहक – तो तुम भाव कम नहीं करोगे?
  • फल-विक्रेता – नहीं साहब। मैं तो सभी से एक ही भाव लगाता हूँ। मैं अच्छा माल रखता हूँ और मोल-भाव नहीं करता।
  • ग्राहक – ठीक है। दो किलो तोल दो।

JAC Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना

उदाहरण 5 – बच्ची और डॉक्टर का वार्तालाप

  • डॉक्टर – क्यों बेटी ? क्या हो गया ?
  • बच्ची – डॉक्टर साहब, कल शाम से बुखार है।
  • डॉक्टर – तो कल ही दवाई लेने क्यों नहीं आई?
  • बच्ची – डर लगता था।
  • डॉक्टर – डर, मुझसे ? क्यों?
  • बच्ची – आप इंजेक्शन लगा देंगे, इसलिए।
  • डॉक्टर – तो इंजेक्शन से डर लगता है तुम्हें।
  • बच्ची – हाँ! मुझे तो इंजेक्शन देखकर ही डर लगता है। इंजेक्शन तो नहीं लगाएँगे, न?
  • डॉक्टर – नहीं, बिलकुल नहीं। दवाई देंगे और वह भी मीठी।
  • बच्ची – धन्यवाद। मैं तो डरते-डरते यहाँ तक आई थी।

उदाहरण 6 – यात्री और कंडक्टर का वार्तालाप

  • यात्री – एक टिकट देना।
  • कंडक्टर – कहाँ का ?
  • यात्री – चंडीगढ़ का।
  • कंडक्टर – अरे साहब, यह बस चंडीगढ़ नहीं जाएगी।
  • यात्री – तो?
  • कंडक्टर – तो क्या? यह पटियाला जाएगी। आप अंबाला तक का टिकट ले लीजिए। वहाँ से बस बदल लेना।
  • यात्री – ठीक है। एक टिकट दे दो।
  • कंडक्टर – यह लो टिकट।
  • यात्री – धन्यवाद।

JAC Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना

उदाहरण 7 – गृहिणी और भिखारी का वार्तालाप

  • भिखारी – बीबी जी, रोटी दे दो। दो दिन से भूखा हूँ।
  • गृहिणी – रोटी तो दे दूँगी पर तुम कोई काम-धंधा क्यों नहीं करते ?
  • भिखारी – हमें काम देता कौन है?
  • गृहिणी – क्यों?
  • भिखारी – हम पढ़े-लिखे तो हैं नहीं।
  • गृहिणी – अरे, हट्टे-कट्टे तो हो। मेहनत – मज़दूरी नहीं कर सकते?
  • भिखारी – बीबी जी, आपने रोटी देनी है तो दो, नहीं तो मैं अगले घर जाऊँ।
  • गृहिणी – बात तो यही है। जब बिना काम किए पेट भरता हो तो काम क्यों करोगे?

(iv) कार्यक्रम प्रस्तुति –

मंच से किसी कार्यक्रम को प्रस्तुत करना अपने आप में एक कला है। अच्छे ढंग से प्रस्तुत किया गया कोई भी कार्यक्रम श्रोताओं पर जादुई प्रभाव डालता है। कोई अच्छा मंच संचालक या कलाकार उनके मन-मस्तिष्क को झकझोर सकता है, उन्हें अपने साथ झूमने या रुलाने के लिए तैयार कर सकता है। कार्यक्रम की प्रस्तुति के दो भाग होते हैं –

  • मंच संचालन करना
  • स्वयं अपना कार्यक्रम प्रस्तुत करना

1. मंच संचालन

मंच-संचालन करने वाला व्यक्ति अपने व्यक्तित्व, ज्ञान और शब्दों के कुशल प्रयोग से किसी कार्यक्रम की सफलता में अनूठा योगदान देता है। वह श्रोताओं और कार्यक्रम प्रस्तुत करने वाले कलाकार के बीच कड़ी का कार्य करता है। वही दो कार्यक्रमों के बीच के खाली समय को अपने कौशल से भरता है। उसमें जिन गुणों का होना आवश्यक है, वे हैं –

  • शब्दों और भाषा का अच्छा ज्ञान
  • हाज़िर – जवाब
  • श्रोताओं के मूड को बदलने की क्षमता
  • भाषा के आरोह-अवरोध की शक्ति का ज्ञाता

मंच-संचालक श्रोताओं को कार्यक्रमों की मंच से जानकारी देता है। वह कलाकारों के उत्साह को बढ़ाता है और श्रोताओं के मन में कार्यक्रमों के प्रति जिज्ञासा उत्पन्न करता है। वही कलाकारों के द्वारा कार्यक्रमों की प्रस्तुति से पहले उनका परिचय श्रोताओं तक पहुँचाता है।

मंच-संचालन से पहले प्रत्येक मंच – संचालक के लिए आवश्यक है कि वह प्रस्तुत किए जाने वाले सभी कार्यक्रमों की पूरी जानकारी प्राप्त कर ले और उनको लिखित रूप में अपने पास व्यवस्थित रूप में रख ले। उसे सभी कलाकारों की विशेषताओं का परिचय ज्ञात होना चाहिए। प्रस्तुत किए जाने वाले कार्यक्रमों के विषय और उनमें निहित मुख्य भावनाओं का ज्ञान भी उसे होना चाहिए ताकि वह श्रोताओं को उनका पूर्व परिचय दे सके। किसी भी कार्यक्रम की प्रस्तुति से पहले और अंत में मंच संचालक की भूमिकाएँ महत्त्वपूर्ण होती हैं।

(क) कार्यक्रम प्रस्तुति से पहले – मंच संचालक को कार्यक्रम की प्रस्तुति से पहले से कलाकार का परिचय और उसकी प्रस्तुति की जानकारी नपे-तुले और संतुलित शब्दों में श्रोताओं को देनी चाहिए। अतिशयोक्ति का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाना चाहिए।

(ख) कार्यक्रम प्रस्तुति के बाद – कार्यक्रम प्रस्तुति के बाद मंच संचालक को श्रोताओं के सामने प्रस्तुति का प्रभाव प्रकट करना चाहिए। इसका कलाकार पर भी अनुकूल प्रभाव पड़ता है।

JAC Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना

उदाहरण –

1. कक्षा की साप्ताहिक – सभा में अंकुर के द्वारा एक देशभक्ति के भावों से परिपूर्ण कविता का सस्वर पाठ किया जाता है। आप मंच से इसकी घोषणा कीजिए तथा प्रस्तुति के बाद प्रशंसा में कुछ शब्दों को कहिए।
उत्तर :
कविता तो है – मन के कोमल भाव जब भावों में देशभक्ति की गूँज छिपी हो तो उनमें वीर रस का मिल जाना सहज-स्वाभाविक ही है। ऐसे ही वीर रस से परिपूर्ण देश भक्ति की एक कविता सुनाने के लिए आपके सामने आ रहे हैं – अंकुर।
प्रस्तुति के बाद प्रशंसा – कितना ओज भरा था अंकुर के स्वर में। यह तो सचमुच ही हमें सेना में भर्ती हो जाने की प्रेरणा दे रहे थे और यह हमारे लिए है भी अच्छा कि हम बड़े होकर देश की सेवा के मार्ग में आगे बढ़ें।
मौखिक – अभिव्यक्ति

JAC Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना

2. विद्यालय के वार्षिक उत्सव में ‘उर्वशी’ नामक एक नृत्य-नाटिका की प्रस्तुति की जानी है। इसे रमा, पल्लवी, माधवी, अनुष्का, तनुज और गौरव प्रस्तुत करेंगे। मंच से इसकी प्रस्तुति की घोषणा कीजिए और बाद में प्रस्तुति की प्रशंसा कीजिए।
उत्तर :
नृत्य-नाटिका वह विधा है जिससे एक साथ नृत्य, संगीत और नाटक की त्रिवेणी बह निकलती है, जो दर्शकों के हृदय को अपने रस में पूरी तरह डुबो देती है। अब प्रस्तुत है आप के लिए एक नृत्य – नाटिका – उर्वशी। इसे प्रस्तुत कर रहे हैं विद्यालय की नवीं कक्षा के विद्यार्थी – रमा, पल्लवी, माधवी, अनुष्का, तनुज और गौरव। तो लीजिए, आप के सामने प्रस्तुत है – ‘उर्वशी’।
प्रस्तुति के बाद प्रशंसा – सच ही, हम तो नहा गए नृत्य, संगीत और नाट्य की त्रिवेणी में। कितना सुंदर, कितना मोहक, कितना मधुर। कमाल कर दिया आपने।

2. स्वयं अपना कार्यक्रम प्रस्तुत करना
जब कोई कलाकार मंच पर अपना कोई भी कार्यक्रम प्रस्तुत करने आता है तब वह विशेष औपचारिकता का निर्वाह करता है, जिसे मंचीय शिष्टाचार कहा जाता है। उसके लिए आवश्यक होता है कि –

  • कार्यक्रम की गरिमा के अनुसार उसके चेहरे पर भाव हों।
  • वह सहज हो।
  • मंच की ओर बढ़ते समय उसकी चाल और आंगिक क्रियाएँ स्वाभाविक हों।

कलाकार को अपना कार्यक्रम आरंभ करने से पहले मंच पर बैठे विशेष अतिथियों, निर्णायकों और श्रोताओं की ओर देखते हुए उन्हें संबोधित करना चाहिए। संबोधन में कभी भी व्यंग्य का पुट नहीं होना चाहिए। गरिमा का बना रहना अनिवार्य है, जैसे –
माननीय अध्यक्ष महोदय।
आदरणीय सभापति जी !
सम्मान्य नेता जी !
परम पूजनीय गुरुवर !
पूज्यवर !
पूजनीय गुरु जी !
प्यारे सहपाठियो !
प्रिय मित्रो !
मेरे प्रिय साथियो !
प्रातः स्मरणीय आचार्यवर !
माताओ और बहनो!
श्रद्धा
योग्य
मातृ-शक्ति !
श्रद्धेय विद्वजन !
यदि मंच पर अनेक महानुभाव विराजमान हों तो उन सब की ओर देखते हुए उन्हें संबोधित किया जाना चाहिए। जैसे –
माननीय नेता जी ! आदरणीय मुख्याध्यापक
श्रद्धेय गुरुवर!
बाहर से पधारे अतिथिगण !
और मेरे प्यारे साथियो!
जी !
अपना परिचय – यदि मंच संचालक ने आपका परिचय श्रोताओं को नहीं दिया हो तो आप अपना संक्षिप्त परिचय दें। आपके द्वारा दिया गया परिचय विस्तृत नहीं होना चाहिए। उसमें किसी भी बात को बढ़ा-चढ़ा कर तो कभी नहीं कहा जाना चाहिए। अपने परिचय के साथ आपको अपने द्वारा प्रस्तुत किए जाने वाले कार्यक्रम का संक्षिप्त परिचय भी देना चाहिए।
उदाहरण –
1. मैं भारती जुनेजा। मैं दसवीं ‘ए’ की छात्रा हूँ। मुझे कविता लिखने का शौक है। मैं आपको अपनी एक कविता सुनाने आई हूँ जिसका शीर्षक है- ‘हम भारतीय’।
2. मैं रोहन अग्रवाल। नवीं कक्षा में पढ़ता हूँ। बचपन से ही मुझे तरह-तरह के पशु-पक्षियों की आवाजें निकालने का शौक रहा है। आज मैं आपको ऐसी ही कुछ आवाजें सुनाने जा रहा हूँ।

JAC Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना

(v) कथा / कहानी / घटना / संस्मरण को सुनाना –

कहानी सुनने – सुनाने की कहानी उतनी ही पुरानी है जितनी मानव सभ्यता। जब इनसान सभ्य हुआ होगा तब उसने अवश्य अपने जीवन से जुड़े हुए प्रसंगों को कल्पना से जोड़ कर दूसरों को सुनाया होगा और उनसे उनकी कहानियों को सुना होगा। कहानी सुनाना एक कला है। यह कला सब में नहीं होती पर इस कला को थोड़े अभ्यास से सीखा जा सकता है।

हर कहानी सुनाई जा सकती है पर कहानी सुनाने वाले को कहानी सुनने वाले की रुचि, स्थिति, मानसिकता और बौद्धिक स्तर का ध्यान अवश्य रखना चाहिए। जो भी कहानी किसी को सुनानी हो उसमें निम्नलिखित गुण अवश्य होने चाहिए –

  • कहानी चाहे सच्ची हो या काल्पनिक, पर उसे रोचक अवश्य होना चाहिए।
  • कहानी में सहजता, स्वाभाविकता और गतिशीलता होनी चाहिए।
  • कहानी की भाषा अति सरल होनी चाहिए। उसमें मुहावरे लोकोक्तियों का यथासंभव प्रयोग नहीं होना चाहिए।
  • कहानी में उपदेशात्मकता और भाषणात्मकता नहीं होनी चाहिए।
  • कहानी में जिज्ञासा और उत्सुकता बनी रहनी चाहिए।
  • कहानी का अंत चरम बिंदु पर होना चाहिए।
  • कहानी में अनावश्यक विस्तार, भूमिका आदि नहीं होने चाहिए।
  • कहानी को अपना संदेश स्वयं प्रकट करना चाहिए।

उदाहरण –

1. भीड़ से भरे बाज़ार में एक बहेलिया बैठा था। उसके पास दो पिंजरे थे। दोनों में एक-एक तोता था। दोनों तोते बहुत सुंदर थे। उनके लंबे हरे पंख, लाल चोंच, सुंदर पंजे और गले पर काली गोल रेखाएँ तो मन को मोह लेने वाली थीं। बहेलिए ने एक तोते के पिंजरे पर उसका दाम एक हज़ार रुपए लिख रखा था तो दूसरे तोते का केवल दस रुपए।

लोग पिंजरों के पास आ खड़े होते। तोतों को देखते। उन्हें खरीदने के लिए मोल-भाव करते। बहेलिया सबसे एक ही बात करता था – ‘दाम इतना ही लगेगा और दोनों तोते एक साथ लेने पड़ेंगे। मुझे कोई भी एक अकेला तोता नहीं बेचना।’ कोई भी तोते ख़रीदने को तैयार नहीं था। उन्हें उनके दामों में इतने बड़े अंतर का रहस्य समझ में नहीं आ रहा था।

उन्होंने उससे उस अंतर के बारे में पूछा। तोते वाले ने कहा – ‘आप इन्हें ले जाएँ। आपको अंतर स्वयं मालूम हो जाएगा।’ एक व्यक्ति कुछ देर सोचकर दोनों तोते ख़रीद लिए। वह उन्हें अपने घर ले गया। उसने एक हज़ार वाले तोते के पिंजरे को अपने कमरे में एक खिड़की के पास टाँग दिया। रात को जब सोने से पहले उसने कमरे की रोशनी बंद की तो तोता बोला, ‘शुभ रात्रि’। उस व्यक्ति को यह सुनना अच्छा लगा।

अगली सुबह जैसे ही उसकी आँख खुली वैसे ही तोता बोला- ‘राम, राम!’ उसने सुंदर श्लोक भी पढ़े। व्यक्ति प्रसन्न हो गया। दूसरे दिन उस व्यक्ति ने दूसरे पिंजरे को अपने कमरे में टाँगा। रात को जैसे ही अंधेरा हुआ, वैसे ही तोता पिंजरे से बोला- ‘अबे, बंद कर रोशनी। सोने भी दे। क्या उल्लू है तू ? रात भर भी जागेगा क्या ?’ व्यक्ति यह सुन कर गुस्से से भर उठा पर कुछ सोचकर उसने रोशनी बंद कर दी।

जैसे ही सवेरा हुआ, उस तोते ने गंदी-गंदी गालियाँ बकनी आरंभ कर दीं। व्यक्ति की नींद खुली। उसने गालियाँ सुनीं। उसे बहुत बुरा लगा और गुस्सा भी आया। उसने अपने नौकर को आवाज़ दी और कहा – ‘इस दुष्ट का गला अभी मरोड़ कर इसे बाहर फेंक दो।’ पहला तोता पास ही था। उसने नम्रता से कहा – ‘श्रीमान ! इसे मत मरवाओ। यह मेरा सगा भाई है। हम एक साथ जाल में फँसे थे। मुझे एक महात्मा जी ले गए थे। मैंने उनके यहाँ ईश्वर का नाम लेना सीख लिया। इसे एक बदमाश ने ले लिया था। इसने वहाँ गंदा बोलना और गाली देना सीख लिया। इसमें इसका कोई दोष नहीं है। यह तो बुरी संगत का नतीजा है।’

व्यक्ति ने पल भर सोचा और फिर अपने नौकर से कहा – ‘इस गाली देने वाले तोते को बाहर ले जाकर उड़ा दो। इसे घर में मत रखो।’

JAC Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना

2. गाँव में पिछले कई दिनों से लगातार बारिश हो रही थी। वह रुकने का नाम ही नहीं ले रही थी। एक साधु बारिश के कारण गाँव के बाहर बने पुराने मंदिर में फँसा हुआ था। वह मंदिर बिलकुल जर्जर हो रहा था। उसकी दीवारों में जगह-जगह दरारें पड़ी थीं। कुछ दीवारें पुरानी होने के कारण झुकी हुई थीं। अचानक रात के समय मंदिर का एक बड़ा भाग ज़ोर की आवाज़ के साथ गिर गया। जहाँ साधु बैठा था, वह कोना गिरने से बच गया। साधु को चोट नहीं लगी। वह रात भर सोचता रहा – ‘मेरे यहाँ रहते भगवान का मंदिर गिरा है। मुझे इसे बनवा कर ही कहीं और जाना चाहिए।’

साधु ने अगले दिन बारिश रुकने के बाद घर-घर जाकर मंदिर के निर्माण के लिए चंदा इकट्ठा करना शुरू किया। लोगों में मंदिर के श्रद्धा थी और साधु का समझाने का तरीका भी बहुत अच्छा था। साधु विद्वान भी था। गाँव के लगभग सभी लोगों ने चंदा दिया।

मंदिर बन गया। भगवान की मूर्ति की बड़े भक्ति-भाव और उत्साह से पूजा की गई। आस-पास के गाँवों को भी भंडारे में भाग लेने के लिए निमंत्रित किया गया। सबने बड़े आनंद से भगवान का प्रसाद ग्रहण किया और श्रद्धापूर्वक सिर झुकाया।

शाम के समय गाँव में साधु बाबा ने सबका धन्यवाद करने के लिए एक सभा बुलाई। उनके हाथ में एक सूची थी। उसमें उन सब लोगों के नाम लिखे थे, जिन्होंने मंदिर के निर्माण के लिए चंदा दिया था। साधु बाबा ने बताया ‘सब से बड़ा दान एक बुढ़िया माता ने दिया था, जो दान देने स्वयं यहाँ आई थीं।’

लोगों ने सोचा कि बुढ़िया ने हज़ारों रुपया दिया होगा। अनेक लोगों ने सैकड़ों रुपए तो दिए थे। पर लोगों को तब बड़ी हैरानी हुई जब साधु बाबा ने बताया कि – ‘उन्होंने मुझे पचपन रुपए और थोड़ा-सा साग दिया है।’ लोगों ने समझा कि साधु बाबा हँसी कर रहे हैं। बाबा ने आगे कहा- ‘बुढ़िया माता इधर-उधर उगे साग को तोड़कर प्रतिदिन पास के शहर में घूम-घूमकर बेचती है। बड़ी मुश्किल से अपना पेट भर पाती है। उसने कई महीनों में इन पैसों को इकट्ठा किया था। उसकी जीवन भर की कुल संपत्ति इतनी ही थी। अपना सब कुछ दान कर देने वाली उस श्रद्धालु माता के सामने मैं अपना सिर झुकाता हूँ।’ लोगों ने सुना और सबने अपने-अपने सिर झुका लिए। सचमुच बुढ़िया माता द्वारा श्रद्धा से दिया गया दान सबसे बड़ा दान था।

JAC Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना

3. सम्राट विक्रमादित्य अपने हाथी पर सवार होकर लाव-लश्कर के साथ एक बार नगर से गुज़र रहे थे। लोग उनकी एक झलक पाने और जय-जयकार करने के लिए खड़े थे। जब सवारी अनाज मंडी से गुज़र रही थी तब सम्राट ने देखा कि ज़मीन पर अनाज के कुछ दाने बिखरे पड़े थे। अनाज के दाने देखकर वे हाथी से उतर गए। वे घुटनों के बल ज़मीन पर बैठ गए और बोले – ‘देखो तो, इतने सारे हीरे ज़मीन पर बिखरे पड़े हैं। कितने सुंदर हैं ये !’ यह कह कर वे अनाज के दानों को अपने हाथों से बीनने लगे। उन्हें ऐसा करते देख मंत्री तथा अन्य लोग भी बिखरे अनाज को बटोरने लगे।

कुछ ही देर में सम्राट की झोली अनाज के दानों से भर गई। फिर वे सब को संबोधित करते हुए बोले- ‘ हमारे राज्य में अनाज की बरबादी पता नहीं क्यों होती है? यदि हम अनाज की बरबादी और अनादर करेंगे तो यह भी हमारा अनादर करेगा। तब भुखमरी तो फैलेगी। अब देखो तो, इतने अनाज से पाँच-सात लोगों का पेट तो भर ही सकता है। हम तो इसे पैरों तले रौंद रहे हैं।’ सभी लोगों ने एक-दूसरे की ओर देखा। उन्होंने मन-ही-मन अनाज को कभी बरबाद न करने की मौन प्रतिज्ञा की। कहते हैं कि इसके बाद सम्राट विक्रमादित्य के शासन काल में हमारे देश में अनाज की कमी कभी नहीं हुई थी।

(vi) चित्र देखकर कहानी सुनाना –

किसी चित्र को देखकर कल्पना करना मनुष्य का स्वाभाविक गुण है। उस कल्पना को कहानी के रूप में सरलता से प्रकट किया जा सकता है। अभ्यास से इस कला को निखारा जा सकता है।
उदाहरण –
एक गाँव में एक औरत अकेली ही अपने घर की रसोई के सामने चुपचाप बैठी थी। उसके चेहरे पर चिंता के भाव थे। वह बहुत रही थी।
इतने में उसके दोनों बेटे बाहर से उछलते-कूदते हुए भीतर आए। आते ही वे बोले – “माँ ! रोटी दो। भूख लगी है। ”
माँ ने उन्हें दुलारते हुए कहा – “बेटा, इसी चिंता में तो मैं कब से बैठी हूँ।
घर में आज लकड़ी नहीं है और न ही सूखे उपले हैं। मैं रोटी पकाऊँ भी तो कैसे ? तुम्हारे पिताजी भी आज गाँव से बाहर गए हुए हैं। यदि वे यहाँ होते तो सूखी लकड़ी का कोई प्रबंध कर देते। ”
लड़के कुछ देर माँ के पास चुपचाप बैठे रहे। छोटा लड़का बोला – “माँ, क्या हम दोनों लकड़ियाँ लाएँ ?” माँ ने उसके सिर पर हाथ फेरते हुए कहा – “तुम दोनों अभी बहुत छोटे हो। लकड़ियाँ भारी होती हैं। तुमसे नहीं उठेंगी… – और फिर कहाँ से लाओगे ?”

JAC Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना 1

बड़ा लड़का अपनी उँगली से इशारा कर बोला – ” वहाँ दूर खेतों के पार बड़े- बड़े पेड़ हैं। वहाँ कई सूखी लकड़ियाँ गिरी होती हैं। हम उन्हें इकट्ठी कर लाते हैं।”

माँ ने कुछ देर सोचा और कहा – ” अच्छा जाओ। दोनों भाई इकट्ठे रहना। जंगल में बहुत आगे न जाना।’
देर से कुछ सोच दोनों लड़के लकड़ी लेने चले। आठ और दस वर्ष के दोनों भाई इतनी दूर अकेले कभी नहीं गए थे। जंगल में उन्हें आम के पेड़ के नीचे एक मोटी सूखी डाल दिखाई दी। वह आँधी से टूटकर नीचे गिरी थी।
बड़े भाई ने कहा – “ लकड़ी तो मिल गई, पर इसे हम लेकर कैसे जाएँगे ? यह तो बहुत भारी है। ”

छोटे ने कहा – ” हम इसे छोड़कर जाएँगे, तो कोई दूसरा उठा ले जाएगा।”
पर वे क्या करते ? इतनी बड़ी लकड़ी उनसे उठ नहीं सकती थी। दोनों चुपचाप लकड़ी पर बैठ गए। इतने में छोटा लड़का चिल्लाया- “देखो, वह क्या है ? इतनी चींटियाँ ! वे किसे ले जा रही हैं ?”
बड़े लड़के ने ध्यान से देखा और कहा – ” चींटियाँ मरे हुए एक मोटे कीड़े को खींच कर ले जा रही हैं।”
छोटा भाई हैरानी से बोला – ” इतनी छोटी-छोटी चींटियाँ इतने मोटे कीड़े को कैसे खींच सकती हैं?”
“यह तो मरा हुआ कीड़ा ही है। कभी-कभी तो चींटियाँ मरे हुए साँप को भी घसीटले जाती हैं” – बड़े भाई ने कहा।

JAC Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना 2

दोनों भाई चींटियों को ध्यान से देखने लगे। चींटियाँ धीरे-धीरे कीड़े को सरका रही थीं। कभी-कभी मोटा कीड़ा लुढ़क कर उन पर भी गिर जाता था। झट से दूसरी चींटियाँ दबी हुई चींटियों को कीड़े के नीचे से निकाल देती थीं। चींटियाँ अपने काम में लगातार लगी हुई थीं। थोड़ी ही देर में चींटियाँ कीड़े को सरका – सरका कर अपने बिल के पास ले गईं।
छोटा लड़का कुछ देर सोचता रहा। वह अपने भाई की ओर मुँह कर बोला –
” क्या हम चींटियों से भी कमज़ोर हैं ?”
बड़े लड़के ने कहा – “क्यों, क्या हुआ ? हम तो उनसे कई गुना बड़े हैं, ताकतवर हैं।”
“यदि चींटियाँ मोटे कीड़े को धकेलकर वहाँ तक ले जा सकती हैं तो हम इस लकड़ी को धकेलकर अपने घर क्यों नहीं ले जा सकते ? ” – छोटे लड़के ने कहा।

JAC Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना 3

बड़ा लड़का उठकर खड़ा हो गया। वह बोला – ” तू यहीं बैठ। मैं अभी आया। ”
वह भाग कर गाँव वापस गया। वहाँ से अपने मित्रों को बुला लाया। मित्र अनेक थे। उन सबने मिल कर उस भारी लकड़ी को लुढ़काना आरंभ किया। सबने मिलकर खेल – ही खेल में वह लकड़ी उन दोनों भाइयों के घर पहुँचा दी।
माँ ने उन सबको शाबाशी दी और कहा – ” देखा तुमने। मिलकर काम करने से आप हर काम आसानी से कर सकते हो। सदा मिल-जुल कर काम किया करो। तुम्हारा हर काम हो जाएगा।”

JAC Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना

(vii) परिचय देना, परिचय लेना –

हम-आप अपने-अपने समाज में रहते हैं। हम सदा एक-दूसरे का साथ पाना चाहते हैं और दूसरों को साथ देना चाहते हैं। अकेले तो हम रह ही नहीं पाते। समाज से कटकर अकेले रहना बहुत बड़ी सजा भोगने जैसा है। हमारी जान-पहचान पहले से ही अनेक लोगों से होती है पर जब हम किसी नए व्यक्ति के संपर्क में पहली बार आते हैं तो सबसे पहले हमें उससे परिचय प्राप्त करना होता है तथा उसे अपना परिचय देना होता है।

परिचय देना और परिचय लेना एक कला है। अपना परिचय देते समय हम पल भर में अपने व्यक्तित्व की पहली झलक किसी अपरिचित व्यक्ति को दे देते हैं। जब हम किसी को अपना परिचय देते हैं तब हमारे व्यवहार और हाव-भाव से अवश्य ऐसा झलकना चाहिए कि हम उससे अपना संपर्क बढ़ाना चाहते हैं। तब हमारे चेहरे पर उदासीनता या वितृष्णा के भाव कदापि नहीं होने चाहिए। हमारे चेहरे पर उत्साह और खुशी के भाव होने चाहिए तथा हमारी दृष्टि सामने वाले व्यक्ति पर होनी चाहिए। उसे ऐसा लगना चाहिए कि उससे मिलकर हमें प्रसन्नता हुई है।

I. परिचय देना :

परिचय के प्रकार – प्रायः परिचय दो प्रकार से दिया जाता है।

  • अनौपचारिक परिचय
  • औपचारिक परिचय

1. अनौपचारिक परिचय – इस प्रकार के परिचय में नाम, कक्षा या व्यवसाय का ही परिचय देना पर्याप्त होता है। यदि परिचय पाने वाला व्यक्ति आपके विषय में अधिक जानना चाहता है तो वह स्वयं बातों-बातों में आपसे पूछ लेगा।
उदाहरण –
(क) मेरा नाम रेवती है। मैं दयाल सिंह पब्लिक स्कूल में दसवीं कक्षा में पढ़ती हूँ।
(ख) मैं मोहित। दिल्ली पब्लिक स्कूल, आर० के० पुरम में नौवीं कक्षा का विद्यार्थी हूँ।

JAC Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना

2. औपचारिक परिचय – इस प्रकार का परिचय प्रायः सभा सभाओं, सार्वजनिक कार्यक्रमों, कक्षा या बड़े समूहों में देना होता है। कई बार तो यह बता दिया जाता है कि परिचय देते समय क्या-क्या बताना होगा। सामान्य रूप से ऐसे परिचय में चार बातें बतानी होती हैं- नाम, कक्षा / व्यवसाय, विद्यालय / निवास, रुचियाँ।
उदाहरण –
(क) मेरा नाम पल्लवी है। मैं सेंट थैरेसा कान्वेंट स्कूल, करनाल में नौवीं कक्षा में पढ़ती हूँ। मैं न्यू हाउसिंग बोर्ड में रहती हूँ। कैरम खेलना, पेंटिंग करना और पुराने गाने सुनना मेरा शौक है।
(ख) मेरा नाम रोहन है। मैं डी० ए० वी० सीनियर सैकेंडरी स्कूल, जयपुर में ग्यारहवीं कक्षा का विद्यार्थी हूँ। मैं अपनी कक्षा का मॉनीटर हूँ। क्रिकेट खेलना मेरा शौक है। पत्र मित्रता करने में मेरी गहरी रुचि है।

अपने किसी सगे-संबंधी / मित्र / पड़ोसी का परिचय देना –

अपने परिचितों का किसी से परिचय कराते समय सदा ध्यान रखना चाहिए कि उनके विषय में कभी कोई ऐसी बात मुँह से नहीं निकलनी चाहिए जो उन्हें किसी भी प्रकार से बुरी लगे। सरल, सीधे और संतुलित शब्दों के प्रयोग से परिचय दिया जाना चाहिए। परिचय देते समय अतिशयोक्ति का प्रयोग नहीं करना चाहिए।

उदाहरण –

1. आपके साथ आपकी मम्मी विद्यालय के पुरस्कार वितरण समारोह में आई हैं। उनका परिचय अपनी कक्षा अध्यापिका को दीजिए।
उत्तर :
मैडम, ये मेरी मम्मी हैं। राजकीय महाविद्यालय में गणित की प्रध्यापिका हैं। मुझे पुरस्कार प्राप्त करते देखना चाहती हैं। ये आपसे मिलना भीं चाहती थीं !

JAC Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना

2. आप बाज़ार जा रहे हैं। आपके साथ आपकी छोटी बहन है। उसका परिचय अपने मित्र से कराइए।
उत्तर :
यह उर्मि है, मेरी छोटी बहन। पाँचवीं कक्षा में पढ़ती है। इसे बाज़ार में खरीददारी करना अच्छा लगता है।

किसी प्रतिष्ठित व्यक्ति का परिचय कराना –

विद्यालय या किसी सार्वजनिक सभा में पधारे मुख्य अतिथि या किसी कलाकार का परिचय देना आवश्यक होता है। यह परिचय इस प्रकार दिया जाना चाहिए कि विशिष्ट व्यक्ति की विशेषताओं का संतुलित परिचय वहाँ उपस्थित लोगों को प्राप्त हो जाए। परिचय में अति विस्तार नहीं होना चाहिए और न ही कठिन भाषा का प्रयोग किया जाना चाहिए।

उदाहरण –

1. आपके विद्यालय में हरियाणा विद्यालय शिक्षा बोर्ड के पूर्व चेयरमैन डॉ० जयभगवान गोयल मुख्य अतिथि के रूप में पधारे हैं। हिंदी दिवस के अवसर पर वे अपने विचार प्रस्तुत करेंगे। आप उनका परिचय कराइए।
उत्तर :
प्रिय साथियो ! यह हमारा परम सौभाग्य है कि आज हिंदी दिवस के पुनीत अवसर पर हमारे बीच हिंदी साहित्य के परम विद्वान डॉ० जयभगवान गोयल पधारे हैं। हरियाणा विद्यालय शिक्षा बोर्ड के पूर्व चेयरमैन और कुरुक्षेत्र विश्वविद्यालय, कुरुक्षेत्र के हिंदी विभाग के अध्यक्ष अपने आपमें ही एक संस्था हैं। सैकड़ों पुस्तकों के रचयिता और सैकड़ों विद्यार्थियों को शोध कराने वाले शिक्षाविद् डॉ० गोयल वर्तमान में हिंदी-सेवा के प्रति समर्पित हैं। वे हमें हिंदी दिवस के महत्त्व से परिचित कराएँगे। मैं आप सबकी ओर से उनका स्वागत करते हुए उन्हें मंच पर सादर आमंत्रित करता हूँ

2. आपके विद्यालय में वार्षिक खेल-कूद प्रतियोगिता में मुख्य अतिथि के रूप में जिला के उपायुक्त पधारे हैं। उनका परिचय दीजिए।
उत्तर :
प्रिय मित्रो ! हमारे लिए अति हर्ष का विषय है कि आज हमारे बीच वह महान व्यक्तित्व खेल – कूद प्रतियोगिता के मुख्य अतिथि के रूप में पधारा है जिसने पिछले एक वर्ष में हमारे नगर की काया ही पलट दी है। अपनी दूरदृष्टि और अथक प्रयासों से हमारे आज के माननीय मुख्य अतिथि श्री राकेश देवगुण ने हमारे नगर को राज्य में एक नई पहचान प्रदान की है। ये केवल कुशल प्रशासक ही नहीं हैं बल्कि अपने समय के श्रेष्ठ खिलाड़ी भी रह चुके हैं। इन्होंने पोलो में भारतीय टीम का एशियन खेलों में प्रतिनिधित्व किया था। मैं उनके आगमन पर उनका हार्दिक आभार व्यक्त करते हुए उन्हें मंच पर आमंत्रित करता हूँ।

JAC Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना

II. परिचय लेना :

हमें अपने जीवन में प्रतिदिन अनेक ऐसे लोग मिलते हैं, जिनसे हमारा पूर्व परिचय नहीं होता। हम किसी-न-किसी कारण उनसे परिचय पाना चाहते हैं। कई लोग हमें अच्छे लगते हैं और कई से हमारे कारोबारी संबंध होते हैं।

जब भी किसी अपरिचित से हम परिचय प्राप्त करना चाहते हैं, हमें भद्रता और शालीनता का परिचय देते हुए शिष्टाचार के सभी नियमों का पालन करना चाहिए। आरंभ में औपचारिकता बनी रहनी चाहिए और ‘आप’ शब्द का प्रयोग करना चाहिए। कभी भी ‘तू’ या ‘तुम’ जैसे शब्दों का प्रयोग नहीं करना चाहिए हँसी-मज़ाक और व्यंग्यात्मक शब्दों का प्रयोग तो कदापि नहीं करना चाहिए क्योंकि हम उस अपरिचित के स्वभाव को नहीं जानते। हमारा व्यंग्यात्मक शब्द उसे बुरा लग सकता है। परिचय प्राप्त करने से पहले सम्मानपूर्वक संबोधित करना आवश्यक होता है, जैसे –
भाई – साहब, बहन जी, अंकल, आंटी, मैडम, सर, श्रीमान जी, महोदय।
परिचय प्राप्त कर लेने के पश्चात मर्यादा का ध्यान रखते हुए नाम से भी संबोधित किया जा सकता है।
अपनत्व दिखाने के लिए बीच-बीच में नाम / जाति / संबोधन आदि का प्रयोग किया जा सकता है, जैसे-
(क) आपसे मैं पहले कह चुका हूँ, गुप्ता जी।
(ख) महेश जी, कभी उधर भी आइए।
(ग) अच्छा, बहन जी ! फिर मिलेंगे।
(घ) अरे, बेटा! मैं भी उधर ही जा रहा हूँ।
(ङ) वाह अंकल ! आप तो बहुत अच्छे हैं।

JAC Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना

परिचय पाने के लिए संबोधन के साथ अभिवादन किया जाना चाहिए, जैसे –

(क) हैलो, सर !
(ख) नमस्ते अंकल !
(ग) आदाब, भाई जान !
(घ) नमस्कार जी।
(ङ) नमस्कार आंटी।

अभिवादन के बाद परिचय पूछा जा सकता है, जैसे –

(क) श्रीमान जी ! क्या मैं आपका शुभ नाम जान सकता हूँ?
(ख) कृपया अपना नाम बताइए।
(ग) सर ! क्या मैं आपका नाम पूछ सकता हूँ?
(घ) मैडम! क्या मैं आपका नाम जान सकता हूँ?

JAC Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना

नाम जान लेने के पश्चात रहने का स्थान, नगर, स्कूल, कार्यालय, शिक्षा आदि के विषय में जानकारी प्राप्त की जा सकती है। परिचय प्राप्त करने के पश्चात औपचारिकतावश मिलने की खुशी अवश्य प्रकट की जानी चाहिए, जैसे –
(क) आपसे मिलकर बहुत प्रसन्नता हुई।
(ख) बहुत अच्छा लगा आपसे मिलकर, शर्मा जी।
(ग) फिर मिलना।
(घ) जल्दी फिर मिलेंगे।
(ङ) हमें आपसे मिलने का इंतजार रहेगा।

परिचय प्राप्त करने के पश्चात धन्यवाद अवश्य ज्ञापित करना चाहिए।

परिचय पाने के कुछ उदाहरण –

1. कक्षा में नया प्रवेश प्राप्त करने वाले एक लड़के से परिचय प्राप्त कीजिए।
उत्तर :

  • आप – हैलो !
  • वह – हैलो! आप ?
  • आप – मैं रोहन हूँ और इसी कक्षा में पढ़ता हूँ।
  • वह – मैं अनुराग हूँ।
  • आप – आपको इस कक्षा में पहली बार देखा है।
  • वह – हाँ। मैंने इस स्कूल में कल ही दाखिला लिया है।
  • आप – पहले कहाँ पढ़ते थे?
  • वह – मैं बेंगलुरू के मेरी कॉन्वेंट स्कूल में पढ़ता था।
  • आप – क्या आपके पापा का ट्रांसफर हो गया है ?
  • वह – हाँ।
  • आप – कहाँ रह रहे हो ?
  • वह – अभी तो घर ढूँढ़ रहे हैं। कुछ दिन के लिए गेस्ट हाउस में ठहरे हैं।
  • आप – मेरे घर के सामने एक बड़ा-सा मकान किराए के लिए खाली है।
  • वह – फिर तो बहुत अच्छा है। मैं पापा-मम्मी को बताऊँगा।
  • आप – हम भी आस – पास रहकर दोस्त बन जाएँगे।
  • वह – दोस्त तो हम बन भी गए। धन्यवाद।
  • आप – धन्यवाद।

JAC Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना

2. सब्ज़ी की रेहड़ी के निकट खड़ी एक औरत से आप उसका परिचय प्राप्त कीजिए।
उत्तर :

  • आप – नमस्ते, बहन जी।
  • वह – नमस्ते, आप ?
  • आप – मैं नमिता हूँ। सामने वाले घर में रहती हूँ। और आप ?
  • वह – मैं मीनाक्षी। पिछली गली में रहती हूँ।
  • आप – कौन – सा मकान है आपका ?
  • वह – कोने वाला।
  • आप – अच्छा है। चलती हूँ। धन्यवाद।
  • वह – प्रसन्नता हुई आप से मिलकर।

(viii) भावानुकूल संवाद – योजना –

जब भी दो या दो से अधिक लोग आपस में बातचीत करते हैं। तब भावों के अनुसार उन की वाणी और चेहरे के हाव-भावों में परिवर्तन दिखाई देता है। क्रोध की स्थिति में उनकी आवाज़ ऊँची और तेज़ हो जाती है तो करुण अवस्था में दुख की झलक अपने आप ही आवाज़ के माध्यम से प्रकट होने लगती है। प्रसन्नता के कारण आवाज़ में विशेष चहक – सी उत्पन्न हो जाती है। भक्ति भाव के समय वह शांत हो जाती है। शब्दों का चयन भी भावों के अनुरूप बदलता दिखाई देता है। स्वरों का उतार-चढ़ाव मानसिक स्थिति के अनुसार निश्चित रूप से नए – नए रूप लेता रहता है।

संवाद योजना सदा भावानुकल होनी चाहिए। इससे जब स्वभाविकता का गुण प्रकट होता है तब वह दूसरों को अधिक प्रभावित करता है। बातचीत में कभी बनावटीपन नहीं झलकना चाहिए। यदि किसी कहानी या नाटक के संवादों को बोला जाना हो तो व्यर्थ में बनावटी हाव-भाव कभी प्रकट नहीं किए जाने चाहिए। भावों और परिस्थितियों के अनुसार आंगिक क्रियाओं का संचालन किया जाना चाहिए।

संवादों को बोलने का अभ्यास निरंतरता की माँग करता है। दूसरों के सामने संवादों को बोलकर स्वयं को सुधारा और सँवारा जा सकता है। संवादों में छिपे भावों को केवल वाणी से ही नहीं बल्कि चेहरे के हाव-भावों से भी सरलतापूर्वक व्यक्त किया जा सकता है।

JAC Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना

कुछ उदाहरण –

1. बोर्ड परीक्षा में पुत्र के प्रथम आने की सूचना को पाकर माता-पिता के बीच हुई बातचीत।
उत्तर :

  • पिता (कंप्यूटर स्क्रीन को देखते हुए) – अरे, वाह ! कमाल कर दिया मोहित ने।
  • माता – क्यों क्या हो गया ?
  • पिता – देखो तो, उसका परीक्षा परिणाम आ गया है।
  • माता (घबराकर) – पास तो हो गया है न वह।
  • पिता – पास …….अरे ! उसने तो करिश्मा कर दिया है।
  • माता – क्या स्कूल में फर्स्ट आ गया है।
  • पिता – अरे नहीं ! वह तो पूरे राज्य में प्रथम आया है।
  • माता – क्या ?
  • पिता – हाँ, उसने तो पिछले बोर्ड परिणामों के सारे रिकार्ड तोड़ दिए हैं।
  • माता – अरे वाह !

2. मित्र के दुर्घटनाग्रस्त हो जाने पर दो लड़कों के बीच हुए संवाद।
उत्तर :

  • नरेंद्र (घबराए हुए स्वर में) – अरे, सुना तुमने !
  • राघव – क्या ?
  • नरेंद्र – परमजीत का एक्सीडेंट हो गया है।
  • राघव – कब ? कैसे ?
  • नरेंद्र – अभी, कुछ देर पहले। एक कार से।
  • राघव – कहाँ है वह ?
  • नरेंद्र – उसे अस्पताल ले गए हैं। बहुत खून बह रहा था उसका।
  • राघव – क्या तूने उसे देखा ?
  • नरेंद्र – हाँ। हम इकट्ठे ही तो खड़े थे स्कूल के बाहर।
  • राघव – कैसे हुआ यह ?
  • नरेंद्र – एक कार तेज़ गति से आई। उसने तिरछा कट मारा और परमजीत से उसकी साइड टकरा गई।
  • राघव – तो ! कारवाला रुका क्या ?
  • नरेंद्र – कहाँ ? वह तो भाग गया।
  • राघव – क्या तूने उस का नंबर नोट किया ?
  • नरेंद्र – हाँ! मैंने वह नंबर पुलिसवाले को दे दिया।
  • राघव – चलो जल्दी। हम भी अस्पताल चलेंगे।
  • नरेंद्र – हाँ, चलो।

JAC Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना

3. पुस्तक मेले में जाने के लिए उत्सुक पुत्री और उसकी माँ के बीच के संवाद को लगभग 50 शब्दों में लिखिए।
उत्तर :

  • पुत्री – माँ, माँ।
  • माँ – क्या है? चिल्ला क्यों रही हो?
  • पुत्री – माँ, हमारे विद्यालय से पुस्तक मेले में जाने के लिए नाम माँगे गए हैं।
  • माँ – तो, मैं क्या करूँ?
  • पुत्री – मैं भी जाना चाहती हूँ, इसलिए मुझे कुछ रुपए दे देना।
  • माँ – क्या बेकार में वहाँ जाएगी? मैं तुझे शापिंग के लिए ले जाऊँगी।
  • पुत्री – नहीं, मुझे पुस्तक मेले में जाना है, वहाँ ज्ञान-विज्ञान की नई-नई पुस्तकें देखने और जानने के लिए मिलेंगी।
  • माँ – क्या रखा है, इस सबमें?
  • पुत्री – माँ, पुस्तकें सच्ची मित्र होती हैं, इनसे हमारे ज्ञान में वृद्धि होती है।
  • माँ – अच्छा, बाबा जैसी तेरी इच्छा ! अपना नाम लिखा देना और पैसे पापा से ले लेना।
  • पुत्री – धन्यवाद, मेरी अच्छी माँ।

JAC Class 10 Hindi मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति बोलना

4. स्वच्छ अभियान पर माँ-बेटी के संवाद को लगभग 50 शब्दों में लिखिए।
उत्तर :

  • माँ – रेखा, कमरे की क्या दुर्दशा कर रखी है, कहीं वस्त्र, कहीं पुस्तकें तो कहीं जूते ?
  • रेखा – ठीक ही तो है माँ! जब जिस चीज़ की ज़रूरत होती है, ले लेती हूँ।
  • माँ – फिर माँ मेरी पुस्तक, मेरी चप्पल, मेरा सूट कहाँ है कहकर चिल्लाती क्यों हो?
  • रेखा – अरे माँ! वह तो यूँ ही …..।
  • माँ – यूँ ही नहीं, स्वच्छता अभियान का अर्थ केवल झाडू लगाना नहीं होता बल्कि अपने कमरे में हर चीज़ ढंग से ठिकाने पर रखने से भी कमरा स्वच्छ और सुंदर लगता है।
  • रेखा – समझी माँ, अब से हर चीज़ व्यवस्थित रूप से रखूँगी।
  • माँ – तुम्हारा यह कार्य भी स्वच्छता अभियान का ही एक अंग होगा।

बोर्ड परीक्षाओं में पूछे गए संवाद लेखन संबंधी प्रश्न –

1. औलंपिक खेलों में भारतीय खिलाड़ियों के प्रदर्शन के बारे में अपने मित्र से हुए संवाद को लगभग 50 शब्दों में लिखिए।

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

JAC Class 10th History Nationalism in India InText Questions and Answers

Quesrtion 1.
Read the text carefully. What did Mahatma Gandhi mean when he said satyagraha is active resistance?
Mahatma Gandhi on Satyagraha ‘It is said of “passive resistance ” that it is the weapon of the weak, but the power which is the subject of this article can be used only by the strong. This power is not passive resistance; indeed it calls for intense activity. The movement in South Africa was not passive but active … ‘Satyagraha is not physical force. A satyagrahi does not inflict pain on the adversary; he does not seek his destruction …In the use of satyagraha, there is no ill-will whatever. ‘ Satyagraha is pure soul-force.

Truth is the very substance of the soul. That is why this force is called satyagraha. The soul is informed with knowledge. In it burns the flame of love. … Nonviolence is the supreme dharma … ‘It is certain that India cannot rival Britain or Europe in force of arms. The British worship the war-god and they can all of them become, as they are becoming, bearers of arms. The hundreds of millions in India can never carry arms. They have made the religion of non-violence their own… ’
Answer:
Gandhiji strongly defended that satyagraha requires an active resistance. It emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for the truth. It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, and then would be no need for physical force. People should be persuaded to see the truth and not be forced. This method would appeal to the people and ultimately truth would be the winner. This could unite all Indians.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

Page 34

Question 2.
The year is 1921. You are a student in a government-controlled school. Design a poster urging school students to answer Gandhiji’s call to join the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Answer:
Self-help Hints:

  1. Research on the activities and happenings of that p*eriod.
  2. What did satyagrahis encourage the school students to follow?
  3. How did the school students and teachers react to the Non-Cooperation Movement?
  4. What were the positive and negative outcomes of it on the school students?
  5. Also, share how you would have reacted to the situation or what suggestions would you give as school student during that period.

Page 35

Question 3.
If you were a peasant in Uttar Pradesh in 1920, how would you have responded to Gandhiji’s call for Swaraj? Give reasons for your response.
Answer:
If I were a peasant in Uttar Pradesh in 1920,1 would have responded actively to Gandhiji’s call for swaraj and followed his teachings and methods. I would have peacefully tried to negotiate with the landlords or talukdars to reduce the exorbitant rents and other cesses. I would have requested for a secured tenure and refused to do begar. Swaraj to me would mean to break myself free from the reigns of the landlords.

Page 36

Question 4.
Find out about other participants in the National Movement who were captured and put to death by the British. Can you think of a similar example from the national movement in Indo-China?
Answer:
Self-help Hints:

  1. Find out about the extremists Lai, Bal, Pal; Aurobindo Ghosh.
  2. Who were the moderates? Study about Badruddin Tyabji, S.N. Banerjee, Dadabhai Naoroji, etc.
  3. How were the moderates and extremists different from each other in their ideals and methods of dealing with the British?
  4. Discuss about revolutionaries like Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekhar Azad, Sukhdev, Khudiram Bose, Batukeshwar Dutt, etc.
  5. Find out how the lives of some of these personalities ended. How were they tortured by the British?
  6. Who was Huynh Phu So? Who was Ho Chi Minh? Can they be compared to the revolutionaries and extremsists of India?

Page 43

Question 5.
Why did various classes and groups of Indians participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
Answer:
Different social groups participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement, each with purposes of their own.

  1. In the countryside, the rich peasants, like the Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh participated as they were hit hard by trade depression and falling prices.
  2. Poor peasants participated because they wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted.
  3. Business classes were involved in Civil Disobedience Movement to gain protection against imports of foreign goods, and oppose foreign policies that restricted business activities.
  4. Women participated in the movement in large scale as they thought it was their sacred duty towards the nation.

Question 6.
Read the Source D carefully. Do you agree with Iqbal’s idea of communalism? Can you define communalism in a different way?
Source D In 1930, Sir Muhammad Iqbal, as president of the Muslim League, reiterated the importance of separate electorates for the Muslims as an important safeguard for their minority political interests. His statement is supposed to have provided the intellectual justification for the Pakistan demand that came up in subsequent years.

This isfvhat he said:
7 have no hesitation in declaring that if the principle that the Indian Muslim is entitled to full andfree development on the lines of his own culture and tradition in his own Indian home-lands is recognised as the basis of a permanent communal settlement, he will be ready to stake his all for thefreedom of India. The principle that each group is entitled to free development on its own lines is not inspired by any feeling of narrow communalism … A community which is inspired by feelings of ill-will towards other communities is low and ignoble.

I entertain the highest respect for the customs, laws, religions and social institutions of other communities. Nay, it is my duty according to the teachings of the Question: uran, even to defend their places of worship, if need be. Yet I love the communal group which is the source of life and behaviour and which has formed me what I am by giving me its religion, its literature, its thought, its culture and thereby its whole past as a living operative factor in my present consciousness …‘Communalism in its higher aspect, then, is indispensable to the formation of a harmonious whole in a country like India.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

The units of Indian society are not territorial as in European countries … The principle of European democracy cannot be applied to India without recognising the fact of communal groups. The Muslim demand for the creation of a Muslim India within India is, therefore, perfectly justified…‘The Hindu thinks that separate electorates are contrary to the spirit of true nationalism, because he understands the word “nation ” to mean a kind of universal amalgamation in which no communal entity ought to retain its private individuality.

Such a state of things, however, does not exist. India is a land of racial and religious variety. Add to this the general economic inferiority of the Muslims, their enormous debt, especially in the Punjab, and their insufficient majorities in some of the provinces, as at present constituted and you will begin to see clearly the meaning of our anxiety to retain separate electorates. ’
Answer:
No, I cannot completely agree with Iqbal’s idea of communalism. He believed that communal group is the source of life and behaviour of people. This helps in developing religion, literature, the thoughts and culture. And therefore, there should be Muslim India within India.
Our country is an amalgamation of various religions, culture, tradition, language, customs, etc. India has always welcomed people from different backgrounds.

Having a complete different entity according to religion would break the spirit of nationalism and unity. A nation can flourish if there is unity in diversity. It enriches our culture, tradition, history, art, etc. It teaches us tolerance and widens our views. Spread of communalism is not a very positive approach to growth of society as it leads to hatred, discrimination and ultimately

Page 48

Question 7.
Look at Figs. 12 and 14. Do you think these images will appeal to all castes and communities? Explain your views briefly.
JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India 1
JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India 2
Answer:
The images in question may not appeal to all castes and communities. These images represent Hindu goddesses. However, India is a multi-cultural and multi-religious country, so it will appeal to majority of the population. These images are symbols of strength and power, so people from other religion may also gain strength and will power from these images.

JAC Class 10th History Nationalism in India Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain:
(a) Why growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement?
(b) How the First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement in India?
(c) Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act?
(d) Why Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement?
(a) The growth of modem nationalism is intimately connected to the anti-colonial movement because of:

  1. People, began discovering their unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism.
  2. The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied many different groups together.
  3. Each class and group felt the effects of colonialism differently, their experiences were varied, and their notions of freedom were not always the same. The Congress under Mahatma Gandhi tried to forge these groups together within one movement.

(b) The war created a new economic and political situation. It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes. Custom duties were raised and income tax introduced. Through the war years prices increased, doubling between 1913 and 1918, leading to extreme hardship for the common people.

Villagers were called upon to supply soldiers and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger. Then in 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute food shortage, accompanied by epidemic. According to the census of 1921, 12 to 13 million people died due to famines and epidemics. People thought their hardships would end after the war, but it did not happen. All this helped in the growth of national movement in India.

(c) The Rowlatt Act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council despite the united opposition of the Indian members. It gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities, and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. Gandhiji in 1919 decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against such unjust.laws as proposed in Rowlatt Act (1919)

(d) In 1922, at Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful demonstration in a bazaar turned into a violent clash with the police. Gandhiji wanted people to follow a non¬violent approach to achieve freedom
from the British. Hearing of this incident, Mahatma Gandhi decided to halt the Non-Cooperation Movement. He felt the movement was turning violent in many places and satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggles.

Question 2.
What is meant by the idea of satyagraha?
Answer:

  1. The idea of satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.
  2. Without seeking vengeance or being aggressive, a satyagrahi could win the battle through non-violence. This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.
  3. People, including the oppressor had to be persuaded to see the truth and not be forced to accept the truth through use of violence.
  4. By this struggle, truth was bound to ultimately triumph. Mahatma Gandhi thought that this dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians.

Question 3.
Write a newspaper report on:
(a) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre
(b) The Simon Commission
Answer:
(a) 13 April, 1919: On this day, large crowds of people had gathered in the enclosed arena of Jallianwala Bagh. Few had come to make a peaceful non-violent protest against the government’s new repressive policies. Few had come to attend the annual Baisakhi fair. As many were from outside the city, they were not aware of the martial law imposed in the city by General Dyer. Dyer entered the area, closed all the exits and opened fire on the innocent, unaware crowd. Hundreds of people, including women and children were killed. It led to nationwide outrage.

(b) Under the new Tory Government in Britain, a Statutory Commission was constituted under Sir John Simon in November 1927. It was set up in response to nationalist movement and was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. However, all the members were British; there was not a single Indian member in the Commission. Therefore, when the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, they were greeted with resistance and the slogan ‘Go back Simon’. All parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated in the demonstrations.

Question 4.
Compare the images of Bharat Mata in this chapter with the image of Germania in Chapter 1.
JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India 3
Answer:
The identity of the nation is most often symbolised in a figure or an image, ft was in the twentieth century, with the growth of nationalism, that the identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. There were two images of Bharat Mata one by Abanindranath Tagore and the second by another artist. Abanindranath Tagore, in his painting, portrayed Bharat Mata as an ascetic figure; she is calm, composed, divine and spiritual. In another painting, she is shown with a trishul, standing beside a lion and an elephant both symbols of power and  uthority.

Germania became the allegory of the German nation. Germania wore crown of oak leaves, as the oak leaves stand for heroism. The broken chains mean being freed. The breastplate with eagle symbolises the strength of German empire. Sword presents the readiness to fight while the olive branch around the sword represents the willingness to make peace. Black, red and gold tricolour is the flag of the liberal-nationalists in 1848. Rays of the rising sun represents the beginning of a new era.

NCERT ‘Discuss’ Questions

Question 1.
List all the different social groups which joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921. Then choose any three and write about their hopes and struggles to show why they joined the movement.
Answer:
Various social groups participated in the Non-Cooperation Movement, but each had their own aspirations and interpretation of swaraj. The teachers and students, lawyers, peasants, tribal peasants, plantation workers joined the movement.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

(i) Peasants:
In Awadh, a sanyasi, named Baba Ramchandra organised the peasants against the oppressive talukdars and landlords for demanding exorbitantly high rents and variety of other cesses. Peasants were forced to do begar and had no secured tenure. Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and few others by October, 1920. Over 300 branches opened in the region within a month.

The aim of Congress was to integrate Awadh peasant struggle into the wider struggle. As the movement spread, talukdars and merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted and grain hoards were taken over. In many places, local leaders told that Gandhiji declared that
taxes need not be paid and land was to be redistributed among the poor.

(ii) Tribal peasants:
In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, the tribal peasants revolted as they were forbidden by the colonial government from entering the forest areas to graze their cattle, collect fuelwood and fruits. Their livelihoods were affected and traditional rights were being denied. They were forced to contribute begar to build roads.

Alluri Sitaram Raju, who was inspired by Mahatma Gandhi, encouraged people to wear Khadi and give up drinking. However, he also asserted that India could be liberated only through the use of force, and not non-violence.Raju was captured and executed in 1924 and became a folk hero.

(iii) Plantation workers:
For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of confined space in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come. When they heard about the Non-Cooperation Movement, they defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home. However, stranded on the way by a railway and steamer strike, they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up.

Question 2.
Discuss the Salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism.
Answer:
(i) Mahatma Gandhi declared that the most oppressive face of British rule was the tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production. On 31 January 1930, Gandhiji sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. These demands were wide-ranging so that all classes within the Indian society could identify with them and they could be brought together in a united campaign.

(ii) One of the most stirring demands was the abolition of the salt tax. When their demands were not met, Gandhiji launched the Civil Disobedience Movement with the famous Salt March.

(iii) Along with his volunteers, he walked from Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal town of Dandi. On his way, he explained his followers the meaning of Swaraj and asked them to peacefully defy the British.

(iv) On 6 April 1930, he reached Dandi and ceremoniously violated the law by manufacturing salt.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

Question 3.
Imagine you are a woman participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Explain what the experience meant to your life.
Answer:

  1. It was a moment of great pride for me to be able to be a part of the Civil Disobedience Movement. To serve the nation, is our greatest and foremost duty.
  2. Thousands of women came out of their homes to listen to Gandhiji. I participated in the protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops with many women like me.
  3. I was confined at home as was the role of all women to be good mothers, wives, daughters and to fulfil the duties at home.
  4. I was inspired by Gandhiji’s swaraj and with Civil Disobedience Movement.
  5. Several women from high-caste families in urban areas and rich peasant households participated in freedom movement.
  6. Spirit of nationalism grew in me and I came out of the walls and got involved in the movement. I was imprisoned for a short while with the other leaders and followers. It was a significant phase of my life.

Question 4.
Why did the political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates?
Answer:
The political leaders differed sharply over the question of separate electorates.
(i) Dr B.R. Ambedkar organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930. At the Second Round Table Conference he demanded separate electorates for dalits. When the British conceded to the demands, Gandhiji began a fast unto death. He believed that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of integration of dalits into society. Ambedkar finally accepted Gandhiji’s position and Poona Pact of September 1932 was signed. This gave the Depressed Classes reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by general electorate.

(ii) The Congress and Muslim League madeefforts to negotiate an alliance and in 1927 it appeared that such unity could be forged. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, one of the leaders of the Mbslim League was ready to give up the demand for separate electorates, if Muslims were assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in proportion to population in Muslim- dominated provinces. This issue could not be resolved as M.R. Jayakar of Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed any efforts at compromise. .

NCERT ‘Project’ Work

Question 1.
Find out about the anti-colonial movement in Indo-China. Compare and contrast India’s national movement with the ways in which Indo-China became independent.
Answer:
Self-help Hints:
Anti-colonial movement in Indo-China:
The Nationalist Movement in Vietnam

(i) Religion had a contradictory relationship with the mainstream nationalism. On the one hand, religion played an important role in strengthening the control of the colopial rule. On the other hand, religion also provided strong ways of resistance.

(ii) Strengthening the Control of the Colonial Rule: Vietnamese religious beliefs were a mixture of Buddhism, Confucianism and local practices. Many of the rituals were based on superstitions which simply worked to retard the growth of the Vietnamese society.

(iii) Moreover, Confucianism that formed the basis of many religious beliefs in Vietnam taught the people that the relationship between the ruler and the people was the same as that between children and parents.

(iv) The colonial power was quick to seize the opportunity. Christianity began to be pushed as an alternative religion. Christianity had a relatively more modem outlook and appealed to large sections of the population. Similarly, there were many popular religions in Vietnam, that were spread by people who claimed to have seen a vision of God. Some of these supported the French. This in turn helped to strengthen the colonial rule.

(v) Resistance to the Colonial Rule: It was religion again that provided strong resistance to the colonial role. The Vietnamese had strong beliefs in Buddhism and Confucianism. Anything different from these was not acceptable to them.

(vi) They began to look down on Christianity as a danger to their religion. Similarly, there were many popular movements that inspired emotions against the colonial rule.

Scholars Revolt:
An early movement against French control and the spread of Christianity was the Scholars Revolt in 1868. The revolt was led by officials at the imperial court who were against the spread Catholicism and French power. They led a general uprising in NGU and Ha Tine provinces where over a thousand Catholics were killed.

The French crushed the movement but this uprising served to inspire other patriots to rise up against them. Hoa Hao Movement: The movement was launched by Huynh Phu in 1939 and gained great popularity in the fertile Mekong delta area. Most of his followers were Vietnamese nationalists.

His criticism against useless expenditure had a wide appeal. He also opposed the sale of child brides, gambling and the use of alcohol and opium. The movement played a major role in arousing anti-imperialist sentiments, The French tried to suppress the movement inspired by Huynh Phu So. They declared him mad, called him the mad bonze, and put him in a mental asylum. The French authorities exiled him to Laos and sent many of his followers to concentration camps.

Nationalist movement in India:
(i) India came under the British rule gradually after British East India Company was set up and’trade permissions were taken by the British to trade with India.

(ii) Mahatma Gandhi spearheaded the nationalist movement in India.

(iii) He followed and encouraged a non¬violent method of satyagraha.

(iv) He organised a nationwide Non¬Cooperation Movement against the British, which involved people from many walks of life.

(v) When the British did not adhere to the demands of the Indians, Gandhiji launched the Civil Disobedience Movement where all British authorities, British goods, rules and laws were defied, but in a non-violent manner.

(vi) Whenever, Gandhiji felt matters were becoming violent, he stopped all movements.

(vii) India became independent on 15 August,’ 1947 Difference was that colonisation of Kenya happened much later than India and therefore, it gained independence later. Also, while India was a rich country and British arrived to trade and have trade control over Indian markets, Kenya was a poor, backward and an illiterate nation. Violent methods to gain freedom were the main tactics used in Kenya. In India non-violent methods and talks were held to gain freedom.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The first clear expression of Nationalism in Europe came with:
(a) The American Revolution
(b) The French Revolution
(c) The Russian Revolution
(d) The Industrial Revolution
Answer:
(b) The French Revolution

Question 2.
Nationalism brought about in Europe the emergence of:
(a) The Nation-State
(b) The Modem State
(c) Multinational Dynastic State
(d) Alliances formed among many European states
Answer:
(a) The Nation-State

Question 3.
Frederic Sorrieu, a French artist, in his . series of four prints (1848) visualised his dream of a world as:
(a) A world made up of ‘democratic and social republics’
(b) A world made up of one nation, one world
(c) A world with one absolute ruler
(d) A world following one religion, one language
Answer:
(a) A world made up of ‘democratic and social republics’

Question 4.
The ideas of a United Community enjoying equal rights under a Constitution were expressed by the French as:
(a) La Patrie
(b) Le Citoyen
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Both (a) and (b)

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Question 5.
The Civil Code of 1804, also known as the Napoleonic Code, established:
(a) Equality before the law
(b) Secured the right to property
(c) Did away with all the privileges based on birth
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Question 6.
What kind of political and constitu¬tional change was brought about by the French Revolution?
(a) It ended the absolute monarchy
(b) It transferred power to a body of the ‘ French citizens
(c) It proclaimed that henceforth people would constitute the nation and shape its destiny
(d) ALtthe above
Answer:
(d) ALtthe above

Question 7.
The three leaders who helped unification of Italy were:
(a) Giuseppe Mazzini, Victor Emmanuel II, Cavour
(b) Giuseppe Mazzini, Cavour, Giuseppe Garibaldi
(c) Victor Emmanuel, Bismarck, Cavour
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) Giuseppe Mazzini, Cavour, Giuseppe Garibaldi

Question 8.
Socially and politically dominant class in Europe during mid-eighteenth century was
(a) The Nobility
(b) The landed aristocracy
(c) The Church
(d) The absolute monarchs
Answer:
(a) The Nobility

Question 9.
The denial of universal suffrage in Europe, led to
(a) Revolutions
(b) Women and non-propertied men organising opposition movements, demanding equal rights throughout 19th and early 20th centuries
(c) Demand of equal political rights
(d) Return of monarchy
Answer:
(b) Women and non-propertied men organising opposition movements, demanding equal rights throughout 19th and early 20th centuries

Question 10.
In politics, liberalism emphasised
(a) End of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and a representative government through Parliament
(b) The inviolability of private property
(c) The right to vote
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Answer:
(d) Both (a) and (b)

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe in 1830-1848?
Answer:
The event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe in 1830-1848 was the Greek War ofIndependence.

Question 2.
What was the main aim of the revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815?
Answer:
The main aim of the revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815 was to oppose monarchical forms of government, that had been established after the Congress of Vienna and to fight for liberty and freedom.

Question 3.
Who was proclaimed the German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871?
Answer:
Kaiser William I of Prussia was proclaimed the German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Question 4.
What is meant by Liberalism?
Answer:
The word ‘Liberalism’ derived from the Latin word ‘Liber’ meaning ‘free’. It stands for the end of aristocratic and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament.

Question 5.
What was the main aim of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815?
Answer:
The Treaty of Vienna of 1815 was signed with the aim of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars. It was signed to re-establish conservative regions in Europe.

Question 6.
What were the disadvantages of the administrative changes introduced by Napoleon?
Answer:
The disadvantages of the administrative changes introduced by Napoleon were outweighed by increased taxation, censorship and forced conscription into the French armies.

Question 7.
What were the immediate results of the Revolution of 1830 in France?
Ans.
As a result of Revolution of 1830, the Bourboh Kings who had been restored to power by the Congress of Vienna.

Question 8.
When was the Act of Union passed and with what results?
Answer:
The Act of Union between England and Scotland took place in 1701. It led to the formation of United Kingdom of Great Britain.

Question 9.
Name the leader and the states which gave leadership in Italian Unification.
Answer:
Victor Emmanuel II the king of Piedmont and Sardinia gave leadership in Italian Unification.

Question 10.
Who were the conservatives?
Answer:
The Conservatives supported the traditional institutions and norms. They believed that the institutions of monarchy, the church, social hierarchies, property and family should be preserved.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How did nationalism and the idea of the nation-state emerge?
Answer:
Socially and politically, aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent. The members of this class were united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions. They owned estates in the countryside and also town-houses. They spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and in high society.

Their families were often connected by ties of marriage. This powerful aristocracy was, however, numerically a small group. The majority of the population was made up of the peasantry. To the west, the bulk of the land was farmed by tenants and small owners, while in Eastern and Central Europe the pattern of landholding was characterised by vast estates which were cultivated by serfs.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Question 2.
What led to the spread of conservatism in Europe and what were its impacts?
Answer:
Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism. Conservatives believed that established, traditional institutions of state and society – like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family – should be preserved.

Most conservatives, however, did not propose a return to the society of pre-revolutionary days. Rather, they realised, from the changes initiated by Napoleon, that modernisation could in fact strengthen traditional institutions like the monarchy. It could make state power more effective and strong. A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe.

Question 3.
What was the reaction to the Napoleonic code?
Answer:
Initially many people welcomed French armies as harbingers of liberty. But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility, as it became clear that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom. Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies as required to conquer the rest of Europe, all seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes.

Question 4.
What were the highlights of the Treaty of Vienna, 1815?
Answer:
In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The main highlights were to how the nation could develop and what economic measures could help forge this nation together.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Question 5.
On what basis the female allegories were given names?
Answer:
Many female allegories were invented by artists in the nineteenth century to represent the nation. In France she was christened Marianne, a popular Christian name, which underlined the idea of a people’s nation. Her characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty and the Republic – the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade.

Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares to remind the public of the national symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it. Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps. Similarly, Germania became the allegory of the German nation. In visual representations, Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.

Question 6.
What was the Romantic Imagination about a nation?
Answer:
Romanticism was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science and focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings. Their effort was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation. The emphasis on vernacular language and the collection of local folklore was not just to recover an ancient national spirit, but also to carry the modem nationalist message to large audiences who were mostly illiterate.

Question 7.
What led to the rise of the revolutionaries?
Answer:
During the years following 1815, the fear of repression drove many liberal nationalists underground. Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. To be revolutionary at this time meant a commitment to oppose monarchical forms that had been established after the Vienna Congress and to fight for liberty and freedom. Most of these revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation-states as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom.

Question 8.
What views did Giuseppe Mazzini have about Italy?
Answer:
Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind.
So Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations. This unification from above could be the basis of Italian unity.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Question 9.
What was understood by the term ‘Liberalism’?
Answer.
The term liberalism derives from the Latin root liber meaning free. For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before law. Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent. Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges a constitution and representative government through parliament. Nineteenth century liberals also stressed the inviolability of private property.

Question 10.
What has made the Balkan a source of nationalist tension?
Answer:
The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the Balkans. The region had geographical and ethnical varieties. The Balkans included Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro. The inhabitants of the Balkan regions were called slavs. Most of the Balkan region was under Ottoman Rule. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What were the reforms made by Napoleon?
Answer:
Napoleon introduced many reforms that he had already introduced in France to all territories under his control. Through a return to monarchy Napoleon destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient.

(i) The Civil Code of 1804 – also known as the Napoleonic Code – did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property.

(ii) This Code was exported to the regions under French control. In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany, Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.

(iii) In the towns, guild restrictions were removed. Transport and communication systems were improved.

(iv) Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed a new-found freedom. Businessmen and small-scale producers of goods, began to realise that uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, and a common national currency would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.

(v) In the areas conquered, the reactions of the local populations to French rule were mixed. Initially, in Holland, Switzerland and cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty. But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility, as it became clear that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom.

(vi) Increased taxation, censorship, forced recruitment into the French armies required to conquer the rest of Europe, all seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Question 2.
Describe the French Revolution.
Answer:
France was a full-fledged territorial state in 1789 under the rule of an absolute monarch. The political and constitutional changes that came in the wake of the French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. The revolution proclaimed that the people would constitute the nation and shape its destiny. The French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people:

(i) The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.

(ii) A .new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard.

(iii) The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.

(iv) New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation.

(v) A centralised administrative system of uniform laws for all citizens within its territory. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.

(vi) Regional dialects were discouraged and French, became the common language -of the nation.

(vii) The revolutionaries declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism, i.e.,
to help other peoples of Eqr&pe to become nations.

(viii) When the news of the events in France reached the different cities of Europe, students and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin clubs. Their activities and campaigns
prepared the way for the French armies which moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s.

(ix) With the outbreak of the revolutionary wars, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Question 3.
What did Liberal Nationalism stand for?
Answer:
(i) Ideas of national unity in early nineteenth century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism. The term ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin word liber, meaning free.

(ii) For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.

(iii) Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent. Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament.

(iv) Nineteenth century liberals stressed the inviolability of private property. Yet, equality before the law did not necessarily stand for universal suffrage. Men without property and all women were excluded from political rights. Only for a brief period under the Jacobins did all adult males enjoy suffrage.

(v) The Napoleonic Code went back to limited suffrage and reduced women to the authority of fathers and husbands. Throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries women and non- propertied men organised opposition movements demanding equal political rights.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Question 4.
Why were the Middle class so named?
Answer:
(i) Socially and politically, a aristocracy was the dominant class. The members of this class were united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions.

(ii) They owned estates in the countryside and also town-houses. They spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and in high society. Their families were often connected by ties of marriage. This powerful aristocracy was, numerically a small group.

(iii) The majority of the population was made up of the peasantry. To the west, the bulk of the land was farmed by tenants and small owners, while in Eastern and Central Europe the landholdings were vast estates which were cultivated by serfs. In Western and parts of Central Europe the growth of industrial production and trade meant the growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes whose existence was based on production for the market.

(iv) Industrialisation began in England in the second half of the eighteenth century, but in France and parts of the German states it occurred only during the nineteenth century. In its wake, new social groups came into being: a working-class population, and middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, professionals.

(v) In Central and Eastern Europe these groups were smaller in number till late nineteenth century. It was among the educated, liberal middle classes that ideas of national unity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.

Activity Based Questions

Questioin 1.
On a political map of Europe, mark the following states which emerged in Europe after the Congress of Vienna in 1815.
(a) Sardinia
(b) Spain
(c) Portugal
(d) France
(e) Ottoman Empire
(f) Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
(g) Kingdom of the Papal Estate – Rome
(h) Austrian Empire – Austria, Hungary and Galicia
Answer:
JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 1

JAC Class 10 Social Science Important Questions

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JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

JAC Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

JAC Class 10th History The Rise of Nationalism in Europe InText Questions and Answers

Page 4

Question 1.
In what way do you think this print (Fig. 1) depicts a Utopian vision?
JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 1a
Answer:
‘Utopian Vision’ means that it is depicting something idealistic. The French artist F Sorrieu was visualizing a dream of a world made up of nations (all of them did not exist as nations at the time that these prints were made). He has showed the German people with a common flag, although actually they were a number of different states at that time. So it is an idealistic or Utopian vision.

Page 4

Question 2.
Summarise the attributes of a nation, as Renan understands them. Why, in his view, are nations important?
Answer:
Ernst Renan was a French philosopher who delivered a speech at the University of Sorbonne in 1882. In that speech, he outlined the idea of what makes a nation. According to Renan nations are formed by a common language, race, religion or territory. It is the culmination of a long past of endeavour, sacrifices and devotion. A nation does not take any interest in annexing or holding onto another Nation against its will. Nations are important because their existence guarantee Liberty. The liberty of individuals would be lost if they are no nations.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Page 8

Question 3.
How7 did nationalism and the idea of the nation-state emerge?
Answer:
Nationalism and the idea of the nation¬state emerged within the culturally and regionally diverse groups of Europe. Due to industrialization and transformation of society there emerged a middle class consisting of businessmen, working professionals, industrialists, labourers and working class people. Out of these, the educated people thought of uniting the culturally compatible sections of people in Europe. This led to nationalism and emergence of the idea of the nation-state.

Page 10

Question 4.
Describe the political ends that List hopes to achieve through economic measures.
Answer:
Professor Friedrich List hopes that economic liberalism and reforms would help in generating national sentiments. These sentiments would be as under:

  1. Freedom for individual
  2. Equality of all before law
  3. Inviolability of private property
  4. Concept of government by consent
  5. End of aristocracy and clerical privileges
  6. A constitution and representative government through parliament.
  7. The economic reform, according to List would beget liberalism.

Page 11

Question 5.
Plot on a map of Europe the changes drawn up by the Vienna Congress.
Answer:
The Vienna Congress in 1815 changed the boundaries of Europe after the Napoleonic era. The boundaries were changed to make a strong France. Many countries opposed this, but it was remapped with Russia taking most parts of the Napoleonic under its control. The new states with new border were created although Europe with Switzerland being neutral territory. Although Napoleon escaped while in exile but was defeated in Waterloo.
Map of Europe after the changes drawn up by the Vienna Congress.
JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 1

Question 6.
What is the caricaturist trying to depict?
JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 3
Answer:
The caricaturist is depicting the club of liberal nationalists which dates back 1820.Conservative regimes were set up in 1815. These regimes were autocratic they were not ready to tolerate criticism and dissent. They curbed all the actions which put a question mark on the legitimacy of autocratic governments. Most of the regimes had imposed censorship law to have control over freedom of the press and over songs motivating the ideas of liberty

Page 15

Question 7.
Discuss the importance of language and popular traditions in the creation of national identity.
Answer:
The importance of language and popular traditions in the creation of national identity are as follows:

  1. The language and popular traditions of a particular region or country give the feeling of shared past, collective and united living to the people.
  2. They bind all the people by the thread of togetherness and pride.
  3. They give them the feeling of being culturally one hence they perceive the sentiment of being nationally one and united. Therefore, language and traditions create national identity.

Page 16

Question 8.
Describe the causes of the Silesian weavers’ uprising. Comment on the viewpoint of the journalist.
Answer:
The causes of the Silesian weavers’ uprising were:

  1. The cause of the Silesian weavers’ uprising was lower payments for finished Textiles.
  2. Contractors gave raw materials and took away finished textiles from the weavers and paid very less money to the weavers.
  3. In 1845, weavers of Silesia revolted and this led to the agitation and uprising by weavers against contractors.
  4. The view point of the journalist that the misery of the workers is extreme and contractors took advantage is totally logical and acceptable.

Question 9.
Imagine you are a weaver who saw1 the events as they unfolded. Write a report on what you saw.
Answer:
I have worked very hard to supply the woven cloth in time, but received very less payment than what was agreed to by the contractor. Since other weavers had also got less payment, on the afternoon of June 4, 1 went along with my partner and other weavers to the contractor’s home for asking for better wages for our weaving. Our demands were scornfully refused and we were even threatened that no more work will be given to us if we did not work at the same rate as what was paid to us.

Some of my fellow weavers got angry at this and broke the window panes of the contractor’s house, barged inside and damaged his furniture and crockery. Some weavers also broke open his store of woven cloth and tore it all up. Seeing this, the contractor ran away from the – house with his family to a nearby village, but there also he did not get shelter. Next day, the contractor returned with soldiers from the army, who fired at our group of weavers, killing eleven of them. I was injured in the leg by a bullet and am now nursing my wounds as 1 write this.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Question 10.
Compare the positions on the question of women’s rights voiced by the three writers cited above. What do they reveal about liberal ideology?
Answer:
The three writers cited three different views about the women’s rights.

  1. One of these writers is opposed any political right to women.
  2. The second writer is criticizing the men who try to gain freedom and liberty only for men. At the same time, the second writer advocates that women should be given political rights.
  3. The third writer is in favour of women’s rights. He cited a comparative study between position of men and women and is in favour of women rights.
  4. First, second, and third writers wrote about big divisions in the liberal ideology.
  5. The liberal thinkers and writers, were divided on the question of the women’s rights.

Page 20

Question 11.
Describe the caricature. How does it represent the relationship between Bismarck and the elected deputies of Parliament? What interpretation of democratic processes is the artist trying to convey?
JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 4
Answer:
The caricature depicts Bismarck, Chancellor of Germany as holding a whip (signifying that he is a ruthless man ruling with an iron hand) while leading the Parliament. The deputies who were elected are afraid of him and so are hiding under their tables. The caricature depicts the dominance of Bismarck over the deputies and how he despised liberalism and parliamentary assemblies. The artist is trying to convey that the democratic process in Germany was very shallow and the roots of constitutionalism were poor.

Question 12.
Look at Fig. 14(a). Do you think that the people living in any of these regions thought of themselves as Italians? Examine Fig. 14(b). Which was the first region to become a part of unified Italy? Which was the last region to join? In which year did the largest number of states join?
JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 2
JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 3
Answer:
In 1858, Italy was divided into seven states, with the North being under the Austrian Habsburgs, the centre being ruled by the Pope and the Southern regions being under Spain’s domination. Only one state, Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. The Italian language also had not acquired a common form and had many regional and local variations. So people living in these regions, except Sardinia -Piedmont, would not have thought of themselves as Italians. The first regions to become a part of unified Italy in 1858 were Savoy Sardinia followed by the Northern states. The last region to join was the Papal State in 1870. The largest number of states joined in 1860.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Page 22

Question 13.
The artist has portrayed Garibaldi as holding on to the base of the boot, so that the King of Sardinia-Piedmont can enter it from the top. Look at the map of Italy once more. What statement is this caricature making?
JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 4
Answer:
The base of the boot symbolizes the Kingdom of the Two Sicilians, which lay in the southernmost part of the Italian peninsula. Garibaldi had won this kingdom and handed it over to King Victor Emmanuel II. This cartoon signifies the unification of Italy and Garibaldi’s role in it.

Page 24

Question 14.
With the help of the chart in Box 3, identify the attributes of Veit’s Germania and interpret the symbolic meaning of the painting. In an earlier allegorical rendering of 1836, Veit had portrayed the Kaiser’s crown at the place where he has now located the broken chain. Explain the significance of this change. Box 3

Attribute Significance
Broken chains Being freed
Breastplate with eagle Symbol of the German empire – strength
Crown of oak leaves Heroism
Sword Readiness to fight
Olive branch around the sword Willingness to make peace
Black, red and gold tricolour Flag of the liberal- nationalists in 1848, banned by the Dukes of the German states
Rays of the rising sun Beginning of a new era

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 5

Answer:
The symbolic meaning of the painting is that the German nation has emerged. The female figure of Germania is an allegory of the German nation. All the attributes of the German nation can be “seen in the painting as given in Box 3. The replacement of the Kaiser’s crown with the broken chain signifies that the German nation is now free from autocratic monarchical rule.

Question 15.
Describe what you see in Fig. 18. What historical events could Hiibner be referring to in this allegorical vision of the nation?
JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 6
Answer:
The painter depicted Germania as a fallen woman with the crown and standard thrown aside because German people’s hopes to be united under one monarch (King Friedrich Willhelm IV) were dashed as he rejected their demand in 1848. The artist, Julius Hubner, depicted Germania in a forlorn state due to this rejection by the king. It symbolized the loss of hope. The crown and standard are symbols of the monarchy, which have been cast aside.

Page 25

Question 16.
Look once more at Fig. 10. Imagine you were a citizen of Frankfurt in March 1848 and were present during the proceedings of the Parliament. How would you (a) as a man seated in the hall of deputies, and (b) as a woman observing from the galleries, relate to the banner of Germania hanging from the ceiling?
JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 7
Answer:
(a) As a man seated in the hall of deputies, I would relate positively to the banner of Germania, as I would feel all that it symbolized was coming true.

(b) As a woman observing from the galleries, I would consider the banner to depict the truth only partially Women had participated with men equally in the struggle for constitutionalism with national unification, but they were denied suffrage rights during elections to the National Assembly, Women were only admitted to the assembly as passive citizens and observers.

JAC Class 10th History The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write a note on:
(a) Guiseppe Mazzini
(b) Count Camillo de Cavour
(c) The Greek war of independence
(d) Frankfurt parliament
(e) The role of women in nationalist struggles
Answer:
(a) Giuseppe Mazzini: Giuseppe Mazzini was an ItaliWan revolutionary born in Genoa in 1807, he became a member of the Secret Society of the Carbonari. As a young man of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He subsequently founded two more underground societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles, and then, Young Europe in Berne, whose members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German ‘ states.

Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. So Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations. This unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty.

(b) Count Camillo de Cavour led the movement to unify the regions of Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. Like many other wealthy and educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French much better than he did Italian. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.

(c) The Greek war of independence: An event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe was the Greek war of independence. Greece had been part of the,Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century. The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks which began in 1821. Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile -and also from many West Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation. ,

(d) FranKfurt parliament: The German middle class decided to vote for an all German National Assembly in 1848, and hence came to Frankfurt. Around 831 persons were elected. They comprised the’National Assembly. The assembly decided to organize Frankfurt parliament in the church of St. Paul. Thus on 18 May, 1848 the famous Frankfurt parliament was convened. The assembly decided that the German nation would be a monarchy controlled by parliament, and offered this term to the Prussian king, the latter rejected the terms and proposal of the assembly.

Also the middle classes were restored to the suppression of working class and artisans. This led to the division among the liberal-minded persons. The parliament got disrupted and people came to blows. In order to control the situation, military was called in the assembly hall. Thus, the monarchy and military combined together with autocracy won over the liberal nationalist middle class. The Frankfurt parliament is famous in history as failure of liberalism and victory of monarchy.

(e) The role of women in nationalist struggles: Women played a very significant role in the nationalist struggles all over the world. They led the movements, bore the blows of police and military men, stood by their male counterparts; spread the ideas of liberal nationalism in the urban and countryside areas of Europe. But women were dissatisfied a lot. They, inspite of their very active participation in nationalist struggles, did not get their share of cake, i.e., they could not secure the right to vote, or the political rights for themselves till the end of 19th century.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Question 2.
What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people?
Answer:
The French revolutionaries took follow¬ing steps to create a sense of collective identify among the French people:

  1. They introduced the ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizens).
  2. These ideas emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
  3. Anew French flag, the tricolour, to replace the former royal standard was chosen.
  4. They elected the Estates-General by active citizens and it was renamed as National Assembly.
  5. They composed new hymns, took oaths and commemorated martyrs, all in the name of nation.
  6. They established a centralized administrative system, which formulated uniform laws for all citizens.
  7. They adopted a uniform system of weights and measures and abolished internal customs duties and dues.
  8. They promoted French over the regional dialects.
  9. They also declared that it was the mission and destiny of the French nation to liberate the people of Europe from despotism, i.e., to help other people of Europe to become nations.

Question 3.
Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed?
Answer:

  1. Marianne was the allegory or symbol of French nation.
  2. Germania was the allegory or symbol of German nation.
  3. They were portrayed in a way to reflect the idea of nation-state.
  4. They represented their respective country as if it w^ere a person. It sought to give an abstract idea of the nation in a concrete form.

Question 4.
Briefly trace the process of German unification.
Answer:

  1. The liberal minded middle class of German confederacy met in the Frankfurt parliament in 1848, with an objective of establishing Germany as a nation. But they failed miserably.
  2. The parliament ended with monarchical, military and aristocratic triumph.
  3. Later on, the chief minister of Prussia, Otto von Bismark, architect of this process, led the movement of unity of the German confederacy.
  4. He organised this process with the help of Prussian army and bureaucracy.
  5. They fought three wars for over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France, which ended in Prussian victory. This completed the process of German unification.
  6.  In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I was proclaimed German emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.

Question 5.
What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him?
Answer:
Napoleon introduced following administrative reforms in the areas ruled by him:

  1. He made administrative system more rational and effective.
  2. The Civil Code of 1804 or Napoleonic code did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before law and secured the right to property.
  3. He simplified administrative system, ended feudal system, and freed peasants from serfdom and monarchical dues.
  4. In towns too, guild system were removed. Transport and communication systems were improved.
  5. Peasants, artisans, businessmen and workers enjoyed the new found freedom.

NCERT ‘Discuss’ Questions

Question 1.
Explain what is meant by the 1848 revolution of the liberals. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals?
countries at that time, but leading to the unification of both countries eventually.
Answer:
The 1848 revolution of the liberals refers to the revolution led by the educated middle classes of Europe. Events of February 1848, in France brought about the abdication of the monarchy and a republic based on universal male franchise was formed.

  1. Politically, they demanded constitutionalism with national unification a nation-state with a written constitution and parliamentary administration.
  2. Socially, they wanted to rid society of its class-based partialities and birth rights. Serfdom and bonded labour had to be abolished.
  3. Economically all they wanted freedom of markets and right to property.

Question 2.
Choose three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe.
Answer:
Three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe were:
(i) Romanticism was a European cultural movement aimed at developing national unity by creating a sense of shared heritage and common history. The Romantic artists’ emphasised on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings gave shape and expression to nationalist sentiments. The strength of art in promoting nationalism is well exemplified in the role played by European poets and artists in mobilising -public’opinion to support the Greeks in their struggle to establish their national identity.

(ii) Folk songs, dances and poetry popularised the spirit of nationalism and patriotic fervour in Europe. Collecting and recording the different forms of folk culture was important for building a national consciousness. Being a part of the lives of the common people, folk culture enabled nationalists to carry the message of nationalism to a large and diverse audience. The Polish composer Karol Kurpinski celebrated and popularised the Polish nationalist struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.

(iii) Language played a distinctive role in developing nationalist feelings in Europe. An example of this is how during Russian occupation, the use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against Russian dominance. During this period, Polish language was forced out of schools and Russian language was imposed everywhere.

Following the defeat of an armed rebellion against Russian rule in 1831, many members of the clergy in Poland began using language as a weapon of national resistance. They did so by refusing to preach in Russian, and by using Polish for Church gatherings and religious instruction. The emphasis on the use of vernacular language, the language of the masses, helped spread the message of national unity.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Question 3.
Through a focus on any two countries, explain how nations developed over the nineteenth century.
Answer:
Italy and Germany were two important European countries that developed during the nineteenth century. Both these countries were previously ruled by several princely states and were divided into many smaller independent segments, till the middle of 19th century.

  1. As there were some mass revolutions in various parts of Europe in 19th century and people became more educated, the common people of all these states unified to form common governments.
  2. In Germany, German National Assembly was formed in 1848 and in Italy, the revolutionists tried to form unified Italian Republic; though they failed in both

Question 4.
How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?
Answer:
(i) In Britain, the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution. It was the result of a long-drawn-out process.

(ii) There was no British nation prior to the eighteenth century. The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic – such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish. All these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions.

(iii) But as the English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power, it was able to extend its influence over the other nations of the islands.

(iv) The English parliament, seized power from the monarchy in 1688 at the end of a conflict, was an instrument through which a nation-state, with England at its centre, came to be forged.

(v) The Act ofUnion (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ meant, that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland. The.British parliament was dominated by its English members.

(vi) The growth of a British identity meant that Scotland’s distinctive culture and political institutions were suppressed. The Catholic clans that inhabited the Scottish Highlands suffered terrible repression whenever they attempted to assert their independence. The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Question 5.
Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?
Answer:
(i) The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the Balkans. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs.

(ii) A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism with disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.

(iii) All through the nineteenth century the Ottoman Empire had sought to strengthen itself through modernisation and internal reforms but with very little success. One by one, its European subject nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence.

(iv) The Balkan people based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality and used history to prove that they had once been independent but had subsequently been subjugated by foreign powers.

(v) The rebellious nationalities in the Balkans thought of their struggles as attempts to win back their long-lost independence.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Solutions

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes History Chapter 5 Print Culture and the Modern World

JAC Board Class 10 Social Science Notes History Chapter 5 Print Culture and the Modern World

→ Print has a history. This chapter looks at the development of print, from its beginning in East Asia to its expansion in Europe and in India.

→ This analyses to understand the impact of the spread of technology and consider how social lives and cultures changed with the coming of print.

→ The First Printed Books:

  • The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea.
  • From AD 594 onwards, books in China were printed by rubbing paper-also invented there-against the inked surface of woodblocks.
  • The Chinese had the ‘accordion hook’ and knew calligraphy.
  • The imperial state in China was, for a very long time, the major producer of printed material.
  • Textbooks for civil services examination were printed in vast numbers under the sponsorship of the imperial state.
  • By the seventeenth century, as urban culture boomed in China, the uses of print diversified. Print was not only used by the scholar-officials, but also by the merchants regularly’for collecting trade information. It became a leisure activity, and women began to read. There were demands for fictional narratives, poems, autobiographies, anthologies of literary masterpieces, and romantic plays. Wives of scholar-officials published their work and courtesans wrote about their lives.
  • Shanghai became the hub of the new print culture, catering to Western-style schools. There was a gradual shift from hand printing to mechanical printing.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes History Chapter 5 Print Culture and the Modern World

→ Print in Japan:

  • Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology into Japan around AD 768-770.
  • The oldest Japanese book, Diamond Sutra, printed in AD 868, contains six sheets of text and woodcut illustrations.
  • Libraries and book stores were packed with various hand-printed material of various types—books on women, musical instruments, calculations, tea ceremony, flower arrangements, proper etiquette, cooking and famous places.

→ Print Comes to Europe

  • In the eleventh century, Chinese paper reached Europe through the silk route.
  • China already had the technology of woodblock printing. Marco Polo after many years of exploration in China, took back the knowledge with him to Italy.
  • Woodblock technology was used in Italy. By the early fifteenth century, the technology was widely used in Europe to print textiles, playing cards, and religious pictures with simple, brief texts.
  • There was need for quicker and cheaper reproduction of texts. The breakthrough occurred at Strasbourg, Germany, where Johannes Gutenberg developed the first- known printing press in the 1430s.

→ Gutenberg and the Printing Press

  • By 1448, Gutenberg perfected the printing system. The first book he printed was the Bible. It took three years to print 180 copies, which was quite fast as per the standards of the time.
  • From 1450 to 1550, printing presses were set up in most countries of Europe. The second s half of the fifteenth century saw 20 million copies of printed books flooding the markets in Europe, which went up to 200 million copies in the sixteenth century, The shift from hand printing to mechanical printing led to the print revolution.

→ The Print Revolution and Its Impact
The print revolution transformed the lives of the people, changing their relationship to information and knowledge, and with institutions and authorities. It influenced l popular perceptions and opened up new ways of looking at things.

→ A New Reading Public

  • With the printing press, a new reading public . emerged. Earlier reading was restricted to the elites, and majority was hearing public. As books reached out to wider sections of people, a reading public emerged,
  • The literacy rate in Europe was very low till the twentieth century. Therefore, the , publishers had to keep in mind the wider reach of the printed work. Printers began publishing popular ballads and folk tales, arid these books were profusely illustrated with picAires. These were then sung and recited at gatherings in villages and in taverns in towns.
  • The line that separated the oral and reading cultures blurred. Religious Debates and Fear of Print
  • Print created the possibility of wide circulation of ideas, and introduced a new world of debate and discussion. Printed message could persuade people to think differently, and move them to action.
  • It was also feared that if there was no control over what was printed and read, then rebellious and irreligious thoughts – might spread. If that happened, the authority of ‘valuable’ literature would be lost.
  • In 1517, the religious reformer Martin Luther wrote the Ninety-Five Theses, which criticised the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church. His writings were widely spread and read. It led to a division within the Church and to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.

→ Print and Dissent:
Print and popular religious literature stimulated many distinctive individual interpretations of faith even among the little-educated working people. In the sixteenth century, Menocchio, a miller in Italy reinterpreted the message of the Bible and formulated a view of God and Creation that enraged the Roman Catholic Church. After being hauled twice, he was executed. Troubled by the effects of reading and questioning of faith, the Roman Catholic Church imposed several controls over publishers and booksellers, and began to maintain an Index of Prohibited Books from 1558.

→ The Reading Mania

  • Through the seventeenth centuries, literacy rates went up in most parts of Europe. Churches of different denominations spread education among the peasants and artisans by setting up schools in the villages.
  • New forms of popular literature, such as almanacs, chapbooks, and ‘Bibliotheque bleue’ appeared in print, targeting new audiences. They were cheap books. Romances and the more substantial ‘histories’ were also printed and read.
  • The periodical press, such as newspapers and journals carried information about wars and trade as well as news of development in other places.
  • The ideas of scientists and philosophers became more accessible to the common people. Ancient and medieval scientific texts were compiled, and maps and scientific diagrams were widely printed. The writings of thinkers like Voltaire, Rousseau and Thomas Paine were read.

→ ‘Tremble, therefore, tyrants of the world!’

  • By the mid-eighteenth century, many people believed that books could change the world, liberate society from despotism and tyranny, and herald a time when reason and intellect would rule.
  • Convinced of the power of print in bringing enlightenment and destroying the basis of despotism, Merrier proclaimed, ‘Tremble, therefore, tyrants of the world! Tremble before the virtual writer! ’

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes History Chapter 5 Print Culture and the Modern World

→ Print Culture and the French Revolution

  • Three types of arguments have been put forward in favour that print culture created the conditions within which French Revolution occurred.
  • The print collectively highlighted the thoughts and writings of the Enlightenment thinkers. They provided a critical commentary on tradition, superstition and despotism. It questioned the sacred authority of the Church and the despotic power of the state. People who read Voltaire and Rousseau saw the world with new eyes, eyes that were questioning, critical and rational.
  • All values, norms and institutions were re-evaluated and discussed by a section of public that had become aware of the power of reason, and recognised the need to question ideas and beliefs.
  • There was an outpouring of literature, especially cartoons and caricatures, which mocked the royalty and criticised their morality. It reflected how the monarchy remained absorbed only in sensual pleasures while the common people suffered immense hardships.
  • Though print might not have directly shaped the minds of the people, it opened up the possibility of thinking differently.

→ The Nineteenth Century
The nineteenth century made vast leaps in mass literacy in Europe, bringing in large numbers of new readers among children, women and workers.

→ Children, Women and Workers

  • As primary education became compulsory from the late nineteenth century, production of school textbooks became critical for the publishing industry. A children’s press, devoted to literature for children alone, was set up in France in 1857.
  • The Grimm Brothers spent years compiling traditional folk tales gathered from the peasants. It was published in 1812.
  • Women became important readers as well as writers. Some popular women authors were Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters, George Eliot, etc. They projected women in a new form: a person with will, strength of personality and the power to think.
  • Lending libraries became common and from the mid-nineteenth century, workers wrote political tracts and autobiographies in large numbers.

→ Further Innovations:

  • Press came to be made out of metal by the late eighteenth century. By the mid-nineteenth century, Richard M. Hoe of New York had perfected the power-driven cylindrical press, which was capable of printing 8,000 sheets per hour.
  • From the turn of the twentieth century, electrically operated presses accelerated printing operations.
  • In the late nineteenth century the offset press was developed which could print upto six colours at a time.
  • Nineteenth-century periodicals serialised important novels, which gave new way of writing novels.

→ India and the World of Print

  • India had a very rich tradition of handwritten manuscripts in Sanskrit, Persian and Arabic as well as in various vernacular languages. Manuscripts continued to be produced till well after the introduction of print, down to | the late nineteenth century.
  • Manuscripts were highly fragile and expensive, and had to be handled carefully.

→ Print Conies to India

  • The printing press was first brought to Goa by the Portuguese missionaries in the mid-sixteenth century. Tamil and Malayalam books were printed by the Catholic (missionaries and Dutch Protestants, respectively.
  • The first paper to appear was the Bengal Gazette by Gangadhar Bhattacharya.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes History Chapter 5 Print Culture and the Modern World

→ Religious Reform and Public Debates:

  • This was a time of intense controversies between social and religious reformers and the Hindu orthodoxy over matters like widow immolation, monotheism, Brahmanical priesthood and idolatory.
  • Ram Mohan Roy published Sambad Kaumudiln 1821 and the Hindu orthodoxy commissioned Samachar Chandrika to oppose his opinions. From 1822 two Persian papers published were Jam-i-Jahan Nama and Shamshul Akhbar. Gujarati paper, Bombay Samachar was published.
  • The Deoband Seminary, founded in 1867, published thousands of fatwas telling Muslim readers how to conduct themselves in everyday lives, and explaining the meanings of Islamic doctrines.
  • Hindus encouraged the reading of religious texts, especially in vernacular languages. Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas was published from Calcutta in 1810.
  • Religious texts reached a very wide circle of people, encouraging discussions, debates and controversies within and among different religions.

→ New Forms of Publication:

  • New literary forms such as novels, lyrics, short stories, essays about political and social matters began to be read.
  • By the end of the nineteenth century, a new visual culture was taking shape. Visual images through paintings, cartoons and caricatures began shaping popular ideas about modernity and tradition, religion and politics, and society and culture.
  • Paintings of Raja Ravi Varma became well- known.

→ Women and Print:

  • Women began to write and to be written about. Few family members were liberal, and the husbands and fathers arranged for the education of womenfolk at home and later in schools and colleges when those were set up.
  • However, conservative Hindus and Muslims feared education of women. Hindus thought a literate woman would be widowed while the Muslims feared the women would be corrupted by Urdu romances.
  • Rashsundari Debi, from orthodox household, learnt to read from the secrecy of her kitchen. She was the first to write a full-length autobiography Amar Jiban in Bengali. There were several other women writers like Kailashbashini Debi, Tarabai Shinde, Pandita Ramabai, etc.
  • While Urdu, Tamil, Bengali and Marathi print culture developed early, Hindi printing began seriously only from the 1870s.
  • Some early twentieth century journals discussed issues like women’s education, widowhood, widow remarriage and the national movement.
  • Ram Chaddha published the fast-selling Istri Dharm Vichar to teach women how to be obedient wives. The Khalsa Tract Society published cheap booklets with a similar message. In Bengal, in central Calcutta, there was an area called the Battala which was devoted to the printing of popular books.

→ Print and the Poor People:

  • From the late nineteenth century, issues of caste discrimination began to be written about. Jyotiba Phule wrote about the injustices of caste system in his Gulamgiri (1871). In the twentieth century, B.R. Ambedkar of Maharashtra and E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker in Madras wrote powerfully bn caste and their writings were read by people all over India.
  • The workers also started reading and writing.
  • Kashibaba, a mill worker from Kanpur wrote and published Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal in 1938 to show the links between caste and class exploitation. Sudarshan Chakr brought together and published Sacchi Kavitayan between 1935 and 1955.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes History Chapter 5 Print Culture and the Modern World

→ Print and Censorship

  • Before 1798, the colonial state under the East India Company was not too concerned with censorship.
  • By the 1820s, the Calcutta Supreme Court passed certain regulations to control press freedom and the Company encouraged publication of news that would celebrate British rule. With petitions of editors from Engjish and vernacular newspapers, Governor-General Bentinck agreed to revise press laws. Thomas Macaulay, a liberal colonial official, formulated new rules that restored the earlier freedoms.
  • After the Revolt of 1857, the enraged Englishmen demanded a clamp down on the
    vernacular press. In 1878, the Vernacular Press Act was passed, based on Irish Press Laws. It allowed the government the extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press. Regular track was kept of the vernacular press of different regions, and if a report was seditious, it was warned. If not heeded, the press was liable to be seized and printing machinery confiscated.
  • In spite of regulations, national newspapers increased in number and they reported of nationalist activities and encouraged nationalism. Tilak wrote with great sympathy in his paper Kesari. This led to his imprisonment in 1908, provoking in turn widespread protests all over India.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation

JAC Board Class 10 Social Science Notes History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation

→ The first on Britain, the first industrial nation, and then India, where the pattern of industrial change was conditioned by colonial rule.

→ Before the Industrial Revolution:

  • Even before factories began to dot the landscape in England and Europe, there was large-scale industrial production for an international market. This was not based on factories.
  • Many historians now refer to this phase of industrialisation as proto-industrialisation.
  • In the seventeenth and late eighteenth centuries, urban crafts and trade guilds maintained a strong hold over production, regulated competition and prices, trained craftspeople, and restricted the entry of new people into the trade. They were given the monopoly rights to trade and produce by the rulers.
  • Therefore, merchants from the towns in Europe began moving to the countryside, supplying money to peasants and artisans, persuading them to produce for an international market.
  • Income from proto-industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation. It also allowed them a fuller use of their family labour resources.
  • This system helped to build a close relation-ship between the town and the countryside. Merchants were based in towns but the work was done mostly in the countryside.
  • London came to be known as a finishing centre before the export merchant sold the cloth in the international market.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation

→ The Coming Up of the Factory:

  • The earliest factories in England came up by the 1730s, which multiplied in the late eighteenth century.
  • The first symbol of the new era was cotton. Its production boomed in the late nineteenth century. In 1760, Britain was importing 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton to feed its cotton industry. By 1787, the import rose to 22 million pounds. This increase was because of series of inventions in the eighteenth century, which increased the efficacy of each step of the production process, such as carding, twisting and spinning, and rolling.
  • This enhanced the output per worker, enabling each worker to produce more, and they made possible the production of stronger threads and yam.
  • Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill.
  • Cloth production was spread all over the countryside and carried out within village households.

→ The Pace of Industrial Change:

  • This section analyses how rapid was the process of industrialisation and if it meant only the growth of factory industries.
  • Cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation up to the 1840s. With the expansion of railways, in England from the 1840s and in the colonies from the 1860s, the demand for iron and steel increased rapidly.
  • At the end of the nineteenth century, less than 20 per cent of the total workforce was employed in technologically advanced industrial sectors. Textiles was a dynamic sector, but a large portion of the output was produced within domestic units.
  • Ordinary and small innovations were the basis of growth in many non-mechanised sectors, such as food processing, building, pottery, glass work, tanning, furniture making, and production of implements.
  • Technological changes did not spread across the industrial landscape. It was expensive, and merchants and industrialists were cautious of using it, as repair was costly.
  • James Watt improved the steam engine produced by Newcomen and patented the new engine in 1781. His industrialist friend Mathew Boulton manufactured the new model. Out of 321 steam engines all over England, 80 were in cotton industries, nine in wool industries, and rest in mining, canal works and iron works.
  • Historians came to increasingly recognise that the typical worker in the mid-nineteenth century was not a machine operator but the traditional craftsperson and labourer.

→ Hand Labour and Steam Power:

  • In Victorian Britain, there was plenty of labour and the wages were low.
  • Industrialists did not want to introduce machines that got rid of human labour and required large capital investment.
  • In many industries the demand for labour was seasonal. Industrialists preferred hand labour, employing workers for the season.
  • A range of products could be produced by hand only with intricate designs and specific shapes’.
  • In Victorian Britain, the upper classes like the aristocrats and the bourgeoisie, preferred things produced by hand. It came to symbolise refinement and class.
  • In countries with labour shortage, industrialists were keen on using mechanical power. This was the case in nineteenth- century America.

→ Life of the Workers:

  • The abundance of labour and seasonality of work affected the lives of workers. Many workers had to wait for weeks, spend nights under bridges or in night shelters.
  • Though wages increased in the early nineteenth century, but these average figures did not reflect the variations between trades and fluctuations from year to year. In the periods of economic slump in 1830s, the unemployment went up between 35 and 75 per cent in different regions.
  • The fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the introduction of new technology. When Spinning Jenny was introduced in the woollen industry, women who survived on hand spinning attacked the new machines. The conflict continued for a long time.
  • After the 1840s, many building and construction activities intensified in the cities, which improved the employment opportunities. Roads were widened, railway lines were extended, tunnels dug, drainage and sewers laid, and rivers embanked. The number of workers in the transport sector doubled in the 1840s, and again doubled in subsequent 30 years.

→ Industrialisation in the Colonies:
This section studies how a colony industrialises. It researches not only on factory industries but also the non- mechanised sector.

→ The Age of Indian Textiles

  • Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles. While many countries produced coarser cottons, India produced the finer varieties.
  • Armenian and Persian merchants took the goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, eastern Persia and Central Asia.
  • A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports. Surat on the Gujarat coast connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports. Masulipatam on the Coromandel Coast and Hoogly in Bengal had trade links with Southeast Asian ports.
  • A variety of Indian merchants and bankers were associated with the network of export trade.
  • The network however broke down by 1750s. The European countries got the monopoly rights to trade through various strategies, which resulted in the decline of old ports of Surat and Hoogly. Bombay and Calcutta ports grew. Trade through the new ports was controlled by European companies and was carried out in European ships.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation

→ What Happened to Weavers?

  • The French, Dutch, Portuguese and the local traders competed in the market to secure woven cloth. The East India Company found it difficult to get regular supply of goods for their export before establishing political power in Bengal and Carnatic in the 1760s and 1770s.
  • Once the East India Company established political power, it could assert the monopoly right to trade. It used a system of management and control that would dominate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods.
  • The Company appointed a paid servant, called gomastha, to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth. They started the system of advances, wherein once an order was made, the weavers were given loans to purchase raw materials for their production. This tied the weaverSrto the Company and they could not trade their cloth with any other buyers but hand over the cloth only to the gomastha.
  • Earlier the supply merchants had often lived within the weaving villages, and had a close relationship with the weavers. However, the gomasthas were outsiders, with no long-term social link with the village. They did not understand the problems of the weavers, acted arrogantly, marched into the villages with sepoys and beat and flogged the weavers. The weavers lost their rights to bargain for prices and sell to different buyers.
  • In many places in Carnatic and Bengal, weavers deserted villages and migrated, setting up looms in other villages where they had some family relation. In other places, weavers along with village traders revolted against the Company and its officials.

→ Manchester Comes to India

  • As cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups began to pressurise the government to impose import duties on cotton textiles and persuaded East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets.
  • Exports of British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early nineteenth century. Cotton weavers in India faced two problems at the same time: their export market collapsed and the local market shrank, being glutted with Manchester imports. They could not compete with the machine-made imported cotton goods, which were cheaper.
  • By the 1860s, the weavers faced a new problem. They could not get enough supply of good quality raw cotton. With the American Civil War, cotton supplies from US were cut off and Britain turned to India for supplies. The price of raw cotton shot up when raw cotton exports from India increased. Weavers in India were forced to buy raw cotton at exorbitant prices.
  • Later, by the end of the nineteenth century, factories in India flooded the market with machine goods, which affected the weavers and other craftspeople.

→ Factories Come Up:
The first cotton mill came up in Bombay in 1854. The first jute mill was set up in Bengal in 1855 and then in 1862. The Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur in the 1860s and a year later the first cotton mill of Ahmedabad was set up. The first spinning and weaving mill of Madras began production by 1874.

→ The Early Enterpreneurs:

  • In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore made his fortune in China trade, before he turned to industrial investment and set up six joint- stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s. They provided finance, procuring supplies, and shipping consignments to the British.
  • In Bombay, Parsis like Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata who built huge industrial empires in India, accumulated their wealth partly from exports to China, and partly from raw cotton shipments to England.
  • Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917.
  • Father and grandfather of G.D. Birla also had their business.
  • While some merchants from Madras traded with Burma, others had trade links with Middle East and East Africa.
  • As colonial control tightened over India, they could trade with Europe in manufactured goods, and piostly had to export raw materials and food grains. They were also gradually etched out of the shipping business.
  • The European Managing Agencies controlled a large sector of Indian industries till the First World War.’While Indian financers provided the capital, the European Agencies made all investment and business decisions. The European-merchant industrialists had their own chamber of commerce which Indian businessmen were not allowed to join.

→ Where Did the Workers Come From?

  • In 1901, there were 584,000 workers in India, which increased to 2,436,000 by 1946.
  • Peasants and artisans went to industrial , centres in search of work when there was no work in the village.
  • The workers of Bombay cotton industries came from neighbouring district of Ratnagiri, while workers working in the mills of Kanpur came from the villages within the district of Kanpur.
  • Workers went home during festivals and harvest season.
  • There were workers from the United Provinces working in textile mills of Bombay and jute mills of Calcutta.
  • As entry into the mills were restricted, industrialists employed a jobber to get new recruits. The jobber became a person with authority and power.

→ The Peculiarities of Industrial Growth

  • European Managing Agencies established tea and coffee plantations. They acquired land at cheap rates from the colonial government, and invested in mining, indigo and jute.
  • As the Swadeshi movement gained momentum, the industrial groups organised themselves to protect collective interests, pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions. Cotton piece-goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912.
  • During the First World War, British mills got busy to meet the needs of the army. Manchester imports into India declined. Indian factories suddenly had a vast market to supply. New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts.
  • After the war, Manchester could not recapture its hold in the market and not able to face the competition with US, Germany and Japan. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically.
  • Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufacturers and capturing the home market.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation

→ Small-scale Industries Predominate

  • In the twentieth century, handloom cloth production expanded steadily; almost trebling between 1900 and 1940. This was partly because of technological changes.
  • By the second decade of the twentieth century, weavers used looms with a fly shuttle, which increased productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand.
  • Certain weavers were in a better position than others to survive the competition with mill industries. Coarse cloth was brought by the poor and the demand fluctuated violently. While famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris, the rural poor were affected.
  • Though the weavers and craftspeople did not prosper, had hard lives and long working hours but continued to expand production.

→ Market for Goods:

  • People had to be convinced about purchasing the finished products. Advertisements played a part in expanding the markets for products and in shaping a new consumer culture.
  • When Manchester industrialists started selling their cloth in India, they labelled in bold MADE IN MANCHESTER, which was done to make the customers confident about buying the cloth.
  • Labels Qpt only consisted of words, but many products had images of Indian gods and goddesses, nawabs and emperors, important personalities in advertisements to draw the attention of consumers towards the products.

JAC Class 10 Social Science Notes